ee302-16440 lecture 2 - the professional engineer

8/11/2019 EE302-16440 Lecture 2 - The Professional Engineer

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THEPROFESSIONAL

ENGINEER

EE302Spring2014

1

bywhichthepropertiesofmatterandthe

people.

euseo sc encean tec no ogytoso vet eproblemsthatsocietyfacesortoprovide

pro uctsw c soc ety es res.

2


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ABET* Definition of En ineerin

Theprofessioninwhichaknowledgeofthe

study,experience,andpracticeisappliedwith

u gmen o eve opways ou ze,econom

ically,thematerialsandforcesofnatureforthe

benefitofmankind.

*AccreditationBoardforEngineeringandTechnology3

The engineersprimary

goal

is

to

solve

practical

problems.

Thethingthatsetsengineersapartisthemannerin

whichtheyapproachproblems. Thediscipline

allowsanalyzing,reasoning,andsolvingdifficult

.

Engineershaveabasicknowledgeofmathematics,

p ys cs,c em s ry,

an

ea y

oso ve

comp ex

problems.

ng neer ng s

technical creative challenging

exciting difficult FUN!!!4


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Engineersvs.Scientists

Scientists

functions.

Resultoftheirworkisexpansionofknowledge.

Finalproductoftenpublicationofaresearchpaper.

EngineersEngineerssolveproblems;theresultoftheirworkisthe

developmentandproduction(orimprovement)ofa

u .

ManyIssues

Safety Ethics Publicgood Economics5

Therole

of

engineer

and

scientist

are

interrelated

Anengineermayneednewscientificknowledgetosolvea

problem. Scientistsmaybeguidedbythepotentialfor

theirdiscovery.

Engineeringisacreativeprofession

Mustfacenewproblemsneedingimaginationfor

.

Problemmayhaveincompleteinformation.

Practitioners arehi hl skilled ri orous ro ram of stud

andcontinuouseducation).

Ethicalandtechnicalresponsibilities.

Welleducatedandactivecitizens.

6


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7

EngineersSolveProblemsinaHighlyOrganizedWay:

TheScienti ic

Problem

Solvin

Method

Step1:ProblemStatement

Descri et epro emto eso ve . T e escriptionmust

containalltheessentialinformationregardingtheproblem.

Asktwoimportantquestions:whatessentialinformationis

givenandwhatistobedetermined?

Step2:Diagram

Visualizetheproblembypreparingasketchordiagram. The

diagramshouldshowthesetupoftheproblem.

Toobtainasolution,youmustdescribearelationshipbetween

whatisgivenandwhatistobefound. Thisisknownas

modeling. Itoftenconsistsofdevelopingmathematical

equationsdescribingthesystem.8


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TheScientificProblemSolvingMethod

Step4:Assumptions

Clearlydefinetheassumptionsmadetosimplifytheproblems

. ,

andmaystronglyaffectthefinalsolution. Youmayfindsome

assumptionsarenotacceptable.

Step5:Solution

Presentthesolutioninamannereasilyfollowedbyother

eng neers. ocumen yourso u oncare u y. e

comprehensive. Provideenoughdatasothatyoursolutioncan

bechecked.

Step6:VerificationandFinalResults

Youneed

to

verify

your

result,

if

this

is

possible.

You

must

check

eaccuracyo eso u on,ma ngsure a noerrorsare

present. AlwaysaskIsthissolutionreasonable?9

Typesof

Engineering

Problems

ClosedEnd

Typicallyusedinclasses. Focusonteachingaparticular

technique.

Developinganewprocessoritem.

TroubleshootinDiagnosingaprobleminanexistingitemorprocess.

Simulation

Determininghowsomethingworksandcreatingmodelsto

explainthebehavior.

10


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11

Engineeringdesignisoneofthemostbasic,

,

engineer.

n

ac ,

ewor

eng neer

comes

rom

theLatinwordingenerare,whichmeansto

crea e.

12


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Perhapsthebestdefinitionofengineering

es gn s a g ven y :

Engineeringdesignistheprocessofdevisingasystem,

component,or

process

to

meet

desired

needs.

