eece300 - research format-definitions
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Research Format
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Format and Style
1. Paper Size
8.5 x 11 standard short white bond paper
2.Margins
Left: 1.5 Right, Top and Bottom:1.0
3.Body Text
Font Size12, Font styleArial
4.Chapter Headings
Capital letter first and in bold print (e.g.Chapter I)
5.Main Title Headings
Uppercase and bold print (e.g. INTRODUCTION)
6.Pagination
Pagination should be chronological and at the top right of the page. First page ofeach chapter should have no page number.
7.Text (sentence) spaces
Double space
8.Indentions
Single tab only
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9. Subtitle or Subheadings
> Typed in bold print (e.g. Objectives of the Study)
10. Reference Pages
> Includes the following; appendices, exhibits, annexes for
the tables, data flow diagram, system flowchart, HIPO, graphs,
figures, illustrations, cost estimates, etc. These shall not be
included in the main body of the manuscripts but labeled,
arranged and paged as separate reference pages.
11. Footnote Style
Journalistic or Running Footnote
12. Bibliographic EntriesFrom hard copied or e-books (internet source), published or
unpublished manuscripts, magazines and journals.
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Studymust end with a concluding statement
Objectives of the Study(General and Specific)
Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
Scope and Delimitation
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
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Background of the Study
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The background of the problem is longer than the
statement of the research problem itself. It is one ofthe determinant factors that give significant impact
on research, it should explain the origins of the
research question or problem, drawing on
researchers preliminary reading. All cited materials
should be presented with specific references,
prepared according to one of the structured
methods.
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Harvard University Extension School (2003)
explained that in the background section,
researcher should review what has been donealready in this area of research and the way(s)
in which the proposed project will differ from
earlier work. Researcher should show thathe/she is familiar with the major current
opinions or interpretations concerning the
problem he/she has chosen so that it canavoid duplicating an existing or outdated
research.
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The background sections aim isnot only to provide simply a
general overview of the topic but
also to demonstrate that a specific
problem has been identified and
to show its relationship to the
research.
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The background of the problem should be:
(i) Directed specifically to the research problem
and must indicate the carefully documented viewsof experts;
(ii) Well organized, others research should be
considered in a systematic fashion, according totopic, date, perspective, or some other logical
means;
(iii) Able to establish the focus of researchers own
research in relation to prior scholarship; and
(iv) Detailed with relevant examples that illustrate
how researchers approach to the subject will
illuminate it.
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Background of the study is the
part of any research where in the
particular topic is placed. This may
contain the general description,
and may include the broader
description of the topic. Other
include a brief preview of the topicto discuss
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Objectives of the Study
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The purpose of the Study Objectives is to present concisely
but thoroughly what you plan to study, what skills you wish
to learn, and what you plan to do with the knowledge and
skills you acquire. After reading your study objectives, the
reader should be able to understand clearly what it is
exactly that you want to study and learn, and why it isimportant to you and your community. You are presenting
to a stranger what are your hopes and dreams that you will
accomplish in and through your desired degree program.
The Study Objectives should be presented in an essay formmade up of an introductory paragraph, the body text and
the conclusion paragraph and should be approximately one
typed page in length.
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Part I: Introduction. The introduction is one brief
paragraph introducing what your study objectives
are. State your personal and/or professional
interest and what degree and area of study you plan
to pursue. Describe and define what the area of
study means, in your own words and understanding.
Describe specific topics you are interested in
studying, what you want to learn in these areas, and
why this is important to your personal and your
communitys collective interests and development.(This is not a paragraph to introduce your self.
Please do NOT begin the study objectives essay with
My name is _______.)
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Part II. The Body of the Essay. Inthe body of the essay, explain
more thoroughly the study
objectives focusing on the
following questions.
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What influenced me to study this?How have my work experiences
and other factors guided my
decision to pursue this study field?
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What do I hope to accomplish as a result
of this study program? (What is your
vision or dream that this study objectivewill help accomplish; why were you
selected for this fellowship program?
How will this accomplishment apply to
the needs of your community? How will
your overall degree, including courseworkand research, relate to your overall goals
and objectives in your community?)
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How will earning your degree
contribute to your own
professional growth? In what
ways would you like to develop
and strengthen your professional
attitudes, values, perspectives,
and worldview?
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Part III. Conclusion. For theConclusion, once again state your
primary study objectives and
summarize what you hope to
accomplish as a result of your
gaining the degree.
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Theoretical / ConceptualFramework
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A conceptual frameworkis used in research
to outline possible courses of action or to
present a preferred approach to an idea orthought. For example, the philosopher Isaiah
Berlinused the "hedgehogs" versus "foxes"
approach;[1]a "hedgehog" might approach theworld in terms of a single organizing principle;
a "fox" might pursue multiple conflicting goals
simultaneously. Alternatively, an empiricistmight approach a subject by direct
examination, whereas an intuitionistmight
simply intuit what's next.[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research -
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Conceptual frameworks (theoretical
frameworks) are a type of intermediate theory
that attempt to connect to all aspects ofinquiry (e.g., problem definition, purpose,
literature review, methodology, data collection
and analysis). Conceptual frameworks can actlike maps that give coherence to empirical
inquiry. Because conceptual frameworks are
potentially so close to empirical inquiry, theytake different forms depending upon the
research question or problem.
