coast from Tangier to Tripoli a forbid- den territory for travellers. In fact. we tend to forget that the recent Amer- ican raid on Tripoli, that old slavers’ port, was only the most recent in a long series of armed interventions in North Africa. In 1815 the US Navy defeated an Algerian fleet and com- pelled the Dey to recognize the rights of American citizens. Then came Lord Exmouth with a British fleet in 1816 to bombard Algiers and oblige the Dey to release all Christian prisoners. Finally, in 1830 a French expedition- ary force arrived to seize Algiers and begin the occupation of Algeria.

As peace broke out in North Africa, a growing band of European painters began to cross the Mediterranean for their first encounters with the diffe-

rent colours. novel experiences, strange shapes and landscapes of exo- tic lands. In 1832 Delacroix went off to Morocco in the suite of the Comte de Mornay. His response to that alien world and especially to the effects of the intense light was total. For Euro- pean painting it proved to be revolu- tionary in technique. composition and choice of theme. The frenzied move- ments and the brilliant colours of Le.s

Con~~lclsionnuires de Tarlxer ( 1838). for instance, gave back to Europe the images of a strange new world. Delac- roix was the precursor of many famous

painters - ChassCrinu. Fromentin. Girardet, Matisse, Renoir - who learnt much from North Africa in their handling of light and colour.

Further East about that time the British were arriving in Egypt and Palestine. In the November of 1841 the meticulous and gifted painter, John Frederick Lewis, set up house in Cairo. Thackeray found him there in 1844, ‘going about with a great beard and dressed up like an odious Turk’. as the writer recorded in the last chapter of his Notes of u Journey from

Cornhill to Great Cairo. Next on 17 February 1854, Edward Lear pitched his tent near the Island of Philae just above the First Cataract of the Nile, and he started on ten days of sketching that were to provide material for a dozen oil paintings. Then, in the April of that same year, Holman Hunt arrived at the pyramids of Gizah, where he set to work on the painting that subsequently became the famous

Afterglow in Egypt.

All these painters, British and French, created a new range of images that enlarged the visual experience of all who saw them. They helped to stimulate the growing interest in travel books that had begun with Chateaub- riand’s ItinPraire de Paris ti JPrusrrlem

(1811) and with the romantic Eastern themes in the poetry of Byron. Some

Travellers and TourlstslProfil~

of these books became classics of their kind: Pardoe’s City of the Sultans

(1837), Kinglake’s Eothen (1844).

Curzon’s Ancient Monasteries of the

Levunt (1849’). Burton’s Pilgrimage to

Al-Madinah and Mecca (1856). By that time the tourists were beginning to arrive, conveyed swiftly and safely in the fast new steamships. By 1869 the new and flourishing firm of Tho-

mas Cook had opened a branch in

Cairo: and for the season of 1875-76 they were offering visitors a round-trip from Cairo to the Second Cataract for f80, local guides and donkeys in- cluded. They had one serious warning for the tourist - the dangers of the plague. Those who brood on the modern menace of the terrorist may find it helpful to consider what Tho- mas Cook had to say little more than a century ago: ‘Quarantine is a frightful thing when once established in East- ern ports. and by that all our plans might be disarranged, and additional expenses to travellers may be added to loss of time.’

This series has been prepared exclu- sively for Tourism Management by I.F. Clarke, Emeritus Profesor of En- glish Studies, University of Strath- Clyde, UK.

Research centre profile Education and research at Dorset Institute

In the UK if is possible to srudy tourism at the postgraduate level at two universities, or at the diploma-level at a number of colleges of further and higher education. To date, courses in tourism have formed only a relatively minor part of the curriculum of undergraduate degrees. From September 1986 a four-year BA Honours degree in tourism studies will be offered for the first time at the Dorset institute of Higher Education. The innovative approach adopted in this new course and the research underpinning its development is outlined by Graham Brown, a Senior Lecturer in the Department.

The Department of Tourism at the a longer history. The first Higher Dorset Institute of Higher Education, National Diploma course in the UK UK, was established in 1983 although was offered by one of its constituent tourism education at the Institute has colleges in the late 1960s. The creation

of the department represented an attempt both to reflect and respond to the needs of the economic structure of the local region.

