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Arneson, Pat; Weber, DawnQualitative Research Methods in Speech Communication:A Bibliography through 1987.Speech Communication Association, Annandale, Va.8817p.

Speech Communication Association, 5105 Backlick Rd.,Bldg. E, Annandale, VA 22003 (free).Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131)

MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS.Bibliographies; *Communication Research; HigherEducation; *Qualitative Research; ResearchMethodology; *Speech Communication

This bibliography on qualitative research methods inspeech communication contains 213 entries grouped into threecategories: (1) books; (2) speech communication journal articles; and(3) social science journal articles and sections in books. (SR)

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS IN SPEECH COMMUNICATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY THROUGH 1987OEM. INI AINN, . /IS

Pat Arneson and Dawn WeberBowling Green State University

Distributed by the Speech Communication Association, 5105 Backlick Rd., 810..E,Annandale, VA 22003. May be reproduced for free distribution without SCA permission.

BODES =

Adelman, C. (1981). Uttering,muttaringLSonecting,usingandreporting talk for social and educational researgh. London:Grant McIntyre.

Adler, P., & Adler. P. (1987). Membership roles in fieldresearch. Newbury Park: Sage.

Agar, M. H. (1986). Speaking of ethnography. Newbury Park:Sage.

Anderson, J. A. (1987). Communication research: Issues andmethods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Arnold, D. 0. (1970). The sociology of subcultures. Berkeley:Glendessary Press.

Auer, J. J. (1959). ApLintroduction to research in speech.New York: Harper.

Babbie, E. (1983). The Practice of social research (3rd ed.).New York: Wadsworth.

Babbie, E. (1985). Obserying ourselves; Essays in socialresearch. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Bailey, K. D. (1978). Methods of social research. New York:Free Press.

Bell, C., & Newby, H. (Eds.). (1977). Doing sociologicalresearch. New York: Free Press.

Berg, D. N., & Smith, K. K. (Ed.). (1985).' The self in socialinquiry: Researching methods. Newbury Park: Sage.

Blasi, A. J., Dasilva, F. B., & Weigert, A. J. (1:)73). Toward aninterpretive sociology. Washington: University Press ofAmerica.

Bogdan, R. (1972). participant observation in organizationaluettings. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (1982)." Qualitative research foreducation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (1975). Introduction to qualitativeresearch methods: A phenomenological approach. New York: JohnWiley

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Bower, R. T., & deGasparis, P. (1978). Ethics in socialresearch: Protecting the interests of human subjects. NewYork: Praeger.

Burgess, R. G. (1982). Field research: A sourcebook and fieldmanual. Winchester: Allen and Unwin.

Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the field: An introduction to fieldsearch. Winchester: Allen and Unwin.

Clifford, J., & Marus, G. (Eds.). (1986). Writing culture.Berkeley: University of California Press.

Cook, T. D., & Reichardt, C. S: (1979). Qualitative andQuantitative methods in evaluation research. Beverly Hills:Sage.

Cooper, H. M. (1984). The integrative research review:ovstematic approach. Newbury Park: Sage.

Cottle, T. J. (1977). private lives and public accounts.Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Dobbert, M. L. (1982). Ethnographic research: Theory andapplication for modern schools and societies. New York:Praeger.

Doby, J. (196'). An introduction to social research.Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Douglas, J. D. (1976). Investigative social research:and team field research. Beverly Hills: Sage.

New York:

Individual

Douglas, J. D. (Ed.). (1980). Introduction to the sociologies ofeveryday life. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Dufour, B. (Ed.). (1982). New movements in the socialand humanities. London: Maurice Temple Smith.

sciences

Emmert P., & Brooks, W. D. (Eds.). (1970). Methods ofin communication. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

research

Fiedler, J. (1978). Field research: A manual fQr logistics andmanagement of scientific studies in natural settings.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Fielding, N. G., & Fielding; J. L. (1986). Linking data.Beverly Hills: Sage.

Filstead, J. W. (Ed.). (1972). Qualitative methodology:Firsthand involvement with the- social world. Chicago:Markham.

Forcese, D. (1973). Social research methods. Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall.

Friedrichs, J. (1975). Participant observation: Theory andpractice (Trans.). Lexington: Lexington Books.

Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. EnglewoodCliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York:Basic Books.

Georges, R. A., & Jones, M. 0. (1980). People studying people:The human. element in fieldwork. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press.

