edward c. banfield, policy science as metaphysical madness

8/7/2019 Edward C. Banfield, Policy Science as Metaphysical Madness

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Fdwerd @+ Jekahfcd

îch`y P`hfk`f esGftepbyshèc Gedkfss * hk ZijfrtLicdwhk# fd+ Ptetfsgeksbhp ekd

Jurfeu`re`y "\esbhkltik= EgfrhèkFktfrprhsf Hksthtutf # 58


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3/39

@IKTFKTP

ÎCH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC ~MaahKFPPjy Fdwerd @+ Jekahfcd

ÎCH@X EKECXPHP EKD ^VJCH@ @BIH@Fjy Lustevf B+ Pbujfrt

ZFACF@THIKP IK PTETFPGEKPBH^ EKD JVZFEV@ZE@Xjy \frkfr M+ Dekkbeusfr

EGFZH@EK PTETFPGEKPBH^= ICD EKD KF\+jy Bfrjfrt M+ Ptirhkl

Tbf eutbirs tbfgsfcvfs erf ecikf rfspikshjcfair tbf iphkhiks fxprfssfd ekd tbf pich`hfsrfìggfkdfd hk tbfhr rfspf`thvf pepfrs+ TbfEgfrhèk Fktfrprhsf Hksthtutf air ûjch`îch`y Zfsfer`b hs e kikperthsek # kikpriahtpujch`cy suppirtfd fduèthikec ekd rfsfer`birlekhzethik wbh`b htsfca teofs ki pishthiksik pujch` pich`y hssufs+


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^ICH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC GEDKFPP

jy Fdwerd @+ Jekahfcd

58


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E stetfsgek dhaafrs arig e priafssir hke ukhvfrshty? tbf cettfr bes ikcy tbflfkfrec vhfw ia si`hfty? tbf airgfr # tbfstetfsgek # bes e kugjfr ia `hrùgstek`fsti ìgjhkf whtb tbisf lfkfrec hdfes # ekdti teof hkti bhs ìkshdfrethik+ @hrùg'stek`fs erf hkahkhtf # erf hkahkhtfcyìgjhkfd # erf verhejcf ekd trekshfkt? bfwbi difs kit teof tbfg hkti ìkshdfre'thik hs kit frrikfius # jut stero ged''det ipfreg ut ùg rethikf hksekhetrs'gftep hèH%X ge

Fdgukd Jurof P*pff`b ik tbf ^fththikia tbf VkhterheksHk tbf pest dizfk yfers ir si pich`y'irhfktfd si`hec

s`hfk`f rfsfer`b ekd ekecyshs bes jfìgf e lriwtb hkdustryhk tbf Vkhtfd Ptetfs+ Tbhs bes i`ùrrfd hk rfspiksf ti df'gekd `rfetfd jy tbf spetf ia si`hec wfcaerf prilregs hkhth'etfd jy tbf Lrfet Pi`hfty ekd # air tbf gist pert # ìkthkufdekd fxpekdfd jy tbf cetfr edghkhstrethiks+ \bfrfes hk 5816Afdfrec elfk`hfs spfkt ejiut $:06 ghcchik ik eppchfd si`hecs`hfk`f rfsfer`b # hk 58


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ia eky itbfr gem ir i`ùpethikec lriup ekd kfercy tbrff thgfstbet ia priafsshikec ekd tf`bkhèc wirofrs es e wbicf+

Tbf Afdfrec elfk`hfs , fktbushesg air pich`y'irhfktfdrfsfer`b quhòcy ìggukhètfd htsfca ti tbf ìccflfs ekdukhvfrshthfs+ Tbfy kiw teof e chvfcy hktfrfst hk wbetfvfr+ :gey pceushjcy bevf tbf wird *pich`y* ette`bfd ti ht+ Ec'gist ecc ia tbf gemir ukhvfrshthfs bevf fstejchsbfd s`biicsti lhvf lreduetf trehkhkl hk wbet hs kiw èccfd *pich`y s`h'fk`f* ekd tbfsf bevf ecrfedy turkfd iut bukdrfds ia ^b* D+ , s +Ti jf surf # kit geky ia tbf lreduetfs i`ùpy bhlb pists hklivfrkgfkt "es cikl eli es 58 # biwfvfr # tbf @hvhc Pfrvh`f@igghsshik chstfd 610 * sfkhir fxfùthvf `hvhc sfrvekts es'

si`hetfd whtb prilreg ekecyshs

jut ht hs rfesikejcf tifxpf`t tbet whtbhk e dfèdf ir twi tbfy whcc dighketf + tbfuppfr f`bfciks ia tbf Afdfrec ekd stetf èrffr sfrvh`fs eswfcc es tbisf ia sigf ia tbf cerlf `hthfs+

Tbf pfkftrethik ia pich`y s`hfk`f hkti tbf fxfùthvfjrek`b bes cfd ti # ir et eky retf jffk pereccfcfd jy# e ìg'perejcf pfkftrethik hkti tbf cflhscethvf jrek`b+ @iklrfsskiw fgpciys sigf :2 >>> priafsshikecs # e shlkhahèkt ekd hk'`rfeshkl pripirthik ia wbig erf trehkfd ti di pich`y'rfcetfdsi`hec s`hfk`f rfsfer`b ir ekecyshs+ Pigf ia tbfsf erf fg'pciyfd jy hkdhvhduec gfgjfrs ekd itbfrs jy ìgghttff steaas?


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gist# biwfvfr # erf hk ikf ir ekitbfr ia sfvfrec rf`fktcyfstejchsbfd jidhfs= tbf @iklrfsshikec Zfsfer`b Pfrvh`f"58(# tbf Iaah`f ia Tf`bkicily Essfssgfkt "58


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Arig e kfer pfrspf`thvf tbf suddfk lriwtb ia tbf pich`ys`hfk`fs eppfers es e jy'pridu`t ia tbf `hvhc rhlbts givf'gfkt ekd tbf \er ik îvfrty+ Hk tbf 581>, s tbfsf jriulbtbukdrfds ia kfw livfrkgfktec elfk`hfs hkti fxhstfk`f''ecc iaìursf privhdhkl kfw mij ippirtukhthfs''ekd sthrrfd tbfhgelhkethiks ia tbisf wbi+ jfchfvfd tbet livfrkgfkt # ha ikcyht trhfd berd fkiulb # ìucd ùrf tbf verhius hccs ia tbfsi`hfty+

E`tueccy tbfrf bes cikl jffk e sygjhith` rfcethiksbhpjftwffk si`hec s`hfk`f ekd si`hec rfairg+ Hk tbf 522>, s #Arfdfrhò \hks ciw Teycir sprfed tbf lispfc ia * s`hfkthah`gekelgfkt* ti jushkfssgfk ekd # e chttcf cetfr # s`biics iajushkfss dfvfcipfd judlftery gftbids+ Cetf hk tbf `fktury#`behrs hk si`hec s`hfk`f wfrf fstejchsbfd # ekd jy 58:> eccsfca'rfspf`thkl ukhvfrshthfs bed si`hec s`hfk`f dfpertgfkts+Jy tbfk ht wes whdfcy jfchfvfd tbet livfrkgfkt ki cfss tbekjushkfss sbiucd''ekd tbfrfairf ìucd''jf fxpfrtcy ruk "tbf`hty gekelfr givfgfkt lit ukdfrwey hk 5854(? ketureccy tbfsi`hec s`hfkthsts hk tbf ukhvfrshthfs wfrf ciiofd ti es eprhk`hpec siur`f ia fxpfrthsf air tbf irlekhzethik ekd gek'elfgfkt ia livfrkgfkt ekd tbus ia si`hfty lfkfreccy+

Et tbf jflhkkhkl ia tbf `fktury# e`ìrdhkl ti bhstirhekJerry D+ Oerc # tbfrf dfvfcipfd e gftbidicily ia si`hec rf'


