ee392i: seminar on trends in computing and communications€¦ · general seminar introduction ! 5+...
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Course Introduction
EE392I: Seminar on Trends in Computing and Communications
http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee392i/
Spring 2018
Jatinder Singh
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General Seminar Introduction
q 5+ year trends Ø lasting influence on computing & communications
landscape Ø covering platforms, infrastructure, algorithms, enterprise
services, and consumer applications
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General Seminar Introduction
q 5+ year trends Ø lasting influence on computing & communications
landscape Ø covering platforms, infrastructure, algorithms, enterprise
services, and consumer applications
q Invited talks Ø Industry/academia/venture capital sectors
q This quarter: Ø Mobile networks, cloud data management, search and
machine learning, IoT and edge computing
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This year’s seminar Motivation q Research, innovation and hi-tech industry
landscape over the past decade ü services and software sector has flourished in past decade ü infrastructure and h/w being increasingly commoditized
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This year’s seminar Motivation q Research, innovation and hi-tech industry
landscape over the past decade ü services and software sector has flourished in past decade ü infrastructure and h/w being increasingly commoditized
q Past 5-8 years Ø Data consumption growth across the board: consumer and
enterprise. Ø Mobile platforms becoming pervasive Ø Migration of enterprise and IT infrastructures to cloud computing
paradigms. Ø Increased in complexity for the enterprise, over-loaded mobile
networks, security concerns associated with device mobility.
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This year’s seminar Motivation q Research, innovation and hi-tech industry
landscape over the past decade ü services and software sector has flourished in past decade ü infrastructure and h/w being increasingly commoditized
q Past 5-8 years Ø Data consumption growth across the board: consumer and
enterprise. Ø Mobile platforms becoming pervasive Ø Migration of enterprise and IT infrastructures to cloud computing
paradigms. Ø Increased in complexity for the enterprise, over-loaded mobile
networks, security concerns associated with device mobility.
q Seminar significance Ø First hand exposure to these trends Ø Opportunities for businesses, research and development
q This year’s class composition …
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Class Logistics q 1 unit class q Grading: Credit/No Credit based on class attendance and
submissions q Submissions
Ø Class Summaries (at least 8/9)
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Class Logistics q 1 unit class q Grading: Credit/No Credit based on class attendance and
submissions q Submissions
Ø Class Summaries (at least 8/9)
q Class Attendance Ø Sign in sheet will be circulated at the beginning of every class Ø Attend at least 8 classes
q Office Hours: Thursdays, after class, here. q Instructor: Jatinder Singh ([email protected])
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Class Submissions (Lab/Section component) q Class Summaries
Ø Concise summary of the lecture/talk: your thoughtful evaluation of one or more aspects that you learnt and (optionally) how these could lead you to pursue a research problem or advance state-of-the-art via R&D or a start-up. The summary of the whole class not necessary.
Ø Submit at least 8, online. Ø Due within one week of each class.