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Several types of conceptual frameworks
have been identified,such as
> Working hypothesis
> Descriptive Categories
> Practical ideal types
> Models of operations research
> Formal hypotheses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_hypothesis -
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Scope and Delimitation
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It is important to narrow down your thesis topic and
limit the scope of your study. The researcher should
inform the reader about limits or coverage of the
study. The scope identifies the boundaries of the
study in term of subjects, objectives, facilities, area,
time frame, and the issues to which the research is
focused.Sample phrases that help express the scope of the
study:
The coverage of this study.The study consists of ..
The study covers the .
This study is focus on..
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The delimitation of the study is delimiting a
study by geographic location, age, sex,population traits, population size, or other
similar considerations. Delimitation is used to
make study better and more feasible and notjust for the interest of the researcher. It also
identifies the constraints or weaknesses of
your study which are not within the control ofthe researcher.
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Sample phrases that expressed the
delimitations of the study
The study does not cover the
The researcher limited this
research to
This study is limited to
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Significance of the Study
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What is the significance of the
research study? In research it is
obviously important for the
researcher to convince his/her
audience the importance of his/herstudy. The significance of the research
study should be clearly justified by
the researcher so that the study may
not be useless or bring no benefits to
others.
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The significance of the study in thesis is
the part where the researcher tells how
his/her study would be beneficial tospecific people or parts of the society and
how they could use it. Walonick (2005)
explained that the significance of the
study section creates a perspective for
looking at the problem. It points out howthe study relates to the larger issues and
uses a persuasive rationale to justify the
reason for the study.
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Walonick (2005) further clarifiedthat the significance of the study
makes the purpose worth
pursuing. It should be able to
answer these basic questions:
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(a) Why is the study important?The researcher should be able to
describe the importance of the
research/study clearly in various
perspectives and this should be
supported by comprehensive
literature review.
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(b) To whom is it important?The researcher should identify
who is actually the target group of
the research/study relate the
research/study to the need and
demand of that particular groups.
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(c) What benefit(s) will occur ifyour study is done?
The outcomes of the
research/study should significantly
brings benefits and applicable in
practice for the target group.
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Therefore it can be concluded thatthe main reasons why the
researcher needs to indicate the
significance of his/her study are as
follow:
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(i) Help the researcher stay onthe right track
Significance of the research/study
helps the researcher goes on the
right track in pursuing his/her
research.
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(ii) Prevent the research/studyfrom losing its main objective
It helps the researcher by
preventing the research gone out
of its original topic and problem
statement.
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(iii) Convince the target group
the importance of the study
Ability to justify the need and
effect of the research/study to the
targeted audiences. Explain to the
target group the what are the
effect to the particular situation ifthe study never been conducted
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(iv) Increase credibility andreliability of that particular
research/study.
Justified significance of the
research/study will make the
research/study more credible and
reliable.
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Definition of Terms
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Definition of Terms is usually an annex to a
work (book, research paper, pamphlet, etc.)either at the beginning or more likely near the
end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits,
etc. A glossary is another word that maydescribe Definition of Terms. A list of words
found in the paper, book, or work that may
need a further explanation to understandwhat that word means rather than giving a
definition within the work.
f h l ll f ll d d h
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Often time scholars will fully understand the
words used and don't need a definition
immediately in the work. However, there aretimes that clarification is required and a
section called "Definition of Terms" is
beneficial and often required, especially in athesis or investigatory project. Medical
personnel use medical jargon but a layperson
may not know what the term means, and caneasily look it up for clarification in the
"Definition of Terms".
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CHAPTER II
a. Related Literatureb. Related Studies
Related Literature
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Related Literature
A review of related literature is the process of collecting,
selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and
other reference materials. The following information may becollected:
1. Background information about the problem and related
concepts.
2. Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the
possible connection between certain factors and the problem
3. Data that confirms the existence and seriousness of the
problem4. General and specific findings of studies related to the
problem
5. Recommendations for further study given in related studies
Why Review Literature?
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Why Review Literature?
A review of related literature is a must in research. The following
are some of the obvious reasons;
1. It helps the researcher identify and define a researchproblem.
2. It helps justify the need for studying a problem.
3. It prevents unnecessary duplication of a study4. It can be a source of a theoretical basis for the study
5. It enables the researcher to learn how to conceptualize a
research problem and properly identify and operationally
define study variables
6. It helps formulate and refine research instruments
7. It provides lesson for data analysis and interpretation.
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Chapter III
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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
a. Research Design
a.1 Block Diagram
a.2 System Flowchart
b. Research Environment
b.1 Organization Structure
b.2 Location
c. HIPO Chart
HI O d l ( h f Hi hi l
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HIPOmodel (short for Hierarchical
Input Process Outputmodel) is a
systems analysisdesign aid and
documentation technique from
the 1970s,[1]used for representing
the modules of a systemas a
hierarchyand for documentingeach module.[2][3]
I d d l
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis -
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It was used to develop
requirements, construct the
design, and support
implementation of an expert
system to demonstrate automated
rendezvous. Verification was then
conducted systematically becauseof the method of design and
implementation[4]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPO_model -
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end