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airg ìkshsthkl ia verhethiks upik tbrff jesh` stfps= ahrste ìrf lriup ia spf`hechsts ekd hka5ufkthe5s # ìghkl tilftb'fr pfrbeps et e gffthkl ia e priafsshikec lriup# wiucd df'ahkf e kffdfd si`hec rfairg ir *prijcfg ? tbfk e ìkafrfk`fwiucd jf èccfd ti jriedfk tbf ìechthik jy jrhklhkl hkmiurkechsts # pbhcektbriphsts # ekd pichthèc cfedfrs? ekdahkeccy# e survfy wiucd jf gedf ekd e diùgfkt pridu`fdìktehkhkl ecc tbf hkairgethik ekd hktfrprftethik ik wbh`b

rfesikejcf gfk # prfsugejcy hk livfrkgfkt # wiucd jesf pri'lregs air rfairg+

Tbhs wes tbf gftbid usfd hk 58:8 wbfk ^rfshdfkt BfrjfrtBiivfr eppihktfd bhs Zfsfer`b @igghttff ik Pi`hec Trfkdswbisf 5 # :>>'pelf rfpirt # Oerc tfccs us # fstejchsbfd tbf+prhk`hp5fs tbet * si`hec* jfbevhir ègf whtbhk tbf purvhfw iatbf kethikec livfrkgfkt # tbet+ * s`hfk`f* ìucd di jfttfr+ etareghkl prilregs ia rfairg tbek ìucd cflhscetirs ir `hth'zfks # ekd tbet * si`hec wfcaerf* wes es aht e sujm f`t air ke'thike5 dfjetf es # sey# ùrrfk`y rfairg ir tbf terhaa+

Hk tbf 581>, s tbhs gftbid wes usfd elehk ekd tbfsfprhk`hpcfs wfrf aurtbfr fxtfkdfd hk irdfr ti jrhkl tbf si'`hec s`hfk`f fstejchsbgfkt ekd tbf Lrfet Pi`hfty hkti gu'tue55y edvektelfius rfcethiks+ Tbhs thgf tbf spf`hechstsekd tbfhr ecchfs e`tfd tbriulb tbet gist prfsthlhius ia pri'afsshike5 essi`hethiks # tbf Kethikec Eèdfgy ia P`hfk`fs+


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rfpirt hssufd ukdfr hts eflhs hk 5812 dfahkfd tbf vhfw tbetrfesikejcf gfk sbiucd teof tiwerd tbf `cehgs ia tbf si`hecs`hfkthsts ti jf jriulbt hkti tbf pich`y' airghkl pri`fss=

Tbf afdfrec livfrkgfkt ìkarikts hk'`rfeshklcy ìgpcfx prijcfgs hk airfhlkeaaehrs # dfafksf stretfly ekd gekelf'gfkt # urjek rfìkstru`thik # `hvhcrhlbts # fìkigh` lriwtb ekd stejhchty#pujch` bfectb # si`hec wfcaerf # ekd fdu'èthik ekd trehkhkl+ Tbf df`hshiks ekde`thiks teofk jy tbf ^rfshdfkt # tbf @ik'lrfss # ekd tbf fxfùthvf dfpertgfkts ekdelfk`hfs gust jf jesfd ik vechd si`hecekd fìkigh` hkairgethik ekd hkvicvf ebhlb dflrff ia mudlgfkt ejiut bugek jf'bevhir+ Tbf okiwcfdlf ekd gftbids iatbf jfbevhirec s`hfk`fs # dfvitfd es tbfyerf ti ek ukdfrstekdhkl ia bugek jfbe'vhir ekd si`hec hksthtuthiks # sbiucd jfeppchfd es faaf`thvfcy es pisshjcf titbf prilregs ekd pich`y pri`fssfs ia tbfafdfrec livfrkgfkt+ Ahkeccy# tbf jfbe'vhirec s`hfk`fs # chof tbf pbyshèc ekdjhicilhèc s`hfk`fs # rfquhrf ahkek`hecsuppirt arig tbf afdfrec livfkgfkt tiìkthkuf ti dfvfcip tbet okiwcfdlf ekdtbisf gftbids tbet èk cfed ti lrfetfrukdfrstekdhkl ia tbf jesh` pri`fssfs iahkdhvhduec ekd lriup jfbevhir+

Ectbiulb tbf rfpirt wes rfgeroejcy edriht hk tbf egjh'luhty# fvfk ìkaushik # ia hts wirdhkl# ht su``ffdfd hk ìk'vfyhkl tbf hgprfsshik tbet si`hec s`hfk`f bed gu`b ti ìk'trhjutf ti tbf geohkl ia siukd pich`y+ Hts sphrht # ectbiulbkit hts cfttfr # rfacf`tfd tbf si`hec s`hfk`f utiphekhsgwbh`b Oerc seys # wes fspiusfd jy Biivfr ti jf e rfvicuthikelehkst pichth`s # ìgghttfd ti tbf rethikec # ukfgithikec


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juhcdhkl ia e kfw # s`hfkthah` si`hfty > *îch`y s`hfk`f # hk tbhs pfrspf`thvf # eppfers es ikf hk

e cikl sfrhfs ia faairts jy tbf ^rilrfsshvf Givfgfkt ekd htsbfhrs ti `beklf tbf `bere`tfr ia tbf Egfrhèk pichthèc sys'tfg''ti treksafr piwfr arig tbf ìrrupt # tbf hlkirekt # ekdtbf sfca'sfrvhkl ti tbf vhrtuius # tbf fduètfd # ekd tbfpujch`'sphrhtfd

ekd ti fkbek`f tbf èpe`hty ia tbf fxfù'thvf ti geof ekd èrry iut hktfrkeccy'ìkshstfkt # ìgprfbfk'shvf pceks air hgpcfgfkthkl tbf pujch` hktfrfst Tbfsf wfrftbf githvfs tbet hksphrfd tbf ^fkdcftik E`t ia 5225 # fstej'chsbhkl e `hvhc sfrvh`f systfg jesfd ik tbf gfrht prhk`hpcf?tbf Judlft ekd E`ìukthkl E`t ia 58:5? tbf ^rfshdfkt s @ig'ghttff ik Edghkhstrethvf Gekelfgfkt hk 580< ekd tbf twi Bii'vfr @igghsshiks hk 5848 ekd 5866? ekd tbf @iuk`hc ia Fìkig'h` Edvhsfrs hk 5841 Tbfy wfrf tbf githvfs tbet hksphrfdpripisecs ti rfpce`f pichth`heks whtb fxpfrts hk cflhsce'turfs ekd ti di ewey whtb pichthèc perthfs "hdfes aevirfdjy# egikl itbfrs # Bfrjfrt @ricy hk bhs ^ri rfsshvf Dfgi`'re`y # 5854( ekd # wbfk tbfsf privfd utiphek # ti cfssfr rf'airgs tbet wfrf stfps hk tbf segf lfkfrec dhrf`thik'' airfxegpcf # `beklfs hk tbf irlekhzethik ekd pre`th`fs ia @ik'lrfss ti geof ht ek essfgjcy ia stetfsgfk dfchjfrethkl upiktbf lrfet hssufs hkstfed ia ikf ia pichth`heks erreklhkldfecs ekd rukkhkl frrekds # ekd ecsi `beklfs ti rfquhrf


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tbf pichthèc perthfs ti *jrhkl airtb prilregs ti wbh`b tbfyìgght tbfgsfcvfs* "tbf quitfd wirds erf arig tbf 586> rf'pirt ia e ìgghttff ia tbf Egfrhèk îchthèc P`hfk`f Essi'`hethik # Tiwerd e Girf Zfs ikshjcf êrt stfg( +

Tidey s pripikfkts ia pich`y s`hfk`f erf kit es kehvfcyekthpi5hthè5 es wfrf tbf rfairgfrs ia e lfkfrethik ir twi

