ed 354 884 author brandhorst, ted title (eric). md. 93 · 2013. 8. 2. · document resume ed 354...

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 354 884 IR 016 016

AUTHOR Brandhorst, TedTITLE The Educational Resources Information Center

(ERIC).

INSTITUTION ERIC Processing and Reference Facility, Rockville,MD.

SPONS AGENCY Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED),Washington, DC.

PUB DATE 93NOTE 28p.; Submitted for publication in the "Encyclopedia

of Library and Information Science," Vol. 51, Suppl.14, p208-225, 1993. Allen Kent, Ed., Marcel Dekker,Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016.

PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) Reports Descriptive(141) Information Analyses ERIC ClearinghouseProducts (071)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Bibliographic Databases; Clearinghouses;

Decentralization; Educational Research; FederalPrograms; Futures (of Society); InformationDissemination; *Information Services; Publications

IDENTIFIERS Chronology; Document Delivery; *EducationalInformation; *ERIC; Historical Background

ABSTRACTThis paper begins with an overview of ERIC that

provides background on the system's decentralized structure, thebibliographic database, document availability, and ERIC publications.The historical development of ERIC from the early 1960s is describedand illustrated with a chronology of selected major ERIC events from1965 to 1991 and a table listing directors and host organizations ofCentral ERIC, the ERIC Clearinghouses and the ERIC SupportContractors during the same period. Three strategies that contributedto the evolution of ERIC are then discussed: decentralized structureleveraging with the private sector to achieve database dissemination,and document delivery as an essential service. Policy emphasesidentified by a 1986-87 redesign study of ERIC are listed, togetherwith strategies for accomplishing these goals; and a review of thecurrent status of the system is given in the form of a statisticalsummary covering funding, acquisitions, database input, microfichedistribution, publications, information requests, database users, andservice providers through the year 1991. That same year was also theyear of ERIC's 25th anniversary, and the article concludes with aconsideration of ERIC initiatives for the rest of the 1990s,including: the identification, development, and dissemination ofmaterials pertaining to the national education goals; full-textdelivery of education materials; diversification of funding sources;coverage and delivery of non-print materials; expanded internationalactivities; the promotion of increased collaboration through theactivities of the ERIC Research and Development Partners; greatercomprehensiveness of bibliographic coverage; and value-addedservices. (Contains 10 references.) (MSE)

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Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Article Prepared for the:

Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science

by

Ted Brandhorst, Director

ERIC Processing and Reference Facility

October 1991

BEST COPY Po" ?

4,050 Words (Not Including Figures)

The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

by

Ted Brandhorst

An Overview of ERIC

The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) is a nationwide information systemcurrently sponsored and supported by the U. S. Department of Education's Office of EducationalResearch and Improvement (OEM). ERIC was founded, in the mid-1960s, at the then Office ofEducation, for the purpose of achieving bibliographic control over the report literature prod,x;edby the agency and its many contractors. ERIC has since expanded to cover the education-relateddocument and journal article literature wherever it is produced. ERIC collects, analyzes, catalogs,indexes, abstracts or annotates, announces, and makes available, documentary information frompublic, private, local, state, Federal, and international sources.

The decentralized structure of ERIC consists of a policy-making, funding, and monitoringFederal program office in the U.S. Department of Education (commonly referred to as "CentralERIC"), 16 subject-specific ERIC Clearinghouses (aided by a small number of volunteer "AdjunctClearinghouses"), and three technical support contractors. Each Clearinghouse is responsible forcollecting and processing the literature within a major segment of the field of education. Thetechnical support contractors are: (1) the ERIC Processing and Reference Facility (for databaseediting and building, lexicography, and centralized computer processing); (2) the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service (EDRS) (for microfiche and document delivery); and (3) ACCESS ERIC(for outreach, marketing, and referral services).

ERIC's most well -know n product is its bibliographic database, which through 1991 containsapproximately 758,000 records (for over 328,000 documents and 430,000 journal articles). Forthis database, ERIC actively solicits technical reports, conference proceedings and papers,curriculum materials, project descriptions, evaluation and policy studies, and many other kindsof documents, serving all levels of the educational community, from the practitioner to theresearcher. Items entering the database are announced, as appropriate, in one of ERIC's twomonthly printed abstract journals: Resources in Education (RIE), covering documents (about14,000 per year); and Current Index to Journals in Education (CUE), covering journal articles(about 18,000 per year). The database is available for computer searching and retrieval viavarious online vendors (e.g., DIALOG, OCLC, and BRS) and CD-ROM vendors (e.g.,SilverPlatter, DIALOG).

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Referenx Facilty, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991

Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 2Article for: the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science

Some 98 percent of the documents collected by ERIC are archived on microfiche and madeavailable to libraries and users by EDRS on a subscription basis (through 1991 there were over870 subscribers worldwide) or an on-demand basis. Some 80 percent of the journal articlesselected by ERIC are available from standard reprint sources, such as University MicrofilmsInternational (UMI).

In addition to building the world's premier education-related bibliographic database, theERIC components produce many publicatiop,, of their own. The Clearinghouses prepare varioussyntheses, interpretative summaries, state-of-the-art reviews, annotated bibliographies, and digests(all told, over 200 publications per year). The support contractors produce a variety ofdirectories, calendars, indexes, newsletters, and other reference and referral tools.

Historical Development

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the U.S. Office of Education found itself faced with aproliferation of unpublished reports emanating from increased Federal funding of research,exemplary programs, and demonstration projects. The first gropings for a solution to theproblem--a system to control and disseminate Federally-sponsored education-related researchpapers--can be found in concept and feasibility studies dating back to 1960. For example, thefirst efforts to conceptualize an ERIC Thesaurus, i.e., a subject-indexing authority for such afuture system, appeared in 1961. The concept of an overall ERIC "system"--combining documentcollection, cataloging, indexing, abstracting, announcement, archiving, and dissemination--beganto emerge during this period under the leadership of Dr. Lee Burchinal; however, ERIC'sgestation proved to be quite long. It wasn't until 1964 that an actual embryonic organizationalunit called "ERIC" appeared within the Office of Education. Then in quick succession, however,a contract was let in 1965 for the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) and contractswere let in 1966 for the first twelve ERIC Clearinghouses and a central editqrial and computerprocessing facility. In November 1966, the first issue of ERIC's abstract journal appeared, thencalled Research in Education, creating a convenient milestone from which to count futureanniversaries.

In 1967, an additional six Clearinghouses were established, for a total of 18. Since then,the number has fluctuated in response to needs and priorities. There have been a total of 23different ERIC Clearinghouses over the years, but the number has currently stabilized at 16.Also in 1967, the word Research in ERIC's name was changed to Resources, reflecting theemerging recognition that research results were not the only bibliographic resources that ERICwas going to collect. (Interestingly, the same switch of words in RIE's title didn't take placeuntil much later, in January 1975.)

