effect of crop geometry on growth and …...the dream of bharat ratna mahamana pandit madan mohan...

EFFECT OF CROP GEOMETRY ON

GROWTH AND YIELD UNDER DIRECT

SEEDED HYBRID RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

CULTIVARS

THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

Master of Science (Agriculture)

in

Agronomy

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY

VARANASI-221 005

INDIA

I.D. No. A-14005 2016 Enrolment No. 367668

Supervisor Prof. M. K. Singh

Submitted by

Ajoy Das

Dedicated to My Beloved Parents

[Title]

Ref. No. ……... Date: …................

To,

The Registrar (Academic),

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221 005 (India)

Through:

The Head,

Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005.

Dear Sir,

I have great pleasure in forwarding the thesis entitled “Effect of crop

geometry on growth and yield under direct seeded hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

cultivars” submitted by Mr. Ajoy Das (I.D. No. A-14005) in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) in Agronomy.

I certify that the work has been carried out under my guidance and the

data forming the basis of this thesis, to the best of our knowledge are

original and genuine and no part of the work has been submitted for any

other degree or dissertation.

Thanking you.

FORWARDED Yours faithfully,

(M. K. Singh)

Head (Supervisor)

Dr. M. K. Singh

Professor Phone: + 91-542-6702417 (O)

Mobile: + 91-9452301027

Fax: + 91-542-2368381

E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail

Department of Agronomy

Institute of Agricultural Sciences

Banaras Hindu University

Varanasi (U.P.)-221 005, INDIA

Effect of crop geometry on growth and

yield under direct seeded HYBRID rice

(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

By

Ajoy Das

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) IN

AGRONOMY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY

VARANASI – 221 005

I.D. No. A-14005 2016 Enrolment No. 367668

APPROVED BY ADVISORY COMMITTEE

CHAIRMAN: Dr. M. K. Singh Professor


MEMBERS : Dr. M. K. Singh Assistant Professor


Dr. Vijai. P.

Assistant Professor

Department of Plant Physiology

EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

With the deep sense of devotion I bow and pray to the feet of Lord Viswanath Ji, Lord Hanuman Ji and my guru Sri Sri Thakur Anukul Chandra, who provided me choicest, everlasting blessing to get an opportunity to study in Banaras Hindu University, the dream of Bharat Ratna Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Ji, a great patriot, nobleman and patriarch of this university.

At the outset I would like to express my profound sense of reverence and indebtness to my Supervisor, Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh, Professor, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University for his meticulous guidance, compassionate initiation, congenial discussion, constructive criticism and soothing affection during the course of this investigation and preparation of this manuscript. It was a matter of sheer luck and opportunity to work under his guidance.

I offer my heartfelt gratitude to members of the advisory committee Dr. M. K. Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Dr. Vijai. P, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University for their critical suggestion, impeccable and benevolent guidance.

My profound gratefulness and thanks are to Dr. Ravi P. Singh (Director), and all the respected teachers of the Department of Agronomy, for their valuable suggestions and criticism during the course of this study.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Avijit Sen, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, for providing all facilities needed for completion of the research work.

I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Nandu Ram Yadav, Mr. Manoj kumar Yadav, Mr. Vijay Pratap Singh, Mr. J.C.N. Tripathi and Mr Shyam Sundar of Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University and research scholars, of the Department of Agronomy, for their helping hands, encouragement and cooperation during the tenure of my studies and research work.

Words with me are insufficient to express my fillings of my heart to acknowledge and gratitude to my bellowed Father Shri Anup Kumar Das, mother Smt. Jayasree Das and other family members who are providing all kind of help of need.

My friends Suman Mondal, Arghya Chattopadhyay, Shoumik Saha, Aloke kumar Sonkar, Sandeep Chahar, Swant Sandeep Narayan, Ritesh Parihar, Deshraj Yadav, Jyoti prakash Mishra, Abhishek Singh, Abhishek Sori, Awadesh Singh, Ankesh Kumar, Swati

Acknowledgement

Swamprabha Pradhan, Twinkle Jena, Anwesha Dalbehera, Puja, Puja Kumari and other deserves my appreciation for their cooperation and help at various stages of the investigations.

I express my deep and warm feelings of gratitude to my seniors, Mr. Pratik Sanodia, Mrs. Mona Nagargade, Mr. Gaurav, Mr. Hemraj Meena and Vishal Tagyi for their vital support and sparing their valuable time to complete this manuscript.

I also obliged to Mr. Rahul Sadhukhan, Snehashis Karmakar, Anurag Singh and all my juniors. Last but not the least, I record my sincere thanks to all beloved and respected people who helped and could not find separate mentions. I still solicit their benediction to proceed at very step of respected destined life.

Before pen down, I once again confess that I do not know how to acknowledge the help and co-operation of my Supervisor, members of advisory committee, family members and relatives, seniors, juniors, colleagues but above feeling are followed from the core of my heart in the shape of words and as gospel of truth.

It’s like drop in the ocean by my all regards to lord Hanuman and Shyam Ji, Goddess Maa Saraswati and Maa Laxmi for providing me energy and patience without which I would have been none.

Date:

(Ajoy Das)

Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences

Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221 005, India

CONTENTS

Chapter No.

Particulars Page No.(s)

Chapter I Introduction 1-3

Chapter II Review of Literature 4-23

Chapter III Materials and Methods 24-41

Chapter IV Experimental Findings 42-57

Chapter V Discussion 58-64

Chapter VI Summary and Conclusion 65-67

Bibliography i-xii

Appendix

Abbreviations and

Symbols Used

% Per cent

/ Per

@ At the rate

B: C Benefit cost ratio

C.D. Critical difference

cm Centimeter

d.f. Degree of freedom

DAS Days after sowing

dSm-1 Deci siemen per meter

e.g. For example

EC Electrical conductivity

et al. And others

Fig. Figure

FYM Farm yard manure

g Gram

ha Hectare

hrs Hours

i.e. Id est (that is)

K Potassium

kg Kilogram

m ha Million hectare

m Meter

Max. Maximum

Min. Minimum

mm Millimeter

mt Million tones

N Nitrogen

No. Number

NS Non significant oC Degree centigrade

P2O5 Phosphorus

pH Puissance de hydrogen

q Quintal

SEm± Standard error of mean

t Tonnes

viz. Namely

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

List of Tables

Table. No. Particular Page No.

3.1 Meteorological data June, 2015 – November, 2015……… 25

3.2a Soil mechanical properties ……………………………………. 28

3.2b Soil chemical properties………………………………………… 28

3.2c Soil physical properties………………………………………….. 29

3.3 Cropping history of experimental field………………………… 29

3.4 Treatment details…………………………………………………… 30

3.5 Details of layout plan……………………………………………… 31

3.6 Details of field operations………………………………………… 35-36

3.7 Standard error of mean difference and t values for each of

the four types of pair comparison in Split- plot design…….

41

4.1 Effect of cultivars and spacing on plant height (cm) in

direct seeded rice……………………………………………………

46

4.2 Effect of cultivars and spacing on dry matter

accumulation (g) in direct seeded rice

46

4.3 Effect of cultivars and spacing on number of tillers m-2 in

direct seeded rice…………………………………………………… 47

4.4 Effect of cultivars and spacing on number of leaves m-2 in direct seeded rice……………………………………………………

47

4.5 Effect of cultivars and spacing on Leaf area index (LAI) in


48

4.6 Effect of cultivars and spacing on chlorophyll content and

days to 50% maturity in direct seeded rice…………………...

48

4.7 Effect of cultivars and spacing on yield attributing characters in direct seeded rice………………………………….

53

4.7a Interaction effect of cultivars and spacing on panicle

length in direct seeded rice……………………………………….

53

4.8 Effects of cultivars and spacing on grain yield, straw yield

and harvest index in direct seeded rice………………………..

54

4.9 Effect of cultivars and spacing on cost of cultivation, gross

return, net return, B: C ratio and production efficiency of direct seeded rice……………………………………………………

57

List of Figures

Fig. No. Particular Page No.

3.1 Meteorological data June, 2015 – November, 2015………… 26

3.2 Layout…………………………………………………………………. 32

4.8 Effect of cultivar and spacing on grain yield of direct

seeded rice……………………………………………………………

55

5.4 Effect of cultivar and spacing on production efficiency of


64

Chapter I

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the foremost staple food for more than 60% of the world’s

population providing major source of the food energy. It is grown in 114 countries across the

world on an area about 160 million hectares with annual production of 494.3 million tonnes, and

total supply of 711.5 million tonnes (Anonymous, 2016). Globally, total rice consumption was

recorded 491.5 million metric tonnes in 2014-15 (Anonymous, 2016). More than 90% of the

world’s rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Rice is the important crop in the country’s food

security accounting about 44% of the total food grain production and holds about 20% share in

national agricultural GDP (Anonymous, 2010) and provides 43% calorie requirement for more

than 70% of Indians. In India rice covers highest area by a single crop and it is also maximum

area among all rice growing countries. It is an important crop in India which occupied 43.9

million hectare with the annual production of 103.6 million tonnes (Ministry of Agriculture,

Directorate of Economics and Statistics, 2015). It is estimated that by the year 2025, the world’s

farmers should produce about 60% more rice than at present to meet the food demands of the

expected world population at that time and by 2035, 114 million tones additional milled rice

need to produce (Virender and Ladha, 2011).

In India, more than 70% rice is grown under rainfed condition, 9% under upland and 21%

under partially or fully irrigated conditions. Agriculture worldwide faces two major challenges,

first, it needs to enhance food production sustainably to feed a growing world population; at the

same time, this increase needs to be accomplished under conditions of increasing scarcity of

water resources (Bouman, 2009). Irrigated rice production is the largest consumer of water in

agricultural sector, and its sustainability is threatened by increasing water shortages. Such water

scarcity necessitates the development of alternative system of irrigation in (irrigated) rice

cultivation (systems) that require less water than traditional flooded rice (Bouman et al., 2005).

Rice is commonly grown by transplanting seedlings into puddled soil in Asia. This

production system is labor, water and energy intensive and is becoming less profitable as these

resources are becoming increasingly scarce (Tripathi et al., 2004). It also deteriorates the

Introduction

2

physical properties of soil, adversely affects the performance of succeeding crops and contributes

the methane emission. Also, the drudgery involved in transplanting, a job largely done by

women is of serious concern. All these factors have posed a threat to the productivity and

sustainability of rice based systems and demands a major shift from the current system of

transplanted rice production (Pandey and Velasco, 2005). In recent years, due to sever water and

labor scarcity, farmers are changing their rice establishment methods from transplanting to direct

seeding. Direct seeding offers such advantages as faster and easier planting, reduced labor and

less drudgery, earlier crop maturity, less methane emission and often higher profitability

(Thiyagarajan et al., 2002; Uphoff, 2007; and Krishna et al., 2008). The additional benefit of

DSR would be water conservation, soil temperature moderation and built up of sol organic

carbon status due to residue retention at the soil surface.

Appropriate agronomic management is a pre-requisite to make use of the full potential of

rice cultivar. Among the available technology selection of appropriate high yielding cultivar

according to specific location and region at suitable plant spacing play a crucial role in boosting

production of direct seeded rice (DSR). Selection of appropriate cultivar is the most important

factor that influences the yield of the crop. Hybrid vigor in rice is profitably used to increase its

productivity by 14-28 per cent over the available best varieties in India (Siddiqui, 1993).

Crop geometry plays a significant role for optimization of rice yield due to efficient

utilization of solar radiation as well as nutrients in direct seeded rice (Siddiqui et al., 1999).

Closer spacing hampers intercultural operations and as such more competition arises among the

plants for nutrients, air and light as a result, plant becomes weaker and thinner producing lower

yield. The crop geometry and spatial configuration exploit the initial vigor of the genotypes with

enhanced soil aeration creating congenial condition for better establishment (Shukla et al., 2014).

A planting density that can bring down the seed requirement without sacrificing productivity

would go a long way in popularizing the direct seeded rice cultivation. Since seed of hybrid

cultivar is expensive so selection of ideal plant spacing has also to be adopted for getting

optimum plant stand in the field which results in higher yield.

Cultivar and plant spacing are the imperative phenomena on which yield attributes and

yield potential of direct seeded rice crop depends. Sowing in defined row spacing produces

Introduction

3

higher yield due to better utilization of natural resources as compared to broadcasting. However,

at present, the information of appropriate spacing is not well known in direct seeded rice. Among

the various experiment conducted in country it is found that at 25× 25 cm2 spacing, number of

effective tillers and panicle weight were enhanced significantly (Anonymous, 2012).

In direct seeded rice number of panicles, grains per panicle, harvest index and test

weight significantly depends on plant spacing. It is observed that with increase in plant

population, above optimum, may decrease crop yield while on other side yield may also reduced

due to lesser plant population below optimum due to inability to intercept maximum available

light by poor plant stand (Mahajan et al., 2010). Plant spacing determines the rice stand per unit

area. The row to row spacing is one of the important agronomic practices that affect both grain

quality and quantity in the entire rice ecosystem. It is also observed that plant to plant and row to

row spacing had a significant effect on yield and yield attributing characters of direct seeded rice

(Sultana et al., 2012). Yield potential of a cultivar varies with effective utilization of solar

radiation, soil moisture and nutritional uptake from the soil and all these depends on selection of

appropriate plant spacing. At higher plant population these factors may be deficient while at

lower plant population these factors are not well utilized. Increasing plant spacing between and

within row increases light penetration in to the crop canopy, which enhance weed growth.

By considering the above facts, the present investigation entitled “Effect of crop

geometry on growth and yield under direct seeded hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars”

was conducted on sandy-clay-loam soil at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural

Sciences, Banaras Hindu University during the kharif (rainy) season of 2015 with the following

objectives:

1. To find out the effect of crop geometry on growth and yield under direct seeded hybrid rice

cultivars.

2. To work out economics of treatments under study.

Chapter II

Review of Literature

Predominantly rice remains a staple food for the two third of the world’s

population especially for south-eastern Asia, where 90 % of world population of rice is

grown and consumed as an important item of commerce since the last two decades It has

been studied by researchers in different parts of India and worldwide. Field trial was laid

out to work out the effect of crop geometry on growth and yield under direct seeded

hybrid rice cultivars under agro-ecological condition of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. This

chapter shows the review which has been carried in different part of country as well as

world on the context stated above.

2.1 Effect of cultivar

2.1.1 Growth attributes

Gautam et al. (2008) found that inbred aromatic rice Pusa Basmati-1 registered

significantly higher plant height than PRH-10 and Pusa Sugandh-3 at panicle initiation

and harvest stage in both the year of experimentation. It was found that rice hybrid PRH-

10 had in general higher LAI than Pusa Sugandh-3 and Pusa Basmati-1 during both the

years. They also reported significant difference due to cultivar PRH-10, Pusa Sugandh-3

and Pusa Basmati-1 at all the stages of growth with each other in accumulating total dry

matter during both the years of experimentation. PRH-10 produced the highest total dry

matter compared to the other two cultivars. They also reported that hybrid rice PRH-10

registered significantly more tillers as compared to inbred rice varieties Pusa Sugandh-3

and Pusa Basmati-1.

