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i 全球碳交易制度研究以國際建制理論分析

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ABSTRACT
On February 16, 2005 the Kyoto protocol activation, enables the Kyoto protocol
to become internationally in has the binding force international rule. But the Kyoto
protocol goal is controls the greenhouse gas the emissions, achieves does not
intensify the global climate vicissitude goal. Therefore, the latter Kyoto time will all
have the impact to various signatory states economy development and the ecological
environment. From the global government and the interdependent authority relations,
solve this global warm phenomenon only by cooperation between internationally ,
can achieve the decrement the goal. This article attempts to explain the Western
economic phenomena “depends the theory to develop International Regime concept,
explained the carbon transaction system forms background. And aims at the
traditional international regime theory to inspect the carbon transaction system
establishes the composition similarity, because of the research carbon transaction
system formation and the evolution, inspect the international organic serviceability..
iii

1992 ............................................................................... 21
3-1 ................................................. 33
3-2 .......................................................................................... 50
1

(The First World Climate Conference)

Meteorological OrganizationWMO)2000
2
Environment and Development, Rio, UNCED)

Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC, FCCC
11997

Clean Development Mechanism, CDMCDM2
3
4
1 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
UNFCCC 1992 2 1994
3 21 2000 11 13 186
UNFCCC
39 3
4 -- 93
3
5

1-1

1990 3.8% 6 “”

7 1990 6%3.9%1.6% CO2 0.5%
2% 2%



9




8 Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye., Power and Interdependence (HarperCollins, 1989), 30.
9 Robert O. Keohane (Introduction: Realism, Institutional Thaory
and Global Governance), 2004 5 10 10
Martin Hewson and Timothy
Sinclair,“The Emergence of Global Governance,” in Approaches to Global Governance Theory, ed. Martin Hewson &
Timothy Sinclair (New York: State University of New York Press, 1999), 11. 11

5

1.


1-2
1-2




Keohane and Nye., Power and Interdependence, 34. 13
Robert O. Keohane (After hegemony)(2006) 68
10


/
/








15





14
“” 1989 24
13
Osherenko 18 Peter M. Hass
19 Andreas HasencleverPeter Mayer Volker
Rittberger
2-1
Jeffrey Hart, “Dominance in International Politics”,International Organization 30Spring 1976. 18
Oran. R Young & Gail Osherenko, “The Formation of International Regimes: Hypotheses and Cases,”
in Polar Politics: Creating International Environmental Regimes, ed. Oran R. Young & Gail Osherenko
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 8-20. 19
Peter M. Haas, “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,”
International Organization 46, no. 1 (Winter 1992): 1-34. 20
Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer & Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (London:
Cambridge University Press, 1997), 1-7.
14
Regimes (London: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 6.


Theory of Hegemonic
Free-Rider23

21
Robert O. Keohane & Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (New York: Longman, 2001), 37. 22
Keohane
See Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political
Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 33-35. 23
Robert GilpinGlobal Political
Economy: Understanding the International Economics Order2003
99-103Gilpin1981War and Change in World Politics
See Robert Gilpin, War and Change in
World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
See Sanford J. Grossman & Oliver D. Hart,
“Takeover Bids, the Free-Rider Problem, and the Theory of the Corporation,” The Bell Journal of
Economics 11, no. 1 (1980): 42-64; Gerald Marwell & Ruth E. Ames, “Experiments on the Provision of
Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-Rider Problem,” The American Journal of
Sociology 84, no. 6 (1979): 1335-1360; Gerald Marwell & Ruth E. Ames, “Experiments on the Provision
of Public Goods. II. Provision Points, Stakes, Experience, and the Free-Rider Problem,” The American
Journal of Sociology 85, no. 4 (1980): 926-937; Theodore Groves & John Ledyard, “Optimal Allocation
of Public Goods: A Solution to the "Free Rider" Problem,” Econometrica 45, no. 4 (1977): 783-809.
15