Ted Brandhorst, DirectnrERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991


Many of ERIC's basic organizing principles, still in use today, were determined very earlyin its life and reflect the careful planning of the founders. Much of the historical evolution ofERIC can be traced to the following three "signature" strategies:

Decentralized Structure. Unlike the other monolithic government information centersthat might have served as a model, ERIC decided to adopt a decentralized model.Education in the United States was--and still is--a decentralized enterprise, with powerdispersed to the states and localities, professional associations, and teacher unions.Information was being developed at all these levels and a monolithic information centerin Washington was not felt to be the best way to keep abreast of such a diffuse anddispersed community. Instead, a system of separate "Clearinghouses" wasconceptualized, each concentrating on a major sector of the field of education and eachbearing responsibility for acquiring the documentation of that subfield and for interactingwith that particular part of the educational community.

The same decentralized structure pertains today, and it has served ERIC well in copingwith the many constituencies that comprise the field of education. Thoughdecentralization is not without special problems of coordination and duplication causedby the geographically-separated system components, on balance the increased breadth ofcoverage, the diversity of contacts, and the variety of points of view represented, haveultimately been assessed as strengths that outweigh the operational problems.

"Leveraging" with the Private Sector to Achieve Database Dissemination. Alwaysmodestly budgeted, ERIC was from the beginning forced to involve the private sectorin an effort to "leverage" various dissemination products and services. ERIC had enoughfunds to create its bibliographic database, but not enough to create all the products andservices that needed to be derived from that database.

The micrographics contractor (EDRS), commercial publishers, and the online andCD-ROM vendors are all examples of organizations that provide ERIC products andservices to the public, at no charge to the Government. ERIC, in effect, gives theseorganizations a license to , in the first case, microfilm ERIC documents; in the secondcase, publish the ERIC Thesaurus and Current Index to Journals in Education; and, inthe third case, to include the ERIC database in commercial online and CD-ROMinformation retrieval systems. The for-profit sector organizations provide services andmarket products to the public, recovering their costs and making a profit in the process;the users, in turn, pay for what they specifically want, but pay no subsidy in tax dollarsfor those products and services.

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing ,ncl Reference Facility. 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400.Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 2.58-5500

October 1991


"Leveraging" is evident, to some extent, even in the Clearinghouse contracts, where thehost organization holding the Clearinghouse contract typically provides ERIC with someservices (e.g., in-1,71nd personnel, printing, and office equipment) above and beyond thosestrictly required by the contract.

Document Delivery as an Essential Service. The first ERIC contract, in 1965, before anyof the Clearinghouses, established the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).This is an indication of how crucial the early planners viewed document delivery.Unlike many information systems, which simply tell users aboLt the existence of an itemwithout solving the problem of obtaining a copy, ERIC wanted to be able to actuallydeliver the vast majority of 1.1-.3 items it announced. Partly this stance was dictated bythe fugitive nature of the report literature. If ERIC had not offered availability, theproblems and frustrations of the users in this area would probably have led to morecriticism that any system could bear. Be that as it may, ERIC was founded on theprinciple of closing the loop for the user as much as possible.

The over 870 ERIC microfiche collections that exist around the world, built up regularlythrough annual subscriptions, together with the ready on-demand availability ofdocuments in microfiche and reproduced paper copy from the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service (EDRS), represent one of the strongest links in the ERIC chain ofservices.

While structural decentralization, private sector leveraging, and guaranteed documentdelivery are perhaps the major basic strategies of ERIC, there are several other lesser strategiesthat might be mentioned.

The bibliographic database as a findamental foundation for the system, on which mostother products and services are built and connected in some way or other.

Primary coverage devoted to that part of the educational literature that is not handledadequately by anybody else, i.e., the report/fugitive / "gray" literature, encompassing suchthings as contractor reports, conference papers, curriculum materials, etc., but generallynot including the commercially-published book literature.

Relevance to all levels of the educational community, from the teacher concerned withtomorrow's lesson to the professor engaged in research. This implies an acquisitions netthat is cast widely and that encompasses buth the theoretical and the practical.

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite CO,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991


A wide distribution of ERIC information, including both to the regular educationcommunity (teachers, administrators, researchers, counselors, students, etc.) as well asto parents, policy-makers, and the media, at the lowest possible cost.

A database that changes in response to changing conditions. ERIC's acquisitions andselection criteria have been modified over time in response to new priorities (e.g., theinclusion of machine-readable data files), and new fields have periodically been addedto improve searchability and discrimination (e.g., Publication Type, Target Audience).In 1990, the full text of certain selected documents (i.e., two-page ERIC Digests) becameavailable to online users.

ERIC "Redesign"

In 1986-1987, there occurred perhaps the single most significant event in the development ofERIC since is birth. This was called the ERIC Redesign Study, a top-to-bottom examination thatinvolved the internal staff at the Department of Education, an outside panel of reviewers, andnumerous critiques from the field. This intense examination of ERIC culminated in awidely-discussed paper titled ERIC In Its Third Decade (Bencivenga 1987, in ED 278 429).Later that same year, on July 30, 1987, the House Subcommittee on Select Education sponsoredthe first oversight hearings on ERIC (ED 287 519). As a result of these activities, three mainpolicy emphases were identified for ERIC's immediate future:

ERIC products and services should become more widely used and available;

ERIC should become better integrated into OERI's mission of gathering, analyzing, andreporting information on the status and condition of American education.

ERIC should serve a wider, more diverse audience, including policy-makers, journalists,practitioners, and the general public.

Some of the strategies for accomplishing these goals included:

ACCESS ERIC, the first new system component in over two decades, to serve as anoutreach arm for ERIC, strengthening the areas of marketing, publicity, advertising, andpublic relations, and helping to actively disseminate ERIC's products and services (call1-800-USE-ERIC).

Ted Erandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991


Adjunct Clearinghouses as an aid to achieving better coverage of the literature and asa source of volunteer financial support. Through 1991, ERIC has AdjunctClearinghouses in the areas of Literacy Education for Limited-English-Proficient Adults,Art Education, U.S.-Japan Stuaies, Compensatory Education, and Consumer Education.

ERIC Partners as an atl-nipt to multiply ERIC's dissemination efforts and to achievea wider audience via the marshalling of its major users. ERIC's network of over 500Partners routinely receive and re-distribute ERIC materials to their own organizationalmembers. The improved integration of ERIC with OERI's other major programs, suchas the Research and Development Centers and the Regional Educational Laboratories,has also received attention. The ERIC Clearinghouses are now actively producingpublications in partnership with these units, the flow of products from these units to theERIC database is now more routinized, and, ERIC, the Labs, and the Centers nowregularly participate in joint planning and dissemination activities.

Present Day Status and Statistical Summary (through 1991)

Throughout the decade of the 1980s, ERIC's annual funding stayed level at around$5 million. With the 1990s, ERIC's annual funding has risen somewhat to around $6 million.With this sum, ERIC supports 16 Clearinghouse contractors, three support contractors, and certainsystemwide services such as printing at GPO. The average Clearinghouse contract size is nowapproximately $300,000. The ACCESS ERIC contract is approximately $400,000. The ERICFacility contract is approximately $750,000. The EDRS contract is basically a no-cost-to-the-Government arrangement. The consensus of reviewers is that ERIC achieves an extraordinaryamount of end product for its modest funding.