The field experiment was carried out by Dass and Chandra (2012) at G. B. Pant

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar found that Arize 6444 had

significantly higher plant hight than Pant Dhan 4.


5

Singh et al. (2013) conducted an experiment with six rice cultivars and resulted

that out of six cultivars Pusa Sugandh 2 was found significantly superior in growth and

yield attributes over all other cultivars except Pusa Sugandh 5 which was at par in plant

height and tillers m-2 and MTU 7029 which had significantly higher yield attributes.

These results are in conformity with the findings of Singh et al. (2003). The rice cultivars

that took significantly more days to 50% flowering were MTU 7029 (91.30) as compared

to Pusa Sugandh -2 (69.30).

According to Joshi et al. (2013), the rice cultivar MTU 7029 is suitable for Eastern

Uttar Pradesh while the cultivar PRH 10 for Haryana, Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh

under direct seeded rice.

Singh et al. (2013) found that plant height of cultivar HUR 105 was higher at 30

and 60 DAT, both in SRI and conventional rice cultivation than the MTU 7029.

Ram et al. (2014) conducted experiment during the rainy (kharif) season of 2008

and 2009 at Varanasi, found that at 60 DAT PHB 71 produce significantly higher LAI

than NDR 359.

Singh et al. (2015) found that a field experiment was conducted during kharif

2011 and 2012 at the research farm of College of Post Graduate Studies, Central

Agriculture University, Umiam, Meghalaya found that Arize 6444 and Mynri produced

significantly higher dry matter hill-1 than Sahsarang1 at all the stages of observations.

Sihag et al. (2015) found that hybrid rice cultivar PRH 10 recorded significantly

higher growth attributes viz. plant height, number of tillers m-2 and dry matter

accumulation m-1 running row at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. However, number of

tillers m-2 at 90 days recorded significantly higher in cultivar MTU 7209 than the other

cultivars.


6

Ahamed et al. (2015) was conducted field experiment at Research Farm of the

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Assam, Silchar in Rabi season , found that number of tillers per

hill was found to be the highest for PAC 837 at both maximum tillering and flowering

stages in all the three practices and it is at par with Arize 6444.

A field experiment was carried out by Jat et al. (2015) during the rainy (kharif)

and winter (rabi) seasons of 2012–13 and 2013–14 at Agricultural Research Farm,

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, found that

amongst rice hybrids, tillers hill-1, LAI and dry-matter accumulation hill-1 significantly

increased in ‘Arize 6444’ over ‘PHB 71’ on pooled basis, respectively. However,

significantly tallest plants were recorded with ‘PHB 71’ in comparison to ‘Arize 6444’.

2.1.2 Yield attributes

A field experiment was carried out by Gautam et al. (2008) at the Indian

Agricultural Research Institute’s Research Farm during the Kharif seasons of 2002 and

2003 and concluded that rice hybrid PRH-10 produced significantly more number of

panicles, filled grain panicle-1 than the other two inbred rice cultivars Pusa Sugandh-3

and Pusa Basmati-1 during both the years of investigations. Furthermore, the difference

in number of grains panicle-1 between Pusa Sugandh-3 and Pusa Basmati-1 was also

significant. They also reported significantly higher grain yield with rice hybrid PRH-10

than the cultivars Pusa Sugandh-3 and Pusa Basmati-1. The increase in the grain yield of

PRH-10 was 6.6 and 5.2% higher than that of produced by Pusa Sugandh-3. PRH-10 and

Pusa Sugandh-3 being statistically at par recorded significantly more straw yield than

Pusa Basmati-1 during both years of experimentation.

HUR 105 was also tested in farmer’s fields during wet-season of 2009 (a severe

drought year in UP) in frontline demonstrations. This variety showed high drought


7

tolerance and had a yield advantage of 13–25% over check variety HUBR 2-1 (AICRIP,

2009). Besides having high grain yield and good cooking quality, it also tolerates

drought, bacterial leaf blight, leaf and neck blast, brown spot, and stem borers in the field.

Singh et al. (2012) conducted an experiment on impact of direct seeded rice (DSR)

over traditional method of transplanting For Resource Conservation during 2008-10 by

introducing short duration rice cultivars (Krishna Hansa, NDR-97 and PRH-10) at the

farmers’ fields of Kushinagar, U.P. Results revealed that hybrid cultivar, PRH-10 was the

most successful among all demonstrated varieties (62.35 q ha-1). The increase in yield in

demonstrated rice (62.35 q ha-1) was 48.56% as compared to local check (41.57 q ha-1).

Singh and Sen (2012) reported that the highly scented HUR105 is an erect, semi

dwarf (105–115 cm in height) variety with 130−135 days to maturity and a sturdy plant

stature, which makes it tolerant of lodging. The mean yield of three years of cultivar

HUR 105 (4.13 t ha-1) was found significantly higher than the rest of the cultivars. The

increase in yield was to the tune of 24.6% and 83.5% of Pusa Basmati 1 and Basmati 370,

respectively.

According to Dass and Chandra (2012) plants of ‘Arize 6444’ grew significantly

taller and gave higher straw yield than ‘Pant Dhan 4’. However, grain yield was similar

between two varieties. Both the varieties produced more than 6.0 t ha-1 grain under SRI

method. Under conventional method also, a non-significant difference was found.

It was found that during wet seasons, HUR 105 out yielded check variety Pusa

Basmati 1 by 24.6% over 3 years (mean basis) and showed 48.3% (Eastern region),

12.6% (Western region), 8.7% (Central region), and 10.7% (Bundlekhand region) higher

grain yield than Pusa Basmati 1. Cultivar HUR 105 out yielded check variety Basmati

370 at all locations, with an average increase of 83.6% within 3 years. The results showed

comparable performance of HUR 105 in terms of grain quality, kernel length of 6.68 mm

and kernel breadth of 2.01 mm, kernel elongation ratio of 1.51, good aroma, and very

sweet taste (Singh and Sen, 2012).


8

Singh et al. (2013) reported the number of filled grains panicle-1, panicle length,

grain and straw yields as well as harvest index significantly with cultivar MTU 7029 as

compared to cultivar HUR 105.

Kumar et al. (2013) found that the grain yield of rice cultivar PRH- 10 (5.93 t ha-1)

was significantly higher than the cultivar Pusa-1460 (3.67 t ha-1) under SRI method. The

cultivar ‘PRH 10’ (aromatic hybrid variety) produced 50% higher grain yield over ‘Pusa

1460’ (basmati variety). The water productivity was significantly higher in ‘PRH 10’

(4.22 kg ha-1 mm) than ‘Pusa 1460’ (2.66 kg ha-1 mm) cultivar.

Meena et al. (2014) reported that rice cultivar HUR 105 had number of tillers hill-1

(10.22), panicle length (22.79 cm), number of panicles m-2 (280.56), number of grains

panicle-1 (125.58), test weight (23.08 g), grain yield (50.97 q ha-1) and straw yield (62.93

q ha-1).


and 2009 at Varanasi and found that PHB 71 recorded significantly higher number of

tillers hill-1 at harvest(22.7), Panicles hill-1(21.9), Grains panicle-1(168.1), 1,000-grain

weight (21.26g) than NDR 359 and also recorded significantly higher grain yield (12.6%)

and harvest index (8.0%) over ‘NDR 359’.

Sihag et al. (2015) found that cultivar PRH-10 produced significantly higher grain

yield than other cultivars However, MTU 7029 and HUR 105 were statistically at par.

According to Ahamed et al. (2015) among the varieties tested PAC 837 produced

the boldest grains with the maximum number of panicles m-2 and number of grains

panicle-1. Highest grain yield was recorded with PAC 837 (7.83 t/ha), followed by Arize

6444 (6.05 t/ha), IR-64 (5.07 t/ha), which could be attributed to their better performance

in terms of yield attributing traits as well as growth and physiological parameters.


9

Jat et al. (2015) found that rice hybrid ‘Arize 6444’ gave significantly higher grain

and straw yields and showed greater potential to exploit hybrid vigor over ‘PHB 71’.

2.1.3 Economics

According to Singh et al. (2010) the net returns from the cultivation of PRH 10

was Rs. 40,090 i.e. 71% higher than those of the inbred varieties (Sarbati, PR 113, HKR

120, and NDR 359). The benefit cost ratios of both types of cultivars were quite

satisfactory, but PRH 10 was more attractive due to a higher ratio of 3:20.

Singh et al. (2012) during an experiment found that the average cost of cultivation

of demonstrated rice (PRH 10) was 16842.6 Rs ha-1 compared to 13842.67 Rs ha-1 in

local check while the net profit in demonstrated rice was 38444.90 Rs ha-1 and of local

check it was 21874.3 Rs ha-1 with a profit ratio of 1.76.

According to Dass and Chandra (2012) growing ‘Arize 6444’ involved higher cost

of cultivation mainly due to 9-fold higher cost of seed than ‘Pant Dhan 4’. This was

particularly true for raising ‘Arize 6444’ under conventional method which required

higher quantity of seed. Under conventional method, ‘Arize 6444’ due to higher

production cost largely owing to costly hybrid seed produced lower net returns than ‘Pant

Dhan 4’ by 5 × 103 /ha.

Kumar et al. (2014) carried out a field experiment to study the economics of rice

cultivation through appropriate management of zinc at Agricultural Research Farm,

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University during the two consecutive

kharif (rainy) seasons of 2010 and 2011. The experiment was laid out in randomized

block design with three rice varieties (HUR-105, HUBR 2-1 and PHB-71) and seven zinc

treatments. The hybrid PHB 71 showed the highest gross return of Rs. 78007 ha-1 and

79570 ha-1, however HUR 105 recorded the maximum net return of Rs. 46886 ha-1 and

Rs. 48180 ha-1 and B: C ratio 2.58 and 2.63 in year 2010 and 2011, respectively.


10


and 2009 at Varanasi, found that the hybrid ‘PHB 71’ resulted in 6.5 × 103/ha additional

net returns and significantly higher benefit: cost ratio (1.56) over inbred cultivar ‘NDR

359’.

Singh et al. (2015) was conducted a field experiment during kharif season of

2011 and 2012 at the Research Farm of College of Post Graduate Studies, Central

Agriculture University, Umiam, Meghalaya and reported that from the economic point of

view, cultivar Arize 6444 produced B:C ratio (1.68) which was significantly higher than

Sahsarang1(1.41) and Mynri (1.32).

Jat et al. (2015) found that hybrid ‘Arize 6444’ showed significantly more net

monetary advantage of over ‘PHB 71’ with high output: input ratio (2.66)

2.2 Effect of crop geometry

2.2.1 Growth attributes

Reddy and Reddy (1986) observed higher plant height under closer spacing of 10

× 10 cm2 as compared to wider spacing.

Shah et al. (1991) reported that the maximum plant height (90.2 cm) in rice

cultivar ‘K 39’ observed in closer spacing (10 × 10 cm2), whereas the plant height (83.9

cm) was in wider row spacing (20 × 20 cm2).

Maximum plant height at closer plant spacing 15 × 15 cm2 (154.9 cm) was also

reported than the wider spacing 22.5 × 15 cm2 (152.7 cm) and 30 × 15 cm2 (150.8 cm)

with an experiment conducted by Om et al. (1993) on rice cultivar ‘Basmati 370’ at Rice

Research Station, Kaul.

An experiment conducted on hybrid rice cultivar reported that at plant spacing 20

× 10 cm2 significantly higher plant height was observed than at plant spacing 15 × 10 cm2

(Geethadevi et al., 2000).


11

Zhang et al. (2004) worked on transplanting density of hybrid rice at China and

found that transplanting density did not influenced plant height significantly.

As a trial carried out with rice cultivar ‘K 39’ at plant spacing of 10 × 10, 15 × 15

and 20 × 20 cm2 the result recorded that with closer spacing of 10 × 10 cm2 plant height

(90.2 cm) was found significantly higher than that of plant height (83.9 cm) with wider

spacing of 20 × 20 cm2. More number of tillers m-2 also found significantly higher with

closer spacing of 10 × 10 cm2 than with wider spacing of 15 × 15 cm2 (Kanungo and

Roul, 1994).

Budhar et al. (1989) observed that leaf area index increased with increase in plant

density. The same results also observed by Ikarashi et al. (1990) in Japan. Budhar et al.

(1989) also found that 500 plants m-2 recorded LAI of 7.4 at flowering stage whereas 200

plants m-2 recorded LAI of 3.6 at that stage.

Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappan (1991a) also found higher LAI at higher plant

population because of increased number of leaves production per unit area.

Cai et al. (1991) also concluded that closer spacing of 13.3 × 13.3 cm2 resulted in

higher leaf area index at booting stage than wider spacing of 26.6 × 13.3 cm2.

Raju et al. (1984) reported that closer plant spacing 10 × 10 cm2 produces 87.2 g

dry matter per clump lower than that of at wider spacing of 20 × 15 cm2 98.2 g dry matter

production clump-1.

Kabayashi et al. (1989) observed that dry matter production increased with higher

plant population per unit area.

Dry matter production was observed higher at closer plant spacing (10 × 10 cm2)

as compared to wider plant spacing (20 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2) (Dhal and Mishra,

1994).


12

Padmaja and Reddy (1998) conducted an experiment at Hyderabad on rice hybrid

cultivar ‘APHR 2’ and observed that closer plant spacing 15 × 15 cm2 produced

significantly higher dry matter as compared to that of wider plant spacing 20 × 15 cm2 at

all the physiological crop growth stages.

Miller (1991) observed that with increased in plant population enhanced total dry

matter production and number of tillers per unit area.

Shah et al. (1991) reported that number of tillers m-2 were more at closer plant

spacing of 10 × 10 cm2 as compared to wider spacing of 15 × 15 cm2. The same results

were also reported by Kanungo and Roul (1994).

An experiment conducted at Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Hyderabad

revealed that rice crop at closer spacing of 15 × 15 cm2 produced higher number of tillers

m-2 and leaf area index as against wider spacing (DRR, 1991). A report of Central Rice

Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack also supports this (CRRI, 1998).

An experiment conducted by Obulamma and Reddeppa (2002) at Southern agro

climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh on rice hybrids cultivar ‘DRRH 1’ and ‘APHR 2’

revealed that dry matter production, number of tillers m-2 and leaf area index were

highest with plant spacing 15 × 10 cm2 as compared to that of plant spacing 20 × 10, 15 ×

15 and 20 × 15 cm2.

Results of an experiment conducted at Bhubaneswar on rice hybrid ‘PA 6201’ by

Nayak et al. (2003) revealed that wider spacing of 20 × 15 cm2 recorded the maximum

total and effective tillers hill-1 and dry matter accumulation per clump as compared to

closer spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 and 15 × 15 cm2.

According to Dass and Chandra (2012) wider spacing (25 cm × 25 cm) recorded

significantly taller plants than the closer spacing (20 cm ×20 cm), due to the fact that

under wider spacing, the plants get sufficient space above the ground (shoots) and below


13

the ground (roots) to grow and the increased light transmission in the canopy, leading to

greater plant height.

