ecosystems & communities: organisms and their environments units 12&14 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecosystems & Communities:
Organisms and their Environments
Units 12&14
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Ecosystems have living and non-living components
14.1
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Ecosystem
Living organisms.
Non-Living Environment
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Communities
The biotic environment of all the living organisms in an area.
can be any size and diversity – bacteria
- single celled organisms
- insects
- other larger sized creatures
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Habitat
The abiotic (aka non-living or physical) environment
, the chemical resources
the physical conditions,
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Examples of ecosystems
Different species interacting together at the same place and time
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Ecosystem
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made of two components:
the biotic environment,
the habitat
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Ecosystems have living and non-living components
14.2 Biomes
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Biomes occur around the world, determined by temperature and rainfall.
Average
seasonal
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Tropical Rain Forest
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Tropical Rain Forest
Equatorial:
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Tropical Rain Forest
Rainfall:
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Indicator Species
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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Plant Species
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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species
Gorilla Gorilla gorilla
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Spider MonkeyAteles geoffreyi
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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species
2-toed sloth Cholepus hoffmanni
Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus variegatus) with baby - Costa Rica
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Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species
Collared AracariPteroglossus torquatus
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Grasslands (Prairie)
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Grasslands (Prairie)
Temperate
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Grasslands (Prairie)
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Grasslands (Prairie)
Dry:
Wet:
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Grasslands (Prairie)
Species:
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Grasslands– Indicator Plant SpeciesOld Field Habitat, Ohio
Grassland, North Dakota
Ironweed (Vernonia sp.) with Hedge Bindweed
Vine (Calystegia sepium)
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Grasslands– Indicator Plant Species
Ironweed (Vernonia sp.)
Joe Pye WeedEupatorium purpureum
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Grasslands – Indicator Plant Species
Common TeaselDipsacus fullonum Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
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Grasslands – Indicator Animal Species
Bison (Bison bison) on the range, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota
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Grasslands – Indicator Animal SpeciesPrzewalski's horse (Equus caballus
przewalskii), The Wilds, Ohio
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Grasslands – Indicator Animal Species
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Taiga
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Taiga
Cold Temperate
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Taiga
Seasons
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Taiga – Indicator Plant Species
Balsam FirAbies balsamea
Black SprucePicea mariana
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Taiga – Indicator Plant Species
Jack PinePinus banksiana
Paper BirchBetula papyrifera
White PoplarPopulus alba
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Taiga – Indicator Animal Species
American Black BearUrsus americanus
Bald EagleHaliaeetus leucocephalus
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Taiga – Indicator Animal Species
Long-eared OwlAiso otus
Snowshoe RabbitLepus americanus
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Desert
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Desert – Evaporation Exceeds Precipitation
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Desert – Indicator Plant Species
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Desert – Indicator Plant Species
Saguaro Cactus Carnegiea gigantea
Fishhook Cactus Mammillaria microcarpa
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Desert – Indicator Plant Species
Trichomes
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Desert – Indicator Animal SpeciesZebratail Lizard - Callisaurus draconides
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Desert – Indicator Animal Species
Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis)
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Desert – Indicator Animal SpeciesBactrian Camel, Camelus bactrianus
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
Biome of this region
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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Plant Species
Oaks (Quercus sp.)
Dutchman's-BreechesDicentra cucullaria
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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Plant Species
SassafrasSassafras albidum
RedbudCercis canadensis
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Temperate Deciduous Forest – Succession
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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Animal Species
American ToadBufo americanus
Box Turtle
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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Animal Species
Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus
Eastern Gray SquirrelSciurus carolinensis
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Temperate Deciduous ForestIndicator Animal Species
Yellow-breasted chatIcteria virens
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Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska
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Tundra
Ground is permanently frozen
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Tundra – Indicator Plant SpeciesArctic Tundra Wildflowers - Alaska
60Tundra – Indicator Plant SpeciesLichen
Polytrichum Moss(photographed in Ohio, not on the
Tundra)
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Tundra – Indicator Animal Species
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus
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Tundra – Indicator Animal Species Caribou On Autumn Tundra Denali National Park Alaska
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Savanna
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Savanna
◦between a tropical rainforest and desert biome
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Savanna – Indicator Plant Species
BaobabAdansonia digitata
Umbrella Thorn AcaciaAcacia tortillis
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Savanna – Indicator Animal Species
Savanna ElephantLoxodonta africana
Black MambaDendroaspis polylepis
LionPanthera leo
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Chaparral
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Chaparral
California coastal regions
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Chaparral – Indicator Plant Species
Blue OakQuercus douglasii
Common SagebrushArtemisia tridentata
Olive TreeOlea europaea
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Black-tailed JackrabbitLepus californicus
Golden JackalCanis aureus
Spotted SkunkSpilogale gracilis
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The Freshwater Biome
Inland lakes, rivers and wetlandslow salt concentration — usually less than
1%
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The Freshwater Biome – Ponds and Lakes
From left: a view across Manzanita Lake toward Mt. Lassen, California; a forest pond near Donnelly, Idaho; a Great Blue Heron; Paranagat Lake, southeastern Nevada.