ERIC has established and maintains a network of over 1,600 acquisitions arrangements withorganizations that regularly send ERIC their education-related document output. Thesearrangements, and other acquisitions efforts, bring in approximately 30,000 documents annuallyfor evaluation and application of selection criteria.

From the total input, approximately 14,000 documents and 18,000 journal articles areselected for the database and are processed (cataloged, indexed, abstracted or annotated, andannounced). The total database through 1991 contains approximately 758,000 records and isgrowing at a rate of about 32,000 records annually. The two monthly abstract journals (RIE andCUE) have approximately 2,000 subscribers each and are also distributed to over 1,000 U.S.Depository libraries and (via the Library of Congress) to nearly 85 foreign governments andinstitutions.

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility. 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400.Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

b October 1991

Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Page 7Article for: the Encyclopedia of Libra?), and Information Science

The ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) services approximately 870 regularsubscribers to the entire ERIC microfiche collection. Approximately 17,000,000 microfiche cardsare distributed to these subscribers annually. In addition, EDRS fulfills annually approximately15,000 on-demand orders for microfiche or reproduced paper copy.

The Clearinghouses, in addition to their database-building efforts, prods..;.: over 200information-synthesizing publications annually, over a million copies of which are disseminatedannually to diverse audiences.

The entire ERIC network of organizations receives over 100,000 information requestsannually, each of which is responded to individually.

The total ERIC activity at all online vendors combined is estimated at around 100,000 users,(from 90 countries), conducting 450,000 individual online searches, and expending approximately100,000 connect hours. ERIC is regularly counted as around the 4th or 5th most searchedbibliographic database in the world. The number of CD-ROM subscriptions serviced by allvendors is estimated at around 3,000.

The biannual Directory of ERIC Information Service Providers identifies approximately900 locations that provide some level of service pertaining to the ERIC database (800 domesticlocations; 120 foreign locations spread across 24 countries). These organizations either maintainERIC microfiche collections, subscribe to the ERIC abstract journals and other ERICpublications, or perform computer searches of the ERIC database for clients.

ERIC in the 1990s

ERIC celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1991. It was a time for considering the new tasksand directions that face it as it enters its second quarter-century of service to American education.Eight program improvement initiatives have been formally identified below. These initiativesshould occupy and characterize ERIC in the 1990s.

1. ERIC in the Schools and Community--Achieving the National Education Goals. In itsquarter-century history, ERIC has evolved into a comprehensive system widely recognizedas the premier source of information for planning education activities, developing newprograms, carrying out research, and making program decisions. The ERIC Clearinghousesare now giving priority to the identification, development and dissemination of high-qualitymaterials pertaining to the. six "National Education Goals" established by the President andstate Governors in 1989, and to be achieved by the year 2000.

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Prncessing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991


ERIC has already begun to work with a number of schools implementing school-basedmanagement to assure that critical information is available from which to make informeddecisions, e.g., ERIC CD-ROM, an EDRS collection of ERIC documents on microfiche,full-text CD-ROM products (if available), and access to other key education informationsources.

2. Full-text Delivery of Education Materials. Long-discussed in the ERIC system, some firststeps have recently been taken to provide electronic full-text access to selected materials.The ERIC Digests Online (EDO) full-text file--now available online through DIALOG, GTEEducation Services, and PLATO--is one such example. (Digests are brief two-page highlycompressed reports on topics of prime current interest in education.)

Also, ERIC has been working with the private sector to develop a prototype CD-ROMproduct containing the full text of hundreds of key education documents and journalarticles, as well as complete issues of approximately 100 core education journals. The"Compact ERIC" is envisioned as containing the most important, significant, and usefuldocuments and articles announced in ERIC. These materials are essentially of two types:first, major policy and goals papers, major commission reports, major Department ofEducation publications, significant evaluation reports and research syntheses. Second, itwill also contain the best items in ERIC intended for practical use by teachers, principals,school district administrators, curriculum coordinators, guidance counselors, other schoolprofessionals, and parents, including carefully selected teaching-related materials, theory-into-practice research results, curricular and classroom materials, and reference andresourceguides.

3. Diversification of Funding Sources. ERIC has long recognized the desirability of obtainingsupport from other components both within and outside the Department of Education (ED).Adjunct Clearinghouses--a few of which are already supported by funding from other partsof the Department and foundations, are one manifestation of how outside support can beused; however, ERIC may also seek support from specific program offices- -within ED andelsewhere--to help subsidize expanded coverage and comprehensiveness in specific topicareas of interest to those programs and their constituents. In addition, ERIC is pursuingsome options by which reasonable usage fees can be collected from online vendors, CD-ROM vendors, and other commercial purveyors of the ERIC database to the public (in thepast, ERIC has charged no fees or royalties for use of its database).

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville. Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991


4. Coverage and Delivery of Non-Print Materials. ERIC has, witi, some exceptions,concentrated on the document and journal literature. While ERIC has paid increasingattention in recent years to identifying and indexing some of the major education-relatedmachine-readable statistical files, questions remain about what ERIC's role should be inacquiring, indexing and even disseminating non-print materials, including, but not limitedto, videotapes, multi-media packages, computer diskettes, CD-ROMs, interactive laserdiscs,etc. While it is clear that ERIC could pay increasing attention to such materials, cost-effective procedures for copying and disseminating such materials (even assuming copyrightpermission could be obtained) appear much more problematic.

5. Expanded International Activities. ERIC has been planning or participating in severalactivities designed to both expand the overseas dissemination of U.S.-developed educationinformation, and to broaden its access to foreign-produced materials. Some activities andideas for the greater "internationalization" of ERIC include: cooperative work nowunderway with the International Association of Universities and UNESCO to develop aworldwide bibliography of higher education materials; discussions with the United StatesInformation Agency (USIA) and the Agency for International Development (AID) on waysto make ERIC materials and stand-alone CD-ROM retrieval systems involving ERICavailable to developing nations (all overseas British Council libraries already have ERICavailable on CD-ROM); by cooperating with ERIC-equivalent organizations in otherEnglish-speaking countries in order to develop greater compatibility and less duplicationamong education databases; and, by establishing ERIC nodes on the major internationalcomputer networks, e.g., BITNET, INTERNET, to facilitate document and informationexchange.

6. ERIC Research and Development Partners. While many commercial and academicorganizations use ERIC products for their own purposes, few have established anymeaningful collaborative R&D projects with the ERIC system. Over 125 documents,articles, and study reports about the ERIC system have been produced in the past six years,but they are rarely doneNip,,collaboration or even consultation with either OERI or the ERICcomponents. This element of collaboration would be a valuable step toward ensuring thatresearch and development activities related to ERIC products and services will have a directand positive effect on improving access and use of education information in the schools.In conjunction with the ERIC system components, "ERIC R&D Partners" can help todevelop targeted new products and services, applications of new technologies to improvethe selective dissemination of education information, and enhanced coverage of theeducation fieid.