+ eli+ Tbfy di kit tbhko ia tbfgsfcvfs fklelfd hk e *rfvi'cuthik elehks t pichth`s+ Tbf icd jhes sthcc tbfrf biw'fvfr+ \htkfss tbf hk tfk thik ti privhdf @iklrfss wh tbsteaa ia priafsshikecs wbi whcc ferk tbf dfafrfk`f ia gfg'jfrs+ "\by kit must tbfhr rfspf`t9( Kiw ekd tbfk dhstestfair pichth`heks ekd tbfhr weys hs gedf fxpch`ht # es # air fx'egpcf # wbfk ek fìkighst # eatfr ahkdhkl tbet tbf stru`turfia @iklrfss aeccs *fkirgiuscy sbirt* ia wbet hs rfquhrfd airek *hdfec* cflhscethvf pri`fss # teofs sigf ìgairt hk dfvfc'ipgfkts ti wbh`b tbf @iklrfsshikec Judlft E`t ia 58


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ÎCH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC GEDKFPP +#H

hts pce`f erf kit ti jf e`ìuktfd air jy tbf fxhstfk`f ia ejidy ia okiwcfdlf ejiut biw ti sicvf si`hec prijcfgs+ Tbfrfwes e thgf wbfk si`hec s`hfkthsts tbiulbt tbet fvfktueccytbfy wiucd ahkd cews livfrkhkl jfbevhir # ekd gist ia tbfgsffg ti bevf pfrsuedfd tbfgsfcvfs tbet tbf dhsìvfry ia su`bcews sigfbiw wiucd geof air girf dfgi`reth` # ir et cfestgirf faaf`thvf # livfrkgfkt+ ^fkdhkl tbf dhsìvfry ia su`bcews # wbet si`hec rfsfer`b bed ti iaafr wes kit sicuthiksjut prijcfgs+ Zf`fkt Pi`hec Trfkds # air fxegpcf # tbf giku'gfktec rfpirt ia tbf ìgghttff eppihktfd jy ^rfshdfkt Bii'vfr # ettfgptfd ti fstejchsb tbf ae`ts ia si`hec chaf hk ewey tbet wiucd dhspcey ti tbf pujch` ekd hts cfedfrs tbfbhtbfrti ukepprf`hetfd fxtfkt ekd keturf ia si`hec prijcfgsjut ht iaafrfd ki * sicuthiks+

Kiw# tfks ia tbiusekds ia ^b+ D+ dhssfrtethiks cetfrtbfrf erf afw si`hec s`hfk`f tbfirhfs ir ahkdhkls tbet ìucdjf ia gu`b bfcp ti e pich`ygeofr''si afw# hkdffd # tbet wbfktbf wiucd'jf wrhtfr ia e H%*Bekdjiio ia Jfbevhirec P`hfk`fsair îch`y Geohkl* wfkt tbriulb tbf 1>>'idd pelfs ia tbfhkvfktiry ia s`hfkthah` ahkdhkls * put tilftbfr sigf yfers

eli et lrfet fxpfksf ti tbf Aird Aiukdethik # tbf rfsuctswfrf *hksuaah`hfkt air e sbirt erth`cf # kit ti spfeo ia e

bekdjiio+ X+Ti jf surf # sigf si`hec s`hfk`f tbfirhfs dhd bevf ek


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hgpirtekt hkacufk`f ik tbf dfvfcipgfkt ia tbf kfw livfrkgfktprilregs hk tbf 581> , s= tbisf ia Cciyd Ibchk ekd Zh`berd@ciwerd ik *ippirtukhty stru`turfs* ekd tbisf ia Lery Jfòfrik *bugek èphtec * air fxegpcf # fktfrfd shlkhahèktcy hktitbf ìk`fpthik ia tbf Lrfet Pi`hfty s pivfrty prilreg+ îc'h`y s`hfk`f # biwfvfr # hs tbf eppchèthik ia gftbids ekdtf`bkhqufs # kit ia sujstekthvf tbfirhfs+

Air sfvfrec dfèdfs si`hec s`hfkthsts bed jffk dfvfcip'hkl weys ia essfsshkl tbf rfcethvf hgpirtek`f ia èusec ae`'tirs wbfrf sfvfrec ipfretfd shguctekfiuscy+ Aurtbfr steths'thèc edvek`fs i`ùrrfd durhkl tbf Pfìkd \ircd \er wbfk fk'lhkffrs # getbfgeth`heks # ekd stethsth`heks wfrf èccfd upikjy tbf ghchtery sfrvh`fs ti ahkd ekswfrs ti e whdf reklf

vfry pre`thèc , qufsthiks= wbet# air fxegpcf # wes tbf ipthgecsfer`b pettfrk air cièthkl e phcit diwk et sfe9 \erthgffxpfrhfk`f pridu`fd e sft ia tf`bkhqufs''Ipfrethiks Zfsfer`b''tbf usfauckfss ia wbh`b hk dfechkl whtb e `frtehk `cess

prijcfgs wes # geky thgfs dregethèccy dfgikstretfd+ Tbf `cessia prijcfgs wes # biwfvfr # e sberpcy rfstrh`tfd ikf= ijm f`thvfsbed ti jf wfcc dfahkfd # ipfrethiks ti jf dfs`rhjejcf jy egetbfgethèc gidfc tbf peregftfrs ia wbh`b ìucd jf rfedhcyfsthgetfd arig evehcejcf dete # ekd tbf ùrrfkt pre`th`fs tijf ikfs cfevhkl egpcf riig air ~gprivfgfkt+

Durhkl tbf wer tbfrf wfrf ecsi hgpirtekt dfvfcipgfktshk stethsthèc hkafrfk`f # prijejhchty tbfiry# ekd wbet hs


15/39


kiw legf tbfiry+ Tbfsf dfvfcipgfkts wfrf rfedhcy esshgh'cetfd hkti fìkigh` tbfiry ecikl whtb tbf gftbids ia Ipfre'thiks Zfsfer`b+ Ectbiulb fìkighsts wfrf rfcethvf cetf'ìgfrs ti tbf s`fkf "tbf ZEKD @irpirethik bed jffk hk jush'kfss air sigf thgf jfairf ht bhrfd hts ahrst fìkighst@bercfs Bht`b(# tbfy siik jfègf tbf gehk air`f hk tbf df'vfcipgfkt ekd eppchèthik ia tbfirhfs ia df`hshik'geohkl+Tbf rephd ìkùrrfkt dfvfcipgfkt ia ìgputfr tf`bkicily fk'ìurelfd tbf fcejirethik ia bhlbcy ejstre`t tbfiry jy geohklpre`thèjcf tbf wirohkl iut ia ìgputethiks tbet bed prf'vhiuscy jffk pribhjhthvfcy thgf'ìksughkl+

\bfk hk 5815 Zijfrt G`Kegere jfègf Pf`rftery ia Df'afksf bf jriulbt Bht`b ekd sfvfrec ia Bht`b, s ZEKD essi`h'etfs hkti tbf Dfpertgfkt wbfrf tbfy hktridu`fd tbf kfw tf`b'khqufs ia airgec pich`y ekecyshs ^rfshdfkt Mibksik # hg'prfssfd # ht bes jffk sehd # jy G`Kegere s pfrairgek`f et èj'hkft gffthkls ekd ecsi # ikf suspf`ts # jy tbf ettfkthik tbfDfafksf Dfpertgfkt s *wbhz ohds * wfrf rf`fhvhkl arig tbfprfss # irdfrfd ecc elfk`hfs ia tbf fxfùthvf jrek`b ti hk'tridu`f * +++ e vfry kfw ekd vfry rfvicuthikery systfg* airprilreg pcekkhkl ekd ekecyshs ecikl tbf chkfs cehd iut jyDfafksf+ Gist elfk`hfs aiukd weys ti evihd èrryhkl iut tbfirdfr # wbh`b wes siik rfs`hkdfd jy tbf Khxik Edghkhstrethik+Tbf hdfe ia pich`y ekecyshs # biwfvfr # gedf ek fkdurhkl hg'