Sihag et al. (2015) found that plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 recorded higher plant

height, number of tillers m-2 and dry matter accumulation at all the growth stages

whereas, number of tillers m-2 at 90 DAS was recorded significantly higher in spacing

(25 × 25 cm2) compared to plant spacing (20 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2).

2.2.2 Yield attributes

Srinivasan (1990) conducted an experiment at Madurai on rice cultivar ‘Bhavani’

and found that closer plant spacing of 15 × 10 cm2 produced significantly higher number

of effective tillers m-2 and dry matter production clump-1 as against the wider plant

spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 and 25 × 10 cm2. Verma et al. (2002) reported that with wider

plant spacing 20 × 20 cm2 and 20 × 15 cm2 number of effective tillers m-2 were

significantly higher than that of closer plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 as an experiment

conducted on rice hybrid ‘PA 6201’.

Padmaja and Reddy (1998) reported that at plant spacing 15 × 15 cm2 number of

panicles per m2 also significantly higher than that of plant spacing 20 × 15 cm2.

It was also observed that with wider plant spacing 20 × 10 cm2 number of

effective tillers hill-1 (8.95) were significantly higher than that of closer plant spacing

with 15 × 10 cm2 (7.41) and 10 × 10 cm2 (6.15) at Orissa (Patra and Nayak, 2001).

Kewat et al. (2002) observed that number of effective tillers hill-1 with wider plant

spacing 20 × 20 cm2 (9.5) were higher as compared to closer plant spacing with 20 × 15

cm2 (9.0), 20 × 10 cm2 (7.7) and 15 × 15 cm2 (8.7) in hybrid rice ‘PA 6201’ at Jabalpur.

Padmavati et al. (1998) also reported similar findings.


14

Zeng (2003) revealed that higher number of panicles hill-1 and grain yield was

recorded with denser planting of 3, 30,000 holes as against 2, 50,000 holes hectare-1 in

China.

Chopra and Chopra (2004) conducted an experiment on rice at Karnal, Haryana

and found that with plant spacing of 20 × 15, 30 × 15 and paired row 20: 40: 20 cm2

recorded significantly higher number of panicles hill-1 as compared to that of closer plant

spacing of 15 × 15 cm2. However, enhanced number of panicles hill-1 was unable to reach

the level of significance in grain yield.

Pol et al. (2005) reported on ‘Sahyadri’ rice hybrid at Dapoli number of panicles

hill-1 (12.25) and panicle weight hill-1 (34.13 g) with wider plant spacing 20 × 20 cm2 was

significantly higher as compared to that with 15 × 10, 20 × 15 and 20 × 10 cm2 plant

spacing. They also reported higher grain yield with wider plant spacing of 20 × 20 cm2

significantly higher to the tune of 11.86, 7.96, and 3.40% over the spacing 15 × 10, 20 ×

10 and 20 × 15 cm2, respectively. This finding supports the finding of Dongarwar et al.

(2002).

Shukla et al. (1984) and Verma et al. (1998) observed the higher number of fertile

grains panicle-1 as well as panicle length with wider plant spacing 30 × 10 cm2 as

compared to that with closer plant spacing.

According to Srivastav and Tripathi (1998), an experiment carried out on rice

hybrid ‘PA 6201’ number of fertile grain panicle-1 was higher with closer spacing of 15 ×

10 cm2 as compared to wider spacing of 20 × 15 cm2.

Padmaja and Reddy (1998) observed that higher number of fertile spikelet panicle-

1 with wider spacing of 20 × 15 cm2 than with closer spacing of 15 × 15 cm2. Same

findings were also reported from CRRI, Cuttack with hybrid rice ‘PA 6201’ (CRRI,

1998).


15

Wagh and Thorat (1987) reported significantly higher test weight with closer plant

spacing 15 × 10 cm2 than wider plant spacing 20 × 15 cm2. But on the other hand Reddy

and Reddy (1994) showed that with lower plant density test weight was significantly

higher (23.39g) than with closer plant spacing. Kanungo and Roul (1994), Trivedi and

Kwatra (1983) and Raju et al. (1984) also supported the results of Reddy and Reddy

(1994).

It was observed that more panicle length was found with wider spacing (Trivedi

and Kwatra, 1983). Krishnan et al. (1994) also found increased panicle length in wider

plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 than the closer plant spacing of 15 × 10cm2.

A study initiated at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack Orissa resulted that

the crop obtained significantly maximum plant height (70.9), effective tillers hill-1 (8.13),

LAI (5.13), leaf are duration (252.9 days), dry matter production hill-1 (34.41 g), root

volume hill-1 (26.1 cc), root weight hill-1 (3.83 g), crop growth rate (26.07 g m-2), relative

growth rate (64.79 mg g-1 day-1), net assimilation rate (7.37 g m-2 leaf area day-1) (Jena et

al., 2010).

According to Uddin et al. (2010) the plant height, total tillers hill-1 and effective

tiilers hill-1 were significantly higher with plant spacing 15 × 15 cm2 over the others.

Murthy (2011) laid out an experiment on study growth parameters, seed yield and

quality parameters of rice as influenced by promising varieties and spacing under aerobic

rice condition during Kharif 2005 and summer 2006 at ZARS, V. C. Farm, Mandya

district of Karnataka. The result shown that with a spacing of 30 × 40 cm2 plant height

(90.9 cm), number of tillers hill-1 (26.5), panicle length (19.6 cm), number of seeds

panicle-1 (200.4) and seed index (2.2 g) were significantly higher as compared to other

spacing whereas rice grown with other spacing of 30 × 15 cm2 recorded significantly

higher grain yield (47.2 q ha-1) as compared to other spacing.


16

According to a trial conducted on hybrid rice at Karnataka by Geethadevi et al.

(2000), the maximum grain yield (1536 kg ha-1) was obtained with 20 × 10 cm2 spacing

as against 15 × 10 cm2 plant spacing.

A study carried out on rice hybrid ‘PRH 10’ and ‘PRH 6’ by Kumar et al. (2002)

at IARI, New Delhi revealed that thinner plant density of 25 plants m-2 had 7.6 and

17.5% higher grain yield over the 33 and 50 plants m-2, respectively.

Rajesh and Thanunathan (2003) observed that crop planted with wider spacing of

20 × 15 cm2 had significantly higher grain yield as compared to that of crop planted with

closer spicing of 20 × 10 and 15 × 15 cm2.

According to an experiment carried out by Shinde et al. (2005) on ‘Sahayadri’

hybrid rice on different plant spacing, wider row spacing of 30 cm produced significantly

higher grain (9.53 t ha-1) and straw yield (12.79 t ha-1) because of significantly higher

number of panicles m-2 (292), panicle length (25.78 cm) and test weight (26.94 g) over

the closer row spacing of 25 cm2.

According to Shah et al. (1987), closer spacing with 10 × 10 cm2 produced

significantly higher grain and straw yields as against wider spacing of 15 × 15 cm2.

Gupta and Sharma (1991) observed that plant spacing of 10 × 10 and 15 × 15 cm2

produced higher grain yield (2.86 and 2.82 t ha-1, respectively) over the plant spacing of

15 × 10 and 20 × 10 cm2 (2.67 and 2.59 t ha-1, respectively) at Jabalpur.

Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappan (1991b) reported higher grain and straw yields

with closer spacing of 15 × 10 cm2 as compared to the wider spacing of 20 × 15 cm2.

Pandey and Tripathi (2001) reported that closer plant spacing of 15 × 10 cm2 had

significantly higher grain yield over the wider plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2.


17

An experiment carried out at Hyderabad on hybrid rice ‘APHR 2’ by Padmaja and

Reddy (1998) and reported that closer plant spacing 15 × 15 cm2 obtained significantly

higher grain yield (4.57 t ha-1) than wider plant spacing 20 × 15 cm2.

Powar and Deshpande (2001) worked on hybrid rice ‘Sahyadri’ and found that

closer spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 had significantly more grain (63q ha-1) and straw yield

(162 q ha-1) than the wider spacing 20 × 20 cm2 and 20 × 15 cm2, but was at par with 15

× 15 cm2.

Kewat et al. (2002) conducted an experiment at Jabalpur on rice hybrid ‘PA 6201’

and reported that closer spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 and 15 × 15 cm2 obtained significantly

higher grain yield 63 and 60 q ha-1, respectively as against wider spacing of 20 × 20 cm-2

(47 q ha-1) and 20 ×15 cm2 (53 q ha-1).

Obulamma and Reddeppa (2002) investigated that rice hybrids ‘DRRH 1’ and

‘APHR 2’ recorded significantly higher grain yield with closer plant spacing 20 × 10

cm2 over the wider plant spacing 15 × 15 cm2 and 20 × 15 cm2.

Rao and Moorthy (2003) studied that closer spacing (15 × 15 cm2) had

significantly higher grain yield as compared to that of wider spacing (20 × 20 cm2).

Sultana et al. (2012) reported that the row to row spacing significantly influences

the yield contributing characters of rice. Number of effective tillers hill-1 and number of

sterile spikelet hill-1 were significantly influenced by row to row spacing, grain yield was

highest with 25 cm row spacing because of the improved number of effective tillers hill-1

(13.11). However, straw yield (5.56 t ha-1) and biological yield (9.89 t ha-1) were obtained

significantly higher in 20 cm row spacing.

Rautaray (2007) initiated a study at Gerua and Kamrup, Assam to evaluate the

effect of spacing and fertilizer dose on grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rice - rice

cropping sequence. His study revealed that the effect of optimum row spacing and

fertilizer dose on grain yield of rice proved effective by skipping one row after every


18

three rows at 15 × 15 cm2 spacing and resulted in highest grain yield (4.51 t ha-1) during

the wet season and 5.27 t ha-1 during the dry season.

Mahajan et al. (2010) recorded that increased plant density, beyond the optimal,

might lead to high dilution effect resulting in lower yield. On the other hand lower yield

at less than optimal densities is probably due to the inability to intercept maximum

available light due to poor stand establishment. In fact intra specific competition due to

different seeding densities may vary in their intensity and compensatory growth of

individual plant, when grown at lower densities and it resulted in similar grain yield over

a broad range of densities.

An experiment conducted by Banarjee and Pal (2011) at Regional Research Sub

Station of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal to assess the response of

hybrid rice cultivar ‘Pro Agro 6201’ to planting geometry. The study concluded that

different plant spacing had an outstanding influence on more or less all the yield

attributing characters and crop yield. Panicle length, filled grains panicle-1 and test weight

increased significantly with the closer spacing of 15 × 15 cm2 and produced significantly

higher yield (6.00 t ha-1).

A study carried out at Agronomy Field Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences,

G.K.V.K., Bangalore on the effect of spacing and genotypes on growth and yield of

aerobic rice. The results revealed that plant spacing of 45 cm recorded panicle length (22.

cm), number of grains panicle-1 (195.8) and grain yield (57.3 q ha-1) significantly higher

compared to other spacing (Basavaraja et al., 2010).

According to Bozorgi et al. (2011) for experiment at Lahijan on the effect of plant

geometry on yield and yield attributes of rice. The rice cultivar ‘Hashemi’ tested with

three levels of viz. 15 × 15, 20 × 20 and 25 × 25 cm2 with three levels of number of

seedlings hill-1 viz. 1, 3 and 5 seedling hill-1. The maximum grain yield (3415 kg ha-1)

among plant spacing levels was found with 15 × 15 cm2.


19

Jalil (2008) affirmed that the rice cultivar BRRI Dhan 29 recorded the highest

grain yield (5.87 t ha-1) with 25 cm row to row spacing as against grain yield (4.3 t ha-1)

with 20 cm row to row spacing under aerobic cultivation. However, lower straw yield

(5.45 t ha-1) and biological yield (9.82 t ha-1) were obtained from 25 cm row spacing.

Jena et al. (2010) conducted a research at CRRI, Cuttack Orissa, India and found

significantly higher panicle length (26.1 cm), fertile spikelet panicle-1 (106.7), test weight

(23.07g) and grain yield (5.87 t ha-1) at plant spacing of 15 × 15 cm2.

Kandil et al. (2010), carried out a study at Dakahlia governorate, Egypt during

2000 and 2001to assess the effect of three plant spacing viz. 10 × 15, 20 × 15, 30 × 15

cm2 and five nitrogen levels viz. 0, 48, 96, 144 and 192 kg ha-1 and three harvest dates

viz. 30, 35 and 40 days after heading on productivity and quality of rice cultivar ‘Giza

177’. The result revealed that plant spacing of 20 × 15 cm2 recorded the highest panicle

length, test weight, grain yield and harvest index as well as milling, head rice percentage

and protein content.

Mondal et al. (2013) studied under sub tropical condition during the period of

December 2011 to May 2012 to evaluate the effect of spacing on assimilate availability,

yield attributes and yield of modern rice varieties. Four modern rice cultivar BINA dhan

5, BINA dhan 6, Iratom and BRRI dhan 29 were sown with three spacing 20 × 20, 20 ×

15 and 20 × 10 cm2. The results showed that wider spacing (20 × 20 cm2) had stupendous

performance in all morpho - physiological and yield attributing characters, which resulted

in highest grain yield (8.53 t ha-1).

As an experiment carried out by Sultana et al. (2012) at Bangladesh Agricultural

University, Mymensingh during November 2008 to April 2009 to study the effect of row

and hill spacing on the yield of rice cultivar BRRI dhan 45 under aerobic system of

cultivation in boro rice revealed that the crop sowing at spacing 25 × 15 cm2 obtained the

maximum grain yield (5.69 t ha-1) over the grain yield (2.11 t ha-1) obtained with spacing

20 × 25 cm2.


20

Singh (1992) conducted an experiment at DRR, Hyderabad and concluded that

rice hybrid ‘TNH 1’ and ‘TNH 2’ & conventional cultivar ‘Rasi’ and ‘Jaya’ did not

significantly differ in productivity when planted at plant density of 3.3 lakh and 5.0 lakh

hills hectare-1.

Verma et al. (1988) reported that wider plant spacing (25 × 15 cm2) had

significantly higher harvest index (37.22) than with closer plant spacing (15 × 15 cm2).

Siddiqui et al. (1999) from a 2-year field study recorded significantly higher grain

and straw yields with closer spacing of 10 × 10 cm2 over the wider spacing of 20 × 10

cm2.

Patra and Nayak (2001) reported from an experiment carried out on effect of plant

spacing on rice concluded that number of panicles m-2 (615), grain yield (5734 kg ha-1)

and straw yield (6528 kg ha-1) were found significantly higher with closer plant spacing

(20 × 10 cm2) compared to wider plant spacing (15 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 10 cm2).

Verma et al. (2002) studied the effect of plant spacing (20 × 20, 20 × 15 and 20 ×

10 cm2) on rice hybrid ‘PA 6201’ at Raipur and found that spacing 20 × 15 cm2 produced

higher grain yield and harvest index over the 20 × 20 cm2 and 20 × 10 cm2 spacing.