7. Greater Comprehensiveness of Bibliographic Coverage. With ERIC's limited resources,ERIC Clearinghouses have always had to make difficult decisions about which documentsand journal articles would be indexed for inclusion in the ERIC database. For instance,

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility. 2440 Research Boulevard. Suite 400.Rockville. Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

11 October 1991


though Current Index to Journals in Education claims to cover about 800 journals, very fewof those are actually indexed cover-to-cover. Most journals are indexed selectively; thatis, not all of the education-related articles are cited in the ERIC database. Under discussionis a list of "core education journals" that will be uniformly indexed cover-to-cover in thefuture. A related issue concerns the published book literature; that is, monographicmaterials generally produced commercially and accessible through regular library systems:should ERIC expand its coverage to such materials?

8. Value-added Services. In contributing to the prototype Compact ERIC full-text product onCD-ROM, ERIC Clearinghouses were asked to determine which materials from the ERICdatabase should be included in a highly-selective compilation of practice and policy-orientedmaterials. On an ongoing basis, the Clearinghouses are continuing to identify these "best"materials. How can ERIC most constructively continue this emphasis on assessing thequality of documents and journal articles selected for the database?

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991


Selected Bibliographic Resources':

1. Bencivenga, James J.; And Others.ERIC Redesign. Papers Issued for Public Comment, 1986-1987. Educational ResourcesInformation Center, Washington, DC, April 1987. 60p. (ED 278 429).

2. Brandhorst, Ted, Ed.Bibliography of Publications About ERIC. ERIC Processing and Reference Facility,Rockville, MD.Issued irregularly; issues to date are as iollows:ED 169 955 1964 - 1978 269 CitationsED 262 784 1979 - 1984 131 CitationsED 308 874 1985 - 1988 107 Citations(This is the best source of information concerning what has been written about ERIC.)

3. Brandhorst, Ted."Wl'at are the Possibilities for Coordinating Education Information Databases?"Knowledge in Society; v3 n2 p.45-57 Summer 1990.

4. "Educational Resources Information Center".Report appearing annually in The Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Almanac.R.R. Bowker Co., New Providence, NJ. (This is a condensed version of the ERIC AnnualReport, appearing in a widely available reference book.)

5. ERIC Processing and Reference Facility, Rockville, Maryland.ERIC Processing Manual. Rules and Guidelines for the Acquisition, Selection, andTechnical Processing of Documents and Journal Articles by the Various Components of theERIC Network. 1980- . Loose leaf, approximately 800 pages. (ED 219 082). Publishedin ten chapters and two appendices: Introduction, Acquisitions, Selection, Handling andShipping, Cataloging, Abstracting/Annotating, Indexing, Vocabulary Development andMaintenance, Data Entry, Database Changes (Post Publication), ERICClearinghouse Scopeof Interest Guide (Appendix A), Glossary (Appendix B). (The best source of informationabout the interaction of ERIC' s components and the rules followed in building its database.)

'The "ED" accession number identifies documents in the ERIC database. Items with an EDnumber can be found in the ERIC microfiche collection and can be ordered from EDRS.

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 2440 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258.5500

October 1991


6. Hoover, Charles and Brandhorst, Ted.Development and Current Status of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC).A Model Bibliographic Control System Covering the Literature of Education in the UnitedStates. Paper presented at the International Meeting on Educational Documentation:Present and Future (Florence, Italy, May 31-June 4, 1982). 36p. (ED 221 171).

7. Office of Educational Research and Improvement.ERIC Annual Report. (Summarizing the Accomplishments of the Educational ResourcesInformation Center). U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC.Issued annually; available from Central ERIC.ED 301 192/193 covers 1987ED 313 057 covers 1988ED 322 934 covers 1989(This is the best source of current statistical information concerning ERIC.)

8. Stonehill, Robert M."The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC): A System Faces Its Future."Knowledge in Society; v3 n2 p.67-80 Summer 1990.

9. Trester, Delmer J.ERIC--The First Fifteen Years, A History of the Educational Resources Information Center.National Institute of Education, Washington, DC. July 1979. 385p. (ED 195 289). (Thisis the best source of historical information concerning ERIC's early years.)

10. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives.Oversight Hearing on OERI (The ERIC System). Hearing Before the Subcommittee onSelect Education of the Committee on Education and Labor. House of Representatives,100th Congress, First Session. Washington, DC. July 30, 1987. 181p. (ED 287 519).

Ted Brandhorst, DirectorERIC Processing and Reference Facility, 24.40 Research Boulevard, Suite 400,Rockville, Maryland 20850(301) 258-5500

October 1991

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)19

66P

anel

on

Edu

catio

nal T

erm

inol

ogy

(PE

T)

Est

ablis

hed

1973

Cle

arin

ghou

ses

1.12

Est

ablis

hed

Cle

arin

ghou

se o

n C

aree

r E

duca

tion

Est

ablis

hed

ER

IC F

acili

ty C

ontr

act t

o N

orth

Am

eric

an R

ockw

ell (

May

)(R

epla

ces

Voc

atio

nal a

nd T

echn

ical

Edu

cafo

n)'B

irth'

of E

RIC

--

Ful

l Im

plem

enta

tion

(Jun

e)F

ield

Use

r P

artic

ipat

ion

in Im

prov

ing

Inde

xing

Voc

abul

ary

Initi

ated

Res

earc

h in

Edu

catio

n (R

IE)

App

ears

(N

ovem

ber)

ER

ICT

AP

ES

Pro

gram

Dis

trib

utes

100

0th

Tap

e

1967

1974

Cle

arin

ghou

ses

13-1

8 E

stab

lishe

dC

lear

ingh

ouse

on

Info

rmat

ion

Res

ourc

es E

stab

lishe

dE

RIC

's N

ame

Cha

nged

to "

Edu

catio

nal R

esou

rces

' (Ju

ly)

(Rep

lace

s Li

brar

y an

d In

form

atio

n S

cien

ces)

0E

DR

S C

ontr

act t

o N

atio

nal C

ash

Reg

iste

r (D

ecem

ber)

Cle

arin

ghou

se o

n U

rban

Edu

catio

n (F

orm

erly

Dis

adva

ntag

ed)

The

saur

us o

f ER

IC D

escr

ipto

rs F

irst P

ublis

hed

ED

RS

Con

trac

t Aw

arde

d to

CM

IC (

Ves

icul

ar M

icro

fiche

)F

irst R

evis

ion

and

Exp

ansi

on o

f the

ER

IC P

roce

ssin

g M

anua

l Com

plet

ed19

68P

ublic

atio

n T

ype

Dat

a E

lem

ent A

dded

to F

ileri

Cle

arin

ghou

se o

n T

each

er E

duca

tion

Est

ablis

hed

1975

1969

RIE

File

Ach

ieve

s 10

0,00

0th

ED

Num

ber

Acc

essi

onR

esea

rch

in E

duca

tion

Put

on

GP

O L

inot

ron

Res

earc

h in

Edu

catio

n C

hang

es N

ame

to R

esou

rces

in E

duca

tion

CIJ

E J

ourn

al P

ublic

atio

n A

ppea

rs (

Mac

mill

an)

ER

IC R

ecei

ves

Nat

iona

l Mic

rogr

aphi

cs A

ssoc

iatio

n A

war

d'fo

r O

utst

andi

ng C

ontr

ibut

ions

to M

icro

grap

hics

'19

70

ER

IC F

acili

ty C

ontr

act t

o Le

asco

Sys

tem

s &

Res

earc

h C

orp.