Giddens, A. 11976). New rules of sociologigal methods;positive critique of interpretative sociologies. New York:Basic Books.

Gorden, L. (1980). Interviewing: Strategy, techniques. andtactit-t (3rd ed.). Homewood: Dorsey.

Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1981). Effective evaluation: Improvingthe usefulness of evaluation. San Fr4ncisco: Jossey-Bass.

Gubrium, J. F. (1988). Analyzing field reality. Newbury Park:Sage.

Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1983)., Ethnography: Principlesin practice. London: Tavistock.

Hammond, P. (Ed.). (1964). Sociologists at wck: Essays on thecraft of social research. New York: Basic Books.

Hyman, H. (1954). Interviewing in social research. Chicago:University of Chicago.

Jacobs, G. (Ed.). (1977). The participant observer. New York:G. Braziller.

Johnson, J. M. (1975). Doing field research. New York: FreePress.

Katz, D., Kahn, R. L., & Adams, J. S. (Eds.). (1982). The studyof organizations: Findings from the field and laboratory.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kimmel, A. J. (1988). Ethics and values in aPplitd socialreseargh. Newbury Park: Sage.

3

,Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity inqualitative research. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Krueger, R. A. (1988). .Focus groups: A practical guide forapplied research. Newbury Park: Sage.

Leiter, K. (1980). A Primer on ethnomethodology. New York:Oxford University Press.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry.Beverly Hills: Sage.

Lofland, J. (1971). Analyzing social settingqualitative observation. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Lofland, J. (1976). Doing social lift!: The egialitative study ofhuman interaction in natural settings. New York: John Wiley.

Madge, J. H. (1953). The tools of social science. London:Longmans.

Manheim, H. L. (1977). agciological research: Philosophy andmethods. Homewood: Dorsey.

Manning, P. K. (1987). Semiotics and fieldwork. Newbury Park:Sage.

McCall, G. J., & Simmons, J. L. (Eds.). (1969). Issues inparticipant observation: A text and reader. Reading:Addison Wesley.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984).analysis: A sourcebook of new methods

Murphy, J. W., & Pilotta, J. J. (Eds.).methodology. theory and application.

Qualitative data. Beverly Hills: Sage.

(1983). QualitativeDubuque: Kendall Hunt.

Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (1981). Research methods in theSocial sciences: Alternate second edition without statistics.New York: St. Martin's Press.

Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-ethnography:Synthesizing qualitative studies. Newbury Park: Sage.

Patton, M. Q. (1978).Hills: Sage.

Patton, M. Q. (1980).Hills: Sage.

Patton, M. Q. (1981). Creative evaluation. Beverly Hills: Sage.

(.0ci

Utilization-focused evaluation. Beverly

Qualitative evaluation methods. Beverly

4

5

Patton, M. Q. (1982). Practical evaluation. Beverly Hills:Sage.

Payne, S. L. (1951). The art of asking questions. Princeton:Princeton UniVersity Press.

Phillips, B. (1971). Social research: Strategy and tactics.New York: Macmillan.

Polkinghorne, D. (1983). Methodology for the human sciences:Systems of inquiry. Albany: State University of New YorkPreSs.

Punch, M. (1965). The politics and ethics of fieldwork. NewburyPark: Sage.

Putnam. L. L., & Pacanowsky, M. E. (Eds.). (1983). Communicationand organizations: An interpretive approach. Beverly Hills:Sage.

Rabinow, P., & Sullivan, W. M. (Eds.). (1979). Interpretivesocial science: A reader. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress.

Reece, R. D., & Siegal, H. A. (1986). Studying people: A primerin the ethics of social research. Macon: Mercer.

Ricoeur, P. (1976). Interpretation theory: Discourse and thesurplus of meaning. Fort Worth: Texas Christian UniversityPress.

Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., & Piele,research: Strategies and sources.

L. J. (1986). CommunicationBelmont: Wadsworth.

Schatzman, L., & Strauss, A. (1973). Field researchCliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Englewood

Schein, E. H. (1987). The clinical perspective in fieldworkNewbury Park: Sage.

Schwartz, H., & Jacobs, J. (1979). Qualitative sociology: A.method to the madness. New York: Free Press.

Sechrest, L. (EA.). (1979). ilachtnisiKtinsfuntemsfit:tclay.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Selltiz, C. (1959). Research methods in social relations.New York: Holt.

