[edu.joshuatly.com] trial johor stpm 2012 biology [d6aa627f].pdf

7/27/2019 [edu.joshuatly.com] Trial Johor STPM 2012 Biology [D6AA627F].pdf

1/21

CONF!DENTI AL*/SU LIP.lAllATANPELAJARAN NE GER I 1< )J 10 11 JABA TA NPEIA' ERI JOHOR JABA TANPF I A l ARANNF(if.R I JOIIO R.1 1\l lA T.\ NPEL." .. . - .- - JOIIOR JAB ATA NPEI Ji GERT.IOH OR JABA TAN P 2012 JOHOR.l illl i\T , \ NPI'I.I' 964/1 .1 0 110 1< .1.-\B ATA NPF. I GERI JOHOR JABATA NP JOHO R. I A B A I ' A N P E L . ~ J( tl lOR JA BA TAN PE I :;lj) . GERJ JOHOR .1 \B ATAN Pt:U \J AI


2/21

CONFIDENTIAL* 2Which of the following differences between glycogen and cellulose is no t true?

A8cD

Glycogena-glucose monomers1 4 glycosidic bonds

BranchedStorage materia!

Cellulose13-glucose monomers1, 6 glycosidic bonds

UnbranchedStructural material

2 Two cells, A and B have following potential.CeliA Cel iEl.j.ls = -1400 kPa l.j.ls = -600 kPal.j.lp = 400 kPa l.j.lp = 600 kPa

Assuming that changes in solute potential are negligible, what would be thepressure potential o each cell at equilibrium?

A8cD

l.j.lp of ce ll A (kPa)500900800650

\jlp of cell B (kPa)500100200350

3 Match the following organe lles with their functions .

Organelle(i) Centrioles(ii) Go lgi apparatus(iii) Nucleus(iv) Lysosomes

A (i)(a), (ii)(b), (iii)(c), (iv)(d)B (i)(b) , (ii)(a). (iii)(d) , (iv)(c)C (i)(c), (ii)(d), (i1i){a), (iv)(b) D (i)(d), (ii)(c) , (iii)(b) , (iv) (a)

Function(a) Synthesis of ribosomal subunits '(b) Breaking down of non-functionalorganells(c) Production of basal bodies(d) Modification of protein andpackaging of glycoproteins.

CONF IDENTIAL* 34 Wh ich of the following statements is no t true about hyaline cartilage?

A Chondrin is secreted by chodroblasts.B Collagen and elastic fibres are found in chondrinC Mature chondroblasts ca lled chondrocytes are enclosed in lacunae.D Chondrin contains blood capillaries which provide food and oxygen to th e

chondrocytes.

5 If V = rate of react ion, [S] = substrate concentration and KM = Michaelis-mentenconstant, which of the following is the Michaelis-Menten equation?

A8cD

Vm ax -t- (S]V=---"---"Vmax [S]V=--..::......::

vKm -'- (SJKmVmax -t- fSlV Km , [S]Vmax fSl

6 Enzyme X catalyses the following reaction :Pyruvate

Enzyme X is classified as

A an oxidoreductase8 a transferaseC a lyaseD a ligase

Enzyme X ethana l + carbon dioxide

9641! 964/1Th is ques tion paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL*Thi s question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL"

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3/21

CONFIDENTJAL* 47 A section of a polypeptide chain has the following sequence of amino acids

The mRNA codons for the amino acids are as follows:

asp - GAUileu - AUCthr - ACAval - GUGlys - AAG

lys

What is the genetic code on DNA for this section of pplypeptide?

A CTA TAG TGT CAC TTC8 GAT ATC ACA GTG AAGC GAU AUC ACA GUG AAGD CU A UAG UGU CAC UUC

8 Which of the following events occur during cyclic photophosphorylation?

A Photoactivation of photosystem I8 Photolysis of waterC Reduction of NADPD Flow of el ectrons from photosystem II to photosystem I

964/1*This ques tion paper is CONF IDENTIAL unti l the exam inat ion is over. CONFIDENTIAL*SJ4K VATO'JAAFAR ,JOH.O'R BAIHW

CONF IDENTIAL * 5

9 The diagram below shows what happens during photorespiration.

. ~ GJ~ ~hosphog lycerate(Giycerate pho sphate)

K LA RuBP Phosphoglycolate

M02

8 C02 RuBP Phosphoglycolatec C02 Phosphoglycolate 02D RuBP C02 02

Pho sphog lyce rate

NC0202

RuBPPhosphoglycolate

10 Below are four reactions in the Krebs cycle . Which of th e four involves asubstrate- level phosphorylation?

A Fum ar a t e - - - -8 succinyl CoAC a- ketoglutarateD citrate

malatesuccinatesuccinyl CoA

a- ketoglutarate

11 In th e absence of oxygen, pyruv


4/21

CONFIDENTIAL* 612 Which bacteria uses energy released from the conversion shown below to make

food?NH/

Which of the statements below are true?