1976

Cle

arin

ghou

ses

on E

duca

tiona

l Man

agem

ent;

Soc

ial S

cien

ce E

duca

tion;

ER

IC C

onve

rts

to O

ptic

al C

hara

cter

Rec

ogni

tion

(OC

R)

for

Dat

a E

ntry

Tes

ts, M

easu

rem

ent,

and

Eva

luat

ion

Est

ablis

hed

AH

Imag

es o

n E

RIC

Mic

rofic

he F

ilmed

in "

Rig

ht-R

eadi

ng"

Orie

ntat

ion

ER

IC D

atab

ase

Use

rs C

onfe

renc

e (F

irst)

ER

ICT

AP

ES

/ER

ICT

OO

LS P

rogr

am B

egun

15

Pag

e 2

Chr

onol

ogy

of S

elec

ted

Maj

or E

RIC

Eve

nts

(196

0-19

91)

1977

1982

Voc

abul

ary

Impr

ovem

ent (

VIP

) In

itiat

ed -

- C

ompl

ete

Rev

isio

n of

The

saur

usD

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion

prep

ared

or

spon

sore

d do

cum

ents

pro

vide

d by

ER

IC to

GP

O o

nN

atio

nal D

isse

min

atio

n F

orum

Sub

sum

es E

RIC

Use

rs C

onfe

renc

em

onth

iy b

asis

(fo

r G

PO

Mon

thly

Cat

alog

and

dep

osito

ry li

brar

y sy

stem

).E

RIC

Tec

hnic

al S

teer

ing

Com

mitt

ee F

orm

edE

D n

umbe

rs a

nd E

DR

S a

vaila

bilit

y pr

ovid

ed.

UM

I Rep

rint S

ervi

ce fo

r C

IJE

Art

icle

s In

augu

rate

dN

atio

nal A

sses

smen

t of E

duca

tiona

l Pro

gres

s (N

AE

P)-

-ER

IC a

rran

ges

to in

put a

llN

AE

P-p

rodu

ced

and

NA

EP

-rel

ated

doc

umen

ts a

nd to

cod

e fo

r sp

ecia

l NA

EP

1978

relie

ve' n

eeds

Sta

te T

echn

ical

Ass

ista

nce

Trip

s In

itiat

ed (

Fos

terin

g C

ompa

tibili

ty w

ith E

RIC

File

s)E

RIC

Doc

umen

t Rep

rodu

cibi

lity

Gui

delin

esC

ompl

eted

1983

Com

plim

enta

ry D

istr

ibut

ion

of M

icro

fiche

to A

utho

rs B

egun

Pra

ctic

e F

ile P

roje

ct--

prac

titio

ner-

orie

nted

doc

umen

ts id

entif

ied

in E

RIC

dat

abas

eN

ew D

ata

Ele

men

ts fo

r G

eogr

aphi

c S

ourc

e, L

angu

age,

and

Gov

ernm

ent L

evel

Beg

un(b

ackf

ile a

nd c

urre

nt)

and

emph

asiz

ed in

cur

rent

acq

uisi

tions

ER

IC C

lear

ingh

ouse

Info

rmat

ion

Ana

lysi

s P

rodu

cts

(IA

P)

ER

IC d

atab

ase

achi

eves

500

,000

th (

one

half

mill

ion)

acc

essi

ons

Ann

ual B

iblio

grap

hy S

erie

s B

egun

by

Fac

ility

Nat

iona

l Com

mis

sion

on

Exc

elle

nce

in E

duca

tion

(and

'spi

noff'

com

mis

sion

s/co

mm

ittee

s)be

gins

to is

sue

repo

rts.

ER

IC m

akes

spe

cial

effo

rt to

col

lect

, con

trol

, and

dis

sem

inat

e19

79'E

xcel

lenc

e' r

epor

tsN

IE/O

PA

Ref

eren

ce C

orre

spon

denc

e A

ssig

ned

to E

RIC

Fac

ility

(20

,000

Let

ters

per

Yea

r)IB

M-P

C/X

T m

icro

com

pute

rs a

cqui

red

by F

acili

ty fo

r el

ectr

onic

mai

l, w

ord

proc

essi

ng,

RIE

Pro

duce

d vi

a V

ideo

com

p P

hoto

com

pose

r (R

epla

ces

Lino

tron

)on

line

files

, and

oth

er a

pplic

atio

nsO

ryx

Pre

ss B

ecom

es C

IJE

Con

trac

tor

(Rep

lace

s M

acm

illan

)P

rice

Cod

es R

epla

ce S

peci

fic P

rices

in R

IE19

84P

ublic

atio

n T

ype

Inde

x A

dded

to R

IEN

ew P

ublic

atio

n T

ypes

add

ed to

the

ER

IC d

atab

ase:

'Mul

tilin

gual

/Bili

ngua

l Mat

eria

ls (

171)

;E

RIC

Dat

abas

e A

chie

ves

On-

Thi

rd o

f a M

illio

n A

cces

sion

s'C

ompu

ter

Pro

gram

s' (

101)

; 'E

RIC

Cle

arin

ghou

se P

ublic

atio

ns' (

071)

"Tar

get A

udie

nce'

dat

a el

emen

t offi

cial

ly a

dded

to E

RIC

dat

abas

e, a

s a

maj

or o

utco

me

of th

e19

80P

ract

ice

File

Pro

ject

Voc

abul

ary

Impr

ovem

ent P

roje

ct C

ompl

eted

(N

ewT

hesa

urus

Pub

lishe

d)E

lect

roni

c m

ail s

yste

m (

Bas

ed o

n M

ULT

ILIN

K)

mad

e op

erat

iona

l for

ER

IC C

lear

ingh

ouse

s,La

st E

RIC

Use

rs C

onfe

renc

e H

eld

at A

mer

ican

Lib

rary

Ass

oc. (

ALA

) A

nnua

l Con

fere

nce

usin

g E

RIC

Fac

ility

's IB

M-P

C/X

TN

BS

Stu

dy o

f 'T

echn

olog

y-B

ased

Impr

ovem

ent o

f ER

IC S

yste

m' C

ompl

eted

(Tre

u R

epor

t) (

ED

-190

127

)D

irect

onl

ine

tran

smis

sion

of b

iblio

grap

hic

data

(R

IE a

nd C

IJE

) to

Fac

ility

com

plet

ed fo

ral

l Cle

arin

ghou

ses

His

tory

of

ER

IC C

ompl

eted

(E

D 1

95 2

89)

