eec-giz sli emission monitoring-rz · fail safe shutter (optional) purge air fan light forward...
TRANSCRIPT
EMISSION MONITORING
COSOxNOxHClO2
T
Dust
Mercury
On-line Values
Limit AlarmsError Information
Vorcast ValuesTrading
ClassificationProtocols
Time Diagrams
Networking
Remote Maintenance
GPS Clock
Total Mercury
Dust
GasConcentration
Temperature
Flow
Flow
Dust
Data Communication Emission DataManagement System
Ambient AirDust
Dust
Dust
1" Flow/Dust
DustOpacity
Environmental Monitoring Products
Print-out
Opacity & Dust Concentration Measurement
BASICS
Dust Measurement
ParticulateMeasurement
TriboelectricParticle Counter
TransmissionScattered Lightß-Absorption
Humidity
ParticleConditions Ambient
Situations
GasTemperature
(Stack)
In-SituExtractive
StackSizeDry Stack
T > Dew PointWet Stack
T Dew Point
- Concentration- Color- Shape- Size
Temp.(-20 ...+60°C)
normally < 450°C(max. 1000°C)
(Ø 18 m)
Hazardous?
Methods of Particulate Measurement
Type Procedure Description
extractive discontinuous Gravimetric metering with filter head(Reference method VDI 2066)
extractive discontinuous Radiometric metering
extractive continuous Stray light metering in bypass systems
in-situ continuous Transmission meteringStray light metering
in-situ continuous Triboelectric method
in-situ continuous Particle counter(Transmission)
Filter Head Unit to VDI 2066 as Reference Procedure
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15
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21013
4a 4b
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14
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1 Nozzle2 Filter head (2-stage)3 Elbow measuring4a Suction pipe4b Heated suction pipe with temperature measuring in the gas
flow and regulation of the selected temperature5 Stop valve6 Condensate separator7 Drying tower
8 Volume flow meter9 Gas volume meter with temperature and pressure
Regulator for suction and air feed11 Suction pump12 Temperature measuring13 Pressure14 Exhaust gas composition15 Flow speed indicator (Prandtl pipe)16 Filter preheating device
Calibration of Dust Meters (regarding VDI 2066)Irregular Dust Distribution in the Cross Section for Metering
Arrangement of Measuring Spots of a Grid Metering in the Flue Gas Channel:
in a rectangular cross section in a round cross section
Calibration of Dust Meters (regarding VDI 2066)
Influence of the Suction Speed on Concentration, Mass Flow and Granulation
Suction speed
ConcentrationGranulationDust mass flow
correct
correctcorrectcorrect
too low
too densetoo coarsetoo small
too fast
too lowtoo finetoo big
Dust Monitoring using
Tribo Electrical Principle
Measuring PrincipleInsulator
Probe
i = f (s,v,k,l)
s = Dust Concentrationv = Gas Velocityk = Electrostatic Charge
Capability of the Dustl = Length of Probe
D-RX 250Combined Sensor
for
Dust ConcentrationVolume FlowTemperature
Pressure
Measuring Principles
Dust monitoring according to the tribo electric measuring principle
Volume flow Monitoring according to the differential pressure principle
Temperature monitoring with a Pt100 resistance thermometer
Absolute pressure transducer Temperature
Sensor
Insulator
Probe
Flow-corrected Tribo
Advantages DisadvantagesSensitive, low LDL Only useful up to 500 mg/m³Single flange, simple installation Max. 1 m Measurement Probe: representative
measurement in larger stacks?4 signals from one probe: Dust Concentration Volume / Flow Temperature Pressure
Interferences from: Particle Size Particle Specific Weight
Low maintenance (only at low concentration) High maintenance (at medium to high concentration)
Reports dust measurement signal on normalized basis, wet
Cannot be used: in stack gases at or below dew point after Electrostatic PrecipitatorsRequires stack gas velocity of min. 5-6 m/sec.Complex reference calibration based on two variables
Dust Monitoring using
Optical Principles
LIGHT TRANSMISSION
Transmission System
Opacity %
Beer-Lambert Equation
Transmission
Extinction (Optical Density)
Dust Concentration in mg/m3
(Calibration reg. VDI 2066or other standard method)
I0 - Source Intensity(emitted light)
I - Received Intensity(received light)
K - Extinction Constantc - Concentrationl - Path Length
Ekl
c
Tklc
lckT
E
3.21
1lg3.213.2
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TOTO
klceIIT
IIT
0
0
with temperature compensation in the
measuring head:mg/Nm3
Reflector Transmitter
Light source
LED
• High energy solid-state green LED with a wave length of 530nm.
• Automatic aging and temperature compensation. Emitted light intensity is conti-nuously stabilized.
• Insensitive to ambient light due to 2kHz light modulation.
• Homogenous light spot allows thermal duct movement.
