effect of compaction techniques on strength properties of

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Effect of Compaction Techniques on Strength properties of Pervious Concrete: A Review

Surya Kant Sahdeo1 G.D. Ransinchung R.N., Ph.D2, and Solomon Debbarma3, 1 2,3 IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India

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Abstract: Pervious concrete is regarded as an environmentally sustainable pavement material for its storm-water management and urban heat island mitigation abilities. However, pervious concrete are generally made up of single sized aggregates which are prone to lower structural capacity due to increased porosity. However, compaction technique plays an important role in order to increase the structural capacity and reduce abrasion losses, there is a need to study pervious concrete with combinations of different compaction types and its efforts. The various types of compaction technique with different efforts may lead to choking at the bottom and/or porosity, which may be beyond the minimum acceptable range for pervious concrete. Therefore, this paper reviews the effect of different compaction types on mechanical and functional properties of pervious concrete consisting of gradations with different proportions of coarse aggregates. The compaction characteristics of different mixtures will be reviewed to identify threshold values of compaction energies, which provide porosity within acceptable limits of pervious concrete. Further, the compressive strength and abrasion losses will also be reviewed, which will provide insights into the structural and functional performance characteristics of such pervious concrete mixtures. It is anticipated that this study will provide a brief on effect of different compaction levels and its results on the performance of various pervious concrete mixes.

Keywords: Pervious concrete, Compaction Techniques. Strength

1. Introduction

In recent times, Pervious concrete (PC) has become a promising alternate pavement material in low- volume road applications and has gained importance for its environmental aspects.. Owing to its open graded structure and porous nature it has immense practical applications such as mitigation of storm water runoff and reducing Urban Heat Islands (UHI). The advantages of PC over conventional concrete are numerous, but are specific to location and prevalent conditions. PC, which was developed during WWII, rose to popularity in 1980s as discuused by Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995a. Literature stated by Tennis et al. 2004 pointed that higher permeability of PC has assisted in reducing storm water runoff, and helping in recharge of ground water, it has been considered as one of the best management practices (BMP) to harness storm water runoff. Owing to the high porosity, PC also causes an enhancement in the quality of water near the pavements leading to sustainable growth of urban areas. Thus, PC is an effective measure to explain the important hydro-environmental issues as discussed by Chandrappa and Biligiri, 2016a. Absorption properties of PC are generally higher than conventional

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384 S.K. Sahdeo, G.D Ransinchung R.N and S. Debbarma

concrete, which also results in quieter pavements which is attributed to the highly porous nature of PC. This allows both air and water to easily percolate through it. Hence, PC also plays an important role as filter beds to reduce all the contaminated particles (example: organic wastes, debris, and oil, etc.). It is generally considered for low-volume urban transportation facilities such as sidewalks, recreation squares, sub-bases, and parking lots as stated by Huang et al. 2009. Also, PC will be a suitable pavement material for local roads and pavement shoulders to increase ground water recharge and since these roads are mainly subjected to passenger car traffic with lower truck frequencies. The primary objective in PC is to achieve a network of continuous interconnected pore structure, which is usually achieved by reducing and/or eliminating the proportion of fine aggregates, and using only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. Optimum coating of cement paste must be provided to the coarse aggregates to achieve bonding between the adjacent particles Neithalath et al., 2010; Deo and Neithalath, 2011; Yahia and Kabagire, 2014; Ibrahim et al., 2014). In order to improve the strength and abrasion resistance of PC, appropriate selection of natural coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement–to–aggregate ratio (c/a ratio), and water to cement ratio. (w/c) and importantly selection of compaction types along with their efforts. Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995a; Tennis et al. 2004; Chandrappa and Biligiri, 2016a; Huang et al. 2009 has pointed out the density of this pervious concrete is about 1600 kg/m³ to 2000 kg/m³. The flow rate pertaining to high void content targeted between 15% to 30%. Typical permeability of water through pervious concrete are 120 L/m²/min, to 320 L/m²/min and compressive strength is about 3.5MPa to 28 MPa. Since the invention of pervious concrete in the 1950s, there have been several research studies to understand its behaviour in different aspects of structural and functional areas. Depending on various compaction efforts and techniques various initiatives have been taken up to understand the properties of PC prepared by several techniques with efforts. Typical Pervious concrete cross section is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Typical Pervious Concrete Pavement cross section

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2. Benefits of Pervious Pavements

The benefits of PC pavements as per various literatures stated by Tennis et a. 2004, Crouch et al. 2003,

Ghafoori N., Dutta et al. 1995, ACI 522R 2010. Ibrahim et al. 2014.

Reduces runoff volumes and peak discharge rates

Reduces total storm runoff volumes and reduce the flooding impacts.

Reduces pollutant load contributions as runoff volume reduction and water pollutant load reductions.

Increases groundwater recharge supporting natural stream base flow and drinking water supplies..