NIE

Mov

es In

to N

ew D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion

1985

ER

IC P

roce

ssin

g M

anua

l (E

PM

) to

tally

rev

ised

and

exp

ande

d ed

ition

beg

ins

publ

icat

ion

ER

IC p

artic

ipat

es in

IBE

mee

ting

on In

tern

atio

nal N

etw

ork

for

Edu

catio

nal D

ocum

enta

tion

(as

sect

ions

are

com

plet

ed)

(ED

219

082

)(I

NE

D),

May

20-

24, 1

985,

Gen

eva,

Sw

itzer

land

Dire

ct o

nlin

e tr

ansm

issi

on o

f bib

liogr

aphi

c da

ta fr

om C

lear

ingh

ouse

s to

Fac

ility

beg

ins

to r

epla

ce O

CR

(as

Cle

arin

ghou

ses

acqu

ire e

quip

men

t)E

RIC

beg

ins

wor

k w

ith N

OE

S o

n 'L

ocat

or fi

le d

ealin

g w

ith e

duca

tion-

rela

ted

num

eric

/sta

tistic

al d

atab

ases

RIE

Hig

hlig

hts

page

s in

itiat

edE

RIC

beg

ins

wor

k on

coo

rdin

atin

g w

ith B

EB

A (

Bili

ngua

l) da

taba

se; a

naly

zes

degr

ee o

f'S

ubm

ittin

g D

ocum

ents

to E

RIC

' acq

uisi

tions

bro

chur

e de

velo

ped

over

lap

with

ER

IC d

atab

ase

Inte

rnal

NIE

/OE

RI s

taff

revi

ew o

f ER

IC in

itiat

ed (

resu

lting

in 'E

RIC

Red

esig

n' p

roje

ct, w

ith19

81or

tem

al p

anel

, in

1986

)'P

ocke

t Gui

de to

ER

IC' b

roch

ure

deve

lope

dP

ract

ition

er -

orie

nted

doc

umen

ts in

ER

IC d

eter

min

ed, t

hrou

gh tw

o in

depe

nden

t ana

lyse

s to

be

Iden

tifie

r A

utho

rity

Lis

t (IA

L) -

- ne

w E

RIC

TO

OL

deve

lope

dbe

twee

n 26

% a

nd 3

1% o

f inp

ut"C

ost a

nd U

sage

Stu

dy o

f the

ER

IC S

yste

m"

(Kin

g R

epor

t) (

ED

208

902

)N

IE r

eorg

aniz

atio

nS

tate

Tec

hnic

al A

ssis

tanc

e vi

sits

dur

ing

prev

ious

3 y

ears

sum

mar

ized

(to

tal o

f 19

visi

t)

1.7

BE

ST C

CPY

AV

YW

IE

Pag

e 3

Chr

onol

ogy

of S

elec

ted

Maj

or E

RIC

Eve

nts

(196

0-19

91)

1986

1989

Dire

ctor

y of

ER

IC In

form

atio

n S

ervi

ce P

rovi

ders

(Ju

ne 1

986)

(co

mbi

natio

n of

prio

rdi

rect

orie

s of

mic

rofic

he c

olle

ctio

ns a

nd s

earc

h se

rvic

es)

AC

CE

SS

ER

IC (

new

ER

IC c

ompo

nent

for

outr

each

) co

ntra

ct a

war

ded

to A

spen

Sys

tem

sIn

c. (

May

)S

ocia

l Sci

ence

s/S

ocia

l Stu

dies

Cle

arin

ghou

se s

hifts

to In

dian

a U

nive

rsity

(Fro

m S

ocia

l Sci

ence

Edu

catio

n C

onso

rtiu

m, C

olor

ado)

"ER

IC P

artn

ers"

pro

ject

(th

e m

arsh

allin

g of

ER

IC's

maj

or u

sers

) in

itiat

ed (

350

achi

eved

by

year

-end

)N

IE c

hang

es n

ame

to O

ffice

of E

duca

tiona

l Res

earc

h an

d Im

prov

emen

t (0E

111)

Firs

t 'A

ciun

ct E

RIC

Cle

arin

ghou

ses"

(no

-cos

t-to

-ER

IC v

olun

teer

s) in

augu

rate

d:F

irst "

Inte

r E

d- m

eetin

g (A

ugus

t 198

6)--

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f ER

IC, A

ustr

alia

n E

duca

tion

Lite

racy

Edu

catio

n fo

r Li

mite

d-E

nglis

h-P

rofic

ient

Adu

lts; A

rt E

duca

tion;

U.S

. Jap

an S

tudi

es;

Inde

x, B

ritis

h E

duca

tion

Inde

x, C

anad

ian

Edu

catio

n In

ds::

Com

pens

ator

y E

duca

tion

(Cha

pter

1).

Hel

p to

impr

ove

cove

rage

in s

peci

aliz

ed a

reas

.F

irst E

RIC

-on-

CD

RO

M d

isc

ship

ped

by S

ilver

Pla

tter/

OR

I (A

ugus

t)D

!rec

tory

of E

duca

tion-

Rel

ated

Info

rmat

ion

Cen

ters

(ot

her

than

ER

IC)

inau

gura

ted

byE

RIC

's 2

0th

Ann

iver

sary

(N

ovem

ber)

AC

CE

SS

ER

IC (

for

use

in p

rovi

ding

ref

erra

l ser

vice

s).

ED

RS

cha

nges

from

ves

icul

ar fi

lm to

dia

zo fi

lm (

Mar

ch)

"Com

pact

ER

IC*

proj

ect t

o in

vest

igat

e st

orin

g th

e fu

ll-te

xt o

f sel

ecte

d 'b

est"

ER

IC'E

RIC

Red

esig

n' p

roje

ct s

tart

s (M

ay)

(res

ultin

g in

'ER

IC in

its

Thi

rd D

ecad

e" r

epor

t in

docu

men

ts a

nd a

rtic

les

on o

ptic

al m

edia

beg

ins

as jo

int e

ffort

with

UM

I.D

ecem

ber)

(E

D-2

78 4

29)

1990

/199

119

87E

RIC

The

saur

us (

12th

edi

tion)

pub

lishe

d in

199

0'E

RIC

Red

esig

n' g

ener

ates

bro

ad a

rray

of r

eact

ion

pape

rs a

nd p

ublic

res

pons

eE

RIC

Rev

iew

inau

gura

ted

by A

CC

ES

S E

RIC

in 1

990

(hun

dred

s of

lette

rs)-

-ana

lysi

s of

rea

ctio

ns m

odifi

ed p

lans

ER

IC a

chie

ves

first

bud

get i

ncre

ase

in a

dec

ade

(fro

m $

5.7

to $

6.5

mill

ion)

Con

gres

sion

al o

vers

ight

hea

rings

on

ER

IC (

July

30)

(E

D-2

87-5

19)

