Personal Development

By: Nurul Imma Wong

Problem Identification

• Low self-esteem and self-concept!

What is self-esteem? Evaluating how one feels about ones self-concept

What is self-concept? Set of belief one has about oneself

Low self-esteem develops when there is a gap between one’s self-concept and what one believes one should be like.

Evidences• Characteristic associated with low self-esteem in

adolescence (Jaffe, 1998):

• Feeling depressed• Lack energy*• Dislikes one’s appearance and rejecting compliments• Feeling insecure or inadequate most of the time*• Having unrealistic expectations of oneself*• Having serious doubts about the future*• Being excessively shy and rarely expressing one’s own point of

view*• Conforming to what others want and assuming a submissive

stance in most situations** Displayed by Jeremy

Consequences

• Downward spiral effect as Jeremy thinks that he is incapable

• Not being able to maximize his fullest potential

• Shame and doubts would cause a lack of confidence in his own abilities throughout life should he be unable to resolve these doubts

Key Question

• What are the factors that affect/cause/influence Jeremy's self-esteem and self-concept?

How do we address these problems (possible solution)?

Personal Development Theories• Eric Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs

• Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model (Refer to Social Context of Development)

Identity vs Confusion (Erikson Model) • Concept of Exploration: Who am I?

• Problem: • Identify foreclosure:

Jeremy’s parents decides his commitment choices (eg. Personal timetable, enrichment classes)• Foreclosed adolescence tend to be rigid, intolerant,

dogmatic, and defensive (Frank, Pirsch & Wright, 1990)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs• Problem:• Safety and love/belonging needs not met.

• Lead to insecurity.

• Cannot proceed to higher order needs • Esteem

References

• Education Psychology: Theories and Applications for Learning and Teaching (Module 9), Pearson Education, Inc., 2014.• Jaffe, M. L. (1998) Adolescence, New York: Wiley• Maslow, A. H. (1948) Psychological Review, 50, 370-

396• http://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/

develop.pdf

Social Context