A CyanobacteriaB Purple su lphur bacteriaC Nitrifying bacteriaD Nitrogen fixing bacteria

13 The diagram below shows changes in lung volumes during shallow breath ingforced inhalation and exhalation.

What are W, X, Y and Z?

w X y zA

IInspiratory ExpiratoryResidual volume Tidal volumereserve volume reserve volume

B Expiratory In spiratory ResidualTida l volumerese rve volume reserve volume volumec ExpiratoryTidal volume Inspiratory residual volume reservereserve volume volumeI D Inspiratory Expiratory ResidualTidal volumereserve volume reserve volume volume

964/ 1*This question paper is CONFIDENT IAL until the examination is over. CONF!DENTIAV

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CONF IDENT IA L* 714 The diagram below shows the movements of substances P, and Q that lead to

the opening of the stomata . What are P and Q?

Water

p QA K HB H Kc Ca 2 KD K Ca 2

15 The scheme below shows how the ventilation rate is increased during muscularactivity.

Chemoreceptors inbreathing contro l

Increase inventilation rate

Which of the following is true about P, Q and R?

p QA Blood pH decreases Concentration of C0 2increasesB Concentra tion of C0 2 Bleed pH decreases

increasesc Aortic body &carotid body ' Concentration of C0 2

stimulated increases-- . ... -D Aortic body &carotid body Blood pH decreasesstimulated

96411

RAortic body & carotidbody stimulatedAortic body & carotidbody stimulatedBlood pH decreases

Concentrat ion of COzI increases

"Th is question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the e;:amination is over. CON FIDENTI AL*

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CONFIDENTIAL* 8

16 The diagram below shows changes in pressure in the aorta, atria and ventriclesduring the cardiac cycle

Phase2 3 4 5 6 7

Seconds

Which of the following is true of E, F, G and H?

E F G HA Atrioventricular Semilunar va lves Semilunar valves Atrioventricular

valves close open close valves openB Atrioventricular Semilunar valves Semilunar valves Atrioventri cu lar

valves open close open valves closec Atrioventricular Semilunar valves Semilunar va lves Atrioventricular

valves open open close valves closeD Atrioventricular Semilunar valves Semilunar valves Atrioventricular

valves close close open valves open

17 Which of the following is true about the mass flow hypothesis?

A Water moves from sugar sink to sugar source_B The sugar source end of the sie1Ie tube has the highest hydrostatic pressure.C Water potent ia l is lowest at the sugar sin:


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CONFIDENTIAL* 1021 The events below occur in the mu scle fibre .

Tropomyosin is displaced.II

IllIV

Calcium ion s bind to troponin.Actomyosin cross bridges are formed.T tubules carry nerve impulse to sarcoplasmic reticulum .

V Calcium ion s are released.What is the correct sequence of the events?

A I -7 II -7 Ill -7 IV -7 VB II -71 -7 IV -7 Ill -7 VC Ill -7 IV -7 II -7 I -7 VD IV -7 V -7 II -7 I -7111

22 Pair the hormone below with their characteristics of their action mechanisms.

Hormone

I AdrenalineII Progesterone

A (!)(a), (/)(b) , (1/)(c) , (1/)(d)B (!)(a), (/)(c), (1/)(b) , (1/)(d)C (/)(c), (/)(d) , (1/)(a) , (1/)(b)D (/)(a), (/)(d), (1/)(b), (1/)(c)

characteristics(a) Involvement of cyclic AMP(b) Signal transduction(c) Production of mRNA(d) Gene activation

23 Which of the following occurs just before the formation of corpus luteum?

A MenstruationB OvulationC Increase in the level of progesieroneD Decrese in the level of lutein sing hormone

964/ 1*Thi s question paper is CONFIDENTIAL unti l the examination is ove r. CONFIDENTIAL*SI-4K VATO'JAAf"AR .JOHOR 'BAH'RU

CONFIDENTIAL* II24 Abscission of leaves is prevented by

An increase in the level of abscisic acid .II A decrease in the level of abscisic acid.

