Edward Chace Tolman's Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly.

Edward Chace Tolman

Cognitive Styles

Cognitive Styles-Refer to the preferred way an individual processes information.

Abilities• Describe peak

performance• Unipolar Dimensions

Styles• Describe a person's

typical mode of thinking , remembering or problem solving

• Bipolar Dimensions

Cognitive Style• Usually described as a personality

dimension which influences attitudes, values and social interactions.

Cognitive Styles

Field Independence• To distinguish figures as

discrete from their backgrounds.

• Instrinsic motivation and are influence less by social reinforcement.

Field Dependence• Experience events in an

undifferentiated way.• Greater social orientation.

Other Cognitive Styles

• 1)Scanning-Differences in the extent and intensity of attention resulting in variations in the vividness of experience and the span of awareness.

• 2)Leveling versus Sharpening-Individual variations in remembering that pertain to the distinctiveness of memories and the tendency to merge similar events.

• 3)Reflection versus Impulsivity-Individual consistencies in the speed and adequacy with which alternative hypotheses are formed and responses made.

• 4)Conceptual Differentiation-Differences to categorize perceived similarities among stimuli in terms of separate concepts or dimensions

Learning Styles

• Learning Styles- Specifically deal with characteristics style of learning.

Kolb (1984)Four Principal Stages1)Concrete Experiences (CE)2)Reflective Observation (RO)3)Abstract Conceptualization (AC)4)Active Experimentation (AE)

Four types of Learners1)Divergers2)Assimilators3)Convergers4)Accomodators

Pask

-He described a learning style called Serialist versus Holist.• Serialist- Prefer to learn in a sequestial

fashion• Holist- Prefer to learn in a hierarchial

manner.

*Cronbach and Snow (2000)*Bernice McCarthy4 Learning Modes1)Analytic2)Imaginative3)Common Sense4)Dynamic* Dunn and Dunn (1999) Learning styles framework seems to be useful in terms of creating teacher awareness of individual differences in learning.

Latent Learning

Edward Chace Tolman

Latent Learningis learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior change.

Insight Learning

• It is a learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the ingredients of a problem.