education in the 21 st century: building a common destiny luis ricardo fraga university of...
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EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY:BUILDING A COMMON DESTINY
Luis Ricardo FragaUniversity of Washington
University of North TexasDenton, TX
February 27, 2013
Education in the 21st Century
• How has the growth in the Latino population affected discourse in the Department of Education and the White House regarding postsecondary education and the future of the nation?
• What higher education policy initiatives can we pursue at national and state levels to leverage the greatest increases in postsecondary completion for all students?
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.084.1
80.2
76.2
71.0
65.7
60.1
55.5
50.8
46.3
10.6 11.6 11.912.4
12.6 12.3 12.2 12.0 11.8
4.56.6
9.1
12.516.3
19.423.0
26.730.2
0.7 1.6 2.9 3.7 4.8 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.6
Population Growth in the U.S., 1970-2050
White
Af-Am
Latino
Asian
Pe
rce
nt
of
To
tal P
op
ula
tio
n
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1981,1991, 2002, 2008
Source: Suro & Passel, Pew Hispanic Center (2003); Pew (2009)
• 62.6% of all Latinos in the U.S. are U.S. born
• 47.3% of all Latinos over 18 years of age are U.S. born
• 91.7% of all Latinos under 18 years of age are U.S. born
Growth of Enrollment in Public Schools
Source: Pew Hispanic Center 2006
19551960
19651970
19741978
19821986
19901994
19982002
20082011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Public School Enrollment, 1955 - 2011
Enr
ollm
ent
in M
illio
ns
Growth in Latino Public School Enrollment
Source: Pew Hispanic Center 2006
Total Hispanic White African American Asian
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
66.3
-3.6
0.40.8
Public School Enrollment Increase, 1993-2011
Chn
age
in M
illio
ns
Table A-39-1. Number and percentage distribution of fall undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting institutions, by control and level of institution and
selected student characteristics: Fall 2009
Public 2-Year
Private not-for-profit, 2-Year
Private for-profit,
2-Year
Public4-Year
Private not-for-profit, 4-Year
Private for-profit,
4-Year
White 38.3% 0.2% 1.6% 37.9% 16.2% 5.8%
Black 40.4% 0.3% 4.1% 29.7% 12.8% 12.8%
Hispanic 51.8% 0.1% 3.5% 29.7% 8.2% 6.6%
Asian/PacificIslander 41.9% 0.2% 1.4% 39.5% 13.3% 3.8%
American Indian 44.9% 0.7% 2.0% 35.0% 9.9% 7.4%
NonresidentAlien 25.6% 0.2% 0.6% 43.8% 25.0% 4.7%
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2009 Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2010, Fall Enrollment
Completion at Two-year Institutions (150%), Cohort 2005
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2003 and Spring 2009, Graduation Rates component
Public, 2-Year Private, not-for-profit, 2-Year Private, for profit, 2-Year0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
22.9%
52.3%
62.9%
12.1%
41.6%
47.8%
15.6%
47.3%
61.4%
25.8%
41.6%
65.8%
18.2%
14.8%
55.8%
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian/Pacific Islander
American Indian
Completion at Four-year Institutions (6 yrs.), Cohort 2002
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2003 and Spring 2009 Graduation Rates component
Public, 4-Year Private, not-for-profit, 4-Year Private, for-profit, 4-Year0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
57.4%
67.2%
25.5%
39.4%
44.9%
16.3%
46.3%
59.5%
27.5%
64.7%
75.3%
35.5%35.7%
49.8%
17.1%
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian/Pacific Islander
American Indian
Enriching America Through the 21st Century: Increasing Latino Postsecondary Completion
Financing Higher Education Continue to improve FAFSA Increase work study and link to careers, e.g., STEM Restore Pell grant eligibility from 12 to 18 semesters
Enhancing Academic Competence Review current math and English placement exams Fund 2-yr and 4-yr institutional partnerships Establish regional developmental education centers
Empowering Latino Families Provide annual tax deduction when living at home Develop post-sec information inventory Develop competitive initiative on engaging families
Parent Aspiration of Child’s Education
Question: How far would you like to see this child go in school? Source: Latino National Survey, 2006
Nation
Gen 1
Gen 2
Gen 3
Gen 4
-10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
4.0%
3.5%
4.7%
2.3%
9.4%
2.0%
1.9%
2.6%
2.8%
1.9%
38.6%
35.9%
42.2%
47.7%
48.8%
55.4%
58.8%
50.4%
47.2%
39.9%
Graduate or Advanced Prof. Degree
Graduate From College
Vocational Training After High School
Graduate High School or GED
Parent Expectation of Child’s Education
Question: How far do you think your child will go in school?
Source: Latino National Survey, 2006
Nation
Gen 1
Gen 2
Gen 3
Gen 4
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0%
1.5%
1.5%
2.1%
0.2%
2.1%
1.7%
1.9%
1.7%
0.0%
2.3%
10.4%
9.9%
8.9%
10.8%
16.4%
4.4%
4.0%
4.2%
6.9%
5.6%
41.7%
38.8%
48.6%
50.6%
50.1%
40.3%
43.9%
34.5%
31.6%
23.7%
Graduate or Professional Degree
Graduate College
Vocational or Job Training
Graduate H.S.
GED
Some H.S.
Children Living in Poverty, 2008
Category Number Percent
All under 18 15,451,000 20.7
White 4,850,000 11.9
African American 4,480,000 35.4
Hispanic 5,610,000 33.1
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2009)
“To understand your country you must love it. To love it you must, in a sense, accept it. To accept it as it is, however, is to betray it. To accept your country without betraying it, you must love it for that in it which shows what it might become.”
Unger and West (1998)