edition course 3 mathematics · • chapter review, 142 • chapter test, 144 • test prep:...
TRANSCRIPT
Taken from:
Prentice Hall Mathematics, Course 3, Global Edition by Randall I. Charles, Mark Illingworth, Bonnie McNemar,
Darwin Mills, Alma Ramirez, and Andy Reeves
Prentice Hall Mathematics, Common Core, Course 3, Student Edition
Charles
Illingworth
McNemar
Mills
Ramirez
Reeves
CommonCore
Course3
Pre
ntic
eH
all
2013Edition
MATHEMATICS
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1-1 Rational Numbers 8.NS.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1-1b Activity Lab Repeating Decimals 8.NS.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1-2 Irrational Numbers and Square Roots 8.NS.1, 8.NS.2, 8.EE.2 . . . . . . . . . .9
1-3 Cube Roots 8.EE.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
1-4a Activity Lab Hands On: Exploring the Pythagorean Theorem 8.G.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
1-4 The Pythagorean Theorem 8.G.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1-4b Activity Lab Algebra Thinking: Proving the Pythagorean Theorem 8.G.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
• Guided Problem Solving: Squares and Square Roots, 25
1-5 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 8.G.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
1-6 Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem 8.G.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
1-6b Activity Lab Algebra Thinking: Proving the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem 8.G.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Checkpoint Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
1-7 Distance in the Coordinate Plane 8.G.7, 8.G.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Writing Gridded Responses, 41• Chapter Review, 42• Chapter Test, 44• Test Prep: Reading Comprehension, 45
Real Numbers and the Coordinate Plane
CHAPTER
1
x Contents
In this chapter, you will develop an
understanding of irrational numbers
and approximate them using rational
numbers. You will use square roots
and cube roots to express solutions
to equations. Additionally, you will
apply the Pythagorean Theorem and
its converse to solve real-world and
mathematical problems involving
unknown side lengths of right
triangles.
The Number System8.NS.18.NS.2
Expressions & Equations8.EE.2
Geometry8.G.68.G.78.G.8
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
2-1a Activity Lab Hands On: Modeling Multi-Step Equations 8.EE.7, 8.EE.7.b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
2-1 Solving Two-Step Equations 8.EE.7, 8.EE.7.b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
2-2a Activity Lab Hands On: Modeling Expressions 8.EE.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
2-2 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 8.EE.7.b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
2-3 Solving Multi-Step Equations 8.EE.7, 8.EE.7.b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59• Vocabulary Builder: High-Use Academic Words, 64
2-4 Solving Equations With Variables on Both Sides 8.EE.7, 8.EE.7.b . . . .65• Guided Problem Solving: Writing Equations, 68
Checkpoint Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
2-5 Types of Solutions of Linear Equations 8.EE.7, 8.EE.7.a, 8.EE.7.b . . . . . .71
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Reading for Understanding, 75• Chapter Review, 76• Chapter Test, 78• Test Prep: Cumulative Review, 79
Solving Linear EquationsCHAPTER
2
In this chapter, you will solve linear
equations with rational number
coeffi cients. You will also simplify
equations to identify the different
types of solutions of linear equations,
such as having no solutions, one
solution, or infi nitely many solutions.
Expressions & Equations8.EE.78.EE.7.a8.EE.7.b
Contents xi
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
3-1 Relating Graphs to Events 8.F.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
3-1b Activity Lab Data Collection: Changing Graphs 8.F.5 . . . . . . .86
3-2 Functions 8.F.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
3-3 Proportional Relationships 8.EE.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
3-3b Activity Lab Proportional Relationships in Graphs . . . . . . . . .96• Guided Problem Solving: Using Data and Graphs, 97
3-4 Linear Functions 8.F.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99• Vocabulary Builder: Making Word Cards, 103
3-5 Nonlinear Functions 8.F.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
3-5b Activity Lab Data Analysis: Using Linear and Nonlinear Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Using a Variable, 109• Chapter Review, 110• Chapter Test, 112• Test Prep: Reading Comprehension, 113
Introduction to FunctionsCHAPTER
3
xii Contents
In this chapter, you will defi ne and
evaluate functions, and use functions
to model relationships between
quantities. You will also analyze
linear graphs to express qualitative
relationships between two quantities.