It

is

a ec s onma ngprocess o en era ve , nw c

thebasicsciences,mathematics,andengineering

tomeetastatedobjective. Amongthe

establishmentofobjectivesandcriteria,synthesis,

anal sis

construction

testin

andevaluation.

13

Itshould

be

realized

that:

Successfuldesignproceduresarequitevariedthereisno

widelyacceptedsequenceofstepsoralgorithmforsuccess.

Variousmodelshavebeenadvancedfordescribingthedesign

process.

Mostgoodengineersdeveloptheirownapproachesand

strategiesfordesign.

Onehaslotsoffreedom.

Theengineerfocusesondesignasaproblemsolution. The

designprocessmaybeviewedastheroadmapthatguidesthe

designerfromtheproblemtoitssolution.

Theproducttodaymaynotsimplybeadevice. Forexample,

softwareisaproductwherethedesignprocessisapplied. 14


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15

INTELLECTUALPROPERTY

Intellectualpropertylawshavesignificanceforengineersin

theirca acitiesasauthors inventors andbusinessmenand

women. InformationAge

Intellectualpropertyisgroupedintofourmainareas:Trade

secrets,Trademarks,Copyrights,Patents.

Intellectualpropertyalsoincludesvariousspecificlegal

nnova ons.

Example: SemiconductorChipProtectionActof1984

T isactprovi e a10yeartermo protectionan was

designedtopreventcopyingofthemasksetsusedfor

manufacturingintegratedcircuits.

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TRADESECRET Atradesecretisanyconfidentialformula,device,orother

informationthatmaygivesomeoneanadvantageover

.

Example:

CocaCola

formula.

ra esecre sarepro ec e un ers a e aw. n exas, awsu s

mustbefiledwithin2yearsafteratheftisdiscoveredor

whenitshouldhavebeenreasonablydiscovered.

Atradesecretmustbekeptsecret,anditcanlastindefinitely.

Aninventioncanbeprotectedasatradesecret. However,

havedisadvantagesinthatprotectionislostiftheinventionis

disclosed,

independently

invented,

or

reverse

engineered Thereisalsoadisadvantagetosociety: Theinformationisnot

freelyavailabletopromoteadditionaldiscoveries.17

TRADEMARK Atrademarkisaword,phrase,symbol,ordesignthatidentifies

thesourceofthegoodsorservicesanddistinguishesthemfrom

.

Example:CocaColamarkanddesign,Kodak(aname),

McDonalds olden arches a s mbol .

Unlikepatentsandcopyrights,trademarkrightscanlast

indefinitelyif

the

owner

continues

to

use

the

mark.

Trademarksaregenerallyderivedunderstatelaw,butmaybe

registeredfederallyinthe

UnitedStatesPatentandTrademark

Office(PTO).

Thetermofafederaltrademarkregistrationis10years,with10

yearrenewalavailable.18


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COPYRIGHTS

Acopyrightisarightgiventoauthorsof "originalworks"

whichgivesthemtheexclusiverighttoreproducethework,

preparederivativeworks,ortoperformorplaythework

publicly.

copyr g pro ec s eau or rom av ng e rwor cop e

byothers.

,

momenttheworkisfixedinatangiblemediumof

expressionuntiltheauthordiesplus70years(95yearsif

owne yacorporation . Copyrig tswereexten e y20

yearsbyCongressin1998.

LibraryofCongress.19

COPYRIGHTS,CONT.

Anideaisnotcopyrightable;expressionsofthatideaare.

Example:Einsteincouldnotcopyright

E=mc2

However,hecouldcopyrighthisbooksonthissubject.

y w u

formulas methods principles

concepts procedures discoveriesprocesses

(i.e.,theabovearenot copyrightable)

Thisisamethodofbookkeepingoraccountingthatisnotcopyrightable.

Examples:Literalmanifestationsofacomputerprogram,RhapsodyinBlue,Casablanca,andMickeyMousearecopyrightable.

20


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SOFTWARELICENSE w y x u .