A study conducted by Nayak et al. (2003) at Bhubaneswar with hybrid rice ‘PA

6201’ found that closer plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 produced significantly higher grain

yield (42.83 q ha-1) over the wider plant spacing of 20 × 15 cm2 (42.23 q ha-1) during

2000.

Gunri et al. (2004) found that closer plant spacing (15 × 15 cm2) resulted in

significantly higher panicle length, number of panicle m-2, number of fertile grains

panicle-1 and grain yield over the wider spacing (20 × 15 cm2).

According to Dass and Chandra (2012) wider spacing gave the yield advantage of

4.2% over closer spacing (5.97 t ha-1). Thakur et al. (2010) reported that during the


21

ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weights and produced greater

xylem exudates, and transport these towards shoot at faster rates. These features

contribute to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and

photosynthetic rates of leaves and supports important yield attributes and grain yield of

individual hill than in closely spaced plants. Straw yield was higher under wider spacing

due to higher growth.

A field experiment conducted by Mondal et al. (2013) during kharif 2010 and

2011 at the Institute of Agriculture, Visva Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India

showed that The highest grain yield (6267 kg ha-1 of PHB 71 in 2010 and 6281 kg ha-1 of

25P25 in 2011) was recorded in crop grown at high density (P3) and was closely

followed by the crop raised at medium (P2) density (6171 kg ha-1 of PHB 71 in 2010 and

6085 kg ha-1 in 2011) Both high and medium density crop produced significantly higher

grain yield than that obtained (5676 and 5637 kg ha-1 in respective years at low density

(P1). The straw yield increased steadily and significantly up to the highest plant density

(7393 and 6983 kg ha-1 in 2010 and 2011 respectively) which was significantly superior

to that obtained at other plant densities (P1 and P2).(P1, P2, P3 = Plant density m-2 25,

33, 50 accordingly)

According to Ram et al. (2014) closer spacing resulted significantly higher grain

and straw yields than wider spacing. The percentage increase in the grain yield of rice

owing to closer spacing (25 cm × 25 cm) was 12.3% over wider spacing (30 cm × 30

cm). At the closer spacing of 25cm × 25 cm, straw yield increased 7.0% over wider

spacing of 30 cm × 30 cm.

Singh et al. (2015) found that maximum effective tillers hill-1 was recorded with

planting geometry of 20 cm x 25 cm which was at par with 20 cm x 20 cm but

significantly superior over 20 cm x 15 cm and 20 cm x 10 cm. Arize 6444 recorded 71%

and 10.18% more panicle length than Shahsarang1 and Mynri. Planting geometry 20 cm

x 25 cm recorded 10.89%, 20.82% and22.86% more filled grain than 20 cm x 20 cm, 20


22

cm x 15 cm and 20 cm x 25 cm. The moderate wider planting geometry of 20 cm x 20 cm

gave the highest grain yield (5.07 t ha-1) which was being at par with 20 cm x 15 cm

(4.75 t ha-1) but significantly superior over the grain yield produced at planting

geometry20 cm x 10 cm (4.50 t ha-1) and 20 cm x 25 cm (3.98 t ha-1). Planting geometry

of 20 cm x 25 cm recorded 1.6%, 12.78% and 26.26% more harvest index than 20 cm x

20 cm, 20 cm x 15 cm and 20 cm x 10 cm, respectively.

According to Sihag et al. (2015) the maximum grain yield was observed at spacing

25 × 25 cm2 and it was statistically at par with 20 × 10 cm2.

2.2.3 Economics

Power and Deshpande (2001) carried out an experiment on hybrid rice cultivar

‘Sahyadri’ and found that wider plant spacing (20 × 20 cm2) recorded the maximum net

monetary return (Rs. 23,895 ha-1) as compared to that of closer plant spacing (20 × 10

cm2 and 20 × 15 cm2) while on the other hand Kewat et al. (2002) revealed that at 20 ×

10 cm2 spacing had the maximum gross return (Rs. 42,750 ha-1) and net monetary return

(Rs. 27,665 ha-1) as well as benefit cost ratio (2.8) was recorded over the 15 × 15, 20 × 15

and 20 × 20 cm2 plant spacing with rice cultivar ‘PA 6201’ at Jabalpur.

Avsthe et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Tandong, Sikkim and found the

highest grain yield (6.73 t ha-1), N uptake (84.3 kg ha-1), WUE (2.879 kg ha-1mm), K

uptake (84.3 kg ha-1), net return (Rs. 72,750), and benefit cost ratio (2.09) in 20 × 20 cm2

spacing in rice. The optimum spacing for cultivar ‘RCLP1-87-8’, ‘RC Maniphou-7’ and

local cultivar ‘Thulo Attey’ was 20 × 20 cm2.

Jena et al. (2010) found that the highest net monetary return (Rs. 14432 ha-1) and

B: C ratio (1.63) was obtained irrespective with plant spacing of 15 × 15 cm2.

Mondle et al. (2013) found that the hybrid rice responded well to plant density in

respect of its economics. High plant density (P3) paid the highest gross (Rs 69458 ha-1 in

2010 and Rs 68049 ha-1 in 2011) and net return (Rs 41961 ha-1 in 2010 and Rs 38605 ha-1


23

in 2011) from hybrid rice and were closely followed by the crop at medium plant density

(P2). Both P2 and P3 recorded significantly greater gross and net returns than those at

low plant density (P1). The low plant density registered the lowest gross (Rs 61025 ha-1

in 2010 and Rs 61110 ha-1 in 2011) and net returns (Rs 35168 ha-1 in 2010 and Rs 32816

ha-1 in 2011). Return rupee-1 invested, however, did not vary much among the plant

densities during both the years. The results suggest the need of planting hybrid rice at a

relatively higher plant density. ). (P1, P2, P3 = Plant density m-2 25, 33, 50 accordingly)

According to Singh et al. (2015) found that among the different planting geometry

20cm x 20 cm recorded significantly higher B:C ratio over the wider spacing 25 cm x 25

cm. There was interaction effect between the cultivar and plant geometry. It shows that

the essentiality of maintaining optimum plant population for each cultivar in order to get

maximum benefit.

Sihag et al (2015) found that hybrid cultivar PRH 10 obtained higher gross return

at 20 × 10 cm2 plant spacing followed by cultivar PRH 10 at 20 × 20 cm2 and 25 × 25

cm2 and MTU 7029 at 25 × 25 cm2, respectively. PRH 10 at 20 × 10 cm2 obtained higher

net return as compared to other cultivars and plant spacing combinations followed by

cultivar MTU 7029 at 25 × 25 cm2, MTU 7029 at 20 × 20 cm2 and PRH 10 at 20 × 20

cm2, respectively and also PRH 10 at closer plant spacing 20 × 10 cm2 obtained the

maximum production efficiency over rest of the cultivars and plant spacing combinations.

Chapter III

Materials and Methods

The present experiment entitled “Effect of crop geometry on growth and yield under

direct seeded hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars” was initiated during Kharif season 2015

at Agricultural Research Farm of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,

situated under north eastern plain zone of the country. The detail account of materials used

experimental procedure employed during the course of investigation has been described in this

chapter.

3.1 Experimental site

Agricultural Research Farm of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu

University is situated at a distance of about 10 Km from the Varanasi Railway Station in the

South-east direction and lies in the north Gangetic Alluvial plain, on the left side of river Ganga.

It is located at 25°18' N latitude, 83°03' E longitude and at an altitude of 75.7 meters above the

mean sea level. It have characteristics of sub-tropical climate. In totality the selected field for

experiment represented the ideal spatial unit corresponding to textural make up and fertility

status and was well leveled with good irrigation and drainage facilities.

3.2 Climate and weather conditions

Climatologically Varanasi district enjoys is in sub tropical climate and is subjected to

extremes of weather condition i.e. extremely hot summer and cold winter. Temperature of this

region start to rises from middle of February and reaches to maximum by May to middle June.

Thus May and June are considered as hottest months of the year where maximum temperature

ranges 39oC to 43oC. The coldest month of the year is considered as January where minimum

temperature ranges 8.3oC to 13oC.

Mean annual rainfall of this region is about 1100 mm most of (85-90%) which is received

between July to end of September. While the potential evaporation rate is 1500 mm annually

thus creating a deficit of around 400 mm with 20-40% moisture deficit index.

Material and Methods

25

Data concerning weather conditions prevailing during the period of investigation (last

week of June to mid December) was obtained from the agricultural meteorological observatory

of the Agricultural Research Farm. The weekly meteorological data concerning rainfall,

Table 3.1 Weekly weather data of Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural

Sciences, BHU, Varanasi during Kharif season of 2015

Standard

week

Month & Date Rainfall

(mm)

Temperature (0C) R.H. (%) Wind

Speed

km/hr

Sunshine

hours

Evaporation

(mm) Max. Min. Max. Min.

25 June 18-24 0.2 36.6 29.8 67 60 7.0 7.5 6.5

26 25-01 192.2 33.1 25.4 86 77 5.1 4.8 4.4

27 July 02-08 30.5 32.9 27.1 81 66 5.6 6.0 5.7

28 09-15 105.1 32.2 26.9 85 78 5.8 4.4 3.5

29 16-22 146.8 31.5 26.6 90 77 4.0 3.3 3.4

30 23-29 54.0 33.2 26.4 85 64 5.0 6.2 5.1

31 30-05 81.2 31.6 25.4 86 69 5.0 4.8 1.4

32 Aug 06-12 18.6 34.0 26.7 85 67 1.9 5.2 4.2

33 13-19 116.3 32.7 27.1 89 77 4.2 6.0 4.4

34 20-26 49.5 33.2 25.7 87 72 6.4 5.9 4.9

35 27-02 42.2 33.4 26.7 90 74 3.0 4.5 3.6

36 Sep 03-09 0.0 34.6 26.3 80 59 4.0 8.8 4.2

37 10-16 0.0 24.6 27.5 86 64 3.1 7.3 3.7

38 17-23 11.9 31.1 26.9 87 66 5.0 6.9 4.3

39 24-30 0.0 33.3 23.8 80 54 3.4 8.8 3.2

40 Oct 01-07 0.0 34.0 22.8 83 51 1.3 9.0 3.0

41 08-14 0.0 33.5 22.0 82 52 1.8 8.6 3.2

42 15-21 0.0 33.0 21.8 79 59 1.5 8.0 3.1

43 22-28 0.0 32.1 19.0 88 56 0.3 8.3 2.7

44 29-04 23.0 28.0 16.6 93 82 1.4 5.2 2.0

45 Nov 05-11 0.0 30.6 18.6 89 49 0.8 5.7 2.6

46 12-18 0.0 30.4 16.6 89 40 1.8 7.6 2.5


26

Fig 3.1 Standard weekwise Meteorological Observations recorded at the Meteorological Observatory of the Department

of Agronomy, I. Ag. Sc, BHU during the period of Experimentation (June, 2015-Nov, 2015)

0

50

100

150

200

250

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Standard week

Rainfall(mm)

Maximum temparature (0C)

Minimum temperature (0C)

Max R.H.(%)

Min R.H.(%)

Wind Speed (km/hr)

Sunshine (hours)

Evaporation(mm)


27

maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours and evaporation

are presented in Table 3.1 and Fig 3.1.

3.2.1 Rainfall (mm)

Total rainfall received during kharif season 2015 during which crop was raised was recorded as

871.5 mm. The maximum rainfall recorded was 192.2 mm during the standard week 26 (25-01 June)

while minimum rainfall was recorded 0.2 mm during the standard week 25 (18-24 June).

3.2.2 Temperature (oC)

The mean temperature at the time of sowing was 33.2oC. The mean maximum temperature

begins to rise up to 34.6oC in standard week 36 (03-09 September). After that it started declining up to

46th standard week. The minimum and maximum temperature was 24.24 and 32.360C respectively.

3.2.3 Relative Humidity (%)

The maximum relative humidity during most of the time of experiment was 80-90%. The

highest maximum relative humidity recorded was 90% in standard week 29 (16-22 July) while the

lowest recorded was 67% in 25th standard week (18-25June). The highest minimum relative humidity

recorded was 82% in 44th standard week (29-04 October) while the lowest minimum was 40 in 46th

standard week (12-18 November).

3.2.4 Wind speed (km ha-1)

During the course of investigation the maximum wind velocity was 7.2 km ha-1 observed in

standard week 35 (27-02 August) while the minimum wind velocity recorded was 0.3 km hr-1 in

standard week 43 (22-28 October). The mean wind velocity recorded during the entire crop cycle was

3.6 km hr-1.

3.2.5 Sunshine hours (hrs day-1)

Length of sunshine hours at sowing time recorded was 7.5 hours day-1. The maximum sunshine

hours day-1 recorded during the investigation was 9.0 hours day-1 in standard week 40 (01-07 October)

while the minimum sunshine hours day-1 recorded was 3.3 hours day-1 during the standard week 29

(16-22 July).


28

3.2.6 Evaporation rate (mm day-1)

During the period of investigation the daily evaporation rate remained minimum (1.7 mm) in

standard week 42 (15-21 October), 47 (19-25 November) and 49 (30-09 December) while the

maximum (6.9 mm) evaporation recorded in standard week 26 (25-01 June). The mean evaporation

during the crop growth cycle was recorded 3.8 mm day-1.

3.3 Soil characteristics

The soil samples were collected randomly up to 0-15 cm depth with the help of soil auger from

various plots of experiments to make a composite soil sample. The collected sample was brought in

the laboratory to analyze mechanical and physiochemical properties of soil. Soil was air dried, crushed

and passed through 2 mm sieve. The result of analyzed soil sample is shown in below presented table.

Table 3.2a Soil mechanical properties

Clay separates (%) Value Method to be employed

Sand 50.87 Hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962)

Silt 24.75

Clay 24.38

Texture Sandy loam Triangular method (Lyon et al., 1952)

Table 3.2b Soil chemical properties

Particular Value Method to be employed

Soil pH (1:2 soil water suspension) 7.2 Glass electrod pH meter

Electrical conductivity (dSm-1 at 250 C) 0.21 EC meter (Jackson, 1973)

Organic carbon (%) 0.44 Walkley and Black method (Black, 1965)

Available nitrogen (kg ha-1) 206.0 Alkaline permanganate method (A.O.A.C.,

1967)

Available phosphorus (kg ha-1) 24.4 0.5 N NaHCO3 extractable Olsen’s method

(Olsen et al., 1954)

Available potassium (kg ha-1) 220.5 Flame photometer method (Jackson, 1967)


29

Table 3.2c Soil physical properties

Particular Value Method to be employed

Bulk density (g cc-1) 1.43 Core sample method (Piper, 1966)

Particle density (g cc-1) 2.69 Core sample method (Piper, 1966)

Pore space (%) 46.85 Black, 1965

The above result revealed that the soil chosen for experiment falls under the category of sandy

loam texture having nearly neutral pH. Soil is low in available nitrogen and medium in available

phosphorus and potassium.