Improved water quality

Reduces drainage system infrastructure and costs.

Reduced storm water temperature and heat island effects from pavement.

Table 1.1 Different Pervious concrete Pavement with the speed and risk categories

3. Need of the study of pervious concrete pavements

To solve the drainage problem in urban area.

To decrease the ambience temp in the city.

To increase the strength of porous pavement without compromising the permeability of pavement.

To solve the clogging issue, increase in service life.

To develop the maintenance strategies for pervious pavements.

To study the cost benefit analysis w.r.t. impervious pavement.

Category Examples Loading Speed Risk

A Landscaped areas, sidewalks and bike paths (with no vehicular access), miscellaneous pavement to accept run-on from adjacent impervious areas (e.g. roofs)

No vehicular loads N/A Low

B Parking lots, park & ride areas, maintenance access roads, scenic overview areas, sidewalks and bike paths,(maintenance access)

Few heavy loads Low speed Low

C Rest areas, maintenance stations Moderate heavy loads Low speed Low

D Shoulders, some low volume roads, areas in front of noise barriers (beyond the traveled way)

Moderate heavy loads High Speed Medium

E Highways, weigh stations High heavy loads High speed High


4. Strength property Numerous studies have been carried out to analyse the strength characteristics of pervious concrete or porous concrete or thirsty concrete pavements. The strength characteristics includes the compressive strength, flexural strength behavior of the PC mix. It has been pointed out by Tennis et al. 2004, chandrappa et al. 2016a, about the inverse relationship of porosity and strength properties of the PC mixes. As stated above, owing to higher porosity the compressive strength as well as flexure strength of PC mixes is much lesser than conventional concrete pavements. (Tennis et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2007). However, strength properties is also attributed to the addition of various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs as a part addition and part replacement of various input parameters of PC mixes. It has been noted by Yang and Jiang 2003; Chen et al. 2013 that on addition of (SCMs) the strength properties of PC mixes can go high up to 50 MPa at the moist curing age of 28 days. Addition of fine aggregates (sand) is also held responsible for the increase of strength properties of PC mixes as reported by Kevern et al. 2005 . Mix gradation is held as an important parameter for the strength properties of PC mixes Ibrahim et al. 2014. Owing to utilization of open graded aggregate gradation, uniformly graded aggregate showed better strength properties along with allowed porosity range for PC mixes (Crouch et al. 2007). The compressive strength propertied of PC mixes were evaluated as per ASTM C39 and flexural strength is carried out as ASTM C78. Compressive strength is a dependent function of compaction efforts and properties of materials used for the production of PC mixes as stated by (Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995b; Ibrahim et al. 2014). The prescribed limit of compressive strength of pervious concrete is generally in the range of 2.2 MPa to 28 MPa (Tennis et al. 2004; Ibrahim et al. 2014). But compressive strength changes or varies with variation in compaction types efforts and admixtures (Jiang et al. 2003).

5. Functional property Functional property refers to abrasion loss or Cantabro loss of the pervious concrete pavements. It varies from mixture to mixture and the amount of additives added to make the sample more durable (Yang et al. 2002).Concrete mix proportion should also be carefully adjusted to achieve the desired properties (Yang and Jiang, 2003). The porosity is totally dependent on the size and gradations of the aggregate, w/c ratio, c/a ratio, and compaction level (Putman and Neptune, 2011). Haselbach and Freeman (2006) reported that porosity increased with increasing depth since there would be more compaction of the top portion of the pavement than the bottom part. As a result of this situation, the vertical porosity distribution is created by the surface compaction of the PC mixture. Neithalath et al. (2010) found that as porosity in the PC mixture increased, acoustic absorption also increased leading to quieter pavements, but with reduced strength. It was found that such pavements have open structure that may also help in reducing the UHI effects

6. Effects of compaction methods on structural performances.

Compaction types and its efforts ( amount of compaction energy) also has a pivotal role in keeping the range of porosity in prescribed limit. Various researchers has used different types of compaction techniques with different level of efforts in their laboratorical investigations such as gyratory compactor, kangaroo hammer test, standard proctor hammer test etc. Kevern et al. 2009a has studied gyratory compactor to identify the study of compactibility of PC mixes and concludes that gyratory compaction technique actually simulates the field compaction condition by evaluating the compactibility property of PC mix. This methods also showed the decrease trend of porosity with respect to unit weight of the mix.