24
Krasner, “State Power and the Structure of International Trade,” 60-67; Gilpin
99, 106-108 25
Krasner, “Structural Causes and Regime Consequence,” 195-196.
27 Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal
Institutionalism,” in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, ed. David Baldwin (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 121-123. 28
Ibid., 127-128. 29
Kenneth N. WaltzTheory of International Politics
1997 134-136 30
Robert Axelrod & Robert O Keohane, “Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and
16


Knowledge33
York: Columbia University Press, 1993). AxelrodKeohane
31
Ibid., 304-316. 33
InterdependenceComplex
Interdependence


34
Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics,”
International Organization 46, no. 2 (Spring 1992): 415-417. 35
Hasenclever, et al., Theories of International Regimes, 139-154. 36
Ibid., 154-210. 37
See Miles Kahler, “Inventing International Relations: International Relations Theory after 1945,” in New
Thinking in International Relations Theory, ed. Michael W. Doyle & G. John Ikenberry (Boulder: Westview Press,
1997), 24.
60

UN Economic andSocial Council UNESCO
1972 (the UN
Conference on the Human Environment UNCHE)
1968 UNESCO
20
(Intergovernmental Conference of Experts on the Scientific Basis for
Rational Use and Conservation of the Resources of the Biosphere the
1968 Biosphere Conference)
1972

(4)United
Nations Environment Programme UNEP 1972 12
41

40
McCormick, John (1995). The Global Environmental Movement (2nd). NY: John Wiley & Sons. P.110 41
McCormick, John (1995). Ibid. P.127-12919992032.
21
(Rio Earth Summit)

Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC
Convention on Biological Diversity CBD(Forest
Principles)21 (Agenda 21)(TheRio Declaration)


27


2002 8 26 9 4
(TheWorld Summit on Sustainable Development WSSD)

44
45(1)
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development) 46


19
43
UNGA Resolution 55/199 (20 Dec 2000). 45
ENB@WSSD http://www.iisd.ca/2002/wssd/ (last visited 26 Mar 2005). 46
Johannesburg World Summit 2002 http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/ (last visited 26 Mar
2005).
23



111A. 48
Svante Oden(1968), ‘The Acidification of Air and Precipitation and its Consequences in the Natural
Environment’. Ecology Committee Bulletin Number 1, Swedish National Science Research Council (Stockholm).
24
Pollutants in Europe, EMEP)EMEP


) 1983 1985 6 21
1985 NOx 1988 27
1995 NOx 1987


49
Marc A. Levy1993,‘European Acid Rain: The Power of ToteBoard Diplomacy’, in Robert O. Keohane, Peter
M. Haas, and Marc A. Levyeds.,Institutions for the Earth: Source of Effective International Environmental
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emissions EB /OL. SwitzerlandUNECE19941994-06-14. http: / /www. unece. org / env / lrtap / full% 20text
/1994. Sulphur.. e. pdf. 51
UNECE. Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on heavy metal EB /OL .
Switzerland: UNECE19981998-06-24 . http: / /www. unece. org / env / lrtap / full%20text /1998. Heavy. Metals.
e. pdf.



2000
8
1999

52
UNECE. Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on persistent organic pollutants
EB /OL. Switzerland: UNECE1998 1998-06-24 . http: / /www. unece. org / env / lrtap / full%20text /1998.
POPs. e. pdf.
2010 1990
63% NOx 41% VOCs 40% NH3
17% 53


53
UNECE. Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification
eutrophication and ground-level ozone EB /OL. Switzerland: UNECE, 19991999-12-30. http: / /www. unece.
org / env / lrtap / full% 20text / 1999%20Multi. E. Amended. 2005. pdf. 54
Tom H, Tietenberg. Emissions tradingResources for the Future, 1985. 55
Tom H, Tietenberg. Emissions tradingResources for the Future, 1985.
27
70 TDP