Dr Patrick Lavery, Head of Depart- ment. was appointed to develop a teaching programme using staff’who had previously contributed toward the HND tourism course and degrees in geography, business studies and cater- ing and hotel management. A number of new staff appointments were made to produce a complement of 27 full-

TOURISM MANAGEMENT September 1986 213

time academic positions, supported by five administrative and technical staff.

Yeur tww

0 economics and finance of tourism The Department’s purpose-built

accommodation houses specialist sci- entific and language laboratories. car- tographic services and a tourism- systems area containing equipment which provides on-line access to major booking and information systems. These facilities support teaching acti- vities which range from the Higher National Diploma course to supervi- sion at the Doctorate level.

business operations; 0 management of human resources; 0 tourism marketing; 0 law related to tourism; 0 public sector administration of

tourism; 0 assessment of tourism resources;

and 0 research methods.

Year thrcr

Dr Bryan Brown, Reader and De- puty Head of the Department. coor- dinates activities related to obtaining funds for research work. Projects have been supported by government agen- cies, public sector bodies and commer- cial organizations and during 1985-86 grants amounting to f?OO (MM) were received by the department. One such project examined the sub-optimal op- eration of small hotels and was funded by the Economic and Social research Council.

Tourism curricula

The aim of the two-year (full-time) HND course, which is validated by the Business and Technician Education Council. is to provide a foundation of knowledge in business principles ap- plicable to the rapidlv changing needs of the travel and tourism industry. An understanding of the structure of the industry combined with knowledge of marketing, financial management and foreign languages. and practical ex- perience of computer hardware and software. has enabled former students to obtain a wide range of employment in both the public and private sectors.

The third year is spent gaining super- vised work experience with an appropriate tourism-related organiza- tion before the students return to study two core courses and two. out of six, option courses in addition to preparing a dissertation in the final year.

Year four

(1) core subjects:

0 development and management of tourism resources; and

0 corporate strategy: change and competition.

(2) option subjects:

The new degree. which is validated by the Council for National Academic Awards, is designed to produce a graduate with both practical skills and a critical awareness of the economic. social and physical environments in which tourism takes place. Tourism itself forms the focus of enquiry with relevant theories. and conceptual models from a number of subject areas incorporated in an inter- disciplinary manner. The courses in the first year. a foundation year, and second year. when specific aspects of tourism are examined in more detail, are given below:

0 0

0 0 0

0

accommodation marketing; planning and development of tour- ism in developing countries; management of tourist attractions; alpine tourism systems; management of travel operations: and interpretation for tourism

Since 1983. members of the depart- ment have conducted work which has included a study of tourism education in Europe for the European Commis- sion, an investigation under the De- partment of Education and Science ‘PICKUP’ programme. to examine the training needs of the tourism industry, and the development of a management plan for Maiden Castle, commissioned by English Heritage. A study of the market for educational visits to tourist attractions received funding from the English Tourist Board, and the formulation of an integrated strategy for the develop- ment of tourism and the arts on Merseyside was sponsored by Mersey\ide County Council. Mersey- side Arts. Merseyside Development Corporation and the Commission of European C‘ommunitics.

Research

Year me

0 introduction to tourism: 0 tourism environments; 0 economics, tourism and the eco-

nomy; 0 people. work and tourism: l accounting and finance; and 0 information gathering. analysis and

presentation.

It is recognized within the Dorsct Institute that continual enhancement of the teaching programmc requires staff to be actively involved in rc- search and consultancy, and the Dc- partment of Tourism has developed a capacity to undertake a wide range of such activities both within the UK and worldwide. The department benefits from the nature of the region within which the Institute is located as Dorset. in central southern England. offers an attractive environment for a wide range of countryside and coastal recreation pursuits. Bournemouth, just two miles from the Institute cam- pus, is a major holiday resort.