ER

IC D

iges

ts O

nlin

e (E

DO

) F

ile m

ount

ed o

nlin

e by

DIA

LOG

, PLA

TO

, and

GT

EG

PO

ann

ounc

es R

IE p

rice

redu

ctio

n (t

o $5

1/ye

ar)

Edu

catio

n S

ervi

ces

RIE

'Tra

dem

ark"

ren

ewed

ED

RS

con

trac

t shi

fts to

CB

IS F

eder

al In

c. (

from

Com

pute

r M

icro

film

Cor

p.)

at e

nd o

f 199

0O

nlin

e-in

pro

cess

file

pro

ject

sta

rted

at F

acili

ty (

for

dupl

icat

e ch

ecki

ng b

y C

lear

ingh

ouse

s)P

resi

dent

's s

ix '

Nat

iona

l Edu

catio

n G

oals

' and

'Am

eric

a 20

00"

proj

ect b

egin

toE

RIC

join

s A

PD

U a

nd !A

SS

IST

(in

con

nect

ion

with

ER

ICS

TA

T p

roje

ct to

ann

ounc

e da

taim

pact

ER

IC'S

pro

duct

s an

d se

rvic

esfil

es)

Sec

ond

Inte

r E

d m

eetin

g (O

ctob

er 1

991)

.%E

RIC

Fac

ility

fund

ing

redu

ctio

n (1

0% G

ram

m-R

udm

an)

All

ER

IC C

lear

ingh

ouse

con

trac

ts c

ompe

ted

sim

ulta

neou

sly

ER

IC T

hesa

urus

(11

th e

ditio

n) p

ublis

hed

(Jan

uary

)'E

RIC

ST

AT

pro

ject

iden

tifie

s ed

ucat

ion-

rela

ted

data

file

s an

d de

velo

ps c

atal

ogin

gco

nven

tions

1988

Rur

al E

duca

tion

Cle

arin

ghou

se s

hifts

to A

ppal

achi

a E

duca

tiona

l Lab

orat

ory

(fro

m N

ew M

exic

o S

tate

Uni

vers

ity)

Rea

ding

and

Com

mun

icat

ion

Ski

lls C

lear

ingh

ouse

shi

fts to

Indi

ana

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. Hoo

ver

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IE)

1978

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. Che

sley

Nat

iona

l Ins

titut

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catio

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IE)

1982

-85

Cha

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W. H

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nstit

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of E

duca

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(NIE

1985

-87

Ala

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head

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esea

rch

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,U

.S. D

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duca

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1988

-R

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hill

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-N

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1967

.72

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197

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73S

tanl

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1966

-71

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catio

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arla

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erso

nO

hio

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te U

nive

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1980

-87

Julie

t Mill

erO

hio

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te U

nive

rsity

1987

-S

usan

Imel

Ohi

o S

tate

Uni

vers

ity

CG

Cou

nsel

ing

and

Per

sonn

e. S

ervi

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1966

-G

arry

R. W

alz

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n

CS

Rea

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Ski

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3B

erna

rd O

'Don

nell

Nat

iona

l Cou

ncil

of T

each

ers

of E

nglis

h (N

CT

E)

1984

-87

Cha

rles

Suh

orN

atio

ns' C

ounc

il of

Tea

cher

s of

Eng

lish

(NC

TE

)19

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r.

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Edu

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anag

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t19

66-6

7lo

ne F

. Pie

rron

Uni

vers

ity o

f Ore

gon

1967

Phi

lip K

. Pie

le (

Act

ing)

Uni

vers

ity o

f Ore

gon

1968

-69

Ter

ry L

Eid

ell

Uni

vers

ity o

f Ore

gon

1969

-P

hilip

K. P

ie le

Uni

vers

ity o

f Ore

gon

EC

Han

dica

pped

and

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ed C

hild

ren

1966

.69

June

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dan

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ncil

for

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eptio

nal C

hild

ren

(CE

C)

1969

-70

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l Ack

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n (C

EC

)19

70-9

0D

onal

d K

. Eric

kson

Cou

ncil

for

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nal C

hild

ren

(CE

C)

1990

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deric

k W

eint

raub

Cou

ncil

for

Exc

eptio

nal C

hild

ren

(CE

C)

EF

Edu

catio

nal F

acili

ties

1967

-68

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kovi

chU

nive

rsity

of W

isco

nsin

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ged

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1969

-70

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ard

Wak

efie

ldU

nive

rsity

of W

isco

nsin

EM

Edu

catio

nal M

edia

and

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1967

-68

Wilb

ur S

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mm

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nive

rsity

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ged

into

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197

319

69-7

0W

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Uni

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72-7

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. Cla

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Lang

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s an

d Li

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66.7

0K

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th W

. M

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1971

-74

War

ren

Bor

nM

oder

n La

ngua

ge A

ssoc

iatio

n (M

LA)

1974

-78

A. H

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0P

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lliot

tG

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n U

nive

rsity

1969

-74

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l J. L

ange

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Uni

vers

ity19

74-7

7P

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Mui

rhea

dG

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ashi

ngto

n U

nive

rsity

1977

-Jo

nath

an D

. Fife

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

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vers

ity

!RIn

form

atio

n R

esou

rces

1973

.74

Ric

hard

E. C

lark

Sta

nfor

d U

nive

rsity

1974

-77

Lew

is M

ayhe

wS

tanf

ord

Uni

vers

ity19

77-9

0D

onal

d P

. Ely

Syr

acus

e U

nive

rsity

1990

-M

icha

el B

. Eis

enbe

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yrac

use

Uni

vers

ity

JCJu

nior

Col

lege

s19

66-

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hur

M. C

cnen

Uni

vers

ity o

f Cal

iforn

ia a

t Los

Ang

eles

(U

CLA

)

LILi

brar

y an

d In

form

atio

n S

cien

ce19

67.7

0W

esle

y S

imon

ton

Uni

vers

ity o

f Min

neso

taM

erge

d in

to IR

in 1

974

1970

.73

Her

bert

FL

Kol

ler

Am

eric

an s

ocie

ty fo

r In

form

atio

n S

cien

ce (

AS

IS)

PS

Ele

men

tary

and

Ear

ly C

hild

hood

Edu

catio

n19

67-7

0B

rian

W. C

arss

Uni

vers

ity o

f Illi

nois

1970

-Li

lian

G. K

atz

Uni

vers

ity o

f Illi

nois

RE

ST C

OPY

AV

AU

BL

E

Pag

e 3

Prat

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t Org

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n,

NO

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......