In addition, you will understand and
interpret linear functions, and give
examples of nonlinear functions.
Expressions & Equations8.EE.5
Functions8.F.18.F.38.F.5
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
4-1a Activity Lab Rate of Change 8.EE.5, 8.F.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
4-1 Understanding Slope 8.EE.6, 8.F.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
4-1b Activity Lab Slope of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines . . . . .121
4-2a Activity Lab Technology: Graphing Equations 8.F.1 . . . . . . . .122
4-2 Graphing Linear Functions 8.EE.6, 8.F.1, 8.F.3, 8.F.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
4-3 Writing Rules for Linear Functions 8.F.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
4-3b Activity Lab Data Analysis: Changing Representations 8.F.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
4-4 Comparing Functions 8.F.2, 8.EE.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134• Guided Problem Solving: Writing Rules for Linear
Functions, 139
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Working Backwards, 141• Chapter Review, 142• Chapter Test, 144• Test Prep: Cumulative Review, 145
Graphing FunctionsCHAPTER
4
In this chapter, you will graph
proportional relationships and
interpret the unit rate as the slope
of the graph. You will also write
and graph functions to model linear
relationships and compare two
functions represented in different
ways.
Expressions & Equations8.EE.58.EE.6
Functions8.F.18.F.28.F.38.F.4
Contents xiii
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
5-1 Solving Systems by Graphing 8.EE.8.a, 8.EE.8.b, 8.EE.8.c . . . . . . . . . . .148
5-1b Activity Lab Systems with Infi nitely Many Solutions or No Solution 8.EE.8.b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
5-2 Solving Systems by Substitution 8.EE.8.b, 8.EE.8.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
5-3 Solving Systems by Elimination 8.EE.8.b, 8.EE.8.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
5-3b Activity Lab Solving Systems by Inspection 8.EE.8.b . . . . . . . .162• Guided Problem Solving: Solving Systems of Equations, 163
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165• Vocabulary Builder: Learning Vocabulary, 165
5-4 Systems in the Real World 8.EE.8.b, 8.EE.8.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Writing Short Responses, 171• Chapter Review, 172• Chapter Test, 174• Test Prep: Reading Comprehension, 175
Systems of Linear Equations
CHAPTER
5
xiv Contents
In this chapter, you will analyze
and solve systems of linear equations
algebraically, and estimate solutions
by graphing the equations. You will
also model and solve real-world
problems using two linear equations.
Expressions & Equations8.EE.8.a8.EE.8.b8.EE.8.c
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
6-1 Scientifi c Notation 8.EE.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
6-1b Activity Lab Data Analysis: Writing Measurements 8.EE.3 . .182
6-2a Activity Lab Exploring Exponents 8.EE.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
6-2 Exponents and Multiplication 8.EE.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
6-3 Multiplying with Scientifi c Notation 8.EE.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
6-3b Activity Lab Technology: Calculations with Scientifi c Notation 8.EE.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
6-4 Exponents and Division 8.EE.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
6-4b Activity Lab Power Rules 8.EE.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199• Guided Problem Solving: Solving Equations, 200
6-5 Dividing with Scientifi c Notation 8.EE.3, 8.EE.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Working Backward, 207• Chapter Review, 208• Chapter Test, 210• Test Prep: Cumulative Review, 211
ExponentsCHAPTER
6
In this chapter, you will develop and
apply properties of integer exponents,
and use numbers expressed as a
single digit times an integer power
of 10 to estimate very large or very
small quantities. You will also perform
operations with numbers expressed in
scientifi c notation.
Expressions & Equations8.EE.18.EE.38.EE.4
Contents xv
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
7-1 Pairs of Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
7-2 Angles and Parallel Lines 8.G.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
7-3 Congruent Figures 8.G.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
7-4 Similar Figures 8.G.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
7-5 Proving Triangles Similar 8.G.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
7-5b Activity Lab Slope and Similar Triangles 8.EE.6 . . . . . . . . . . .236
Checkpoint Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
7-6a Activity Lab Angle Sums 8.G.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
7-6 Angles and Polygons 8.G.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240• Vocabulary Builder: Using Concept Maps, 244• Guided Problem Solving: Finding Angles, 245
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Drawing a Picture, 247• Chapter Review, 248• Chapter Test, 250• Test Prep: Cumulative Review, 251
An Introduction to Geometry
CHAPTER
7
xvi Contents
In this chapter, you will develop an
understanding of the congruence and
similarity of two-dimensional fi gures.