Shadish, W., & Reichardt. C. (1987). Evaluation studies reviewannual 12. Newbury Park: Sage.

6

Shaffir, W. B., Stebbins, R. A., & Turowetz, A. (Eds.). (1980).Fieldwork experience: Qualitative approaches to socialresearch. New York: St. Martin's.

Shipman, M. D. (1981). The limitations of social research(2nd ed.). London: Longman.

Silverman, D. (1985). Otfalitative methodology and sociology:Describing the social world. Brookfield: Gower.

Smith, M. J. (1988). gontemporary communication researchmethods. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Speier, M. (1973). How to observe face-to-face communication: Asociological introduction. Pacific Palisades: Goodyear.

Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York:Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York:Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1982). Asking questionsI Apractical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.

Taylor, S. J.; & Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitativetatthosiaLThmuarchformeaning (2nd ed.). New York: JohnWiley.

Thomas, D. (1979). NatuampiriQa1 philosophy of social science. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Tucker, R. K., Weaver, R. L., Berryman-Fink, C., & Arneson, P.(in press). Research in speech communication (2nd ed.).Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Van Maanen, J. (Ed.). (1983). Qualitative methodology. BeverlyHills: Sage.

Van Maanen, J.,Varieties of

Dabbs, J. M., & Faulkner, R. R. (1982).qualitative research. Beverly Hills: Sage

Warren, C. A. B.Newbury Park:

(1988). Gender issues in field research.Sage.

Wax, R. H. (1971). Doing fieldwork. Chicago: University ofChicago Press.

Webb, E. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research inthesocialsrdences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Weller, S., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic datacollection. Newbury Park: Sage.

Werner, 0., & Schoepfle, G. M. (1987).(Vols. I-II). Beverly Hills: Sage.

-Svstmatic fieldwork

Whyte, W. F. (1984). Learning from the field: A guide fromexperience. Newbury Park: Sage.

Williams, D. (1986). Naturalistic evaluation.Jossey-Bass.

Woods, P. (1986). Inside schools: Ethnographyresearch. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

San Francisco:

in educational

Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research; Design apd methods.Beverly Hills: Sage.

8

SPEECH QOMMUNICATION JOURNAL ARTICLES

Albrecht, T. L., & Ropp, V.A.. (1982). The study of networkstructuring in organizations through the use of methodtriangulation. Western Journal of Speech, Ak, 162-178.

Arnold, C. C. (1972). Rhetorical and communication studies: Twoworlds or one? Western Speech, 2k, 75-81.

Balthrop, V.argument:"Southern

Becker, S. Lresearch.

W. (1984). Culture, myth, and ideology as publicAn interpretatiOn of the ascent and demise ofCulture". Communication Monographs, 51, 339-352.

. (1965). Methoddlogical analysis in communicationQuarterly Journal of Speech, 51, 382-391.

Becker, S. L. (1969). Directions for inter-culturalcommunication research. Central States Speech Journal, 2D,3 13.

Berger, C. R. (1977). The covering :.aw perspective as atheoretical basis for the study of human communication.Communication Quarterly, j(1), 7-18.

Brockriede, W. (1978). The research process. Western Journal ofSpeech. yam', 3-11.

Browning, L. D. (1978). A grounded organizational communicationtheory derived from qualitative data. CommunicationMonoxraohs,'A5, 93-109.

Buttny, R. (1985). Accounts as a reconstruction of an event'scontext. Communication Monographs, 52, 57-77.

Criticism of empirical research in communication. (1971).Quarterly Journal of Speech, 51. 402-409.

Cahn, D. D., & Hanford, J. T. (1984). Perspectives on humancommunication research: Behaviorism, phenomenology, and anintegrated view. Western Journal of Speech, Al, 277-292.

Campbell, K. K. (1979). The nature of criticism in rhetoricaland communicative studies. Central States Speech Journal, IQ,4-13.

Carter, E., & Williams, K..(1961). On the problem ofunderstanding your own problem. Today's Speech, 2(1), 12.

Cronkhite, G., & Liska, J. (1977). Introduction: Symposium: Whatcriteria should be used to judge the admissability ofevidence to support theoretical propositions incommunication research? Western Journal of Speech. U. 3-8.

Cushman, D. P. (1977). The rules perspective as a theoreticalbas is for the study of human communication. CommunicationQuarterly, Z5(1), 30-45.

Davis. K. (1978). Methods for studying informal communication.Journal of Communication. 2k, 112-116.