Spectral Distribution of Light Sources
Intensity
400
max. 10%
100%
700 Wave Length [nm]
Spectral Sensitivity of DURAG Super Wide Band Diode vs. narrow-band LED‘s
green LED
Strong temperature
drift
red LEDWhite light LEDBlue Gallium Nitrite diode in connection with a fluorescent layer Spectral response 400-700 nmLife time >5 yearsNo temperature shift
Light Transmission, Optical Principle
Photoelement
Comparison Normal Zero Point Control Reflector
Reflector
Super Wide Band Diode
Optical adjustment(peep hole)
HeatedPane
D-R 290Measuring Head
Stack
Housing hermetically sealed
Optical Transmission
Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures large stacks representative LDL based on stack diameter, questionable
accuracy in smaller stacksLowest cost alternative for continuous dust monitoring in stacks
Two flange installation, optical alignment
2 signals from one instrument: Dust Concentration Opacity
Interferences from: Particle Size (strongly) Particle Color (some) Particle Specific Weight
Low maintenance Not useful in stack gases at or below dew point
Useful for very high temperature stack gas Reports measurement signal on actual basis, no normalization or correction
LIGHT SCATTERING
D-R 300-40
Light trap
Line recorder
A second light trapis required for smoke spot number (soot)measuring Measuring
volume
Control display
Waste gas
Stray light
Emitted light
Fail safe shutter (optional)
Purge air fan
Light Forward Scattering, Optical Principle
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The collimated and modulated light beam of a laser Emitting Diode (1) crosses the Measuring Volume (2); the dust particles are scattering light mostly in the forward direction
This “stray light” is proportional to the dust concentration and is collected by an Objective (3) and transferred via a Fiber Optic (4) to the Receiver Diode (5).
The signal is processed by a highly sensitive circuit which calculates the final measurement value. The result can be calibrated according to the German regulation VDI 2066 (or any other standard method) into dust concentration [mg / m³]
BeamSplitter
Shutter
Transmitter Diode
ReceiverDiode
Pane
Purging Air
CleaningFlange
Measuring Light BeamReference Light Beam
Fibre Optic
MeasuringVolume
Light Trap Objective 123
45
Light Backward Scattering, Optical Principle
Light Scattering
Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures in small to very small stacks Not useful for concentrations >300 mg/m³Extremely low LDL: 50 µg/m³ Interferences from:
Particle Size (some) Particle Color (very strong: factor 20
between white and black) Particle Specific Weight
Low maintenance Not useful in stack gases at or below dew point
Simple installation at stack gas temperature <300°C
Complicated installation at stack gas temperatures >400°CArea of measurement only 80 to 280 mm inside from the stack wall: representative measurement?Reports measurement signal on actual basis, no normalization or correction
WET STACK MONITORING
(STACK GAS BELOW DEW POINT)
EXTRACTIVE METHOD
Heated By-Pass
Heated Bypass, Operating Principle
D-R 820 F , Extractive Heated By-Pass
Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures in every stack gas, wet or dry (at, below, or above dew point)
Single sampling point, installation at laminar flow area
Single flange installation Requires automatic isokinetic adjustment, if stack gas velocity varies >±15m/sec.
Includes Dilution System for high humidity content
Second highest investment for continuous dust monitoring
Instantaneous values
Extractive MethodBETA ABSORPTION
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The Smart Solution for Wet Stacks, BFG monitoring, and varying Fuels
VEREWA F-904 Emission / Process Dust Monitor
Extractive Beta Absorption, Operating Principlesl
i_f9
04_0
2
Pressurized Air
Stack
Sample ProbeNozzle
Valve
CounterTubes
C-14Source
Filter-Adapter
Filter AdvanceStepping Motor Supply
Reel
Take-upReel
TapePrinter(option)
Cover Foil(option)
Total FlowVenturi Nozzle
Total Flow Vacuum Pump
with Bypass Controller
Sample Cooler with
Automatic Drain
PLC
Exhaust
4-20mASTATI
Dilution Flow Venturi Nozzle
C-14Sourceoption( )
Extractive Beta-Gauge
Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures in every stack gas, wet or dry (at, below, or above dew point)
Single sampling point, installation at laminar flow area
LDL and range easily variable through adaptation of sampling cycle
Requires automatic isokinetic adjustment, if stack gas velocity varies >±15m/sec.