16/39


prfsshik ik geky jurfeu `bhfas "pfrbeps jfèusf ht iaafrfdtbfg e+ gfeks ia fstejchsbhkl ìktric ivfr tbfhr sujirdh~ketfs( ekd ecsi ik tbisf uppfr'f`bfcik èrffr `hvhc sfr'vekts''fspf`heccy fìkighsts''wbisf fxpisurf ti tbf rfech'thfs ia tbf pich`y'geohkl pri`fss bed kit yft gedf tbfg ìg'pcftf `ykh`s+ Tidey gist elfk`hfs bevf iaah`fs # bfedfd hksigf hkstek`fs jy ek esshstekt sf`rftery# ti `cerhay tbfelfk`y s ijmf`thvfs # gikhtir hts pfrairgek`f# ekd essfsssystfgethèccy tbf ìsts ekd jfkfahts ia ectfrkethvf ìursfsia e`thik+ Hk irdfr ti ìpf whtb tbf iatfk bhlbcy tf`bkhècrfpirts pridu`fd jy tbf ekecysts hk tbf fxfùthvf jrek`b@iklrfss bes # es wes kitfd ejivf # eddfd geky ekecysts ti htsiwk steaas+

Hk tbf ukhvfrshthfs # fìkighsts # stethsth`heks # pichth'èc s`hfkthsts # ekd itbfrs # fx`htfd jy tbf kfw hktfccf`tuecprijcfgs # `beccfklfd jy ippirtukhthfs ti ìktrhjutf ti tbfsicuthik ia urlfkt si`hec prijcfgs # ekd felfr ti sberf hktbf gikfy ekd piwfr ia livfrkgfkt bevf bestfkfd ti dfvfcippich`y s`hfk`f es ek hgpirtekt ahfcd ia lreduetf study+ikf ghlbt fxpf`t # tbf ùrrhùce dfvfcipfd air tbf prispf`'thvf pich`y s`hfkthsts ìkshst hk gist pce`fs cerlfcy iabhlbcy ejstre`t gftbidicilhèc ìursfs+ Ptudfkts whtbiut eìkshdfrejcf epthtudf air getbfgeth`s èkkit teof tbfsfìursfs? tbet tbf studfkt gey bevf liid pre`thèc mudlgfkt


17/39


ekd e strikl affchkl air hksthtuthikec rfechthfs whcc kitivfrìgf tbhs aetec bekdhèp+ Eatfr ecc # tbf purpisf iatrehkhkl hk pich`y s`hfk`f hs ti hgprivf upik pre`thècmudlgfkt ekd ti sujsthtutf air ht+ Ht hs kit surprhshkl#tbfk # ti ahkd prispf`thvf studfkts jfhkl ticd tbet tbfy èkbipf ti pcey ek hgpirtekt pert hk pujch` eaaehrs ha''jutikcy ha''tbfy pess ìursfs hk airgec ekecyshs+ "Tbhs prf'sugejcy hs wbet tbf Ofkkfdy P`biic ia Livfrkgfkt et Berverdgfeks jy e rfgeroejcf sfktfk`f hk hts Iaah`hec Zf hstfr air58


18/39


tbet erf rfeccy kfw erf# ia ìursf# ecweys berd ti ahkd# ekdwbfk ikf hs aiukd# ht hs vfry chofcy ti privf fhtbfr hkafes'hjcf "pfrbeps jfèusf ht rfquhrfs sohccs ir itbfr rfsiur`fstbet erf kit evehcejcf( ir pichthèccy uke``fptejcf+ Et ekyretf # vfry afw prilreg hkkivethiks èk jf etthjutfd ti pich`ys`hfkthsts+ Tbf Gidfc @hthfs ^rilreg air fxegpcf # ectbiulbprf`fdfd jy tbf cejirs ia twi teso air`fs # fe`b ejukdektcysuppirtfd jy ìksuctekt spf`hechsts # turkfd iut ti jf ecti'lftbfr dhaafrfkt arig wbet tbf pcekkfrs bed hk ghkd+

Airgec gidfchkl''tbf dfvfcipgfkt ia sfts ia fquethiks dfs'`rhjhkl hk quekthtethvf tfrgs tbf auk`thikec rfcethiksbhps hke systfg ia jfbevhir ek fìkigy( '' hs e gehkstey ia tbfpich`y s`hfkthst+ Tbfrf erf gidfcs wbh`b purpirt ti shgucetftbf kethikec fìkigy# gidfcs wbh`b pu~pirt ti shgucetf tbfhgpe`t ia livfrkgfkt pich`hfs ik sigf pert ia tbf pipucethik"air fxegpcf # ia `beklfs hk wfcaerf pich`hfs ik wfcaerf rf`hp'hfkts(# gidfcs wbh`b purpirt ti shgucetf tbf faaf`ts ia kfwtrekspirtethik tf`bkicily ik rflhikec lriwtb # ekd si ik+ Vk'airtuketfcy tbf gidfcs ìkstru`tfd jy pich`y ekecysts erf rerfcy

ipfrethikec+ Vkchof tbf ipfrethiks rfsfer`bfr # wbisf prijcfgs`bere`tfrhsthèccy hkvicvf tf`bkicilhèc rfcethikbhps tbet erfprf`hsfcy gfesurejcf # tbf pich`y ekecyst typhèccy gidfcs rfce'thiksbhps tbet èkkit jf auccy spf`hahfd ir fxe`tcy gfesurfd # ekdtbf rfsucts bhs fquethiks yhfcd''wbfk tbfy yhfcd eky et ecc''erftbfrfairf sfcdig ia eky bfcp ti tbf pich`ygeofr+ Ti tbf


19/39


fxtfkt tbet ht ìucd ekswfr qufsthiks * e gidfc'usfr ìg'pcehkfd ti tbf eutbir ia îchth`heks Jurfeu`rets ekd tbf@iksuctekt

tbfy wfrf qufsthiks tbet kijidy wes esohkl+^rilreg fvecuethik''gfekhkl usueccy tbf gfesurfgfkt ia

pich`y hkputs ekd iutputs whtb rfspf`t fhtbfr ti prilregsukdfrwey ir ikfs tbet erf ìktfgpcetfd''bes diujtcfss ej'sirjfd girf thgf ekd gikfy hk tbf cest dfèdf tbek ecc itbfrpich`y rfsfer`b put tilftbfr+ Tbf frupthik hk tbf 581>, s iasìrfs ia kfw si`hec prilregs # ìhk`hdhkl es ht dhd whtb tbfviluf ia pich`y rfsfer`b # cfd ti sfrhius # systfgeth` fa'airts # iatfk jy *iutshdf* rfsfer`b jidhfs # ti gfesurf tbfìst'faaf`thvfkfss ia tbf prilregs+ ^rilregs hk bfectbgekpiwfr trehkhkl# cew fkair`fgfkt # biushkl ekd si ik erfkiw girf ir cfss riuthkfcy studhfd hk tbf edghkhstfrhklelfk`hfs ir hk hkdfpfkdfkt jidhfs ukdfr ìktre`t ti tbfg ekdjy tbf Lfkfrec E`ìukthkl Iaah`f "tbf eutbirhty ia wbh`b tigeof su`b studhfs wes gu`b fxtfkdfd jy tbf Cflhscethvf Zf'irlekhzethik E`t ia 58 ekd tbf @iklrfsshikec Judlft E`t ia58


20/39


èusf ia ek fvecuethik jy pich`y s`hfkthsts+ Ahkdhkls tbetdi kit suppirt *wbet fvfryikf okiws* ir tbet ruk ìktrery titbf hktfrfst ia sigf pichthèccy hgpirtekt lriup "irlekhzfdtfe`bfrs # air fxegpcf( erf fspf`heccy chofcy ti jf hlkirfd+Tbf tfsthgiky ia ^ftfr Zissh # tbf si`hicilhst # hs hkstru`'thvf=

Ht hs ek erth`cf ia aehtb egikl fduè'tirs tbet tbf sgeccfr tbf `cess pfrtfe`bfr # tbf lrfetfr tbf cferkhkl fxpfr'hfk`f+ Zfsfer`b ik tbhs qufsthik lifsjeò ti tbf vfry jflhkkhkls ia fgphrhècrfsfer`b hk fduèthikec si`hec s`hfk`fhk tbf fercy 58:>, s+ Tbfrf bes sèr`fcyjffk e yfer shk`f whtbiut sfvfrec dhs'sfrtethiks ekd tbfsfs ik tbhs tiph` # eswfcc es cerlfr rfsfer`bfs jy geturfs`bicers''ivfr :>> ia tbfg+++ + Zfsucts9ekd cer `cess shzf bes ki faaf`tik ferkhkl jy studfkts whtb t issh'f fx`f thik i f erts+\bet faaf`t dhd ecc tbhs bevf ik pich`y9Qhrtueccy kikf+ Ecgist fvfry pripisecair jfttfr fduèthik èccs air rfdu`fd`cess shzf+ Fvfk rfsfer`bfrs tbfgsfcvfsbevf jffk epicilfth` # ^8hkthkl iut biwtbfy gh bt bevf frrfd+ 50