Davison, H. (1959). Elements of research. CommunicationQuarterly, Z(2), 13-14.

Deetz, S. A. (1973). An understanding of science and ahermeneutic science of understanding. Journal ofCommunication, 22, 139-159.

Deetz, S. A. (1977). Interpretive research in communication: Ahermeneutic foundation. Journal of Communication Inquiry,2(1), 53-67.

Deetz, S. A. (1982). Critical interpretive research inorganizational communication: Western Journal of Speech, 16,131-149.

Delia, J. G. (1977). Alternative perspectives for thestudy ofhuman communication: Critique and response. CommunicationQuarttriv, 25(1), 46-62.

Delia, J. G., & Grossberg, L. (1977). Interpretation andevidence. Western Journal of Speech, Al, 32-42.

Ellis, D. G. (1980). Ethnographic considerations in initialinteraction. Western Journal of Speech, AA, 104-107.

Eubanks, R. T. (1982). On living in'the house of humanities.Southern Speech Communication Journal, Al, 1-10.

Faules, D. (1982). The use of multi-methods in theorganizational setting. Western Journal of Speech, Afi,150-161.

Fisher, B. A.'(1977). Evidence varies with theoreticalperspective. Western Journal of Speech, Al, 9-19.

Frentz, T. S., & Farrell, T. B. (1976). Language-action: Aparadigm for communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech, k2,333-349.

Geist, P., & Chandler, T. (1984). Abcount analysis of influencein group decision making. Communication Monographs, 11,67-78.

9

10

Gerbner, G. (1983). The importance of being critical -- In one'sown fashion. JoitnalDfLAniumlaAtisn. /2, 355-362.

Goodall, H. L., Wilson, G. L.', & Waagen, C. L. (1986). Theperformance appraisal interview: An interpretivereassessment. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 22, 714-87.

Gouran, D. S. (1979). Fundamental issues in the criticism of -1communication theory and research. Central States SpeechJournal, /D. 40-50.

Gronbeck, B. E. (1981). Qualitative communication theory andrhetorical studies in the 1980s. Central States SpeechJournal, 22, 243-253.

Hance, K. G. (1971). Historical and critical research. Today'sSpeech, la(1), 59-63.

Hawes, L. C. (1977), Alternative theoretical bases: Toward apresuppositional critique. Communication Quarterly, 2(i),63-68.

Hawes, L. C. (1977). Toward a hermeneutic phenomenology ofcommunication. Communication Quarterly, 2A, 30-41.i

Hawes, L. C. (1978). The reflexivity of communication research.Western Journal of Speech. ka. 12-20.

Hickson, M., III. (1983). Ethnomethodology: The promise ofapplied communication research? southern Speech CommunicationJournal. Al. 183-195.

Hill, M. W. (1958). Reading, from a phenomenological point ofview. 221=01_giCommunication. a, 165-174.

Hopper, R. (1981). The taken for granted. Human CommunicationBesearch, 2, 195-211.

Husband, R. L. (1985). Toward a grounded typology oforganizational leadership behavior. Quarterly Journal of221=h, 21. 103-118.

Irvin, C. E. (1950). The case for creative research. Central$tatsts Soaegh-Journal. 2(1), 19-23.

Jones, S. E., & Yarborough, A. E. (1985). A naturalistic studyof the meanings of touch. CommunicatignAsimgraPhs. 12,19-56.

Knutson, T. J. (1979). Criticism of communication research: Anintroduction to quality control. Central States SpeechJournal. 22. 1-3.

11

Krippendorff, K. (1969). Values, moles and domains of inquiryinto communication. Journal of Communication, 12, 105-133.

Krippendorff, K. (1970). On generating data in communicationresearch. Journal of Communication, 2Q. 241-269.

Krueger, D. L. (1982). Marital decision making: A languageaction analysis. Quarterlv.Journal of Speech, .01, 273-287.

Lemish, P. S., & Lemish, D. (1982). A guide to the literature ofqualitative research. Journal of Broadcasting, 25, 839-846.

Liska, J., & Cronkhite, G. (1977). Epliogue for apologia: On theconvergent validation of epistemologies. Wastern Journal ofEpetgh, kl, 57-65.

Miller, G. R. (1975). Humanistic and scientific approaches tospeech communication inquiry: Rivalry, redundancy, orrapprochement. Western Speech Communication, 22, 230-239.