Asoftwarelicenseisalegalinstrumentthroughcontractlawgoverningtheusage

and/orredistributionofsoftware.

Atypicalsoftwarelicensegrantsanenduserpermissiontouseoneormore

copiesof

the

software

in

ways

where

such

ause

would

otherwise

potentially

constitutecopyrightinfringementofthesoftwareownersexclusiverightsunder

copyrightlaw.

Afreeopensourcelicensemakessoftwarefreeforinspectionofitscode,

, . .,

License)allowtheproductand/orderivativetobecommerciallysold.

Inaproprietarysoftwarelicensethepublishergrantstheuseofoneormore

copiesunderanenduserlicenseagreement.

Ownershipofthecopiesremainswiththepublisher

Certainrights

regarding

the

software

are

reserved

by

the

publisher

(terms)

Theendusermustacceptthesoftwarelicense(withoutacceptanceofthelicensetheendusermaynotusethesoftware).

Example:MicrosoftWindows 21

FREEAND

OPEN

SOURCE

LICENSES

Twocategories:

Permissiveminimalrequirementsonredistribution

Copyleftaimstopreservetheoriginalfreedomsforsubsequentusers

Permissiveexamples:

BSDlicense(usedintheAppleMacintosh)

MITlicense(Unlimitedpermissiontouse,study,andmodifythesoftware.

Thecode

could

be

used

as

part

of

closed

source

software

or

software

releasedunderaproprietarysoftwarelicense).

Copyleft example:GNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL)

ser asu n m e ree om ouse,s u y,an mo y eso ware.

Anymodificationsmadeandredistributedmustincludethesourcecode

andmustnotputadditionalrestrictionsbeyondwhatGPLallows.

Linuxbecamefreein1992whenLinus Torvalds rereleaseditunderthe

GNUGPL.22


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PATENTS

manufacture,useorsaleofhisorherinvention. Afterthat,

anyonecanuseit.

Patentsprotectthesubstanceofideas,whilecopyrightsprotect

onlythe

form

in

which

ideas

are

"fixed".

onsaleformorethanoneyearpriortothefilingofthepatent

application.

U.S.PatentsareonlyvalidintheU.S.,anddonotprovidelegal

protectioninanyothercountries.

oucan eapa en app ca on n n v ua coun r essepara e y.

Thiscanbecomplexandexpensive,aseachhaveindividualpatent

laws.

Youcanalsofileaninternationalpatentapplication,designating

PCT(PatentCooperationTreaty)statesintheapplication. 23

PATENTS,CONT.

. .

inventortoexcludeothersfrommaking,using,orsellingan

invention.

The200yearoldpatentsystemwascreatedtopromoteinnovation.

Intheory,byofferingprotectiontoinventors,apatentencourages

.

Ifaninventorcanreceivealegalmonopolyoveraninvention,

he/she

can

obtain

monopoly

profits

and

thus

have

economic

incentivetoattempttoinvent.

Bydisclosingdetailsofinventionsoncethepatentisgranted,it

.

Informationaboutnewideasanddiscoveriesisdisseminatedtothe

public,thatmightotherwisebekeptsecretbycompanies.

TheU.S.PatentandTrademarkofficehousesabout5.6million

patents. About70,000newpatentsareissuedeachyearintheU.S.24


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PATENTS,CONT.

Tobepatentable,aninventionmustmeetthreecriteria:

.

whathasbeendoneorknownpreviously.

2. Itmustbeuseful(interpretedratherloosely).

3. Itmustbeunobvioustoapersonof"ordinaryskill"inthefield.

Ideas,eventhemostoriginal,arenotpatentable. Einstein

couldn'tpatent

E=mc2 (buthedidpatentarefrigerationprocess).

Patentprotectioncanbeveryimportanttoengineers,inventors,andcompanies. FormanycompaniesinvolvedinR&D,patents

canconstitute

asubstantial

ortion

of

their

assets.

Patents

are

oftenconsideredthesafesttypeofprotection.

25

ISSOFTWARE

PATENTABLE?

26


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YES!!!