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Another researcher Torres et al. 2015 studied the strength parameter of PC mix using the tamping rod and standard proctor hammer of 2.5 kg and concludes the minimum compacted mix with minimum cement paste showed minimum compressive as well as flexural properties. Also, concluded about the reduction in porosity as well permeability in case of higher compaction level. Hence ACI committee 522, 2010 had suggested to take the minimum vertical pressure as 0.07Mpa. Putman and Neptune (2010) compared different test specimen preparation techniques based on infiltration rate, density, and porosity, and suggested that the standard Proctor hammer test had the least variability in results and produced magnitudes closest to the field values in terms of density and porosity. Kevern et al. (2010) quantified the parameters for different degrees of workability where gyratory compaction method was utilized to compact PC. Further, the effect of cement content, w/c ratio, and concrete mixing time on workability of Portland cement PC (PCPC) were studied. The Table 1.2 describes about the different compaction types with different level of efforts and their effects on strength properties of PC mixes.

Table 1.2 Effect of compaction techniques and compaction efforts on strength properties as per various literature.

Year Authors Topic Compaction types Compressive Strength

Flexural Strength

2018 Chandrappa et al.

Investigation of flexural strength and stiffness of pervious concrete for pavement application

Proctor hammer and vibration

20 Blows each layer

10sec vibration

Increases

Increases

Increases

Decreases

2017 Rangelov et al.

Quality evaluation tests for pervious concrete pavements’ placement.

Proctor hammer

Increases Increases

2009

Kevern et al.

Evaluation of Pervious Concrete Workability Using Gyratory Compaction

Super pave gyratory Increases Decreases

2011 Putman et al.

Comparison of test specimen preparation techniques for pervious concrete pavements.

20 blows Proctor hammer

5, 10 blows Tamping rod

10 Sec vibration

Increases

Increases

Decreases

Increases

Decreases

Decreases

2018 Costa et al. Best practices for pervious concrete mix design and Laboratory tests.

Standard proctor hammer 20 blows

Increases Increases

2009 Rizvi et al. Laboratory Sample Preparation Techniques for Pervious Concrete

Standard tamping rod and Standard proctor hammer

3 Layers with 25 tamps per Layer.

Decreases

Increases

Increases

Increases

2009 Mahboub et al.

Pervious Concrete: Compaction and Aggregate Gradation

Pneumatic press

Rodding 25 times

Increases

Decreases

Decreases

Decreases

2015 Gaedicke et al.

Effect of recycled materials and compaction methods on the mechanical properties and solar

Proctor hammer, 2.5 Kgs

Increases Increases


reflectance index of pervious concrete

2 Layers 20 Blows

2007 Chopra et al.

Compressive strength of pervious concrete pavements.

Standard proctor hammer and Modified proctor hammer

3 Layer 25 Blows

5 Layers 25 Blows

Increases

Increases

Increases

Decreases

2006 Suleiman et al.

Effect of Compaction Energy on Pervious Concrete Properties

Rodding,

3 Layer 25 Blows

Vibrations for 5 seconds

Decreases

Decreases

Decreases

Decreases

7. Conclusion In making of pervious concrete as a paving mixture for making it in use for various purpose in broad environmental aspects it should be in best of form of conventional pervious concrete. Compaction types and Compaction efforts plays an important and integral part in attaining the desirable properties of pervious concrete for better structural and functional performances depending on compressive strength, flexural strengthas well as functional properties. Many studies have been carried out incorporating different compaction techniques with different compaction efforts in order to study the variance in different properties of pervious concrete. Most of the techniques used such as Rodding, vibration, standard proctor hammer, modified proctor hammer, tamping rod, super pave gyratory, and pneumatic press. It has been seen that compacting the mixture using rodding leaves holes in the mixtures leaving undesirable voids in the macrostructures which results in the lower compressive and flexural strength of the pervious concrete mix. Similarly compaction techniques like vibration methods are carried out in vibratory table or vibratory hammer. In these techniques vibration is done manually for 5-10 secs. Here during vibration it has been observed that there has been choking of the pores due to settlement of the cement paste at the bottom which is against the definition of conventional pervious concrete of standard porosity and permeability. Hence this method is not much recommended. Another methods and efforts that is studied in this paper is tamping rod. It is done manually where tamping rod is allowed to fall from a certain height for compaction of the mixtures. The Compressive strength observed to increase in this type of techniques where as there is considerable loss in flexural strength. The increase in strength is mainly due to the blockage of pores and voids due to manual tamping. The modified proctor hammer of 4.89kgs has been used which resulted in the increase in compressive and flexure strength. Preparing 5 layers and 25 blows in each layer does it. The heavy compaction observed the breakage of aggregate during compaction and changing the texture of aggregate resulting in blockage of pores and decreased porosity and increased compressive and flexural strength. Pneumatic press and super pave gyratory methods are the most newly methods of compaction of pervious concrete which showed both Increase and decrease properties of compressive and flexural strength respectively.

Lastly the most used and better results showed standard proctor hammer 2.5 kgs for 2 layer and 20 blows each has concluded the most suitable compaction types with increase in compressive and flexural strength with permissible range of porosity for PC mixes. This is the only technique, which replicates the lab to field studies in terms of structural and functional performances. Hence, it is the only recommended compaction types and efforts and far as now.

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