TDP TDP
SO2 Michigan

20
70 20 90 1990


20 70



28



31 61
7
1000
1.3
Tom H, Tietenberg
1992184 58
Tom H, Tietenberg
1992 185

1990
“”
SO2

61 59
Tom H, Tietenberg
1992 185 60
SO2 40 2007 4 61 61
Tom H, Tietenberg
1992 186-193
21 110 263 2000


31
1972Club of Rome
The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s
Project on the Predicament of Mankind
63

the Human Environment, UNCHE
Declaration of United Nations Conference on
Human Environment
1 9 7 9W o r l d
62
David G. Victor & Julian E. Salt, “From Rio to Berlin: Managing Climate Change,” Environment 36, no. 10
(December 1994): 7. 63


Dennis L. Meadows
The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind
2005 8-9, 142-153
32
World Climate Programme
64


Climate Change: Atmospheric Pollution and Climatic Change

64
65
66
33
UNCEDEarth Summit155
1994321UNFCCC
Berlin mandate, AGBM
AGBM67
COP2
19967UNFCCCCOP2
28 3 87.74
303
89.74
IPCCWorld Meteorological Organization, WMO
UNEP198869
CO21990 68
R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, and, R. H. Moss, eds., IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate
Change. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B.
A. Callender, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, eds., Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change.
UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. R. T. Watson, M. C. Zinyowera, and R. H. Moss, eds., Climate Change 1995:
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Press, 1995. J. P. Bruce, H. Lee, and E. F. Haites, eds., Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of
Climate Change. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 69
1
70 14189.75COP3
986.122
36
1990
implementation, JI72

Buenos Aries plan of
action, BAPA732000COP6
1997 2000

mechanism, CDM
72
14 87.121
1. —2. 3.
4. —5.

LULUCFKyoto mechanisms 75


76
200094891115
74
76
SB-12
23 89.6 1-4 77SB-13
25 89.10 1 78SB-13
38
79
Part14178 218
811financial
assistance2technology transfer
34.84.9
COP7
UNFCCC172234
1668320017
COP6—
25 89.10 1-5 79
26 89.12 3 80 COP6
28 90.6 1 81
29 90.8 1COP6 Part LULUCF
29 90.8 4 82
29 90.8 1COP6 Part LULUCF
29 90.8 2-3 83
31 90.12 1
39
20029Johannesburg


86
IPCC

COP9
90.11 3 85 1990
5% IPCC
86UNFCCCCOP7
90.11 13-23
40
Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, CMP21


COP11
LDCCMP12012

87
43

617

(JI)(CDM)(ET)3
2001723


89

45



JI6

88
16 88 4
2~3
17

49
CDF

50
2003Directive



4.2

AAUs
Emissions Trading,
52

Land use, land use change and forest, LULUF
Removal units, RMUsJI
Emission Reduction Units, ERUsCDM
Certified Emission Reductions, CERs

272007
CO2

4. EU ETS

921977 Emissions Credit Trading
1982 Lead Phasedown1995 The Acid Rain Program
The Regional Clean Air Incentives Market, RECLAIM
2001 3 28

9327CyprusMaltaB
Change Levy, CCLClimate Change Agreement,
CCAUK Emission
Trading Scheme, UK ETS20024
520062007
-”GHG20092014
200515%2008
16

NSW1995Electricity Supply Act2001
Electricity Supply Regulation20031
2007
7.271990
57
Territory, ACT20051NSW
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme
GGAS

(CCB Standards)(The Climate Group)
(World Economic Forum)IETA(International Emission
Trading Association)VCS(Voluntary Carbon Standard)
(
)
CCX
2003
GHG
Sandor
2007
CCX
2007-20106

Prospective Emission Reduction
CERsEUAsERUs



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[67]
[68]
SB-12
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SB-13
[70]
26 89.12
3
28 90.6
1

29 90.8 1COP6 Part LULUCF
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90.8 2-3
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[75]
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