Tbf tf`bkhèc hkedfque`hfs ia rftrispf`thvf fvecuethikbevf èusfd pich`y s`hfkthsts hk`rfeshklcy ti ècc air fx'pfrhgfktethik+ Fìkigh` rfesikhkl# sipbhsthètfd ekecyshssegpcf survfys # ekd ijsfrvethikec studhfs # e tfeg ia dhsthk'luhsbfd stethsth`heks wrhtfs # whcc lhvf sigf liid *lufssfs

jut wf sthcc whcc kit okiw biw tbhkls whcc wiro hk pre`'


21/39


th`f ukthc wf try tbfg hk re`th`f+ îch`y s`hfkthstswekt ti try pich`hfs iut ukdfr ìkdhthiks tbet erf èrfauccyìktriccfd hk irdfr tbet tbfy gey gfesurf tbf faaf`ts ia e`beklf hk e spf`hahfd verhejcf "tbf tfe`b~puph5 rethi # sey(ik tbf e`bhfvfgfkt ia ek ijm f`thvf "hgprivfd cferkhkl(+ Pi'`he5 fxpfrhgfkts'' rekdighzfd ìktriccfd ahfcd trhe5s ''erfia ìursf aer girf fxpfkshvf tbek rftrispf`thvf fvecuethiks"shx ìkdu`tfd tbus aer ìst e titec ia $51: ghcchik wbfrfestbf \fsthklbiusf @irpirethik s fvecuethik ia Bfedstert ìst$626 >>>( + Tbfy erf ecsi dhaahùct# sigfthgfs hgpisshjcf#ti erreklf # tbf gekhpucethiks ia tbf fxpfrhgfktfrs iatfk jf'hkl uke``fptejcf ti tbf sujm f`ts # ekd tbfy erf si thgf'ìk'sughkl''ht teofs sfvfrec yfers ti dfshlk ekd èrry iut ikf''tbet tbf shtuethik hs ecgist surf ti bevf `beklfd getfrheccyjfairf tbf rfsucts erf hk+ Ki fxpfrhgfkt # girfivfr # èkyhfcd rfchejcf hkairgethik ejiut cikl'tfrg faaf`ts ekdtbfsf # ia+ ìursf # gey iatfk jf tbf gist hgpirtekt+ Tbetwfcaerf rf`hphfkts , whcchklkfss ti wiro hs kit eaaf`tfd gu`bjy tbf hktridu`thik ia e kflethvf hkìgf tex # air fxegpcftfccs kitbhkl ia tbf faaf`ts tbet ek KHT ghlbt bevf ik tbfwiro githvethiks ia educts wbi wfrf `bhcdrfk hk aeghchfswbisf hkìgfs wfrf luerektffd+ Ahkeccy# ht sffgs chofcytbet pich`y gey privf es hggukf ti tbf rfsucts ia fxpfrhgfk'tethik es ti tbisf ia fvecuethik+ Eatfr geohkl e bfed'


22/39

* df Miuvfke5 rfghkds us

Dik Uuhxitf tfstfd ht jyswird+ Tbf bfedphf`f sbettfrfd+

# jut tbhs thgf dhd kit strhof ht # air afer ia5551

Zf`fktcy pich`y ekecysts bevf jffk turkhkl tbfhr ettfk'hgpcfgfktethik* ''tbf systfgeth` ekecyshs ia wbet hs

e`thik+ E cfedhkl# Ecehk Fktbivfk # airgucetfs tbf ofy qufsthiks

C\Mh55 tbf pfipcf ir irlekhzethiks ea'af`tfd rfeccy rfspikd es essugfd9 \bethk`fkthvfs githvetf tbfg9 Hs tbf pri'pisfd ìursf ia e`thik ìgpethjcf whtbtbf hksthtuthiks tbet gust èrry ht iut9# Fktbivfk rfèccs tbet

# G`Kegere # ti ep'tbhk vfhc* EJG dfafksf systfg dfshlkfd ti pritf`t

Tbf Ergy# wbh`b air yfers bed jffk pcekkhkl e# pfrshstfd whtb hts

s irdfr hk aevir ia tbf * tbhkE dffpfr hkshlbt hkti biw tbf Ergy wiucd e`'

* Fktbivfk wrhtfs

wiucde dhaafrfkt rfìggfkdethik+ Ikf

# biwfvfr # biw ek ekecyst ìucd bevf lehkfd e dffpkiulb hkshlbt hkti biw tbf Ergy wiucd rfspikd ti musthay e


23/39


dha a frfk t rfìggfkdethik+ @iucd e pich`y s`hfkthst bevfticd tbf Pf`rftery tbet tbf Ergy wiucd bevf hts wey ki get'tfr wbet bf "tbf Pf`rftery( ghlbt df`hdf9 Dfechkl es htgust whtb su`b fxtrfgf uk`frtehkthfs

hgpcfgfktethik* ep'pfers e gist uksuhtejcf sujm f`t air pich`y s`hfk`f+

Fkiulb bes jffk sehd ia tbfsf prhk`hpec fgpciygfkts iatbf pich`y s`hfkthst ti rfvfec sberp chghtethiks ik bhstf`bkhqufs+ Pigf ia tbfsf erf ia su`b e keturf tbet tbfyèkkit jf fchghketfd ir fvfk gu`b rfdu`fd jy jfttfr tbfirhz'hkl ir jy aurtbfr edvek`fs hk ìgputfr tf`bkicily+ Tbfrfèk jf ki *s`hfkthah` gftbid* air lftthkl kfw prilreg hdfes+Ht whcc ecweys jf hgpisshjcf ti ìkstru`t e airgec gidfctbet whcc jf ia usf ti pich`ygeofrs wbfk# es hs hkverhejcytbf èsf whtb tbf * hgpirtekt * prijcfgs # ikf èkkit hdfkthayecc ia tbf `ru`hec peregftfrs ir get`b tbfg whtb edfquetfdete+ Ki ikf whcc fvfr ahkd e tf`bkhquf air dhsìvfrhkl tbfìk`rftf hgpchèthiks ia veluf # ìktredh`tiry ekd acu`tuet'hkl purpisfs? tbfrf hs ki cilh` jy wbh`b ikf èk pess arigexhicilhèc prhk`hpcfs ti perthùcer vecuf mudlgfkts ekdtbfrf èk jf ki kikerjhtrery wey ia ahkdhkl tbf ipthgectfrgs ia tredf et tbf gerlhk egikl livfrkgfktec ijm f`thvfswbfk''es hs ecweys tbf èsf''tbfy erf kit lhvfk ti jflhkwhtb+ Ahkeccy tbfrf hs ki *ijm f`thvf* wey ia geohkl ìrrf`t


24/39


prijejhchty mudlgfkts= sigf weys ia geohkl su`b mudlgfktserf surfcy jfttfr tbek itbfrs # jut kikf èk ectilftbfr fx'cudf lufsswiro+ Fvfk ha tbf pich`y s`hfkthst ìucd okiw

prf`hsfcy wbet ìksthtutfs *liid biushkl#

liid s`biichkl#ekd si ik # bf ìucd kit okiw "fx`fpt hk èsfs si ijvhius esti jf ukhktfrfsthkl( wbh`b pich`y ectfrkethvf wiucd yhfcdtbf prfafrrfd sft ia ìksfqufk`fs+ Hk e wircd hk wbh`bfvfrytbhkl# hk`cudhkl ia ìursf iphkhiks es ti wbet hs prfa'frejcf # hs sujmf`t ti rephd `beklf # tbhs chghtethik gust jfia fkirgius hgpirtek`f+ Dfsphtf bhs `cehgs ti gftbid ekdtf`bkhquf # tbf pich`y s`hfkthst gust hk ecc ia tbfsf gettfrsgeof up bhs ghkd vfry gu`b es itbfr pfrsiks di ekd ecweysbevf dikf+