Ill An increase in the level of auxin .IV A decrease in the level of auxin.

A I and IllB II and IllC I and IVD II and IV

25 Arrange the following to show the sequence of events in the mechanism of HIVinfection.

p Reverse transcriptionq Transcription

Endocytosiss Replication of viral DNA

A p-7q-7r-7 sB q-7p-7s-7 rC r -7p-7s -7qD r -7 s -7 q-7 p

26 Match each of the fo llowing components in the human immune system with itsfunction.

IIIIllIV

A8cD

964/ 1

ComponentMHC proteinplasma cellHelperT cellmacrophage

I (a)I (a)I (b)I (b)

II (b)II (c)II (c)II (d)

(a)(b)(c)(d)

functionActivates 8 .cellsFunctions in seif/nonself recognitionEngu lfs and digests microorganismsReleases immunoglobu lins

Ill (c )Ill (d)Ill (a)Ill (a)

IV (d)IV (b)IV (d)IV (c)

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7/21

CONF IDENT IAL* 12

27 Oviparity and development of extra-embryonic membranes can be found in thereproduction of

A a fishB a frogC a birdD a rat

28 The diagram below shows the life cycle of a fern.

At which stage in the cycle does me iosis occur?A p8 qC rD s

29 In the development of an animal embryo, wh ich of the fo llow ing is derived fromthe mesoderm?

A The skin ep idermis8 The .musculo-skeletal systemC Digestive systemD The nervous system

964/ 1*This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

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CONFIDENTIAL* 1330 Which of the follow ing is a growth rate curve?

A The graph of body length versus timeB The graph of dry mass versus timeC The graph of increase in height versus timeD The graph of percentage increase in height versus time

31 Under which of the fo llowing si tuations will an insect undergo ecdysis withoutmetamorphosi s?

Neurosecretory cells Corpus allatum Prothoracic glandin the brain

A active active activeB inactive inactive activec active ac tive inactiveD active inactive active

32 In Drosophila , sepia eye is recessive to red eye, and curved wing is recessive tostra ight wing. A pu re-breed ing sepia-eyed, straight-winged fly is mated with apu re-breeding red-eyed, curve-winged fly . The F1 flies are allowed to mate freely.The F2 generation consists of 1200 flies. How many of these F2 flies are expectedto be sepia-eyed and st raight-winged?

A 758 225c 600D 675

964 /1*Thi s quest ion paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examinat ion is over. CONFIDENTIA L*http://edu.joshuatly.com/http://fb.me/edu.joshuatly


8/21

CONFIDENT IAL* [4

33 By test-crossing the following dihybrids, it is shown that each producesrecombinant gametes in the percentages indicated.

GgHh 31%XxYy 22%

XxHh 5%GgXx 36%GgYy 14%

What is the linear sequence of gene loci on the ch romosome?

A GYHX8 G H X YC H GY XD XH G Y

34 An example of illness caused by chromosomal deletion is

A sickle-ce ll anaemiaB ~ - T h a l a s majorC Cri-du-chat syndromeD Turner syndrome

35 Triticum monococcum (2n , = 14) is a species of wild wheat while Triticum sea rsii(2n2 =14) is a spec ies of wild grass .A cross between T. mono and T. searsii produces a sterile hybrid and a fertilehybrid . What is the chromosome number in each type of hybrid?

Sterile hybr id Fertile hyb ridA 7 148 7 28c 14 28D 14 42

964/1*Th is quest ion paper is CONF !DENT!AL until the exam inat ion is ove r. CONFI DENIIAL"

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CON FIDENTI A L* 1536 The ability to ta ste the bitterness of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a recessive

characteri stic. If mating is at random and the ability to taste PTC does not affectsurvival or fertilit y, what should be the percentage of heterozygous tasters in apopulation at equilibrium in which four per cent of the people are non-tasters?A 2%8 16%c 32%D 40%

37 In a population , 99% of all persons tested are Rh positive (D+) . What are thefrequencies of th e genotypes DD and Dd expected on th e assumption of randommating?