No interferences by any particle condition Frequent maintenance requiredSingle flange installation Frequent use of consumables (filter tape)Sample line length up to 50 m, instrument can be installed in analyzer shelter
Highest investment for continuous dust monitoring
Collects sample, heavy metal analysis possibleLow emission, long-life radioactive emitter, no license requiredReports concentration signal normalized, dry basis
Comparison of Emission Particulate Monitoring Methodssl
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Condition Heated Bypass -GAUGE Transmission Scattered Light
Concentration High (> 200 mg/m³) ok good good okConcentration Low (< 100 mg/m³) good good bad goodDry Stack (above dew point) good good good goodWet Stack (below dew point) excellent excellent very bad very badHumidity (non-condensing) constant good good good goodHumidity (non-condensing) varying good good bad very badStack Diameter Large (> 3 m) ok ok good badStack Diameter Small (< 3 m) good good ok goodParticle Size constant good good good goodParticle Size varying bad good not ok badParticle Color constant good good good goodParticle Color varying very bad good not ok very badParticle Density constant good good good goodParticle Density varying bad good not ok badGas Velocity constant good good good goodGas Velocity varying (< ± 10-15 m/s) bad acceptable good good
TOTAL MERCURY ANALYZERfor Stack Monitoring
Overall System – Total Mercury Monitor
∆Ptx Ptx
Probe Heated SampleLine
Thermo-Catalytic Reactor Chiller H2O sensor
“Ionic” calibration Sample Introduced at probe
Optional Speciation of Elemental & Ionic Hg
Pre-Filter
Hg TrapDual Beam
UV Detector
Sample Pump
Volume Control
Basic Features
Principal • CVAAS (Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy)
Catalyst • The HM 1400 TRX is equipped with a solid catalyst which convertsionic Mercury into elemental.
Range • 0-45…0-500 µg/Nm³
Benefits
• No Preconcentration, • Real Continuous Measurement, • Maintenance Interval, 6 Months, • low costs of operation
Seite 38
UV Detector – Dual Beam
PLC
3.25µg/m3
GAS IN
Measuring CellGAS OUT
LP UV Lamp(6yrs Lifetime)
Photodiodes(6yrs Lifetime)
Mercury Trap(1yr Lifetime)
Reference Cell
DifferentialSignal
Signal Output
Evaluating the differential signal
eliminates SO2interference!
Calibration/Span check, Total Mercury
Certified ionicMercury standardsolution
MFC
Calibration of complete system
HeatedSample
Line
HM1400CertifiedMercury
CalibrationGas to the
CEM
Sample Probe
Vapouriser
Carrier Gas
Calibration Solution
PeristalticPump
Mass FlowController
Installation incl. Calibrator
SUMMARY - HM 1400 TRX
1: Total Mercury Measurement (Ionic + Elemental)
2: Optional Ionic + Elemental Speciation
3: No wet chemicals for normal operation
4: True Continuous Measurement – no concentration steps
5: Designed as a CEM from the outset
6: Elimination of intereferences
7: Lower maintenance & running costs – direct aim of design
GAS FLOW MONITORING
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Differential Pressure ProbeMULTI-PITOT
D – FL 100
Overviewsl
i_fl1
00_u
k_01
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Flow rate measurement with a probe by the principle of differential pressure methodEvaluation with the
Microprocessor Unit D-FL 100-10 (optional)Adjustable parametersLoad-independent
current for line recorder and indicator instrument
dt
L.V.2
L.V.1
Display
Error
1000 m/h3
1000 kg/h
mA
STO MOD
+
Measuring Principlesl
i_fl1
00_u
k_06
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Cross Section of the Differential Pressure Bar
ImpactPressure
ReferencePressure
Shedding Point
V volume flow
A cross section
k correction factor0.5 ... 0.7
k
Ultrasonic Flow Monitor
D – FL 200 / 220
D-FL 200 Flow Metersl
i_fl2
00_u
k_01
_02
Check Cycle
Measuring
Limit Value
Display
Parameter
D-FL 200-10
STO MOD
STANDARD FLOW1327500 Nm3/hSTANDARD FLOW1327500 Nm3/h
Ultrasonic measuring system Principle of differential propagation time In-situ measuring directly in the flue gas
flow Continuous measurement No interference with the medium Automatic zero-point and reference-
point control Programmable via the evaluation unit’s
keys or via PC Load-independent current for line
recorder and indicating instrument
Principle of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement Isl
i_fl2
00_u
k_02
_01
c+ · cos
c - u · cos
AuswerteeinheitEvaluation Unit
ImpulsgeberTracker Unit
Sensor (mit Strömung)Downstream Sensor
Sensor (gegen Strömung)Upstream Sensor
Steuer undMesselektronik
Control andMeasuring Electronics
MustererkennungPattern Recognition
L
Applications of D-FL 100 and D-FL 200sl
i_fl2
00_u
k_08
_02
Multi-PitotUltrasoniccold stacks(below dew point)
extremely hotstacks
very smallstacks
extremely highabsolute pressure
aggressive gases
wet stacks
aggressive gases
hot gasesmedium
sizedstacks
bigstacks
medium velocity
highvelocity
high dust loadvery low velocity
THANK YOUFOR YOUR INTEREST
www.durag.de / [email protected]