Ha ti tbf hkbfrfkt chghtethiks ik ekecythèc tf`bkhqufsikf edds tbf fxhstfkthec ikfs # pich`y s`hfk`f eppfers affj'cfr sthcc+ @ikshdfr # air fxegpcf # tbf pre`thèc dhaahùc'thfs hk tbf wey ia lftthkl rfchejcf dete ik ecgist ekytbhklair fxegpcf # tbet hk 581> ekd elehk hk 58 tbf Jurfeu ia

tbf @fksus aehcfd ti ìukt ikf jceò gecf hk tfk # ekd tbethk 58 tbf Jurfeu # bevhkl ìk`cudfd tbet hts 581> ekd 586>dete ik biushkl ìkdhthiks wfrf bhlbcy hke`ùretf # tbfk ìc'cf`tfd kikf et ecc+

Tbfrf erf pre`thèc dhaahùcthfs # tii # sigfthgfs hk'supfrejcf ikfs # hk lftthkl pich`y'geofrs ti teof tbf wiro ia


25/39


tbf ekecyst sfrhiuscy# ekd tbfsf erf chofcy ti fxhst fvfk hatbf eke5ys t , s wiro dfsfrvfs ti jf teofk sfrhius 5y + Pigferhsf arig tbf ekecyst, s aehcurf ti spfeo e cekluelf tbettbf pich`y'geofr ukdfrstekds+ Ti jf surf # geky ia tbisf wbibevf jffk trehkfd hk tbf tf`bkhqufs ia pich`y s`hfk`f edeptwbfk pce`fd hk e pich`y'geohkl sftthkl# jy sujirdhkethkls`hfk`f* ti ìggik sfksf+ E pich`y s`hfkthst wbi ceòstbhs acfxhjhchty# biwfvfr # hs chofcy ti ahkd tbet bf èkìggukhètf ikcy whtb itbfr pich`y s`hfkthsts+ Tbf pichth'èc fxfùthvf

wbftbfr fcf`tfd ir eppihktfd # ekd tbf cew'geofr ekd bhs steaa # ectbiulb hktfcchlfkt ekd wfcc hkairgfddi kit okiw kiw ekd erf kit chofcy hk tbf auturf ti okiwfkiulb stethsth`s ti hktfrprft tbf ekecyst s rfpirts? hk'dffd # tbf gftbid ekd gidf ia tbiulbt ia tbf ekecyst erfchofcy ti strhof + tbf pre`thèc gek es pfrvfrsf # fvfk rhdhù'cius +

Tbf whdfst luca jftwffk tbf ekecyst ekd tbf pich`y'geofr hs kit tbf ìggukhèthiks ikf # biwfvfr+ Tbf girf hg'pirtekt ae`t hs tbet wbet hs ia ahrst hgpirtek`f ti tbf air'gfr hs lfkfreccy ia chttcf ir ki hgpirtek`f ti tbf cettfr+Typhèccy tbf elfk`y bfed hs `bhfacy ìk`frkfd whtb gehk~tehkhkl ekd fkbek`hkl bhs irlekhzethik ekd tbfrfairf whtbtbhkls tbet gey geof e liid hgprfsshik ik tbisf "tbf \bhtfBiusf # ìklrfsshikec ìgghttffs # hktfrfst lriups # gfdhe # ekd


26/39


si ik( wbi èk bfcp ir burt hk tbhs? tbf ekecyst s wirdswhcc èrry wfhlbt whtb bhg ikcy wbfk ekd ikcy hksiaer estbfy erf usfauc hk bhs dey'ti'dey teso ia afkdhkl iaa tbfelfk`y s fkfghfs ekd jrhklhkl hts arhfkds hkti e `cisfr fg'jre`f+ Tbf fcf`tfd iaah`hec, s èsf hs kit fssfktheccy dha'afrfkt= typhèccy bhs gehk ìk`frk hs hk jfhkl rf'fcf`tfdekd ti spfkd thgf ekd faairt ik gettfrs tbet di kit prighsfti hgprivf bhs pishthik whtb bhs ìksthtufkts jy tbf thgf iatbf kfxt fcf`thik''shx yfers bfk`f et tbf gist''hs e cuxurybf rerfcy èk eaaird+ Tbf ìk`cushiks "*bypitbfsfs ( ia estudy ia tbf rfspiksfs ia e Pfketf ìgghttff ekd ia iaah'`hecs ia tbf Aiid ekd Drul Edghkhstrethik ti pich`y ekecyshserf tbfrfairf kit et ecc surprhshkl= *@iklrfss hs ecgist ti'teccy hgpfrvhius ti systfgeth` ekecyshs # perthùcercy hk tbfsbirt ruk+

Ha tbf pich`y'geofr hs hgpfrvhius ti pich`y ekecyshshts hgpe`t ik ich` gey kfvfrtbfcfss jf lrfet+ Hkdffd # tbfprichafrethik ia pich`y s`hfk`f hs geohkl pich`y prijcfgsgirf kugfrius ekd ìgp cfx+ Devhd O+ @ibfk ekd Mekft\fhss sbiw tbhs hk tbfhr rfvhfw ia tbf * tirrfkt* ia rfsfer`bdikf ik s`biics ekd re`f shk`f tbf Jriwk v+ Jierd ia Fduè'thik df`hshik+ Ikf study# tbfy aiukd # cfd ti ekitbfr tbetwes girf sipbhsthètfd ekd tbfk ti sthcc ekitbfr # ekd si ik+Tbf quechty ia rfsfer`b hgprivfd es tbf pri`fss wfkt ik # jut


27/39


tbf iutìgf wes kit lrfetfr `cerhty ejiut wbet ti tbhko irti di # jut # hkstfed # usueccy# e lrfetfr sfksf ia ìgpcfxhty#e sbhathkl hk tbf tfrgs ia tbf prijcfg # ekd girf *gysthah'èthik* hk tbf hktfrprftethik ia ahkdhkls+ Ikf tbhkl hs`cfer arig tbhs stiry# * @ibfk ekd \fhss ìk`cudf

tbf girfrfsfer`b ik e si`hec prijcfg prispfrs # tbf berdfr ht hs airpich`y'geofrs ekd ìurts ti lft tbf sirt ia luhdek`f tbfyiatfk wekt= `cfer rfìggfkdethiks ejiut wbet ti di # ir etcfest `cfer ectfrkethvfs+ Et hts jfst # tbfy sey# si`hecrfsfer`b *privhdfs e rfesikejcf sfksf ia tbf verhius weys eprijcfg èk jf ukdfrstiid ekd e rfesikejcf e`ìukt ia biwsicuthiks ghlbt jf epprie`bfd+ ^frbeps ikf hs musthahfd hkìk`cudhkl "wbet tbfy di kit( tbet ht hs feshcy pisshjcf tibevf tii gu`b ia e liid tbhkl= tbet ek ekecythèc si`hftygey hk`rfesf hts prijcfgs wbhcf df`rfeshkl hts ejhchty tiìpf whtb tbfg+ 58

~~e t bes jffk sehd si aer sbiucd bevf rfchfvfd eky rfedfrwbi ghlbt bevf aferfd tbet tbf pich`y s`hfkthsts erf fxfr`hshkl

ukduf hkacufk`f+ Hk ae`t # tbfy bevf vfry chttcf hkacufk`f''`frtehkcy vfry chttcf ia e dhrf`t ohkd+ \bet sigfikf sehd iatbf df`hshiks rfsucthkl hk Gfdhèrf ekd Gfdhèhd''tbet tbfywfrf tbf rfsuct ia kflithethiks jftwffk *\hcjur ekd \hcjur"@iklrfssgek \hcjur Ghccs ekd Bfectb # Fduèthik ekd \fcaerf


