ecosystems, their services and disaster risk reduction – examples from coastal areas fabrice...
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![Page 1: Ecosystems, their Services and Disaster Risk Reduction – Examples from Coastal Areas Fabrice Renaud United Nations University – Institute for Environment](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e395503460f94b2b731/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecosystems, their Services and Disaster Risk Reduction – Examples from Coastal
Areas
Fabrice Renaud
United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security, Bonn, Germany
2nd GEOSS Science and Technology Stakeholder Workshop 28-31 August 2012, Bonn
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Disasters Impacts on Development Gains
2Source: Ghesquiere & Mahul (2010): Financial Protection of the State against Natural Disasters: A Primer. Policy Research Working Paper 5429, The World Bank
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Disasters Impacts on Development Gains (cont’d)
3Source: Cummins and Mahul (2009), as quoted in Ghesquiere & Mahul (2010‘): Financial Protection of the State against Natural Disasters: A Primer . Policy Research Working Paper 5429, The World Bank
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Links betweeen disasters and the environment
UNEP & UNISDR (2008)
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Hyogo Framework for Action
World Conference on Disaster Reduction which was held in 2005 in Kobe
5 Priorities for action. Relevant on in our context:• Reduce the underlying risk factors
2 Relevant activities:• Environmental and natural resource management with components
that include:o Sustainable use and management of ecosystems;o Implement integrated environmental and natural resource management
approaches that incorporate disaster risk reduction;o Linking disaster risk reduction with existing climate variability and future
climate change.• Land-use planning and other technical measures with a component on
incorporating disaster risk assessment into rural development planning and management.
Mid-term review of HFA: least progress what in this Priority for Action at the national level
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Ecosystem ServicesSource: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC
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Exposure: Buffering the Populations2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Following the tsunami, the fact that some ecosystem components had previously been degraded by human interventions was blamed for the damages & losses:• Costal vegetation in general and mangroves in particular• Sand dunes• Sea grasses• Coral reefs
It was assumed that these features would have protected the population by:• Reducing the energy of the waves• Reducing the exposure of the populations (increased distance from
coastline)
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Destruction of Natural Buffers
Specific effects of some ecosystem components are scientifically debated when it comes to the tsunami
Photo by Marcus Kaplan
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Did Natural Features Limit the Impact?
Kathiresan & Rajendra. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sci 65:601-606
Kerr et al. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sci 67:539-541
• Performed stepwise regression analysis on data from Kathiresan• Conclusion: vegetation area contributes little to explanation of variation in mortality
Kathiresan & Rajendra. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sci 67:542
• Did not really address the statistical questions put forward by Kerr et al. but stood by their conclusions
Vermaat & Thampanya. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sci 69:1-3
• Performed an ANOVA with distance and elevation as covariates• Conclusion: interpretation by Kathiresan and Rajendra holds
Vermaat & Thampanya. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sci (in press)
• Erratum Mistake in stats: mortality and property loss were not less behind mangroves
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Some Factors at Play – but much more Research needed
There are many potential factors to consider incl.:• Bathymetry• Topography• Distance of settlement• Coastal vegetation• Impact angle• Distance from epicentre
Chatenouy & Pedduzzi:• Depth of sea floor at 10km• Length of proximal slope• % protection from seagrass• Distance from fault line• % protection from coral
Source: Chatenoux & Peduzzi. Natural Hazards. DOI 10.1007/s11069-006-0015-9
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Earthquake and Tsunami impact in Sendai, Wakabayashi Ward, Arahama District
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23/09/2003 17/04/2011
04/10/2011 29/03/2012
Photo Credit: Tohoku Construction Association . Do not reproduce
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Coastal Forests in Sendai
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Photo Credit: Fabrice Renaud/UNU-EHS Do not reproduce
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Ecosystem and DRR in the context of the Great East Japan Earthquake
The Earthquake Disaster Reconstruction Plan (City of Sendai, 2011)
• Puts some emphasis on the environment• Addresses agricultural issues• “Restore the beautiful coast”• Utilising “costal prevention forests” explicitly
mentioned
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Ecosystem and DRR in the context of the Great East Japan Earthquake
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Source: Sendai City Earthquake Disaster Reconstruction Plan (2011)
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Devastation in Minamisanriku & plans for relocation
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Some points of reflection
Extreme events affecting Indonesia, Sri Lanka & Japan -> lead to different reconstruction processes & thus development pathways
In all cases, considering ecosystems in the rebuilding process is a “no regrets” solution• Ecosystems might not stop the next tsunami but…• They will mitigate other higher frequency hazards• Provide livelihoods for communities relying on them• Increase recreational/cultural value of the landscape
The use of ecosystems for DRR can also contributes to:• Sustainable development• Reduce cost of (engineered) DRR infrastructure
Further research required to provide adequate advice to policy makers (Renaud, Sudmier-Rieux & Estrella, 2013)
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Application of the SUST Model in the Case of the 2004 Tsunami
Source: Ingram et al. 2006. Post-disaster recovery dilemmas: challenges in balancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability reduction. Environmental Science & policy 9:607-613
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Data Requirements
Geospatial data are extremely valuable to assess:• The presence/state of coastal ecosystems or their
components such as sand dunes, coastal vegetation, etc.
• Tracking changes in such systems (temporal and spatial dimensions)
• Determining impacts on ecosystems so as to restore ecosystem services as rapidly as possible
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Thank You
UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITYInstitute for Environment and Human
Security(UNU-EHS)
Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10D-53113 Bonn, Germany
Phone: ++ 49 (0) 228 815-0211Fax: ++ 49 (0) 228 815-0299E-Mail: [email protected]
www.ehs.unu.edu
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