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This quarter’s Agenda q Cellular Networks: Paradigms, Architecture, and Mobility q Guido Appenzeller, CTO, Cloud & Networking, VMware: Migration of Enterprise
IT to the cloud q Satyajeet Salgar, Product Manager, Google: Google Search and Machine
Learning q Jeremy Clark, Executive Director of Strategy & Operations, Comcast:
Innovation principles under limited time and information q Shubha Nabar, Director of Data Science, Salesforce, Building products using
machine learning q Soham Majumdar, Co-founder, Rubrik, Cloud Data Management: orchestrating
data for hybrid cloud enterprises anytime, anywhere q Tamara StClaire, COO, Basehealth, Inc: Innovation in Healthcare ❒ David Arthur, Google: Google Search Ads Infrastructure ❒ Satyam Vaghani, Vice President: Nutanix
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Lectures 1 - Cellular Networks: Paradigms, Architecture, and Mobility
EE392I: Seminar on Trends in Computing and
Communications
Spring 2018
Jatinder Pal Singh
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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Cellular Networks Basics: Structure
Cells Different
Frequencies or Codes
Base Station Fixed transceiver
Mobile Station Distributed transceivers
Downlink
Uplink Handoff
Multiple Access
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Basics: Multiple Access Methods
Time
Frequency
Codes
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
CMDA: Code Division Multiple Access
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Some More Basics q Uplink & Downlink separated in
Ø Time: Time Division Duplex (TDD), or Ø Frequency: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
q Information (voice, data) is digitized and bit streams modulated onto carrier
q Modulation, data redundancy (coding), transmission power, data retransmissions (ARQ) adapted to varying wireless channel quality
q Spatial attenuation of signal Ø Frequency or codes can be reused (frequency reuse)
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Cellular Technology Evolution
q Early mobile radio systems (e.g. MTS) q 1G: Analog q 2G/3G/4G/5G .. - digital:
3GPP 3GPP2 GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS, WCDMA
HSPA
cdmaOne/IS-95
CDMA2000
EV-DO
2G (+)
3/4/5G
LTE
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) Quick Primer
q 2G: 900/1800 MHz bands (US: 850/1900 MHz) q For 900 MHz band
Ø Uplink: 890-915 Ø Downlink: 935-960
q 25 MHz bandwidth - 124 carrier frequency channels, spaced 200KHz apart
q Time Division Multiplexing for 8 full rate speech channels per frequency
q Handset transmission power limited to 2 W in GSM850/900 and 1 W in GSM1800/1900.
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Legacy Architecture
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Cellular Networks and Internet Cellular Networks Internet
Voice Data
Packet Switched
Controlled Semi-Organic
Good Poor
Incipient Service
Technology
Evolution
Mobility Support
New Services
Circuit Switched Analog
Circuit Switched Digital
C.S. Voice + P.S. Data P.S. Voice, Data
Third party/ independent (largely)
Operator initiated Third party/partnered
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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Mobility
q An inherent and crucial feature of wireless networks
q User mobility warrants re-association with network point of attachment
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Mobility
q An inherent and crucial feature of wireless networks
q User mobility warrants re-association with network point of attachment
q Handoff frequency depends on Ø coverage area of BS/AP, and Ø user bearing
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Mobility
q An inherent and crucial feature of wireless networks
q User mobility warrants re-association with network point of attachment
q Handoff frequency depends on Ø coverage area of BS/AP, and Ø user bearing
q Continuity of applications including voice/data connections -> minimal disruption during the transition. Ø Constraints on permissible hand-off delays
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Handoff in Cellular Networks q Changing association of mobile station from one
BS to another Ø Necessary to support mobility Ø Network/Mobile initiated Ø Hard/Soft
q Target cells: neighbor list q Hand-off Decision Criteria
Ø Signal strength/BER/speech quality/.. q Inter-System / Vertical Handoffs
Ø Cellular/WiFi/WiMAX/..
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Roaming in GSM based networks
q Roaming subscriber registers/notifies serving MSC of location q Registration transferred to home MSC -> HLR updated q Visitor MSC updates VLR by requesting info for roaming node over SS7 q Calls to roaming subscriber routed accordingly by the network
MSC MSC SS7 HLR VLR AuC
HLR VLR AuC
Home MSC Visitor MSC
PSTN
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Mobile IP Home Agent Foreign Agent
Server
q Mobile node gets long term IP address (home address) from HA q When roaming - > Care of Address (CoA) q Home Agent tunnels datagrams to mobile node q FA detunnels and delivers datagrams to mobile node and can act as default
router for outgoing traffic q Mobile node able to communicate with entities having no MIP functionality.
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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Alternative fixed wireless and MAN standards q WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access based on IEEE 802.16 standard
q Applicable scenarios include last-mile broadband access, backhaul for cellular networks, Internet Services
q 802.16 - Fixed WiMAX, 802.16e/m - Mobile WiMAX.
q Licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz. US mostly around 2.5 GHz.
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Wireless Mesh Networks
q Wireless nodes deployed in a mesh topology provide coverage to clients.
q Relay nodes pass on data and are connected to the Internet via gateways.
q Relatively inexpensive means for deploying wireless access.
q Multi-radio mesh networks (e.g. IEEE 802.11 g/a).
q Municipal WiFi Networks prevalent to provide city-wide connectivity.