Miller, G. R. (1979). On rediscovering the apple: Some issues inevaluating the social significance of communicationresearch. gentraLitatz,fspecskjigairnal, A2, 14-24.

Miller, G. R. (1983). Taking stock of a discipline. Journal ofCommunication, 11, 31-41.

Miller, G. R., & Sum.Sfrank, M. J. (1984). Theoreticaldimensions of applied communication research. QuarterlyJournal of Snmtda. 2.Q, 255-263.

Monge, P. R, (19:7). The systems perspective as a theoreticalbasis fox the study of human communication; Communicationgmarurly, 25(1), 19-29.

Nilsen, T. R. (1955). How to make a communication survey.Todav's Speech, 2(3), 10-13.

Owen, W. F. (1984). Teacher classroom management communication:A -qualitative case study. Communication Education, 21,

. 137-142.

Pacanowsky, M. E., & O'Donnell-Trujillo, N. (1982).Communication and organizational cultures. Western Journal ofspeech, A5, 115-130.

Pace, P. C. (1988). Communication patterns in high and lowconsensus discussions: A descriptive analysis. southernMates Communication Journal, 12, 184-202.

12

Pearce, W. B. (1977). Metatheoretical concerns in communication.Communication Quarterly, 25(3), 3-6.

Pearce, W. B. (1977). Naturalistic study of communication: Itsfunction and form. Communication Quarterly, 25(3), 51-56.

.(1.97-7: Linearity-of research design inethnographic studies of speaking. Communication Quarterly,25(3), 42-50.

Rosengren, K. E. (1983). Communication research: One paradigm orfour? Journal of Communication, 33, 185-207.

Rossiter, C. M. (1977). Models of paradigmatic change.Communication Quarterly, 25(1), 69-73.

Rushing, J. H. (1984). Combining qualitative research with theteaching of interpersonal communication. CommunicationEducation, 13, 361-370.

Scheidel, T. M. (1977). Evidence varies with phases of inquiry.WV5tern Journal of Speech, kli 20-31.

Seibold, D. R. (1979). ..Criticism of communication theory andresearch: A critical celebration. Central States SpeechJournal, 20, 25-39.

Springhorn, R. G. (1976). The establishment of criteria forevaluating speech communication research: A need forconsensus. Association for Communication AdministrationBulletin, 11, 40-41.

Stewart, E. C. (1966). The simulation of cultural differences.Journal of Communication. 11, 291-304.

Strine, M. S., & Pacanowsky, M. E. (1985). How to readinterpretive accounts of organizational life: Narrative basesof textual authority. Southern Speech Communication Journal,.5Q, 283-297.

Swanson, D. L. (1977). The requirements of criticalJustification. Communication Monographs, AA, 306-320.

Thayer, L. 0. (1963). On theory-building in communication: Someconceptual problems. Journal of Communication, 12, 217-235.

Thayer, L. O. (1983). On "doing" research and "explaining"things. ,Journal of Communication, 23, 80-91.

Trujillo, M. (1985). Organizational communication as culturalperformance: Some managerial considerations. SobIbtrn SkteghCommunication Journal. .Q, 201-224.

.;)

13

Warren, C. A. B. (1984). Toward a cooptive model of qualitativeresearch. Communication Quarterly, 22, 104-112.

Wilmot, W. W. (1971;. Ego-involvement: A confusing variable inspeech communication research. -Quartef1V Journal of Speech,

42T-436.

14

SOCIAL. SCIENCE JOURNAL ARTICLESAND SECTIONS IN BOOKS

Agar, M. H. (1982). Whatever.happened-to Cognitive anthropology:A partial review. 'Human Qrganization, Al, 82-85.

Askam, J. (1982). Telling stories. Sociological Review. 30.555-573.

Becker, H. S. (1958). Problems of inference and proof inparticipant observation. American Sociological Review,22, 652-660.

Bednarz, D. (1985). Quantity and quality in evaluation research:A divergent view. Education and Program Planning, 8, 289-306.

Blase, J. J. (1986). A qualitative analysis of sources ofteacher stress: Consequences for performance. AmericanEducation Restarch Journal. a(1). 13-40.

Ebie. D. A., Fedor, D. & Rowland, K. M. (1982). Myth making:A qualitative step in OD interventions. Journal of AppliedBehavioral Science, 14. 17-28.