Geographical research is well reprc- sented in the department due to the contribution of lecturers who have taught on the BSc geography and landscape honours degree course. This course is being replaced by the nrvv tourism studies degree-a change which is regarded as ;I natural de- velopment by those geographers whose research has included attempts to explain the spatial pattern of tourist activities. This theme has been analy- sed in environments as widely dis- persed as Japan and Switzerland. A concern for the enhancement of the quality of the environment which sup- ports tourism has led to a project in collaboration with the National Trust. The project considered ways to reduce visitor impact on ecologically sensitive dune and heathland environments while a study within the work of the International Geographical Union’s Commission on Coastal Environments

214 TOURISM MANAGEMENT September 1986

the Tourism Society. the Leisure Stu- dies Association, the Institute of Brit- ish Geographers. the Recreational Ecology Research Group, the Hotel. Catering and Institutional Manage- ment Association and the Chartered Institute of Transport

Involvement with the wider interna- tional community has resulted in the provision of a teaching programme for students from developing countries sponsored by the World Tourism Organization. Links with major tour- ism teaching institutions in FR Ger- many, France, the Netherlands and the USA have taken the form of staff exchanges and collaborative research projects. Contact with tourism agen- cies and institutions is welcomed and the Head of Department will be pleased to supply details of publica- tions or further information about the teaching programme.

Graham Brown Department of Tourism

Dorset institute of Higher Education Dorset, UK

examined policies for coastal areas of the UK under pressure from leisure- related activities.

Academic research at the post- graduate level is often conducted in collaboration with industrial organiza- tions. Sealink UK is assisting an ex- amination of tourist-trip decision mak- ing and an assessment of recreational boating accidents is being supported by the Science and Engineering Re- search Council and Pains Wessex Li- mited.

The Southern Tourism and Recrea- tion Research Group (STARR). a successful consultancy group provid- ing services to public and private sector tourism enterprises. operates from the department.

Extension

A department’s ability to remain in touch with developments in an area as dynamic as tourism is determined. to a large extent, hy its network of rela- tionships with a wider community-

academic, professional and industrial. At the Instiiute a two-way process

of interaction with ‘industry’ is pur- sued. People occupying senior man- agerial positions in tourism act as advisors to the Department of Tour- ism while members of the department are encouraged to spend time ‘in industry’ to further their practical experience. Sidney Silver (former Chairman of Cosmos Air Holidays Limited) is a Visiting Fellow and Paul McKeough (for 15 years, the Head of Project Development with the English Tourist Board) is Visiting Commercial Associate, a senior-level part-time appointment.

The English Tourist Board and Horizon Holidays are among orga- nizations with which staff have spent a period of secondment; a continuing programme on which three to four staff are engaged each year.

A considerable contribution to the work of professional bodies is made by members of the department. Staff occupy positions on the committees of

Books Historical perspective on Grand Tour

THE BRITISH AND THE GRAND TOUR by Jeremy Black Croom Helm, London, 1900,273 pages, f 19.95

Scholarly work relating to tourism history is comparatively scarce and so Jeremy Black’s hook on the Grand Tour is a welcome addition to the field. The Grand Tour is a subject which has received much popular treatment but until now few books have examined it critically.’ Dr Black’s contribution is particularly notable in that. unlike previous works, it is based on an analysis of unpuh- &had manuscript diaries and letters left by the tourists. The book confines ‘its$f to the 18th century heyday of the

Grand Tour and so its origins and decline are not considered.

This is a study carried out by an academic historian and as such does not aim to provide a distinct tourism perspective on the Grand Tour. Yet the table of contents promises much of direct interest to tourism specialists, eg numbers of tourists, routes and destinations, transport, accommoda- tion, food and drink, cost and finance. By bringing a historian’s knowledge of source material to bear on the subject, Dr Black has much of interest to convey and he avoids the easy, con-, ventional, generalizations that have marred other works on this subject.

The chapters which cover the social and political background of the 18th century, religion, wars, and the con-

temporary debate over the value of the Grand Tour are particularly illu- minating. For instance, the author emphasizes that the relationship be- tween war and tourism in the 18th century was “complex and ambiva- lent”: continental wars did not neces- sarily prevent travel abroad, and some tourists visited the zones of conflict. We also learn that despite a strong anti-Catholic religious education and ideology in Britain, the tourists did not always show strong antipathies to this aspect of life in much of Europe. Most importantly. Dr Black empha- sises that 18th century English elite society saw a gradual decline in educa- tional values and an increase in leisure interests and this change was reflected in the tourists’ activities while on the

TOURISM MANAGEMENT September 1986 215