You will also use informal arguments
to establish facts about the sum of
the angles of a triangle, the exterior
angle of triangles, and the angles
created when parallel lines are cut by
a transversal.
Expressions & Equations8.EE.6
Geometry8.G.28.G.48.G.5
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
8-1 Translations 8.G.1.a, 8.G.1.b, 8.G.1.c, 8.G.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
8-2a Activity Lab Hands On: Exploring Refl ections 8.G.1.a, 8.G.1.b, 8.G.1.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
8-2 Refl ections and Symmetry 8.G.1.a, 8.G.1.b, 8.G.1.c, 8.G.3 . . . . . . . . . . .259
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
8-3a Activity Lab Hands On: Exploring Rotations 8.G.1.a, 8.G.1.b, 8.G.1.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
8-3 Rotations 8.G.1.a, 8.G.1.b, 8.G.1.c, 8.G.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
8-4 Transformations and Congruence 8.G.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269• Vocabulary Builder: High-Use Academic Words, 274
Checkpoint Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
8-5a Activity Lab Exploring Dilations 8.G.3, 8.G.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
8-5 Dilations 8.G.3, 8.G.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
8-5b Activity Lab Hands On: Technology: Geometry Software and Dilations 8.G.3, 8.G.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
8-6 Transformations and Similarity 8.G.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282• Guided Problem Solving: Transformations, 287
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Answering the Question Asked, 289• Chapter Review, 290• Chapter Test, 292• Test Prep: Reading Comprehension, 293
TransformationsCHAPTER
8
In this chapter, you will explore
the behavior of two-dimensional
shapes under translations, rotations,
refl ections, and dilations. You will then
apply the understandings to concepts
of congruence and similarity and their
relationship to transformations.
Geometry8.G.1.a8.G.1.b8.G.1.c8.G.38.G.4
Reading Comprehension, 293
Contents xvii
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
9-1 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
9-2a Activity Lab Hands On: Modeling Volume 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . .300
9-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 8.G.7, 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301• Guided Problem Solving: Using Formulas, 306
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
9-3a Activity Lab Finding Volume Using Models 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
9-3 Volumes of Pyramids and Cones 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
9-4 Spheres 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Checkpoint Quiz 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
9-5a Activity Lab Changing Dimensions 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
9-5 Exploring Similar Solids 8.G.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Eliminating Answers, 323• Chapter Review, 324• Chapter Test, 326• Test Prep: Reading Comprehension, 327
Geometry and Measurement
CHAPTER
9
xviii Contents
In this chapter, you will solve
real-world and mathematical
problems involving the volume of
cylinders, cones, and spheres. You
will also apply your understanding
of the Pythagorean Theorem to
fi nd unknown side lengths of right
triangles when determining the
volume of three-dimensional fi gures.
Geometry8.G.78.G.9
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Check Your Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328
10-1a Activity Lab Data Collection: Scatter Plots 8.SP.1 . . . . . . . . .330
10-1 Scatter Plots 8.SP.1, 8.SP.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
10-2 Analyzing Scatter Plots 8.SP.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
Checkpoint Quiz 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
10-3 Modeling Data With Lines 8.SP.2, 8.SP.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340• Guided Problem Solving: Equations and Graphs, 345
10-4 Two-Way Tables 8.SP.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Assessment and Test Prep
• Test-Taking Strategies: Measuring to Solve, 351• Chapter Review, 352• Chapter Test, 354• Test Prep: Cumulative Review, 355
Data AnalysisCHAPTER
10
In this chapter, you will construct
and interpret scatter plots for
bivariate measurement data to
investigate patterns of association
between two quantitative variables.
You will also construct and interpret a
two-way table summarizing data on
two categorical variables collected on
the same subjects.
Statistics and Probability8.SP.18.SP.28.SP.38.SP.4
Contents xix
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