Casey, E. (1976). Exampls and first approximations. InE. Casey, Imagining: A Phenomenological study (pp. 23-60).Bloomington: University Press.

Clifford, J. (1983). On ethnographic authority.Representations, 1, 118-146.

Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act. In J. G. Manis & B. N.Meltzer (Eds.), Symbolic interaction: A rea,Jer in socialpsychology (pp. 76-91). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Denzin, N. K. (1983). Interpretive intcractionism. In G. Morgan(Ed.), Beyond method (pp. 129-146). Beverly Hills: Sage.

Fineham, S., & Mangham, I. (1983). Data, meanings andcreativity: A preface. Journal of Management Studies, 20,295-300.

Geer, B. (1964). First days in the field. In P. E. Hammong(Ed.), Sociologists at work (pp. 322-344). New York: BasicBooks.

Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observation.Social Forces, 2k, 217-223.

Greene, J., & McClintock, C. (1985). Triangulation in education:Design and analysiS issues. Emaluation Review. 2, 523-545.

1 5'

15

GrimshawA.-10:-(19741. Data and data use in an analysis ofcommunication events. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer (Eds.),Explorations in the ethnograPhv of speaking (pp. 419-424).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthinessof naturalistic inquiries. Education. Communication andTechnology Journal, 2,Q,'75 -92.

Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1980). The distinction between meritand worth in evaluation. Educational Evaluation and PolicyAnalysis, 2, 61-71.

Cuba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1982). Epistemological andmethodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Education.Communication and Technology Journal, 30, 233-252.

Jacobs, R. L. (1985). A rationale for using qualitative methodsin performance technology. Performance and InstructionJournal, 4 (5). 20-23.

Janis, I. (1965). The problems of validating content analysis.In H. D. Lasswell (Ed.), Language of politics (pp. 55-82).Cambridge: MIT Press.

Janson, C. (1981). Some problems of longitudinal research in thesocial sciences. In F. Schulsinger, S. A. Mednick, & J. Knop(Eds.), Longitudinal research: Methods and uses in behavioralpciences (pp. 19-55). Boston: Martinus Niihoff.

LaRossa, R., & Wolf, J. H. (1985). On qualitative familyresearch. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Ai, 531-541.

LeCompte, M. D., & J. P. Goetz. (1982). ProbleMs of reliabilityand validity in ethnographic research. Review of EducationalResearch, 52, 31-60.

Lester, M., & Hadden, S. C. (1980). Ethnomethodology andgrounded theory methodology. Urban Life, 2, 3-33.

Levine, H. G. (1980). Teaching participant-observation methods:A skills-building approach. Anthropology and EducationQuarterly, 11, 38-54.

Morgan, G., & Smircich, L. (1980). The case for qualitativeresearch. Academy of Management Review, 5, 491-500.

Oleson, V. L., & Whittaker, E. W. (1967). Role-making inparticipant observation: Processes in the researcher-actorrelationship. Human Organization, a, 273-281.

16

Peshkin, A. (1984). Odd-man out: The participant observer in anabsolutist setting. Sociology of Education, 57. 254-264.

Ricoeur, P. (1981). What is a text? Explanation andunderstanding. In J. B. Thompson (Ed. and Trans.),Hermeneutics and the human sciences (pp. 145-164). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Ricoeur, P. (1981). The model of the text: Meaningful actionconsidered as a text. In J. B. Thompson (Ed. and Trans.).Hermeneutigs and the human sciences (pp. 197-221). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Schutz, A. (1962). On the methodology of the social sciences.In-M. Natanson (Ed.), Collected papers (p. 3-47). The Hague:Martinus Nijhoff.

Scott, W. R. (1963). Field work in a formal organization: Somedilemmas in the role of observer. Human Organization, 22,162-168.

Sharpless, R. (1986). The numbers game: Oral history comparedwith quantitative methodology. International Journal of OralHistory, 7, 93-108.

Taylor, C. (1977). Interpretation and the sciences of man.Review.of Metaphysics. 25, 3-34, 45-51.

Van Maanen, J. (1973). Observations on the making of policemen.Human Organization, 32, 407-417.

Wilson, W. (19771. The use of ethnographic techniques ineducational research. Reyiew ofEducationAl_Researqh.245-265.

Wolcott, H. (1981). Home and away: Personal contrasts inethnographic style. In D. Messerschmidt (Ed.),Anthropologists at home in north america: Methods and issuesin the study of ode's own society (pp. 255-265). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.