Thepatentabilityofsoftwareinventionsisoneofthehotgrowthareasinpatentlawtoday.

Sincescientificprinciplesorabstractideasarenotpatentable,

softwarepatents

based

on

mathematical

algorithms

were

once

.

However,theU.S.SupremeCourtin1981heldthatcertainsoftwarecanbepatented.

Undercurrentlaw,evenifacomputerprogramrecitesamathematicalalgorithm,itmaystillbepatentable(assumingit

mee su y,nove y,an nono v ousnessrequ remen s e

computerprogramisoperatingondatathatrepresentareal,

physicalphenomenon

in

the

real

world

and

produces

an

output

thatrepresentssomerealquantity,i.e.onewhichisnotamere

abstractnumber.27

Aprogramthatmanipulatesinputdatafromapatients

heartbeat,andproducesasignalrelatedtotheheart

signals).

,

videomotiondetection,digitalI/Oand

securityapplications.

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Patentsprovidebroaderprotection.

Apatentprovidesprotectionfromsomeonewhodevelops

aslightly

different

way

of

doing

the

same

thing.

A

co ri ht rotectstheholderonl fromdirectco in or

plagiarism.

Morethan5,500softwarepatentswereissuedinthe

Unite Statesin1995.

Themostactiveareasforsoftwarepatentsarecomputer

networkin semiconductor manufacturin data

compression,computerarchitecture,andencryption.

29

WHYNOT

PATENT

SOFTWARE?

Obtainingapatentcosts$5,000to$10,000(thatcomparesto$20foratwo

pagecopyr g tapp cat onw t no ega ass stancenee e .

Patentsexpireafter20years.

A atent isnt uaranteed rotection. If someone infrin es on our atent it

canbeverycostlytodefendit. Ifabigcompanyinfringesonasmall

company,andtheyvegotlotsofmoney,itskindofmeaningless(Austinhigh

.

Somepeoplefeelthatinventionsshouldbegivenawayforfreetobenefit

mankind(ex.,Linus Torvalds andtheLinuxoperatingsystem).

Keepingtheirworkatradesecretisthemostcommonwaysmallsoftware

companiesprotecttheirintellectualproperty.

.

andusedforyears.30


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OWNERSHIPOFPATENTS

Federallawgovernsthecreationofpatents.

whetheraninventionispatentable

whotheinventoris,etc.

Statelaw

determines

the

ownershipof

patents.

employer,etc.

However,lawspertainingtopatentownershipinemploymentrelationsis

.

Ifanemploymentagreementhasbeensignedwhereworkrelated

inventionsareassignedtotheemployer,theemployerwillhaveownership.

n ea senceo anemp oymen agreemen a oca ngpa en r g s, e

defaultlegalpresumptioninmoststatesisthattheactualinventorownsher

owninventions,

even

ifshe

is

an

employee

(exception:

hired

to

invent

. ,

makeandusetheinventioneveniftheemployeehasownership).

31

PROVISIONALPATENT

APPLICATION

Aprovisionalapplicationforapatentisalegaldocumentthatisfiledwiththe

USPTO

.

Aprovisionalapplicationrequiresspecifications(descriptionanddrawings)

butnotformalpatentclaims,oathsordeclarations,ordisclosurestatements.

prov s ona app cat onexp res n year. ere ore,t e nventormust ea

regularpatentapplicationwithinthistimeorthebenefitislost.

Advantages

of

filing

a

provisional

patent

application: Itisnotcountedaspartofthe20yearlifeofthepatentthatmaybe

subsequentlygranted.

Lowcost(typically$125);allowsaninventortodeferthethe larger

patentcostuntilcommercialviabilityisestablishedorsponsorsobtained.

Easeofpreparation;maybeofparticularvalueifthe1yearpublicuseis

comingup.

Allowtimetoenhanceandrefinethefullapplication.

Allowtheuseofthetermpatentpending32


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PATENTREFORM ,

LeahySmithAmericaInventsAct

whichmakesmajorchangestotheU.S.patentsystem

Streamlinethepatentprocess

Reducecostly

legal

battles

ThisisthefirstmajoroverhauloftheU.S.patentsysteminnearly60years.