• Formed by runoff from snowmelt and rainfall
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Lakes
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The Freshwater Biome – Streams and Rivers
From left: McArthur-Burney Falls State Park, California; trout; Green River, Utah; Brooks River, Alaska.
• Flowing water moving in one direction
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Streams and Rivers
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The Freshwater Biome - Wetlands
From left: Pescadero Marsh, California; coastal marsh at Umpqua Dunes, Oregon; trees and bogs on Esther Island, Alaska.
• Standing water with abundant plant life• can include salt marshes on the edge of oceans
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Wetlands
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The Marine Biome - Oceans
From left: mussels, worms, and a spider crab at a hydrocarbon seep community in the Gulf of Mexico; a sea fan and brain coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; a school of Atlantic amberjack off North Carolina.
• Deep oceans and continental shelf areas just off the coast
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The Marine Biome
Salt water
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The Marine Biome – Coral Reefs
From left: reef life in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea; a reef at Fanning Island atoll in the central Pacific; a reef in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
• Warm shallow salt water near islands and continents
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Coral Reefs
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The Marine Biome – Estuaries and Wetlands
From left: Mangrove roots, south Florida; wetlands and tidal streams in the Ashe Island area, ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina; a salt marsh in Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina.
• Freshwater streams merge with oceans in shallow areas
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Estuaries
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Ecological Notes
These are the biomes, in order of their productivity (highest first)
1. estuaries and tropical rain forest (highest)2. temperate forest3. agricultural land4. temperate grassland5. lakes and streams6. coastal zone7. tundra8. open ocean9. desert (lowest)
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Biomes
Terrestrial Aquatic
Tropical Rain ForestSavannahDesertChaparralTemperate ForestPrairieTaigaTundra
Freshwater Lakes and Ponds
Rivers and StreamsWetlandsOpen OceansCoral ReefsEstuaries
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Ecological Notes
1. Sunlight
2. Nutrients
3. Warm temperatures
4. Water
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Biomes Summary
Biomes are the major ecological communities of earth, characterized by the vegetation present.
Different biomes result from differences in temperature and precipitation,
season to season variation.
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Challenge
How are aquatic biomes determined?
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Physical forces interacting create weather
14.3 Global air circulation patterns create deserts and rain forests.
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Water also cycles through ecosystems. It continually moves from the ocean to the air and land, then returns to the ocean in a cyclic pattern.
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Weather Patterns
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Sunshine and Weather
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Physical forces interacting create weather
14.4 Local topography influences the weather.
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Local topography influences the weather
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Cities
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Which place would you expect to have the highest temperature during the summer?
1. Denver, Colorado (the mile high city)2. Dallas, Texas (large city)3. Farmer’s Branch, Texas (small town
outside of Dallas)4. Freeport, Maine (small town)
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Rain Shadow103
Topography Summary
With higher altitude, the temperature drops.
On the windward side of mountains, rainfall is high;
On the leeward side, descending air reduces rainfall, causing rain shadow deserts.
Urban development increases the absorption of solar energy, leading to higher temperatures,
Creates wind near the bottom of tall buildings.
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Physical forces interacting create weather
14.5 Ocean currents affect the weather.
Ocean currents affect the weather
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Beaches108
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El Niño
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The Gulf Stream
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Water can affect the climate
1. Ecosystems located near large bodies of water
2. El Niño
3. Temperatures in Europe compared to North America
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