3.4 Cropping history of the experimental field

Productive capability of the soil depends on its cropping history. The detail of cropping history

of experimental field prior to the present experiment has been given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Cropping history of the experimental field

Year Kharif Rabi

2015-16

2014-15

Present experimental work

Direct seeded rice

-------

Lentil

2013-14 Direct seeded rice Wheat

2012-13 Transplanted rice Wheat

2011-12 Direct seeded rice Lentil

3.5 Experimental details

3.5.1 Experimental design and treatments

The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. Five rice cultivars

(Arize 6444, PHB 71, PRH 10, MTU 7029 and HUR 105) as assigned to main plots. Each main plot

was further divided into two sub-plots to accommodate three plant spacing treatments i.e. 20 × 10 cm2

and 25×25 cm2. Random allocation of treatment was done in main plot as well as in sub plot. The

details of treatments are given in Table 3.4.


30

Table 3.4 Treatment details

Treatment Symbol

A. Main plot (Cultivar)

Arize 6444 V1

PHB 71 V2

PRH 10 V3

MTU 7029 V4

HUR 105 V5

B. Sub plot (Spacing)

20×10 cm2 S1

25×25 cm2 S2

C. Combinations (Cultivar × Spacing)

ARIZE 6444× 20×10 cm2 V1S1

ARIZE 6444× 25×25 cm2 V1S2

PHB 71× 20×10 cm2 V2S1

PHB 71× 25×25 cm2 V2S2

PRH 10× 20×10 cm2 V3S1

PRH 10× 25×25 cm2 V3S2

MTU 7029 × 20×10 cm2 V4S1

MTU 7029 × 25×25 cm2 V4S2

HUR 105× 20×10 cm2 V5S1

HUR 105× 25×25 cm2 V5S2


31

3.5.2 Particular of experiment and layout

The details of the layout are given in Table 3.5 and Fig 3.2.

Table 3.5 Details of layout plan

Experimental design Split plot design

Main plot treatments 5

Sub plot treatments 2

Treatment combinations 5×2 = 10

Number of replications 3

Total number of plots 10×3 = 30

Field border 0.5 m

Block border 0.3 m

Width of plot border 0.25 m

Width of irrigation channels 1.0 m

Gross plot size

Net plot size

5 × 3.2 m2

4.5 × 3 m2

Season Kharif

Year 2015


32

N

0.25m Main irrigation channel 1m 1.0 m 0.30 m

R1 R2 R3

4.5 m × 3 m

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

Figure 3.2 Layout plan


33

3.6 Cultivar study

Arize 6444

Forty two rice hybrids have been released for commercial cultivation in India (Baig

2009). This includes 28 hybrids from the public sector and 14 from the private sector;

including two particularly popular hybrids (Arize 6444 from Bayer and PHB 71 from Pioneer

/DuPont, both of which are more than 10 years old).Arize 6444 was launched in 2001.

Consistently 25-30% higher yield has been reported as compared to medium duration inbred

varieties. Some important characteristics of this hybrid are medium duration (135-140 days),

medium slender grain, high productive tillers per plant (13-15), more grains per panicle (250-

300 grains panicle-1), wider adaptability, more than 70% milling.

PHB 71

It was developed by Pioneer Overseas corporation, Hyderabad in 1997.Some important

characteristics of this hybrid are medium duration (130-135 days), tall (130 cm) non-

Shattering, long slender grains with intermediate amylase (23%), low Alkali spreading value

(2.4), high milling (71%) & Head rice recovery (59%). Tolerant to Bacterial blight, Blast,

Brown plant hopper, and gall midge.

PRH 10

Pusa Rice Hybrid-10 (PRH-10) is a superfine aromatic rice Hybrid with basmati quality

developed at IARI, New Delhi, in 1998 from the cross of Pusa 6A × PRR-78. The grains are medium

long and fine with a 1000-grain weight of 20–22 g. It possesses an attractive aroma. This hybrid was

released in July 2001 for commercial cultivation in Uttaranchal, western U.P., Delhi and Haryana.

MTU 7029

It is a cross of Vasista × Mahsuri released in 1982 from Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural

University, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a dwarf cultivar having medium slender grain, which matures

in 140 days. It is resistant to Bacterial leaf blight and tolerant to many diseases. The yield potential of

this cultivar is 55-60 q ha-1.


34

HUR 105

It is a mutant variety of MPR 7-2 released in 2009 from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,

Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a semi dwarf variety having plant height of 100-102 cm. It matures in 130-

135 days having long slender grain. It is tolerant to leaf and neck blast. The yield potential of this

cultivar is 58-60 q ha-1.

3.7 Cultural operations

Details of all the cultural operations carried out during the investigation are described below

and the list of all the operations along with date is given in Table 3.6.

3.7.1 Field preparation

Proper field preparation is essential for healthy rice crop. The experimental field was ploughed

in the 3rd week of June after pre sowing irrigation by tractor drawn cultivator to expose the weed

rhizomes, wheat crop stubbles and harmful insect pest hidden in soil. Before sowing of direct seeded

rice a cross ploughing by the disc harrow was done after giving pre sowing irrigation. After cross

ploughing field was well leveled by the planking. The field was further divided in to experimental

plots as per layout.

3.7.2 Method of sowing

Rice cultivars were sown as per the spacing treatments with ‘kudal’ by dropping 1-2 seeds as

par spacing treatments.

3.7.3 Fertilizer application

A uniform dose of 120 kg N Ha-1, 80 Kg P2O5 and 80 Kg K2O were applied in all plots in the

form of Urea, DAP and muriate of potash (MOP). Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus

and potassium were applied as basal application, just before sowing in rows. Remaining dose of

nitrogen was applied in to two split doses first at tillering after complete weed removal from the field

and second at panicle initiation stages. Zinc was also applied as foliar spray through zinc sulphate 5.0

kg ZnSO4 + 2.5 kg CaCO3 at 35 DAS to protect the crop from Khaira disease.

3.7.4: Irrigation


35

Irrigation was given to the crop as and when needed according to crop requirement and rainfall

pattern. A pre sowing irrigation was given to facilitate proper ploughing and to maintain proper soil

moisture condition for seed germination. A light irrigation was given 2 DAS to ensure proper

germination. In direct seeded rice system water logging is not desired thus only optimum soil moisture

was maintained.

3.7.5 Weed management

(a) Hand weeding

In order to keep the experimental plot free of weeds, one hand weeding was done. Manual

weeding was done at 24 DAS when the soil moisture was suitable for easy weed removal from the soil

before the nitrogen top dressing to accelerate the better N uptake by the crop plants and avoid losses

due to weed uptake.

Table 3.6 Details of field operations

S. No. Particulars of operations Date

• First ploughing with soil turning plough for field preparation 17.06.2015

• Final field Preparation and layout 19.06.2015

20.06.2015

• Sowing 21.06.2015

22.06.2015

• Thinning and gap filling 07.07.2015

• Weed management

• Bispyribac @ 25 g ha-1 and Azimsulphuron @ 30 g ha-1 10.07.2015

• Manual weeding at 24 DAS 16.07.2015

• Fertilizer application

• Primary application (Half N + Full P2O5 + Full K2O) 17.07.2015

• First top dressing of 1/4th N 08.08.2015

• Foliar application of @ 5.0 kg ZnSO4 + 2.5 kg CaCO3 ha-1 10.08.2015

• Second top dressing of 1/4th N 10.09.2015

• Harvesting


36

• PRH 10 26.10.2015

• HUR 105 04.11.2015

• PHB 71 05.11.2015

• ARIZE 6444 10.11.2015

• MTU 7029 21.11.2015

• Threshing and winnowing 09.12.2015

• Drying 12.12.2015

(b) Herbicidal application

It is well known that in direct seeded rice weeds are the major limiting factor. For management

of weeds flora Bispyribac @ 25 g ha-1 and Azimsulphuron @ 30 g ha-1 was applied 18 DAS to

control of grass, sedges and broad leaf weeds. Proper care was taken while spraying herbicide in

each plot.

3.7.6 Harvesting

Each cultivar was harvested at harvestable maturity by judging visually when above grains

became golden color and dried. Cultivar PRH 10, HUR 105, PRH 10, ARIZE 6444 and MTU 7029

was harvested at 124, 134, 135,140 and 150 DAS respectably with the help of sickle manually. First,

the border rows were harvested around all sides of individual plot leaving net plot area. The remaining

net plot area was harvested separately to record the yield separately of each plot. After harvesting it

was left in the field for 4-5 days for proper sun drying followed by bundling and tagging. Then it was

carried to threshing floor and left for sun drying to attain optimum moisture for threshing.

3.7.7 Threshing

After sun drying, bundle weight was taken to record biological yield. The weighted bundle was

threshed manually with the help of sticks and the grains of each plot were collected separately.

Collected grain was cleaned and weighed to record yield of each plot in kg ha-1.


37

3.8 Observations recorded

3.8.1 Growth attributes studies

All the growth attributes characters were studied during the growth period of crop before

maturity.

3.8.1.1 Plant height (cm)

For height measurement five plants was selected randomly and tagged. Plants height was

recorded in cm with the help of meter scale at various physiological plant growth stages viz. 30, 60 and

90 DAS in each plot separately. The plant height was measured from the soil surface up to the tip of

last leaf and after panicle emergence up to tip of panicle.

3.8.1.2 Number of tillers m-2

Total number of tillers per m2 was counted by using the 1 meter quadrate at 30, 60 and 90 DAS

from each plot separately.

3.8.1.3 Number of leaves m-2

Number of functioning green leaves was counted from one m2 area with the help of one meter

quadrate at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing of the crop.

3.8.1.4 Dry matter per meter running row (g)

For dry matter determination plants from randomly selected one meter running row was taken

by cutting from collar region of plant with the help of sickle from ground level at 30, 60 and 90 DAS.

Samples were taken from second row leaving border rows. The collected samples were completely

sun dried for 2-3 days followed by oven dried at 70oC for 48 hours to attain constant weight.

3.8.1.5 Leaf area index

Leaf area index (LAI) was measured with the help of crop leaf area meter at 30 DAS. First the

total area of leaves was measured in 50 cm running rows randomly and then it was converted into leaf

area of 1 m2 and then divided with ground area. Thus, output of LAI reading was obtained. From a

plot LAI reading was taken from five randomly places and their average of then was worked out. At


38

60 and 90 DAS leaf area was measured with the help of leaf area meter. For this leaves from three hills

pulled out from each plot and area of them were measured by leaf area meter. The average of three

leaves was multiplied with total number of hills per m2. The LAI was calculated by using the

following formula.

Leaf area index (LAI) = Total leaf area (cm2)

Ground area (cm2)

3.8.1.6 Chlorophyll content

Chlorophyll content was determined with the help of SPAD meter at 60 and 90 DAS. For this

15 green healthy leaves was selected from different plants from each plot randomly and average of

them was worked out.

3.8.1.7 Days to 50% maturity

Days to 50% maturity was recorded before harvesting of the crops when color of the 50%

plants changed from green to golden yellow and panicles dried. It crop seems to 50% mature by visual

appearance.

3.8.2 Yield and yield attributes

Observations on yield attributing characters, namely number of effective tillers m-2, panicle

weight, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length and test weight were studied at maturity of crop.

3.8.2.1 Number of effective tillers m-2

Number of tillers bearing panicle was counted in a meter square with the help of 1 m × 1m

quadrate in each plot separately.

3.8.2.2 Panicle weight (g)

To work out the panicle weight 10 panicle samples was randomly selected from tagged plant

from each plot. Average panicle weight of them was worked out with the help of electronic weighing

balance in grams.


39

3.8.2.3 Number of grains panicle-1

Grains of 10 randomly selected panicles were counted separately and there mean value

expressed as average number grains per panicle.

3.8.2.4 Panicle length (cm)

Length of panicle were recorded by measuring all sampled panicle from base of panicle up to

the end of terminal rachillae and average was calculated to get the mean length of panicle.

3.8.2.5 Test weight (g)

Weight of 1000 grains from each plot was taken with the help of electronic balance in grams.

3.8.2.6 Biological yield (kg ha-1)

Total produce of net plot area of each plot tied in bundles was weighed with spring balance

after complete sun drying. The result obtained in kg per net plot area was converted in kg ha-1

3.8.2.7 Grain yield (kg ha-1)

After threshing, grain yields from each plot were cleaned by winnowing and their weight was

recorded with the help of electronic balance and then converted in Kg ha-1 at 14% moisture content.

3.8.2.8 Straw yield (kg ha-1)

Straw yield was worked out by subtracting the grain yield from biological yield in kg per plot

and finally converted in kg ha-1.

3.8.2.9 Harvest Index (%)

Harvest index is the ratio of economic yield to that of biological yield and expressed in

percentage. It was calculated by using the following formula.

Harvest Index (HI) = Economical yield (grain yield) per plot

Biological yield (grain+straw)per plot × 100


40

3.9 Economic studies

3.10.1 Cost of cultivation

Treatment wise cost of cultivation of each crop was worked out separately, on the basis of

inputs actually used in the field and their prevailing local market price.

3.9.2 Gross returns

The yield from experiment was converted in to gross returns in rupees based on prevailing

local market price of grain and straw.

3.9.3 Net returns

Net returns = Gross returns- cost of cultivation

3.9.4 Benefit: cost ratio

It was worked out separately for each treatment by dividing the gross return (Rs. ha-1) with the

cost of cultivation (Rs. ha-1).

3.10 Production efficiency

Production efficiency in terms of Rs. ha-1 day-1 was determined by dividing the net return to the

number of 50% days to maturity of each treatment separately.

3.11 Statistical analysis

Entire biometric data recorded during the course of investigation were compiled in proper

tables and statistically analyzed by using the standard procedures of statistical analysis for split plot

design (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) to draw a valid conclusion. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was

used to determine the effect of each treatment. When F ratio was significant; a multiple mean

comparison was performed using Fisher’s Least Significance Difference Test (0.05 probability level)

by the use of following formula.


41

Table 3.7 Standard error of mean difference and t values for each of the four types of pair

comparison in Split- plot design:

Type of pair comparison SEM t- value

1. Two main plot means (average over all √(𝐸𝑎/𝑟𝑏) ta Subplot treatments)

2. Two subplot means (average over all √(𝐸𝑏/𝑟𝑏) tb

Main-plot treatments)

3. Two subplot means at the same main- √(𝐸𝑏/𝑟) tb

plot treatments

4. Two main plot means at the same or √[{( 𝑏−1)𝐸𝑏+𝐸𝑎}

𝑟𝑏] t weighted =

( 𝑏−1)𝐸𝑏 tb+Ea ta

(𝑏−1)𝐸𝑏+𝐸𝑎

different main-plot treatments

Ea = error (a) MS, Eb =error (b) MS, r = number of replications, a = number of main-plot treatments

and b = number of subplot treatments

CD = √2 × 𝑆𝐸𝑀 × t

CD = Critical difference

t = t test values

42

Chapter IV

Experimental findings

The present investigation entitled “Effect of crop geometry on growth and yield

under direct seeded hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars” was conducted during kharif

(rainy) season of 2015 at Agricultural Research Farm , Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras

Hindu University , Varanasi (U.P).In this chapter an attempt has been made to ascertain the

degree of variation exhibited by various cultivars (viz. Arize-6444, PHB-71, PRH-10, MTU-

7029, HUR-105) and crop geometry (20×10 and 25×25). The data collected during the course of

investigation has been statistically analyzed and presented in tables.