28/39


Pf`rftery \hcjur @ibfk( ekd wfrf kit dhrf`tcy rfcetfd tieky rfsfer`b''gey diujtcfss jf sehd ia ecgist ecc ia tbfhgpirtekt df`hshiks gedf whtb rflerd ti airfhJk eaaehrsfkfrly# wfcaerf # ekd tbf rfst+ \rhthkl wbfk sthcc e ZEKDekecyst # Megfs Z+ P`bcfshklfr levf * twi `bffrs ekd e beca*air pich`y ekecyshs''ht wiucd # bf sehd

sbeof up geky estecf ghcc pikd* jut bf wfkt ik ti essfrt''ekd bf bhgsfcabes rf`fktcy dfgikstretfd''tbet dfgi`reth` pich`hfs wiucdrfgehk uk`beklfd= * + e ìgjhkethik ia phf' hk'tbf'soyekd e'jhrd' hk'tbf'bekd+ ##

Tbf pichthèc hksthtuthiks bekdfd diwk jy tbf AiukdhklAetbfrs bevf privfd rfgeroejcy rfshstekt ti ecc faairts tigeof pichthèc chaf girf rethikec+ ^fraf`tcy ewerf tbet tbflrfet teso +ia livfrkgfkt hs ti lhvf pichthèc cfedfrsbhp''ti `rfetf ekd gehktehk ìkdhthiks tbet aistfr tbf lriwtb iae pujch` iphkhik èpejcf ia hktfcchlfkt dhsùsshik ekd iaelrffgfkt''tbf Aiukdfrs wfrf ecsi pfraf`tcy ewerf tbet tbetteso ìucd kfvfr jf auccy e`ìgpchsbfd+ Tbf keturf ia gekes tbfy ukdfrstiid ht # prf`cudfd tbf rfpce`fgfkt ia pichth`sjy rfesik+ Bfk * Beghctik werkfd hk Afdfrechst Ki+

erfegjhthius # vhkdh`thvf # ekd repe`hius+ Tbfy wfrf sus`fpthjcfia sigf hgprivfgfkt jut kit ia e lrfet dfec= `frtehkcy tbfyìucd kit # es tbf bhcisi bfs suppisfd # jf jriulbt ti pfraf`'thik+ Ptrullcf ekd ìkach`t # biwfvfr gutueccy dhsedvektelfius


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wfrf hkfredhèjcf # ekd tbfrfairf tbf prijcfg ia tbf stetfs'gek wes ti ahkd weys ia ìktehkhkl tbfg # kit ia fchghkethkltbfg+ Hk tbf systfg ia `bfòs ekd jecek`fs tbet tbfy dfvhsfdtbf Aiukdfrs rfspikdfd ti tbf pichthèc rfechthfs ia tbfhrdey "ti tbf ìkach`t jftwffk cerlf stetfs ekd sgecc ekd tbfKirtb ekd Piutb perthùcercy( ekd ti wbet tbfy okfw wiucd jftbf ìkthkuhkl ae`t ia pichthèc strullcf+

Tbet tbf hkbfrhtfd stru`turf ia tbf afdfrec systfg besrfgehkfd tbus aer suaah`hfktcy arelgfktfd ti hksurf tbfsuprfge`y ia e girf ir cfss dfgi`reth` pichth`s gey cfed usti ivfrciio ir ukdfrfsthgetf tbf hgpirtek`f ia tfkdfk`hfstbet bevf cikl jffk et wiro # tbet erf kiw e``fcfrethkl# ekdtbet bevf `beklfd ekd whcc `beklf aurtbfr tbf fssfkthec`bere`tfr ia iur pichthèc systfg+ Gidfrk Egfrhè # e`'ìrdhkl ti Zijfrt F+ Cekf # bes air sigf thgf jffk givhkltbf dhrf`thik ia jfìghkl e *okiwcfdlfejcf si`hfty* "ikf hkwbh`b # girf tbek hk itbfr si`hfthfs # gfk hkquhrf hkti tbfjeshs ia tbfhr jfchfas # erf luhdfd jy ijm f`thvf stekderdsia trutb # dfvitf ìkshdfrejcf rfsiur`fs ti lftthkl ekdhktfrprfthkl okiwcfdlf + ekd fgpciy tbhs okiwcfdlf ti hccug'hketf ekd pfrbeps gidhay tbfhr vecufs ekd liecs es wfcc esti edvek`f tbfg(+ Hk suppirt ia tbhs vhfw # bf kitfs # airfxegpcf # tbet arig 584> ti 5810 Afdfrec livfrkgfkt fxpfkdh'turfs air rfsfer`b ekd dfvfcipgfkt hk`rfesfd arig $ jhcchik "bf wes wrhthkl hk 5811? jy 58


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bed rhsfk ti $:: jhcchik(# tbet arig 5860 ti 5810 fxpfk'dhturfs air rfsfer`b ekd dfvfcipgfkt jy `iccflfs ekd ukh'vfrshthfs hk`rfesfd arig $4:> ghcchik ti $5> ghcchik "hktbf aicciwhkl 5> yfers tbfy hk`rfesfd ti $0086 ghcchik(#ekd tbet hk tbf sfvfk yfers arig 586< ti 5814 tbf kugjfria ^b+ s `ikafrrfd ekkueccy hk`rfesfd arig 5 104 ti : 0:>hk tbf chaf s`hfk`fs "hk 58 hk tbf si`hec s`hfk`fs "hk 584>(+ :5 Tbet jftwffk 5816 ekd 58


31/39

ÎCH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC G^~KFPP

arig ìccflf''fkiulb # surfcy# ti eaaf`t vfry priaiukdcy tbf`bere`tfr ia tbf fcf`tiretf+

E prhk`hpec ìksfqufk`f ia lriwtb hk tbf dhrf`thik iatbf *okiwcfdlfejcf si`hfty# * Cekf tbhkos # bes jffk e sbrhko'elf ia tbf *pichthèc digehk* "wbfrf df`hshiks erf dftfrghkfdjy ècùcethiks ia hkacufk`f # piwfr # ekd fcf`tirec edvektelf(rfcethvf ti tbf *okiwcfdlf digehk* "wbfrf tbfy erf dftfrghkfdjy ècùcethiks ia biw ti hgpcfgfkt elrffd'upik vecufsrethikeccy ekd faah`hfktcy(+ îchth`s # Cekf eòkiwcfdlfswhcc kit `fesf ti fxhst fvfk hk tbf gist okiwcfdlfejcf iasi`hfthfs M jut es iur si`hfty jfìgfs girf okiwcfdlfejcfpichthèc `rhtfrhe df`chkf hk rfcethvf hgpirtek`f# ekd pri'afsshikec # prijcfg'irhfktfd s`hfkthsts ìgf ti bevf e cerlfrsey+ Tbhs # ia ìurs+f M fktehcs dhaafrfk`fs hk tbf keturf iapich`y htsfca+ Ikf su`b dhaafrfk`f hs hk tbf vfry ìks`hiuskfss"Cekf s fgpbeshs( ia e prijcfg+

Tbf gek hk tbf ghddcf ia e prijcfg"shòkfss # pivfrty M westf ekd fspf`heccyhlkirek`f( iatfk difs kit okiw tbet tbfrfhs ekytbhkl prijcfgeth` ejiut bhs stetf+Bf gey e``fpt bhs ìkdhthik es fgjidyhkltbf ìsts ia chvhkl++++ Iatfk ht teofsyfers ia dfdhètfd elhtethik ti geofpfipcf ewerf tbet tbfy chvf hk tbf ghdstia e prijcfg+

Tbf ùrhius tbhkl ejiut gidfrk thgfs # Cekf rfgeros # hs tbfdflrff ti wbh`b tbf livfrkgfkt ukdfrteofs ti di wbet usfd tijf dikf jy tbf elhtetir? ìks`hiuskfss ia e prijcfg gey hk


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ÎCH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC GEDKFPP#

tbf okiwcfdlf si`hfty ìgf ahrst "bhs fgpbeshs( ti tbfs`hfkthah` ekd livfrkgfktec eutbirhthfs+ Okiwcfdlf tbus`rfetfs e prfssurf air pich`y `~eklf whtb e air`f ecc hts

ivg ? ht *sfts up e dhsfUuhchjrhug ir prfssurf wbh`b rfquhrfsìgpfksethkl tbiulbt ir e`thik+ ##:4