DO DdA 0.99 0.01B 0.81 0.18c 0 .8 1 0.09D 0.01 0.90

38 A regulator gene is one thatA functions as a control switch for structural genesB provides a binding site for RNA polymerase to attachC codes for an enzymeD codes for repressor molecules

39 Match each term below with its description.

TermI Cloning vectorII Restriction endonucleaseIll Sticky e ndIV Palindromes

A /(a )B /(a)C !(c)D /(c)

964 / 1

1/(b)1/(c)1/(d)1/(d)

11/(c)11/(d)11/(a)1/ /(b)

IV(d)/V(b)IV(b)IV(a)

Desc ript ion(a) Single stranded DNA polyn ucleotide(b) Read the same in opposite directions(c) Bacte rial plasmids or bacteriophage ADNAI d) molecula r scissor

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9/21

CONF IDENT IAL* 16

40 In which step of genetic eng ineering are the procedures described below carriedout?

Recombinant DNA molecules are adueu to a culture ofbacterial ce lls, usually E. coli. Calcium ions are added and theculture medium is warmed.

A InsertionB TransformationC AmplificationD Screening

41 Two organisms that are in the same order must also be in the same

A family and genusB class and familyc phylum and familyD phylum and class

42 Homologous structures are important in natural classification becauseA they are easy to identify and convenient to use.B they are an indication of common ancestry of organisms.C they are used for different functions .D the more homologou s structures between two organisms, the more distant

their phylogen etic relationship

43 Which of the following is an incorrec t match?

A Amoeba- Phylum RhizopodaB Mucor--- Phylum ZygomycotaC Marchantia- Phylum BryophytaD Sycon --- Phylum Coelenterata

Qf>d/1

CONFIDENTIAL* 17

44 Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A Vi ru ses are acellularB Viruses lack a nucleusC Viruses do not ca rry out metabolismD Viruses only replicate in a living host cell

45 Below are some characteristics of arthropods:

IIPresence of a chitinous exoskeleton.Presence of a pair of antennae.

Ill Division of body into head, thorax and abdomen .IV Presence of three pairs of legs.V Jointed legs.VI Well-developed mouth parts

Which of these characteristics are found in insects but not other arthropods?

A Ill and IVB Ill, V and VIC I, II , IV and VD II , Ill , V and VI

46 Which of the following are true for a phenotype which shows continuousvariation?

No intermediate fomnsII Normal distributionIll Controlled by a number of genes

A I and IIB I and IllC II and IllD I, II and Ill

964/ l SJfk DATO'JAAFA'R ,JOilOR 8AH1W-- '- - -- - - ,_ rv-.>. ;cn-.c>.n , is ove r. CONFIDENTIAL*

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10/21

CONFIDENT IAL'' 18

47 In explaining the evolution of a species , Darwin's theory differs from Lamarck'stheory in that it does not consider the effects ofA mutation.B natural se lection .C acquired characteristics.D variation.

48 The Venn diagram below illustrates the relationship among four ecological terms- population , ecosystem, community and tiionie.

s

What do P, Q , R and S represent?p Q R s

A Population Community Biome EcosystemB Population Ecosystem Community Biomec Biome Population Community EcosystemD Population Community Ecosystem Biome

49 Match the type of organism below with the ir characteristics.

Term Description(a) Usually one reproduction per lifetime

I r strategist (b) Offspring of small body sizeII K-strategist (c) High competitive ability

(d) Population size at carrying capacity of habitat

A /(a ) /(b) 1/(c) 1/(d)B /(a) /(c) 1/(b) 1/(d)c /(b) /(c) 1/(a) 1/(d)D /(c) /(d) !!(a) 1/(b)

964/ 1*Thi s quest ion paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL"

CON FIDENT IAL* 19

50 Ten quadrats, each measuring 50 em X 50 em are set up in a field. The numberof Ageratum plants in the quadrats is counted. The results are shown below.

Calculate the density of Ageratum plants in the field .

A 12 per m2B 18 per m2c 26 per m2D 36 per m2

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11/21

CON FIDENTlAL*/SU LIT*Name: . Class: . . .... .. ........... .(Nama) (Kelas)M "'' HM " N " G " < " "


12/21

CON FIDENTIAL* 2Section A (40 marks]

Answer all questions in this sec tion

The diagram b elow shows the relationship between ce rtain organelles in phagocytic ce ll .

(a) Name t11 e s tructure labe lled A to D. (4 marks]

A:8:C:0: ..... ..... ... .

964/2''This ques tion pape r is CONFIDENTIAL umil the examinat ion is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

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CONFIDENT'Ii\ L 3(b) Explain what happens a t the stages I, II, Ill, IV, V and VI in the above diagram.(6 marks]

II

Ill ........ ... ... ... .