4.1 Growth attributes

Data recorded on crop growth attributes was recorded at different physiological stages of

crop viz. 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Effect of different treatments on crop growth and development are

described here.

4.1.1 Plant height (cm)

Data on plant height recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAS and harvest due to cultivars and

spacing treatments are presented in table 4.1.

Data in the table revealed that plant height increased with advancement of crop growth.

The maximum plant height was recorded in Arize 6444 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. Plant

height of Arize 6444 was statistically at par with PHB 71 at all the stage. At 30, 60 and 90 DAS

PHB 71 and PRH 10 were statistically at par whereas at harvest, PHB 71, PRH 10, MTU 7029

and HUR 105 were also statistically at par. Cultivar PHB 71, PRH 10 and HUR 105 had

significantly higher plant height as compared to cultivar MTU 7029 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. But at

harvest stage MTU 7029 there were no significant differences between plant height as compared

to Arize 6444, PHB 71 and PRH 10.

Variations in plant height due to spacing treatment was non significant at all the growth

stages viz. 30, 60, 90 DAS and harvest.

Experimental Findings

43

4.1.2 Dry matter accumulation running row m-1 (g)

Data on dry matter accumulation m-1 running row recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAS under

different cultivars and spacing treatments are presented in table 4.2.

It was clear from the data in the table that dry matter accumulation was significantly

influenced by cultivars at all the stages of observations. Significantly higher dry matter

accumulation was observed in cultivar Arize 6444 at 60 and 90 DAS. However, dry matter

accumulation m-1 running row in Arize 6444 at 30 DAS was observed statistically comparable

with PHB 71 and PRH 10. PRH 10 was statistically at par with MTU 7029 and HUR 105 at 30

DAS whereas at 90 DAS cultivar MTU 7029 and PRH 10 were statistically at par.

It was indicated from the data in the table that the total dry matter accumulation

decreased significantly at all the stags of observations with increase in crop geometry. The crop

planted with closer spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 recorded significantly more dry matter as compared

to wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2, respectively at all the stages of observations.

4.1.3 Number of tillers m-2

Data on number of tillers m-2 was recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Data obtained on

number of tillers m-2 as influenced by different cultivars and spacing treatments are given in

table 4.3.

It was very imperative to note from the data that amongst cultivars, hybrid rice cultivar

Arize 6444 recorded maximum number of tillers m-2 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS in comparison to all

the cultivars. At 30 DAS PHB 71, PRH 10 were statistically at par whereas at 60 DAS PHB 71,

PRH 10, MTU 7029 and HUR 105 had comparable number of tillers m-2. At 90 DAS Arize

6444, PHB 71, and MTU 7029 were statistically at par. However, at 90 DAS, number of tillers

m-2 was significantly higher in cultivar MTU 7029 than PRH 10 and HUR 105 both the latter

cultivars were statistically at par.


44

At 30 and 60 DAS plant spacing (20 × 10 cm2) recorded significantly higher number of

tillers m-2 as compared to 25 × 25 cm2, whereas, at 90 DAS wider plant spacing (25 × 25 cm2)

had significantly higher number of tillers m-2 as compared to plant spacing 20 × 10 cm2.

4.1.4 Number of leaves m-1 running row

Data pertaining on number of leaves m-1 running row was recorded at 30, 60 and 90

DAS under different cultivars and spacing treatments as presented in table 4.4.

A perusal of the data in table showed that at 30 DAS cultivar MTU 7029 recorded

significantly lowest number of leaves m-1 running row. PRH 10 reached at maximum number of

leaves m-1 running row at 60 DAS and however at 90 DAS it declined. The number of

functioning leaves m-1 running row significantly varied amongst cultivars at all the stages of

observations. At 30 DAS, the maximum leaves m-2 was in Arize 6444 which was statistically at

par with PRH 10 however PHB 71 had statistically comparable number of leaves m-1 running

row as compared to HUR 105. At 60 DAS cultivar PRH 10 was statistically at par with Arize

6444 whereas PHB 71 became statistically at par with MTU 7029. At 90 DAS, cultivar Arize

6444 recorded the maximum number of leaves m-1 running row which was statistically

comparable with MTU 7029. At 30 DAS cultivar MTU 7029 recorded significantly lowest

number of leaves m-1 running row.

It was clear from the data that crop planted with 20 × 10 cm2 spacing had significantly

more number of leaves m-2 than the plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 at 30 and 60 DAS. However, at

90 DAS wider plant spacing recorded significantly maximum number of leaves m-1 running row

than 20 × 10 cm2.

4.1.5 Leaf area index

Data related to leaf area index at successive stages of observations influenced by different

cultivars and spacing treatments are given in table 4.5.

In general, the assimilation area over the ground area was lowest at 30 DAS which

attained the maximum value at 90 DAS under all the treatments. Significantly higher leaf area

index was obtained in cultivar Arize 6444 as compared to other cultivars at 30 and 90 DAS

however at 60 DAS it was statistically comparable with PRH 10. At 60 DAS, cultivars PHB 71


45

and HUR 105 were statistically at par whereas MTU 7029 and HUR 105 had statistically

comparable leaf area index. At 90 DAS, cultivar MTU 7029 recorded significantly higher leaf

area index than cultivar HUR 105 and PHB 71.

Narrow 20 × 10 cm2spacing obtained significantly higher leaf area index at all the stages

of observation as compared to than 25 × 25 cm2 spacing.

4.1.6 Chlorophyll content

Data on chlorophyll content in leaves recorded at 60 and 90 DAS under different

cultivars and spacing treatments are presented in table 4.6.

Data in the table indicated that rice cultivars MTU 7029 recorded significantly more

chlorophyll content in leaves as compared to other cultivars at 60 and 90 DAS. Arize 6444 was

statistically at par with PHB 71 and HUR 105 at 60 DAS, and PHB 71 was also statistically at

par with PRH 10 at 60 DAS. At 90 DAS Arize 6444, PHB 71, PRH 10 were statistically similar.

Spacing treatment failed to reach the level of significance with each other at 60 and 90

DAS.

4.1.7 Days to 50% maturity

Data portioning to days to 50% maturity as influenced by different treatments are

presented in table 4.6. It was well established fact that no. of days taken by cultivars to mature is

a genetic characteristics of genotypes. All cultivars mature almost differently and took about 112

to 141 days to mature 50 %.

Data on days to maturity was not significantly influenced by plant spacing.


46

Table 4.1 Effect of cultivars and spacing on plant height (cm) in direct seeded rice

Treatment Plant height(cm)

Cultivar 30DAS 60 DAS 90DAS Harvest

Arize 6444 29.16 73.46 106.98 88.50 PHB 71 26.36 72.07 104.26 88.16 PRH 10 27.66 70.54 86.98 86.66

MTU 7029 20.80 52.38 64.65 86.66 HUR 105 27.98 66.98 83.61 80.16

SEm± 0.94 1.41 0.89 1.23 CD(P=0.05) 3.06 3.74 2.93 4.03

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 26.42 66.77 89.40 90.66 25 × 25 25.91 65.29 89.20 81.40 SEm± 0.28 0.16 0.37 0.84

CD(P=0.05) NS NS NS 2.65

Table 4.2 Effect of cultivars and spacing on dry matter accumulation (g) in direct seeded rice

Treatment Dry matter at running row-1 ( g)

Cultivar 30DAS 60 DAS 90DAS

Arize 6444 1.06 34.07 85.20

PHB 71 1.12 27.73 71.61

PRH 10 0.85 30.32 78.96

MTU 7029 0.81 18.31 73.49

HUR 105 0.83 23.33 64.02

SEm± 0.33 0.50 1.93

CD(P=0.05) 0.11 1.63 6.30

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 0.96 29.07 79.27

25 × 25 0.88 24.43 70.04

SEm± 0.01 0.52 0.60

CD(P=0.05) 0.03 1.64 1.91


47

Table 4.3 Effect of cultivars and spacing on number of tillers m-2 in direct seeded rice

Table 4.4 Effect of cultivars and spacing on number of leaves m-2 in direct seeded rice

Treatment Number of leaves m-2


Arize 6444 202.33 1507.80 1845.00

PHB 71 185.33 1282.30 1470.00

PRH 10 199.00 1595.30 1336.70

MTU 7029 168.83 1243.30 1838.30

HUR 105 183.16 1103.30 1553.30

SEm± 1.60 32.26 38.03

CD(P=0.05) 5.23 105.22 124.03

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 213.40 1466.80 1586.66

25 × 25 162.06 1226.06 1630.66

SEm± 1.91 25.30 8.78

CD(P=0.05) 6.04 79.72 27.66

Treatment Number of tillers m-2


Arize 6444 97.83 452.83 492.16

PHB 71 90.00 410.50 477.33

PRH 10 86.83 430.50 461.50

MTU 7029 69.66 418.83 486.83

HUR 105 76.33 429.50 456.16

SEm± 1.03 6.56 5.90

CD(P=0.05) 3.37 21.39 19.25

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 99.33 455.2 465.46

25 × 25 68.93 401.66 484.13

SEm± 0.72 2.98 19.25

CD(P=0.05) 0.72 9.40 18.33


48

Table 4.5 Effect of cultivars and spacing on Leaf area index (LAI) in direct seeded rice

Table 4.6 Effect of cultivars and spacing on chlorophyll content and days to 50% maturity in

direct seeded rice

Treatment Chlorophyll content Phenology

Cultivar 60 DAS 90DAS Days to 50%

physiological maturity

Arize 6444 37.96 37.05 134.17

PHB 71 39.25 38.76 130.83

PRH 10 40.10 37.95 112.00

MTU 7029 42.96 42.96 141.00

HUR 105 37.83 34.71 126.83

SEm± 0.69 0.68 0.63

CD(P=0.05) 2.26 2.21 2.08

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 39.57 38.18 128.86

25 × 25 39.67 38.39 129.06

SEm± 0.27 0.3 0.33

CD(P=0.05) NS NS NS

Treatment Leaf area index (LAI)


Arize 6444 0.31 3.69 4.07

PHB 71 0.25 3.16 3.69

PRH 10 0.28 3.33 3.38

MTU 7029 0.18 2.76 3.75

HUR 105 0.21 2.94 3.40

SEm± 0.01 0.11 0.07

CD(P=0.05) 0.03 0.38 0.22

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 0.28 3.50 3.92

25 × 25 0.22 2.85 3.39

SEm± 0.01 0.05 0.04

CD(P=0.05) 0.03 0.16 0.14


49

4.2 Yield attributes

Data pertaining to different yield attributing characters viz., test weight (g), number of

effective tillers m-2, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length (cm) and panicle weight (g) in

direct seeded rice (DSR) are given in table 4.7.

4.2.1 Panicle length (cm)

Data pertaining to panicle length as influenced by different cultivars and spacing

treatments are given in table 4.7.

It was obvious from the data in the table that panicle length varied significantly due to

cultivars. Amongst all the cultivars, the shortest panicle was observed in cultivar HUR 105.

However, the largest panicle was recorded in cultivar PRH 10 followed by PHB 71, Arize 6444,

MTU 7029. The panicle length of cultivar PRH 10 was significantly higher than the cultivar

PHB 71, Arize 6444, MTU 7029 and HUR 105. All cultivars are significantly different among

themselves.

Significant variations in panicle length due to plant spacing was observed significantly

longer panicle was recorded at plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2, as compared to 20 × 10 cm2.

Interaction effect of cultivars and crop geometry (Table 4.7a) on panicle length was also

significant. Crop geometry 25 × 25 cm2 recorded significantly higher panicle length as compared

to 20 × 10 cm2 in cultivar PHB 71. The wider crop geometry 25 × 25 cm2 was statistically at par

with 20 × 10 cm2 in cultivar Arize 6444, PRH 10 MTU 7029 and HUR 105.

Cultivar HUR 105 at wider row spacing (25 × 25 cm2) recorded significantly longer

panicle as compared to all combinations of cultivars and crop geometry except HUR 105 at

narrow spacing.

4.2.2 Panicle weight (g)

Data pertaining to panicle weight as influenced by different cultivar and spacing

treatments are given in table 4.7.


50

It was evident from the data that panicle weight significantly differed due to different

treatments. Amongst all the cultivars, the maximum panicle weight was recorded in cultivar

Arize 6444 which was significantly more than rest of the cultivars. Panicle weight of cultivar

PHB 71, PRH 10, MRU 7029, HUR 105 was statistically at par with each other.

Spacing treatments also caused significant variations in panicle weight. Panicle weight at

wider plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 was significantly higher than narrow plant spacing 20 × 10 cm2.

4.2.3 Number of effective tillers m-2

Data pertaining to number of effective tillers as influenced by different cultivars and

spacing treatments are given in table 4.7.

It was noticeable from the table that number of effective tillers m-2 differed significantly

due to different cultivars which was in series of Arize 6444 > MTU 7029 > PHB 71 > PRH 10

> HUR 105. Amongst all the cultivars the maximum number of effective tillers was observed in

cultivar Arize 6444 which was significantly higher than PHB 71 and MTU 7029 and they were

significantly higher number of effective tillers m-2.

Wider plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 hold significantly higher number of effective tillers m-2

as compared to 20 × 10 cm2.

4.2.4 Number of grains panicle-1

Data recorded on number of grains panicle-1 as influenced by cultivars and spacing are

given in table 4.7.

It was obvious from the data in the table that number of grains panicle-1 significantly

varied due to cultivars. Amongst all the cultivars, the significantly higher number of grains

panicle-1 was recorded under cultivar Arize 6444 as compared to PRH 10, PHB 71, MTU 7029

and HUR 105. However, MTU 7029, HUR 105 had statistically similar number of grains

panicle-1.

Variations in number of grains panicle-1 due to plant spacing was significant, where in

square planting 25 × 25 cm2 number of grains panicle-1 was significantly higher than 20 × 10

cm2.


51

4.2.5 Test weight (g)

Data recorded on test weight of rice under different treatments are given in table 4.8.

It was obvious from the data in the table that test weight of rice varied significantly due

to cultivars. Amongst all the cultivars significantly higher test weight was recorded under

cultivar Arize 6444 followed by PRH 10, PHB 71, and HUR 105 and MTU 7029. However, test

weight of PRH 10 was significantly higher than PHB 71, HUR 105 and MTU 7029. Test weight

of cultivar HUR 105 was found significantly higher than cultivar MTU 7029.

Variations in test weight due to plant spacing was significant, where in square planting of

(25 × 25 cm2 ) had significantly higher test weight than 20 × 10 cm2.

4.2.6 Biological Yield

The data pertaining to grain and straw yields (kg ha-1), production efficiency (kg ha-1 day-

1) and harvest index (%) in dry direct seeded rice (DSR) are given in table 4.9.

