Education and Development Education as a Human Right Education and Development Education as a Human Right

Last Two Weeks

• History of Comparative Education• Classification of the field today• Purposes of comparison and link to different professions• Concept of ‘Educational Transfer’• Models to conceptualize comparisons• What institutions are involved

This Week

• A framework to think about educational opportunity• A discussion of the equity and the relevance gaps (civic education, science

and engineering education, global education)• Using gradients to examine inequality• How does Education relate to Society? Alternative approaches.

• Human Capital, Modernization, Dependency, Human Rights, Democratization

• What has Education for All Achieved?• What are the limitations of EFA?

The aims of comparative education

• Describes what might be the consequences of certain courses of action, by looking at experiences in various countries

• Contributes to the development of education theory

• Supports educational planning• Helps to cooperation and mutual

understanding among nations• Facilitates Transfer of Ideas and Practices

Imposed

RequiredUnder

Constraint

NegotiatedUnder

ConstraintBorrowedPurposely

IntroducedThroughInfluence

1) Totalitarian/authoritarian rule, etc.2) Defeated/occupied countries3) Required by bilateral and multilateral agreements4) Intentional copying of policy/practice observed elsewhere5) General influence of educational ideas/methods

Source: Phillips and Schweisfurth 2007

Education for All

• The six goals are:• Goal 1: Expand early childhood care and

education • Goal 2: Provide free and compulsory primary

education for all • Goal 3: Promote learning and life skills for young

people and adults • Goal 4: Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent • Goal 5: Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender

equality by 2015 • Goal 6: Improve the quality of education

Transnational Space and Actors• Multilateral (Intergovernmental) Organizations

UUNN• Multilateral Development Institutions. World

Bank. UNESCO. Regional Banks.• Bilateral Development Agencies (JICA,

USAID, CIDA, GTZ)• International Non-Governmental

Organizations (Faith based Organizations, Save the Children)

• Consulting Firms, Think Tanks and Universities

• Interest Groups

Levers for change

• Advocacy• Creating a legal framework• Exchange of experiences• Building Capacity• Providing technical assistance• Providing funding• http://www.unesco.org/uil/litbase/?menu=4

Discuss in small groups

• What are some forms of educational inequality?• What causes them?• How would you think about the causes and

consequences of educational inequality from a Human Capital Development Framework?

• How would that differ if you used a Social Development Framework?

• How would that differ if you used a Reproduction Theory Framework?

Debrief discussion

• When can we say that an education system is equitable?

An education system is equitable if the legal framework provides for free and compulsory

education AND there are schools close to where children live

1. Yes

2. No

3. Uncertain

Equality of opportunity means…

1. All children have the same opportunity to enroll in school

2. All children receive the same educational resources while in school

3. Disadvantaged children receive more resources

What is equality of educational opportunity?

• Conservative Definition (Position in the social structure determines education chances)

• Liberal Definition (Equality of Treatment)

• Progressive Definition (Equality of Outcomes requires inequality of treatment. Positive Discrimination).

Equality of Educational Opportunity

• The likelihood that any person in a given country can enroll in an educational institution, be supported to learn at high levels, complete and proceed to the next existing level and type of education, independently of characteristics other than effort and ability, and in particular independently of their social class of origin, race, gender and location of residence.

How do we measure progress?

• Initial AccessChildren attend school, ready to learn

• InputsPer pupil Spending

• ProcessesStructures, Curriculum

• OutputsEducational Attainment, Literacy

• OutcomesEmployment and Productivity, Political Participation, Social Capital

Equality of Educational Opportunity

• Equality of Outcomes (Social and Cultural Capital) Options in Life.

• Equality of Learning Outputs• Equality of Processes• Equality of Inputs• Equality of Access