IV

v

VI

96412"TI1is ques tion paper is CONFIDENTLL\..L un til the exami na tion is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

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13/21

C O N F N T J A L 42 Diagram be low shows the ground tissue of a plant.

Tissue J Ti ss ue /((a) Identifies the types of tiss ue J, K and L.

Tissue J:Ti ssue K: ............ .. .Tissue L

(b) Give two rna n functions of tiss ue J, K and L.Tissue Functions\ \

J

KII

LL_L_

(c) List all the ce lls found in the xy lem.

964/2*This questio 11 paper is D E N T until the exami nation is ove r.

SJ4K VATO'JAAtAR .JOH.O'R BAH.RU

Tiss ue L[3 marks ]

[6 marks]

[1 mark]

CONF IDENT IAL''

J)

C O N F D C N T 53 The diag ram be low shows the po lyribosome with se veral translation sites.

(a) Name the stru ctures labeled P, Q and R. [3 rllarks]

Q.

(b) How is tRNA activated? [2 mark s]

(c) Describe two s tru ctural fea tures which adapt tRNA to its role in transla tion. [2 marks]

(d) List three ways in wh ich transcription differs from translation in protein synthesis[3 marks]

96412"This quest ion pape r is CONFIDENTIAL unti l the examin at ion is ove r. CON FIDENTit\ L*

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14/21

ON I'I DEN' l'lAL* 6.The graph below shows the potential difference across an axon membrane.

+60 y+40 -+20

0membranepoten tia l -20/ mV

-4 0

--60 X-80

- 100 0 2tlme/ms

(a) Explain what happens to the axon between(i) X andY;

(ii) Y and Z

z

3 4 5

[2 marks]

[3 marks]

(b) Describe the role of Ca2 ions in the transmission of impulses across a synapse.[1 mark]

.4/2 .11 S ques l1 on paper is CONFIDENTII\L unti l the examin ation is over. CON FIDENT IALVATO'JAAFA'R ,JOHOfl 'BAtlRU

CON FIDENTlAL* 7(c) Explain why the concentration of Ca2 ions in the cytosol of the synap tic knob

remains low, des pite freq uent opening of channels. [2 marl


15/21

8CON I-IDENT I AL"' . e c \ \ a \ \ '0 matKS\

Answer any \ a u ~ q u e ~ t i o n ~ in \h\s S e ~ \ \ ~ ~

5 (a) Describe \heCa lvin cycle .{b) Explain how photorespira(ion rr-d

P''o to synthetic efficiency.

6 (a) Explain the role of liver in ca rb ohydrate metabo lism.(b) Describe the ornithine cyc le and its fun ction in protein metabolism.

[9 marks][6 marks)

[10t5 nar


16/21

PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN STPM 2012

BIOLOGY 1

SKEMA JAWAPAN

1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. A 10.B11.D 12.C 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.A 17.B 18.C 19.B 20.A21.D 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.D 27.C 28.B 29.B 30.C31.A 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.C 36.C 37.B 38.D 39.C 40.B41.D 42.B 43.D 44.C 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.D

J


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18/21

1(c) Vessels, trac ll eics , fibres a nd parenchyma. (a l14must3 correct)(a) P - Ribosome (large sub-unit) 10 - mRNA 1R- Po lypeptide chain .I

(b) tRNA binds with an am ino acid in the prese nce of am inoacyl-tRNA 1synthe th ase,using energy from ATP. 1(c) (i) It is a s ingle strand polymer of nu cleotides, upon which a se quence

oi triplet bases , ca lled anticoclons, determine the sequence of aminoacids to be formed during translation. 1(ii) It can form a c lover shape, which has end with a sequence o fbases ca !!ed an c c d o ~ c:nd a n o ~ h e r ' end \.vith a poin t ofattac11men1 or an am in o ac id. "

(d) Transcript ion TranslationOccurs in 111e nucleus of th e ce ll Occurs on the ribosomes in thecytoplasm 1/0Results in a s ingle strand of Results in a po lypeptide chain ofmRNA being formed am in o acids be in g formed. 1/0Involves comp lementary base Involves the pairing of anticodonpairing between flee nucleot ides of IRNA to t11e complement aryand th e unwound DNA sec tion. codon.of the mRNA strand. 1/0

14 (a) (i) When a neurone is stimulated, !here is a sudden increase in pe rmeab ilityof the membrane of the neurone to sodiu m as .he Na- channels open. 1So dium ions rush into the axo n and clepo lari se the membrane, ca using thecharge in side lhe membrane lo change from -70mV to +40mV, 1l-Ien ee giving rise to an ac tion potential. 1Meanwhi le, the K' channels are c