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Convergence q Heterogeneous access technologies
Ø Multi-homed phones (WiFi, xG)
q Heterogeneous Services q Cellular Internet access and Internet based voice/video
access q Challenges to efficient resource utilization
Ø Time variant heterogeneous network characteristics Ø Heterogeneous applications with different utilities Ø System design and networking challenges
q Several past and ongoing research initiatives Ø References on class website
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Next generation / All IP networks q Proliferation - mobile access to Internet services q Packet-switched architectures integrating IP and wireless technologies -
consolidation of multiple transport networks to all-IP core. q Network provisions heterogeneous services (voice, data, multimedia..) via
packetized transport. q Less operational expense and easy deployment of new services by
providers. q ITU-T definition:
A Next generation network (NGN) is a packet-based network which can provide services including Telecommunication Services and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent from underlying transport-related technologies. It offers unrestricted access by users to different service providers. It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users
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NGMN Historically Envisioned Architecture
Source: http://www.ngmn.org
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Evolution to Simplified Architectures – An Example
RNC
Core
RNC
Core MSC SGSN
Internet PSTN Internet
ANG
LTE HSPA
q Evolved Packet Core in LTE q EPC adopts a flat architecture as compared to HSPA
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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Internet : Sample scenario – Residential Broadband access
Internet
BRAS DSLAM
Home WiFi Router
Technology Fragmentation hinders flexibility /innovation:
§ QoS: Wireless hop (802.11e?), PPPoE, IP QoS (Diffserv) and translation mechanisms
§ Mobility Options: MIP - high-barrier, delay performance, incremental patch rather than clean solution?
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Classical Cellular Scenario
Better QoS, scheduling
Better Mobility support within network
Integrated voice/data Authentication
Downside is excessive edge network delays, costs of network deployment.
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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The Economics
q Spectrum licensing and migration cost Ø Economics of operation: meeting bids vs. system
upgrades for technical innovation
q Stiff competition for both fixed and mobile segments of operators
q Explosion in data traffic, revenue per bit decline q Drive towards services, but deploy-ability
barriers? q Interesting and sometimes conflicting dynamics
for operators with fixed and mobile operation
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Agenda q Basics & Technology Evolution q GSM Legacy Architecture and Functionality q Cellular Mobility q Alternative Models and Transformed
Architectures Ø Alternative wide-area wireless access technologies Ø Convergence Ø All IP paradigms
q Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies
q Economics of operation q From a clean slate
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From a Clean Slate q Greater intelligence at edges of networks, eventually leading to just
network elements of different sizes and capabilities (distributed intelligence)
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From a Clean Slate q Greater intelligence at edges of networks, eventually leading to just
network elements of different sizes and capabilities (distributed intelligence)
q Functional homogeneity in network elements in terms of storage/caching, processing, networking capability. Such network element should likely Ø be multi-homed connected with heterogeneous technologies (including
p2p, delay tolerant), Ø have intelligence for resource allocation, QoS Ø have interaction capability with other network elements (including user
devices), Ø support mobility, handoffs Ø have ability to recognize needs of existing and new applications (HDTV,
phone, streaming video) Ø be plug and play
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From a Clean Slate q Greater intelligence at edges of networks, eventually leading to just
network elements of different sizes and capabilities (distributed intelligence)
q Functional homogeneity in network elements in terms of storage/caching, processing, networking capability. Such network element should likely Ø be multi-homed connected with heterogeneous technologies (including
p2p, delay tolerant), Ø have intelligence for resource allocation, QoS Ø have interaction capability with other network elements (including user
devices), Ø support mobility, handoffs Ø have ability to recognize needs of existing and new applications (HDTV,
phone, streaming video) Ø be plug and play
q Interfacing of applications/services (QoS specs) with underlying serving networks for fast and easy deployment.
q Heterogeneity in access technologies amongst user carried devices honored and accepted by the network elements.
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Options for operators
q Sharing spectrum/infrastructure costs, or regulatory mandates instead
q New application partnership models q Good opportunity for fixed and mobile carriers
to reduce operational cost q Making use of research and open innovation
paradigms q …