Grain yield (kg ha-1)

It was evident from the data given in table 4.8 that rice cultivar Arize 6444 recorded

significantly higher grain yield followed by PHB 71, MTU 7029, PRH 10 and HUR 105,

respectively. In comparison to HUR 105, Arize 6444 recorded 24 %, PHB 71 recorded 20.4%,

PRH 10 recorded 16.4% and MTU 7029 recorded 16.7% more grain yield. Grain yield of

cultivar PHB 71 significantly higher than cultivar PRH 10 and MTU 7029. Cultivar HUR 105

obtained significantly less grain yield in comparison to rest of the cultivars.

It was clear from the results in the table that rice cultivars planted with wider plant

spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 recorded significantly higher grain yield over the plant spacing of 20 ×

10 cm2.

Straw yield (kg ha-1)

The summarized result pertaining to straw yield due to rice cultivars and plant spacing

has been given in table 4.8.


52

It was indicated from the data in the table 4.8 that the straw yield was in decreasing order

of cultivar Arize 6444, MTU 7029, PHB 71, PRH 10 and HUR 105. Straw yield of ARIZE 6444

was significantly higher than other cultivars. There were non significant differences obtained

amongst cultivar PHB 71 and MTU 7029. PHB 71 and HUR 105 also had statistically

comparable straw yield.

The difference in straw yield due to plant spacing due to plant spacing failed to reach the

level of significance.

Harvest index (%)

The data pertaining to harvest index have been summarized in table 4.8. It was clear from

the data that cultivar PRH 10 recorded significantly higher harvest index over rest of the

cultivars. The difference in harvest index was found statistically comparable against Arize 6444

and MTU 7029.Also PHB 71 and HUR 105 were statistically at par.

The difference in harvest index due to plant spacing failed to reach the level of

significance.

53

Table 4.7 Effect of cultivars and spacing on yield attributing characters in direct seeded rice

Treatment Panicle length (cm)

Panicle weight (g)

Effective tillers m-2 No of grains panicle-1 Test weight

(g) Cultivar

Arize 6444 25.66 7.34 337.98 189.33 25.21

PHB 71 27.66 6.18 280.27 176.5 23.6

PRH 10 30 6.28 260.14 181.83 24.57

MTU 7029 22.16 6.03 288.13 154.17 18.38

HUR 105 20.83 5.61 238.24 145.83 20.96

SEm± 0.47 0.25 2.96 2.96 0.21

CD(P=0.05) 1.55 0.82 9.67 9.68 0.7

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 24.8 6.54 275.99 156.86 22.08

25 × 25 25.73 6.00 285.91 173.20 23

SEm± 0.11 0.16 2.65 1.66 0.18

CD(P=0.05) 0.36 0.53 8.37 5.24 0.57

Table 4.7a Interaction effect of cultivars and spacing on panicle length in Direct Seeded rice

Treatment Cultivar

Spacing Arize 6444 PHB 71 PRH 10 MTU 7029 HUR 105

20 × 10 cm2 21.72 21.55 22.13 24.98 27.75

25 × 25 cm2 22.13 23.67 22.35 24.92 28.35

SEm± CD (P=0.05)

Two crop geometry at the same cultivar 0.258 0.813

Two cultivar means at the same or different crop geometry 0.509 1.654


54

Table 4.8 Effects of cultivars and spacing on grain yield, straw yield and harvest index in

direct seeded rice

Treatment Grain yield ( kg ha-1) Straw yield (kg ha-1) Harvest Index (%)

Cultivar

Arize 6444 5614.90 7963.00 41.39

PHB 71 5361.30 7160.50 42.87

PRH 10 5102.50 5925.90 46.33

MTU 7029 5123.40 7469.10 40.69

HUR 105 4267.90 5679.00 42.85

SEm± 77.19 178.37

0.57

CD(P=0.05) 251.72 581.61 1.88

Spacing ( cm2)

20 × 10 4978.69 6814.81

42.22

25 × 25 5209.29 6864.19 43.43

SEm± 43.21 95.62 0.56

CD(P=0.05) 133.00 NS

NS


55

Fig. 4.8: Effect of cultivar and spacing on grain yield of direct seeded rice

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Arize 6444 PHB 71 PRH 10 MTU 7029 HUR 105

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

ha

-1)

20 × 10 (cm2)

25 × 25 (cm2)


56

4.3 Economics

4.3.1 Gross income (Rs ha-1)

The summarized data pertaining to total gross income have been presented in table 4.9.

Hybrid cultivar Arize 6444 obtained maximum gross return at 25 × 25 cm2 plant spacing

followed by cultivar Arize 6444 at 20 × 10 cm2 and PHB 71 at 25 × 25 cm2, respectively.

4.3.2 Net returns (Rs ha-1)

The summarized data pertaining to net return have been presented in table 4.9 and it

revealed that rice hybrid Arize 6444 at 25 × 25 cm2 obtained maximum net return as compared to

other cultivars and plant spacing combinations followed by cultivar Arize 6444 at 20 × 10 cm2

and PHB 71 at 25 × 25 cm2, respectively.

4.3.3 Benefit cost ratio

The summarized data pertaining to benefit cost ratio are presented in table 4.9 and it

revealed that the cultivar Arize 6444 at plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 recorded maximum benefit

cost ratio as compared to other cultivar and plant spacing combinations followed by PHB 71 at

25 × 25 cm2 and Arize 6444 at 20 × 10 cm2 as compared to rest of the treatment combinations,

respectively.

4.4 Production efficiency (Rs. ha-1 day-1)

It was obvious from the data presented in the table 4.9 that variations in production

efficiency were influenced by the cultivars and plant spacing combinations. Cultivar Arize 6444

recorded the maximum production efficiency at plat spacing 25 × 25 cm2 than PRH 10 at 25 × 25

cm2, Arize 6444 at 20 × 10 cm2, PHB 71 at 25 × 25 cm2, MTU 7029 at 25 × 25 cm2 and HUR

105 at 25 × 25 cm2 respectively. Production efficiency decrease towards decreasing plant

spacing.


57

Table 4.9 Effect of cultivars and spacing on cost of cultivation, gross return, net return, B: C ratio and production efficiency of

direct seeded rice

Treatment Cost of

cultivation

(Rs. ha-1)

Gross return

(Rs. ha-1) Net return

(Rs. ha-1) B:C ratio Production

efficiency

(Rs. ha-1 day-1)

V1S1 42757.95 98491.79 55733.84 2.30 418.00

V2S1 42857.95 94413.19 51555.24 2.20 394.55

V3S1 42476.95 88274.36 45797.41 2.07 407.69

V4S1 39847.95 89832.05 49984.10 2.25 394.61

V5S1 39742.95 69413.91 29670.96 1.74 209.44

V1S2 41282.95 102928.82 61645.87 2.49 456.63

V2S2 41457.95 96140.38 54682.43 2.31 417.42

V3S2 41217.95 89523.47 48305.52 2.17 432.58

V4S2 39672.95 90673.87 51000.92 2.28 405.84

V5S2 39567.95 78778.30 39210.35 1.99 276.12

Chapter V

Discussion

The present investigation entitled “Effect of crop geometry on growth and yield under

direct seeded hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars” was conducted at Agricultural Research

Farm of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during the Kharif

season of 2015.

The results of the experiment presented in the preceding chapter has been discussed and

elucidated in this chapter with the help of suitable reasons and evidences based on the principle

of agronomy, related branches and literature available on the topic of investigation. In order to

make the findings more illustrative, the factors and possible reasons of variation obtained due to

treatment differences have been discussed in this chapter according to the objectives of the

present investigation.

5.1 Effect of Weather Conditions on Crop

The effect of weather conditions during the crop season is one of the important factors

which determine the extent of crop growth, development and its overall performance. The

weather conditions have greater significance on rice crop under direct seeded system. Rice crop

requires high temperature, high humidity and precipitation during the vegetative phase and more

sunshine duration and respectively low temperature during the reproductive phase for higher

yield of the crop. Even slight deviation from the optimum range may adversely affect the crop

growth and yield. It is, therefore, essential to make into account the weather conditions while

evaluating the crop response to experimental variables.

The detail of rainfall, temperature and relative humidity during the course of

investigation are presented in Table 3.1. The variations in weather parameters have pronounced

effect on growth and development of the crop. For achieving the yield potential every crop has

its own cardinal point of air temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure and sunshine

hours. If the fluctuation becomes too wide from optimum, the plants suffer leading to poor

growth, development and yield. This effect is more pronounced in crops which are grown in

Discussion

59

diverse climate and edaphic conditions. Rice is basically a crop of warm regions of the tropics

and sub tropics. The overall performance of crop was good; due to optimum range of all

parameters for favorable weather condition during the monsoon season of 2015. The mean

maximum and minimum temperature during the whole crop growth period was 32.36 and 24.24

oC while the mean maximum and minimum relative humidity was 88.04 and 67.47%,

respectively.

5.2 Effect of Cultivars

There is vital role of selection of cultivar in paddy crop because of the fact that variation

in the duration, photo-sensitiveness, thermo-sensitiveness and vegetative lag period of the

variety. A variety of short duration completes their life cycle with in short period with less effect

of photoperiod and low temperature. Longer duration varieties and photo and thermo insensitive

varieties may perform better under favorable conditions. In case of rice hybrids, they are mostly

photo and thermo sensitive which are mainly affected by photo and thermo period and their

growth (tillers production, plant height, number of functioning leaves, leaves size and

reproductive phases of the crop) are influenced adversely, resulting in reduction in yield.

The plant height recorded at all the stages of observations of crop was significantly

higher in hybrid rice cultivar Arize 6444 than the remaining cultivars (Table 4.1). The taller plant

in cultivar Arize 6444 might be due to better utilization of available growth resources like light

and temperature which may result in more nitrogen absorption for the synthesis of protoplasm

responsible for rapid cell division consequently increasing the plant in shape and size or may be

due to hybrid vigour of the cultivar (Dass and Chandra (2012). Similar findings have also been

reported by Sowmyalatha et al and Pankaj et al. (2015).

The dry matter accumulation m-1 running row recorded at all the stages of observations of

crop was significantly higher in cultivar Arize 6444 than the rest of the cultivars (at 30 DAS it is

at par with PHB 71) (Table 4.2).The higher dry matter accumulation m-1 running row in cultivar

Arize 6444 might be due significantly higher dry matter production m-1 running row at all the

stages of observations.

The higher number of total tillers m-2 in cultivar Arize 6444 (Table 4.3) might be due to

ability of effective utilization of plant growth resources viz. photoperiod, dry matter production

Discussion

60

and increase in tillers with advancement of life cycle. The findings have also been supported by

Pankaj et al. (2015)

The number of leaves m-2 recorded at all the stages of observations of crop was also

significantly higher in cultivar Arize 6444 than the other cultivars except MTU 7029 which had

comparable number of leaves m-2 only at 90 DAS (Table 4.4). The higher number of functioning

leaves m2 in Arize 6444 was probably due to higher dry matter accumulation. At 90 DAS, higher

number of functioning leaves m-2 in MTU 7029 was probably due to the fact of rapid more

growth in the later part of the varietal life cycle being a long duration variety. As a short duration

crop (124 days) PRH 10 recorded less number of number of leaves m-2 at 90 DAS as compared

to 60 DAS.

The hybrid rice cultivar Arize 6444 recorded significantly higher LAI at all the stages of

observations than the rest of the cultivars (Table 4.5). The higher LAI recorded in cultivar Arize

6444 might be due to more number of leaves m-2. The findings have also been supported by

Sowmyalatha et al. (2012) and Jat et al. (2015). At 90 DAS leaf area index of PRH 10 was not

increased as high as other cultivars as it was a short duration crop and number of leaves m-2 were

decreased at 90 DAS but leaf size increased. Thus leaf area index slightly increased.

Amongst all the cultivars, cultivar MTU 7029 had significantly higher chlorophyll

content in leaves as compared to other cultivars at all the stages of observations (Table 4.6). The

higher chlorophyll content in cultivar MTU 7029 was due to the genetic character of the cultivar.

Also higher chlorophyll content in hybrid cultivar PRH 10 may be due to the fact that cultivar

PRH 10 accumulates higher nitrogen from the soil than the other cultivars and chlorophyll

content in leaves is directly associated with nitrogen uptake.

Cultivar MTU 7029 took significantly higher days to 50% maturity as compared to other

cultivar (Table 4.6). All these observations were due to the fact that number of days taken by

cultivars for various phenological stages is a genetic characteristic of genotypes.

Discussion

61

The higher number of effective tillers m-2 in cultivar Arize 6444 and MTU 7029 (Table

4.7) might be due to better development of early initiation of tillers before start of reproductive

growth. Number of filled spikelets per panicle, panicle weight, and 1000-grain weight were

significantly higher in cultivar Arize 6444 than the remaining cultivars (Table 4.7) which might

be due to ability of hybrid rice cultivar of better growth which may result in the better

development of yield attributing characters. The higher values of growth and yield attributes

recorded by Arize 6444 over inbred and hybrid varieties might be due to higher plant height,

number of leaves, leaf area, total tillers. Also Significantly higher grain and straw yield was

recorded in Arize 6444 rice hybrid which might be due to synchronization of tillers that help in

early emergence of productive panicles and panicle weight possibly due to better utilization

capacity of available nutrients which helped in determining the relatively more yield.

Sowmyalatha et al. (2012). Similar results have also been reported by Dass and Chandra

(2012); and Jat et al. (2015).

The grain yield was significantly higher in cultivar PHB 71 compared to cultivar HUR

105 and statistically comparable with cultivar MTU 7029 (Table 4.9). In comparison to PRH 10,

PHB 71 which might have increased in panicle bearing shoots m-2 as well as number of grains

per panicle and 1000-grain weight. The statistically comparable grain yield in MTU 7029 and

PRH 10 was due to higher number of effective tillers m-2 in cultivar MTU 7209 and higher

values of yield attributing characters in cultivar PRH 10.

Variations in straw yield due to cultivars were in decreasing order of ARIZE 6444, MTU

7029, PHB 71, PRH 10 and HUR 105. There were also non significant differences obtained

amongst cultivar PHB 71 and MTU 7029; amongst HUR 105 and PRH 10 (Table 4.9). Cultivar

HUR 105 recorded significantly less straw yield as compared to remaining cultivars. The

significantly less straw yield in cultivar HUR 105 might be due to lesser dry matter

accumulation.

The harvest index was significantly higher in cultivar PRH 10 than the rest of the tested

cultivars (Table 4.9) which might be due to less straw yield obtained and higher grain yield

demonstrating better dry matter. But in case of Arize 6444 as a medium duration crop (140 days)

its straw yield was more, thus harvest index of Arize 6444 is significantly less than PRH 10.