Changes:

w c es . . rom rs onven o rs o e sys em

BetterfundsUSPTO(Theagencyhaslostnearly$1Bsince1992becausewhatitreceivesfromCongressislessthanwhatitcollectsinfees. Itnowtakesan

.

Allowsthirdpartiestosubmitinformationthatmayberelevanttothegrantingofapatent.

Allows roducers to continue to use a manufacturin rocess even if anotherinventorlaterpatentstheidea(typicallyatradesecretissue).

Otherchanges(feestructures,etc.)andsomechangesdonttakeeffectforayearormore.

33

FIRSTTO

FILE

SYSTEM

Thisisthemostsignificantchangetothepatentlaw.

ItputstheUnitedStatesinlinewithotherindustrializedcountries.

A atentwillnowbeissuedtothefirstinventortofileavalida lication.

Oldsystem(firsttoinvent):

thefirsttomakethediscovery(regardlessofwhentheyfiledtheir

application).

sresu te nmuc cost y t gat on,re y ngonsecret ocumentsas

partiestriedtoprovetheywerethefirstinventors.

Itwasdifficulttohaveaclearpictureofthevalidityofmanypatents

foryears.

34


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PATENTSEARCHES YoumayusethePublicSearchRoomoftheU.S. PatentandTrademark

OfficeinArlington,VA.

ThreePatentandTrademarkDepository PartnershipLibrarieshaveenhanced,

onsite,up

to

date

patent

and

trademark

information.

They

are

located

in

, , .

Morethan70depositorylibrariesaroundthecountrymaintainpatent

informationforpublicuse.

Theinternet. Searchabledatabasesinclude:

TheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice:http://www.uspto.gov/

. .

GooglePatents:http://www,google.com/patents/

Thesesitestypicallyprovidetextdescriptionsfromearlypatentsissuedbythe

U.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice(


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IBM!

ToppedthelistofU.S.patentwinnersin2011forthe19thyearinarow.

IBMinventorswereawardedarecord6,180patentsin2011,

comparedwith

4,895

for

second

place

Samsung

Electronics

Co.

IBMinventorsinAustinwerenamedinapproximately1,065ofthecompanyspatents(secondplacebehindtheThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenterinNewYork

IBMworkinAustin:

Desi nofUnixbasedservers

Advancedmicroprocessordesign

S stemssoftware

develo ment

ResearchLab37

TOP10

U.S.

PATENTS

IN

2011

1. IBMCorporation 6,180

. ,

3. CanonIncorporated 2,821

4. PanasonicCorporation 2,559

5. ToshibaCorporation 2,483

6. MicrosoftCorporation 2,311

.

,

8. SeikoEpsonCorporation 1,533

9. HonHanPrecision 1,514

10. HitachiLtd 1,465

(8Asianand2U.S.companiesinthetop10)

Inall,theU.S.issuedarecord224,505patentsin2011,up2%from2010.

38


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39

Introduction

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As

members of this profession, engineers are expected to

.

Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of

life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided byengineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity,

and must be dedicated to the protection of the public

ea , sa e y, an we are. ng neers mus per orm un er a

standard of professional behavior that requires adherence

to the hi hest rinci les of ethical conduct.

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Although engineers make technical decisions using precise scientific

principles, answers to ethical questions are often varying shades of

gray.

Engineering ethics:

organizations involved in engineering.

nvo ves re a e ques ons a ou mora con uc , c arac er, ea s an

relationships of peoples and organizations involved in technological

development.

41

NSPECODEOFETHICSFOR

ENGINEERS

http://www.nspe.org/ethics

42


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RulesofPractice,cont.