Ectbiulb bf trhfs berd ti evihd geohkl vecuf mudlgfkts"bf hs + eatfr ecc # e si`hec s`hfkthst wrhthkl air e priafs'shikec miurkec(# ikf lfts tbf hgprfsshik tbet Cekf tbhkosiur si`hfty+ hgprivfs jy jfìghkl girf okiwcfdlfejcf= kiwtbet s`hfkthah` ekd livfrkgfktec eutbirhthfs teof tbf cfedhk dhsìvfrhkl ekd dfahkhkl si`hec prijcfgs + surfcy tbfywhcc jf jriulbt ti sicuthik aestfr+hs tbf hgpchèthik+

Tbet # ht wiucd sffg

Cekf r P ìkahdfk`f hk tbf s`hfkthah` ekd livfrkgfkteceutbirhthfs hs ghspce`fd # biwfvfr+ Tbhs hs fvhdfkt arigtbf fxegpcfs bf lhvfs ia * hgpirtekt ahkdhkls * hk tbf si`hecs`hfk`fs pridu`fd jy tbf s`hfkthah` epperetus ia tbf okiw'cfdlfejcf si`hfty+ Bhs fxegpcfs erf tbfsf= tbe t tbf VkhtfdPtetfs rekofd 51tb egikl kethiks hk tbf retf ia hkaekt gir'techty hk 5815 "tbhs hlkirfs tbf ae`t tbet tbf V+ P+ dfahkfshkaekt girtechty girf hk`cushvfcy tbek di `frtehk itbfrìuktrhfs # air fxegpcf # Pwfdfk(? tbet ht wiucd ìst ejiut$5> jhcchik e yfer ti rehsf ecc ia tbf hkdhvhduecs ekdaeghchfs kiw jfciw e sujshstfk`f hkìgf ti tbet cfvfc "tbf


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ÎCH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC Gac~KFPP

pbresf *sujshstfk`f hkìgf* hs ia ìursf gfekhklcfss?epert arig tbet # tbf stetfgfkt hs ghscfedhkl jfèusfgfesurfs ti rehsf hkìgfs ia tbf *piir* ti sigf e``fptejcfcfvfc wiucd hkfvhtejcy ettre`t geky kfwìgfrs''biw gekydfpfkdhkl upik tbf cfvfc sft'' hkti tbf ètfliry *piirtbe t tbf rfhkair`hkl fxpfrhfk`f air ìkvh`tfd `rhghkecswbhcf hk m ehc rfsucts hk bhlb retfs ia rf`hdhvhsg "gekyitbfr èusfs ia rf`hdhvhsg erf girf hgpirtekt(? tbetpiccuthik ia sihc whtb ersfkh` pfsth`hdfs èusfs èk`frhk s`biic `bhcdrfk "tbhs arig Ze`bfc @ersik H s Phcfktrhk (? tbet tbf girf ek hkdhvhduec hktfre`ts whtbpfrsiks ia ekitbfr re`f # ftbkh` lriup# ft`+ # tbf cfsschofcy bf hs ti jf prfmudh`fd elehkst tbfg "ìucd httbet pfrsiks wbi erf kit prfmudh`fd erf girf chofcy tihktfre`t9(

\by erf tbfsf * ahkdhkls

hgpirtekt* Purfcy kitjfèusf tbfy ìksthtutf # ir pihkt ti

sicuthiksia pich`y prijcfgs+ Tbfy erf hgpirtekt es pripelekde=jy `rfethkl dhssethsae`thik tbfy whcc cfed ti `beklf+Okiwcfdlf ekd wbet hs rf erdfd es okiwcfd f "fgpbeshs

eddfd( # * Cekf seys

hs prfssurf whtbiut prfssurf lriups+++Tbf hkacufk`f ia priafsshikecs ekd tbfhr essi`hethiks # bfeòkiwcfdlfs # hs *kit ecc liid * jut ht hs # bf tbhkoslfkfreccy r~spiksh vf ti tbf kffds ia si`hfty+


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Ikf gey wfcc rfe`b e ìktrery mudlgfkt= kegfcy# tbetpriafsshikecs # jfèusf ia tbfhr ìgghtgfkt ti tbf hdfec iarethikechty# erf `brikhèccy lhvfk ti ahkdhkl aeuct whtbhksthtuthiks "*jrhklhkl ti pujch` ìks`hiuskfss* kfwsi`hec prijcfgs( ekd jy vhrtuf ia tbfhr gestfry ia tf`b'khqufs ia ekecyshs # ti dhspceyhkl tbf ecgist hkahkhtf ìg'pcfxhty ekd egjhluhty ia eky prijcfg+ Chof tbf si`hecrfsfer`bfrs ia e lfkfrethik ir twi eli # tbf pich`y s`hfkthstìktrhjutfs prijcfgs # kit sicuthiks+ ' Jut wbfrfes hk tbfpest tbf prijcfgs wfrf ikfs tbet eppferfd gekelfejcf ti gfkia ìggik sfksf ekd wfrf ukdfrstiid ti chf hk tbf digehk iatbf pichth`hek ir stetfsgek # kiw tbfy erf ikfs tbet bevfjffk sbiwk ti jf tii ìgpchètfd air gfk ia ìggik sfksfti dfec whtb ekd tbfy erf girf ekd girf # jfchfvfd tihk tbf digehk ia tbf pich`y s`hfkthst+

QHHHt hs e deklfrius dfcushik ti tbhko tbet tbf pich`y

s`hfkthst èk suppcekt su``fssauccy tbf pichth`hek irstetfsgek+ Pi`hec prijcfgs erf et jittig pichthèc? tbfyerhsf arig dhaafrfk`fs ia iphkhik ekd hktfrfst ekd # fx`fpthk trhvhec hkstek`fs # erf dhaahùcthfs ti jf ìpfd whtb"hlkirfd # lit eriukd # put up whtb # fxir`hsfd jy tbf ertsia rbftirh` # ft`+ ( retbfr tbek puzzcfs ti jf sicvfd+ :6Hk ìphkl whtb dhaahùcthfs # airgec ekecyshs gey sigfthgfs


35/39

^ICH@X P@HFK@F EKD GFTE^BXPH@EC GEDKFPP

jf bfcpauc M jut ht hs kit ecweys si+ "\iucd ekyikf gehktehktbet hk tbf @ikvfkthik ia 5


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^ICH@X P@HFK@F EP GFTE^BXPH@EC GEDKFPPAIITKITFP

5+ Tbf ahlurfs erf arig Dr+ @cero @+ Ejt

Tiwerd tbfJfkfaht)@ist Fvecuethik ia V+ P+ Livfrkgfkt Pi`hec Zfsfer`bEjt Essi`hetfs # Hk`+ # @egjrhdlf # Gess+ # 58


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ÎCH@X P@HFK@F EP ~aahTE^BXPH@EC GEDKFPPAIITKITFP

tbf Afcs @fktfr # tbf Zidkfy C+ vcchhtf @fktfrair Ahkek`hec Zfsfer`b # tbf Cfikerd DevhsHksthtutf ia Bfectb Fìkigh`s # tbf Gestfr iaûjch` Edghkhstrethik prilreg # tbf HkdustrhecZfsfer`b Vkht # tbf Cejir Zfcethiks @iuk`hctbf Gucthkethikec Fktfrprhsf Vkht # tbf Jus`b@fktfr # ekd tbf Gekelfgfkt ekd JfbevhirecP`hfk`f @fktfr+ \bertik FAE hs ecchfd whtbtbet s`biic+ Ecc erf ìk`frkfd whtb pujch`pich`y+ Hk eddhthik # e lrfet dfec ia itbfrcfss airgeccy irlekhzfd rfsfer`b et \bertikhs ia e pujch` pich`y `bere`tfr+0+ > Erkicd M++ Gfctskfr # îch` Ekec shs hk tbf Jurfeu`re`Vkhvfrshty ia @echairkhe ^rfss 58

edward c. banfield, policy science as metaphysical madness

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