Discussion

62

5.3 Effect of Crop Geometry

Crop Geometry is one of the important factors to obtain higher grain yield in direct

seeded rice cultivars. Optimum plant spacing depends on several factors such as the plant type,

season, fertility level and date of seeding. The plant geometry ought to be wider in wet season

than in dry season, wider in high fertility level than poor fertility conditions, wider for high

tillering cultivars than low tillering varieties and wider for lodging susceptible cultivars than

lodging tolerant cultivars. In case of rice hybrids, the growth habits of hybrid plant are distinct

from those of inbred varieties particularly during early growth stage owing to hybrid vigor

(Siddiq, 1993). So there are chances that the available information on appropriate plant spacing

for inbred cultivars may or may not be suitable for hybrids. Plant density required for maximum

grain yield need to be optimized, as the seed of hybrid rice is very costly. A planting density that

can bring down the seed requirement without sacrificing productivity would go a long way in

popularizing the hybrid rice cultivation. Abundant tillering of the hybrid rice may reimburse the

yield due to reduction in plant population as compared to inbred varieties.

Plant height at all the stages of observations was not influenced significantly due to

different plant spacing but closer plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 recorded higher plant height than

wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 (Table 4.1). It might be due to stiff competition for space, sunlight

and other inputs as compared to wider spacing. Kumar (2002) reported that higher plant densities

tended to produce taller plants than lower plant densities. The results are in agreement with those

of Reddy and Reddy (1986); Shah et al. (1991); and Om et al. (1993).

The dry matter accumulation m-1 running row recorded at all the stages of observations of

the crop was significantly higher in closer plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 as compared to wider

spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 (Table 4.2), this might be due to the fact of higher initial plant population

in closer plant spacing. The results are in agreement with those of Raju et al. (1984); Kabayashi

et al. (1989); Dhal and Mishra (1994); Padmaja and Reddy (1998) and Miller (1991).

At 30 and 60 DAS, the total tillers m-2 was significantly higher in closer plant spacing of

20 × 10 cm2 than 25 × 25 cm2, respectively (Table 4.3). The result was in accordance of Shah et

al. (1991), Kanungo and Roul (1994), (DRR, 1991), (CRRI, 1998) and Obulamma and Reddeppa

(2002). At 90 DAS, number of tillers m-2 increased in spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 a very little drop

was observed due to the fact of less inter and intra plant competition associated with lower plant

density. At 90 DAS, plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 had significantly higher number of tillers m-2

Discussion

63

as compared to 20 × 10 cm2 (Nayak et al., 2003). The drop of increment of total tillers m-2 after

60 DAS in closer spacing might be due to the higher mortality of tillers m-2. The mortality of

tillers at higher plant population might be due to more below and above ground competition for

space, nutrient, water, air and light for performing normal physiological activities of the plant. At

30 and 60 DAS, the number of leaves m-2 was also significantly higher in 20 × 10 cm2 as

compared to the wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 (Table 4.4). However, at 90 DAS wider plant

spacing 25 × 25 cm2 recorded significantly higher number of leaves m-2.

At all the stages of observations, leaf area index was significantly higher in closer plant

spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 than the wider plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 (Table 4.5). The higher leaf

area index in closer planting geometry might be due to more number of leaves produced per unit

area. The results are in agreement with those of Budhar et al. (1991); Cai et al. (1991) and Nayak

et al. (2003).

Chlorophyll content at 60 and 90 DAS were non significant due to both spacing viz. 25 ×

25 cm2 and 20 × 10 cm2.

None of the cultivar recorded marked variations on days to 50% maturity with plant

spacing (Table 4.6).

The panicle bearing tillers m-2 were significantly higher at plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2

than plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 due to reduction in initial plant population (Table 4.7). Thus,

the wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 proved to be significantly superior in production of effective

tillers m-2. The same results had also been reported by Shah et al. (1991); Padmaja and Reddy

(1998); (CRRI, 1998) Nayak et al. (2003) and Parashiva Murthy (2011).

The productive tillers were higher in wider spacing due to the fact that better

development of early tillers up to reproductive phase of the crop while in case of closer seeding

the production of tillers may take place but due to unavailability of sufficient amount of

photosynthates due to higher plant density might have resulted lesser number of productive

tillers.

The results also revealed that the yield attributes varied significantly due to planting

geometry. Number of effective tillers m-2 number of filled grains panicle-1, panicle length and

test weight were significantly higher in wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 than the closer spacing of

20 × 10 cm2. Similar results have also been reported by Trivedi and Kwatra, (1983); Krishnan et

al. (1994) and Parashiva Murthy (2011).

Discussion

64

The higher yield attributes in wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 might be due to fact that

wider spacing recorded higher tillers m-2 as result of better utilization of available growth

resources in better development of yield attributes.

The grain yield was higher at wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 than the spacing of 20 × 10

cm2. (Table 4.9). The higher yield in wider plant spacing might be due to higher number of

effective tillers m-2 and number of filled grains panicle-1. The result was in accordance of

Geethadevi et al. (2000); Rajesh and Thanunathan (2003) and Shinde et al. (2005).

Variations in straw yield and harvest index due to plant spacing were non significant

(Table 4.8).

5.4 Effects on economics and production efficiency

The rice hybrid Arize 6444 recorded the maximum gross return as compared to other

cultivars with all the tested plant spacing and the maximum gross return was recorded at higher

plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2. The maximum net return was recorded in cultivar Arize 6444 at

higher plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 followed by followed by cultivar Arize 6444 at closer plant

spacing 20 × 10 cm2 as compared to other treatments. The maximum B: C ratio was also

obtained in cultivar Arize 6444 at wider plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 followed by Arize 6444 at 20

× 10 cm2. Rice hybrid Arize 6444 at plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 recorded maximum production

efficiency in terms of net return ha-1 day-1 as compared to other cultivars (Table 4.9).

Fig 5.4: Effect of cultivar and spacing on production efficiency of direct seeded rice

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

V1S1 V2S1 V3S1 V4S1 V5S1 V1S2 V2S2 V3S2 V4S2 V5S2

Net return (Rs. ha-1 day-1)

Chapter VI

Summary and Conclusion

The present investigation was carried out to study the “Effect of crop geometry on

growth and yield under direct seeded hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars” in Kharif

season of 2015 at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu

University. Five cultivars (Arize 6444, PHB 71, PRH 10, MTU 7029 and HUR 105) and two

crop geometry (20 × 10 and 25 × 25 cm2) were tested in three replicated split plot design

assigning cultivars in main plots and plant spacing in sub plots. The soil of experimental field

was sandy loam in texture, low in available nitrogen (206.0 kg ha-1), medium in available

phosphorus (24.4 kg ha-1) and medium in available potassium (220.5 kg ha-1) having soil pH of

7.2. The experimental crop experienced favorable weather conditions during the period of

experimentation. The crop cultivars were fertilized with a dose of 120 kg N, 80 kg P2O5, 80 kg

K2O and 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1. The crop was irrigated as per the need of crop during the period of

experimentation. All other agronomic practices were adapted as per standard package of

practices.

The observations on important growth characters, yield attributes and yield were recorded

during the period of experimentation and thus the data collected so for, were averaged and

tabulated for statistical analysis. The results based on statistical analysis have been described and

discussed in previous two chapters. The salient results of present investigation on different

growth characters, yield attributes and yield are summarized here as under:

6.1 Effect of cultivar

Significantly higher plant height was obtained with hybrid rice cultivar Arize 6444 as

compared to cultivar PRH 10, MTU 7029 and HUR 105 and statistically at par with PHB 71

based on the observations recorded up to harvest. Significantly higher dry matter accumulation

m-1 running row was obtained with cultivar Arize 6444 at 60 and 90 DAS as compared to the rest

of the cultivars. However, dry matter accumulation m-1 running row in Arize 6444 at 30 DAS

with cultivar PHB 71 was statistically at par. At 30 and 90 DAS PRH 10 had statistically

comparable with MTU 7029. Significantly higher number of leaves m-2 in rice hybrid PRH 10


66

was obtained at 60 DAS as compared to other cultivars except Arize 6444. However, at 90 DAS

higher number of leaves m-2 was recorded with cultivar Arize 6444. Rice hybrid Arize 6444

recorded significantly higher LAI at 30 DAS except PRH 10 and 90 DAS than rest of the

cultivars. Whereas at 60 DAS it was statistically at par with PRH 10. The significantly higher

chlorophyll content in leaves was found with cultivar MTU 7029 as compared to rest of the

cultivars. Cultivar MTU 7029 took significantly higher days to 50% physiological maturity as

compared to cultivar Arize 6444, PHB 71, HUR 105 and PRH 10 respectively.

Effective tillers m-2, number of filled grains per panicle, weight per panicle and 1000-

grain weight were significantly higher in cultivar Arize 6444 than the remaining cultivars.

Significantly higher panicle length was obtained with cultivar PRH 10 as compared to other

cultivars viz. PHB 71, Arize 6444, MTU 7029 and HUR 105 respectively. The grain yield was

significantly higher in cultivar Arize 6444 compared to other cultivars. Straw yield was in

decreasing order of Arize 6444, MTU 7029, PHB 71, PRH 10 and HUR 105. There were also

non significant differences in straw yield was obtained amongst cultivar Arize 6444 and MTU

7029. Cultivar HUR 105 recorded significantly less straw yield as compared to remaining

cultivars. The harvest index was significantly increased in cultivar PRH 10 in comparison to the

rest of the cultivars.

6.2 Effect of crop geometry

The plant height of rice cultivars have not been influenced significantly due to

different crop geometry upto 90m DAS. The crop planted at plant spacing 20 × 10 cm2

recorded higher number of total tillers m-2 at 30 and 60 DAS whereas at 90 DAS wider

plant spacing (25 × 25 cm2) had significantly higher number of tillers m-2 as compared to plant

spacing 20 × 10 cm2. The dry matter accumulation m-1 running row was significantly higher in

closer plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 as compared to wider plant spacing. The number of leaves m-

2 was significantly higher in closer plant spacing 20 × 10 cm2 at 60 and 90 DAS. However, at 90

DAS, plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 recorded significantly higher number of leaves m-2.

Significantly higher LAI was recorded at closer plant spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 than the wider

plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 at all stages of obsevation. Chlorophyll content in leaves increased


67

with increase in plant spacing. The wider plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 recorded significantly

more chlorophyll content than closer spacing of 20 × 10 cm2 at all the stages of observations.

The panicle length, number of effective tillers m-2, number of grains panicle-1 and test

weight were found significantly higher in wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 than 20 × 10 cm2 .The

grain yield was significantly higher at wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 than narrow spacing of 20 ×

10 cm2. Variations in straw yield due to plant spacing were statistically comparable with each

other. None of the cultivar recorded marked variations in days to 50% physiological maturity due

to plant spacing. Higher harvest index was obtained with wider plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2.

However, the differences in harvest index were statistically at par with 20 × 10 cm2.

6.3 Economics

The rice hybrid Arize 6444 recorded maximum gross return as compared to other

cultivars at wider plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2. The maximum net return was recorded in cultivar

Arize 6444 at wider plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 followed by Arize 6444 at closer plant spacing

20 × 10 cm2 as compared to other treatment combinations. The maximum B: C ratio was also

obtained in cultivar Arize 6444 at wider plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2. Amongst all the spacing

wider spacing of 25 × 25 cm2 recorded maximum production efficiency with cultivar Arize 6444

in term of net return day-1ha-1.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of experimental findings and discussion of present investigation following

conclusions may be drawn:

1. Grain yield in cultivar Arize 6444 at 25 × 25 cm2 and PHB 71 at 25 × 25 cm2 was found

superior than rest of the cultivars. Rice hybrid Arize 6444 recorded significantly higher

grain yield (56.14 q ha-1) compared to cultivar PHB 71 (53.16 q ha-1), MTU 7029 (51.23

q ha-1), PRH 10 (51.02 q ha-1) and HUR 105 (42.67 q ha-1).

2. The plant spacing 25 × 25 cm2 obtained better growth and yield attributing characters and

yield as compared to 20 × 10 cm2.


68

3. On the basis of economic analysis, hybrid rice Arize 6444 planted at 25 × 25 cm2 crop

geometry recorded the maximum net return of Rs. 61645.87 ha-1, B: C ratio (2.49) and

production efficiency (Rs 456.43 ha-1day-1).

The experiment was conducted for only one year; therefore the experiment

may be repeated to validate the result.

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Appendix I Common cost of rice production through direct seeding (DSR) method in Rs. ha-1

from June 2015 to November 2015.

S. No. Operations Input Rate (Rs.) Total cost

(Rs. ha-1)

1. Field preparation

a. Ploughing by MB

plough

1 deep ploughing 1800 ha-1 1800.00

b. Harrowing 2 harrowing 750 harrowing-1 1500.00

2. Layout 4 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 1028.00

3. Planking 1 planking 200 ha-1 200.00

4. Seeding 15 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 4410.00

5. Thinning and gap filling 5 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 1470.00

6. Charge of irrigation water

a. Irrigation application 2 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 588.00

b. Tube well charge For 10 hrs 40 hr-1 400.00

7. Fertilizer application

(3 applications)

2 labor ha-1 application-1 294 /manday-1 1764.00

8. Weeding

a. Chemical

Bispyribac @ 25 ml ha-1

Azimsulphuron@30 g ha-1 12.50 ml-1

35 g-1

312.50

1050.00

b. Herbicide

application

1 labor

294 /manday-1 294.00

c. Manual 12 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 3528.00

9. Harvesting 12 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 3528.00

10. Transportation 8 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 2352.00

11. Threshing and Winnowing

(a) Threshing by tractor One tractor (35HP) for 4

hours ha-1

600 hr-1 2400.00

(b) Labor charge 4 labor ha-1 294 /manday-1 1176.00

12. Rental value to land 6 months 3000 annum-1 1500.00

13. Interest on working capital 6 month 14% annum-1 1946.00

14. Land revenue for 6 months 6 month 120 annum-1 60.00

Total 31360.00

Appendix II Variable cost of fertilizer in rice production through direct seeding (DSR) method

in Rs. ha-1 from June 2015 to November 2015.

S. No. Operations Input Rate (Rs.) Total cost (Rs.

ha-1)

1. Fertilizer dose of cultivars

Urea 192.82 kg ha-1 6.4 kg-1 1234.05

DAP 173.91 kg ha-1 24.8 kg-1 4312.96

MOP 133.33 kg ha-1 16.8 kg-1 2239.94

ZnSO4 5.0 kg ha-1 25 kg-1 125

Total 7911.95

Appendix III Variable cost of seed in rice production through direct seeding (DSR) method in

Rs. ha-1 from June 2015 to November 2015.

Treatment Seed rate (kg ha-1) Seed cost ( Rs. kg-1) Total cost of seed

(Rs. ha-1)

ARIZE 6444

20 × 10 cm2 12 295 3540

25 × 25 cm2 7 295 2065

PHB 71

20 × 10 cm2 13 280 3640

25 × 25 cm2 8 280 2240

PRH 10

20 × 10 cm2 13 250 3250

25 × 25 cm2 08 200 2000

MTU 7029

20 × 10 cm2 18 35 630

25 × 25 cm2 13 35 455

HUR 105

20 × 10 cm2 15 35 525

25 × 25 cm2 10 35 350

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