2. Engineersshallperformservicesonlyintheareasoftheircompetence.

byeducationorexperienceinthespecifictechnicalfields

involved.

b) Engineersshallnotaffixtheirsignaturestoanyplansor

documentsdealingwithsubjectmatterinwhichtheylack

competence,nortoanyp anor ocumentnotprepare

undertheirdirectionandcontrol.

responsibilityforcoordinationofanentireprojectandsign

andseal

the

engineering

documents

for

the

entire

project,

providedthateachtechnicalsegmentissignedandsealed

onlybythequalifiedengineerswhopreparedthesegment.45

RulesofPractice,cont.

. ng neerss a ssuepu cs a emen son y nano ec vean truthfulmanner.

a En ineersshallbeob ectiveandtruthfulin rofessionalreports,statements,ortestimony.Theyshallincludeallrelevantandpertinentinformationinsuchreports,statements ortestimon whichshouldbearthedateindicatingwhenitwascurrent.

b) Engineers

may

express

publicly

technical

opinions

that

are

oun e upon now e geo e ac san compe ence n esubjectmatter.

c En ineersshallissuenostatements,criticisms,orar umentsontechnicalmattersthatareinspiredorpaidforbyinterestedparties,unlesstheyhaveprefacedtheircommentsbyexplicitlyidentif in theinterested artiesonwhosebehalfthe arespeaking,andbyrevealingtheexistenceofanyinteresttheengineersmayhaveinthematters. 46


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RulesofPractice,cont.. .

a) Engineersshalldiscloseallknownorpotentialconflictsofinterestthat

couldinfluenceorappeartoinfluencetheirjudgmentorthequalityoftheir

services.

b) Engineersshall

not

accept

compensation,

financial

or

otherwise,

from

more

thanonepartyforservicesonthesameproject,orforservicespertaining

tothesameproject,unlessthecircumstancesarefullydisclosedandagreed

tobyallinterestedparties.

consideration,directlyorindirectly,fromoutsideagentsinconnectionwith

theworkforwhichtheyareresponsible.

, ,

governmentalorquasigovernmentalbodyordepartmentshallnot

participatein

decisions

with

respect

to

services

solicited

or

provided

by

emor e rorgan za ons npr va eorpu ceng neer ngprac ce.

e) Engineersshallnotsolicitoracceptacontractfromagovernmentalbody

onwhichaprincipalorofficeroftheirorganizationservesasamember. 47

Rules

of

Practice,

cont.5. Engineersshallavoiddeceptiveacts.

a) Engineersshallnotfalsifytheirqualificationsorpermit

' .

notmisrepresentorexaggeratetheirresponsibilityinorforthesubject

matterofpriorassignments.Brochuresorotherpresentationsincident

tot eso c tat ono emp oyments a notm srepresentpert nent acts

concerningemployers,employees,associates,jointventures,orpast

accomplishments.b) Engineersshallnotoffer,give,solicit,orreceive,eitherdirectlyor

indirectly,anycontributiontoinfluencetheawardofacontractby

publicauthority,orwhichmaybereasonablyconstruedbythepublicas

havingtheeffectorintentofinfluencingtheawardingofacontract.

Theyshallnotofferanygiftorothervaluableconsiderationinorderto

. , ,

feeinordertosecurework,excepttoabonafideemployeeorbona

fideestablishedcommercialormarketingagenciesretainedbythem.48


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ThisisPartIIIoftheNSPECodeofEthics

It

consists

of

9

obligations

concerning

honesty,

integrity,

ublicinterest,conduct,confidentialinformation,etc.

Eachobligationhas25additionalspecificstatements.

canonsandrulesofpractice.

49

50


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AttributesEmployersValueMostinCandidates

Communication skills (verbal & written)Teamwork skills (ability to work well with others)

Interpersonal skills (ability to relate well to others)Stron work ethic

In order of importance:

Motivation/initiativeFlexibility/adaptabilityAnalytical skillsComputer skillsOrganizational skillsDetail oriented

Leadership skillsSelf-confidenceFriendly/outgoing personalityWell mannered/politeTactfulnessGPA (3.0 or better)CreativitySense of humor

Entrepreneurial/risk-taking skills

Notice that grade point average is low on the list!

Source: JOB OUTLOOK 2002 National Association of Colleges and Employers51

ee302-16440 lecture 2 - the professional engineer

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