,-/-

RC

Rur

al E

duca

tion

and

Sm

all S

choo

ls19

66-6

8A

lfred

M. P

otts

New

Mex

ico

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

Dar

rell

S. W

illey

New

Mex

ico

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

1968

-84

Eve

rett

Edd

ingt

onN

ew M

exic

o S

tate

Uni

vers

ity19

84-8

6Ja

ck P

. Col

eN

ew M

exic

o S

tate

Uni

vers

ity19

86-8

7B

etty

Ros

e R

ios

New

Mex

ico

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

1988

-89

C. T

odd

Str

ohm

enge

rA

ppal

achi

a E

duca

tiona

l Lab

orat

ory

(AE

L)19

90-

C. T

odd

Str

ohm

enge

r (C

o)A

ppal

achi

a E

duca

tiona

l Lab

orat

ory

(AE

L)C

raig

B. H

owle

y (C

o)

RE

Rea

ding

1966

-68

Edw

ard

G. S

umm

ers

Indi

ana

Uni

vers

ityM

erge

d in

to C

S in

197

2Le

o F

ayIn

dian

a U

nive

rsity

1969

-72

Jam

es L

affe

yIn

dian

a U

nive

rsity

SE

Sci

ence

, Mat

hem

atic

s, a

nd E

nviro

nmen

tal

1966

-68

John

S. R

icha

rdso

nO

hio

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

Edu

catio

n19

68-9

0R

ober

t How

eO

hio

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

1990

-91

Pat

ricia

E. B

loss

er (

Act

ing)

Ohi

o S

tate

Uni

vers

ity19

91-

Dav

id H

aury

Ohi

o S

tate

Uni

vers

ity

SO

Soc

ial S

tudi

es/S

oda]

Sci

ence

Edu

catio

n19

70-7

5N

icho

las

Hel

bum

Soc

ial S

cien

ce E

duca

tion

Con

sort

ium

, Inc

.19

75-8

5Ir

ving

Mor

risse

ttS

ocia

l Sci

ence

Edu

catio

n C

onso

rtiu

m, I

nc.

1985

-Jo

hn J

. Pat

rick

Indi

ana

Uni

vers

ity

SP

Tea

cher

Edu

catio

n (f

orm

erly

1966

-08

Leon

ard

J. W

est

City

Uni

vers

ity o

f New

Yor

kS

choo

l Per

sonn

el)

1968

-74

Joel

L B

urdi

nA

mer

ican

Ass

ocia

tion

of C

olle

ges

for

Tea

cher

Edu

catio

n (A

AC

TE

)19

74-7

6Jo

ost Y

ffA

mer

ican

Ass

ocia

tion

of C

olle

ges

for

Tea

cher

Edu

catio

n (A

AC

TE

)19

76-8

1K

ari M

assa

nari

Am

eric

an A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Col

lege

s fo

r T

each

er E

duca

tion

(AA

CT

E)

1981

.83

Joos

t Yff

Am

eric

an A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Col

lege

s fo

r T

each

er E

duca

tion

(AA

CT

E)

1983

Mic

hael

But

ler

(act

ing)

Am

eric

an A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Col

lege

s fo

r T

each

er E

duca

tion

(AA

CT

E)

1983

-87

Eliz

abet

h A

shbu

mA

mer

ican

Ass

ocia

tion

of C

olle

ges

for

Tea

cher

Edu

catio

n (A

AC

TE

)19

87-

Mar

y D

ilwor

thA

mer

ican

Ass

ocia

tion

of C

olle

ges

for

Tea

cher

Edu

catio

n (A

AC

TE

)

TE

Tea

chin

g of

Eng

lish

1967

-72

Ber

nard

O'D

onne

llN

atio

nal C

ounc

il of

Tea

cher

s of

Eng

lish

(NC

TE

)M

erge

d in

to C

S in

197

2

TM

Tes

ts, M

easu

rem

ent,

and

Eva

luat

ion

1970

-72

Hen

ry S

. Dye

rE

duca

tiona

l Tes

ting

Ser

vice

1972

.87

S. D

onal

d M

elvi

lleE

duca

tiona

l Tes

ting

Ser

vice

1987

Gar

y J.

Ech

tern

acht

Edu

catio

nal T

estin

g S

ervi

ce19

88-

Law

renc

e M

. Rud

ner

Am

eric

an In

stitu

tes

for

Res

earc

h

UD

Urb

an E

duca

tion

(for

mer

ly U

rban

1966

-68

Edm

und

W. G

ordo

nY

eshi

va U

nive

rsity

Dis

adva

ntag

ed)

Dox

ey A

. Wilk

erso

nY

eshi

va U

nive

rsity

1968

.79

Edm

und

W. G

ordo

nT

each

ers

Col

lege

, Col

umbi

a U

nive

rsity

1979

-E

rwin

Fla

xman

Tea

cher

s C

olle

ge, C

olum

bia

Uni

vers

ity

VT

Voc

atio

nal a

nd T

echn

ical

Edu

catio

n19

66-7

0R

ober

t E. T

aylo

rO

hio

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

Mer

ged

into

CE

in 1

973

1970

-73

Joel

H. M

agis

osO

hio

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

BE

ST N

IPY

AV

NU

TE

EU

Pag

e 4

.tu

ivok

neito

mot

pqp;

.:, :i.'

::::.:

:'.:::

:::f

.

Dire

ctor

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Hos

t Org

artim

ion

Not

es

AA

ER

IC P

roce

ssin

g an

d R

efer

ence

Fac

ility

1966

-68

Jose

ph L

. Ebe

rsol

eN

orth

Am

eric

an A

viat

ion

1969

Ric

hard

McC

ord

Nor

th A

mer

ican

Roc

kwel

l19

70-

Wes

ley

T. (

Ted

) B

rand

hors

tD

ocum

enta

tion

Inc.

/Lea

sco/

Ope

ratio

ns R

esea

rch

Inc.

/OR

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c./

AR

C P

rofe

ssio

nal S

ervi

ces

Gro

up

AE

Acc

ess

ER

IC19

89.9

0S

amue

l Fus

tukj

ian

Asp

en S

yste

ms

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p.19

90-

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erly

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anso

nA

spen

Sys

tem

s C

orp.

ED

RS

ER

IC D

ocum

ent R

epro

duct

ion

Ser

vice

1965

-67

L. B

lock

Bel

l & H

owel

l, In

c.19

68-7

1C

harle

s K

oppa

Nat

iona

l Cas

h R

egis

ter

(NC

R)

Co.

Jim

Bro

wn

1971

-72

Jam

es A

. Jaf

feLe

asco

Info

rmat

ion

Pro

duct

s, In

c. (

LIP

CO

)19

72-7

4C

arl K

och

Leas

co In

form

atio

n P

rodu

cts,

Inc.

(LI

PC

O)

1974

.75

Cha

rles

Sau

erC

ompu

ter

Mic

rofil

m In

tern

atio

nal (

CM

IC)

Cor

p.19

76-8

2Ja

ck N

. Vea

leC

ompu

ter

Mic

rofil

m In

tern

atio

nal (

CM

IC)

Cor

p.19

82T

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enC

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ter

Mic

rofil

m In

tern

atio

nal (

CM

IC)

Cor

p.19

83-9

0V

icto

r G

. For

tinC

ompu

ter

Mic

rofil

m In

tern

atio

nal (

CM

IC)

Cor

p.19

91-

John

E. G

racz

aC

BIS

Fed

eral

, Inc

.,