19/21

1(c) Vessels, trac ll eics , fibres a nd parenchyma. (a l14must3 correct)(a) P - Ribosome (large sub-unit) 10 - mRNA 1R- Po lypeptide chain .I

(b) tRNA binds with an am ino acid in the prese nce of am inoacyl-tRNA 1synthe th ase,using energy from ATP. 1(c) (i) It is a s ingle strand polymer of nu cleotides, upon which a se quence

oi triplet bases , ca lled anticoclons, determine the sequence of aminoacids to be formed during translation. 1(ii) It can form a c lover shape, which has end with a sequence o fbases ca !!ed an c c d o ~ c:nd a n o ~ h e r ' end \.vith a poin t ofattac11men1 or an am in o ac id. "

(d) Transcript ion TranslationOccurs in 111e nucleus of th e ce ll Occurs on the ribosomes in thecytoplasm 1/0Results in a s ingle strand of Results in a po lypeptide chain ofmRNA being formed am in o acids be in g formed. 1/0Involves comp lementary base Involves the pairing of anticodonpairing between flee nucleot ides of IRNA to t11e complement aryand th e unwound DNA sec tion. codon.of the mRNA strand. 1/0

14 (a) (i) When a neurone is stimulated, !here is a sudden increase in pe rmeab ilityof the membrane of the neurone to sodiu m as .he Na- channels open. 1So dium ions rush into the axo n and clepo lari se the membrane, ca using thecharge in side lhe membrane lo change from -70mV to +40mV, 1l-Ien ee giving rise to an ac tion potential. 1Meanwhi le, the K' channels are c


20/21

r-- - - . - - - : : R , - _ c _ o _ __cts not only as carboxylase but also as an oxygenase

6 (a)

because high levels of 0 2 compete w ith C0 2 fo r the act ive site ofrubisco .

- Some of th e intermediates involved in the Calvin cy cle areceg radecl to CO, and H20 .Pllotorespiralion does r>'lf !'rnrl! 1Ge ATPI- It reduces photos ynthetic efficiency because it removes some ofth e in term ediates used in tile Calvin cycle/PGA, G3P are notI

Iproduced because fixat1 on of C02 does not occur. 1

Liver helps to maintain our blood glucose level at 80 - 100mg/100 cm3 .High leve l of blood glucose stim ul ates beta ce lls of islets ofLa nge rh ans in tile pancreas to insul in

SJ.tl( VATO'JAAfAR .JOHOR BAH'IW

Max 6

l\l.ax: 10

7(b)- Excess amino a


21/21

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(q)

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S._.K VATO'JAAFAR ,JOII.OR SAR1W

9 (a)

9Doubling oi the chromosome occ urs in lhe F1 hybrid through non- ldisjun ct ion. 1It now has homo logous chromosomes. Synaps is ca n o c ~ u r in .I

me ios is to produce gametes. It has now become a new fer tilehybrid ca lled Sparlina anglica.

America n spectes, probabl ync ciclentally l n l t inl o BritainSparrina afremiilora2n == G2{AA genome)!

X N < : ~ t i v c Bri tishspeciesSpar tino m !og or I101..,0\0inc:l

Sparr inu anglicu4n = 22

(AAOO geoome)fr:f1.ile a llopolypl9id (amplli t/iploid)

OR.I ny other su itable examp leHuman activi ties that reduce biolog ical divers ily includ e:Hab itat loss clue to deforestation.Po llution,

3marks

( d i < ~ g r amwithlab e ls}

1IIntroduction of invasive/new spec ies,Pest and predator contro l,Ove rexp loitation/ Commercia l hunting.r---r. ,-(b,..)+-- I

I_

Forests are dest roye d lo provide subs istence to farmers withagr icultural landTo prod uce timber and fir ewoodTo provide open rang eland for catt le/lives tockFor housing/industrial areaForests are also dest royed by acid ra in.

Conseq uencP o:Increases so il eros ion and dec reases so il fer tilityContributes to loss of biolog ica l divers ity j_Al'fec ts watershedsAffect reg ional and globa l clim ate changes :Food chain dis_u_ t_o_n_s _----------- _ : ~ -

SI-lK VATO'JAAFA'R .JOHO'R BAH'IWhttp://edu.joshuatly.com/


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