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  • 8/3/2019 Effect of Cross Linking Agent

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    http://jdr.sagepub.com/Journal of Dental Research

    http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/74/9/1597The online version of this article can be found at:

    DOI: 10.1177/00220345950740091501

    1995 74: 1597J DENT REST. Arima, T. Hamada and J.F. McCabe

    The Effects of Cross-linking Agents on Some Properties of HEMA-based Resins

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    International and American Associations for Dental Research

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    - Sep 1, 1995Version of Record>>

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    J D e n t R e s 7 4 ( 9 ) : 1 5 9 7 - 1 6 0 1 , S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 9 5

    T h e E f f e c t s o f C r o s s - l i n k i n g A g e n t so n Some P r o p e r t i e s o f HEMA-based R e s i n sT . A r i m a l 2 * , T . H a m a d a l , a n d J . F . M c C a b e 2' D e p a r t m e n t o f P r o s t h e t i c D e n t i s t r y , H i r o s h i m a U n i v e r s i t y , S c h o o l o f D e n t i s t r y , 1 - 2 - 3 , K a s u m i , M i n a m i - k u , H i r o s h i m a , 7 3 4 , J a p a n ; a n d2 D e p a r t m e n t o f R e s t o r a t i v e D e n t i s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f N e w c a s t l e u p o n T y n e , T h e D e n t a l S c h o o l , F r a m l i n g t o n P l a c e , N e w c a s t l e u p o n T y n e , NE24 B W , U n i t e d K i n g d o m ; * c o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r , a t J a p a n e s e a d d r e s s

    A b s t r a c t . T h e u s e o f 2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ( H E M A ) -b a s e d p o l y m e r a s a b i o c o m p a t i b l e m a t e r i a l h a s b e e n w e l l -e s t a b l i s h e d . HEMA-based r e s i n s c o n t a i n i n g c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t s h a v e s e v e r a l p o t e n t i a l c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . I t i sh y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n tw i l l i m p r o v e t he m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f HEMA-basedp o l y m e r s w h i l e r e d u c i n g w a t e r a b s o r p ti o n a n d s o l u b i l i t y .T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e work r e p o r t e d h e r e was t o t e s t t h i sh y p o t h e s i s a n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t .A r e l a t i o n s h i p among f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h , m o d u l u s , w a t e r

    a b s o r p t i o n a n d s o l u b i l i t y , a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c r o s s -l i n k i n g a g e n t was d e m o n s t r a t e d . S t r e n g t h a n d m o d u l u st e n d t o i n c r e a s e a s t h e c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i si n c r e a s e d , up t o a b o u t 5 0 % , a f t e r w h i c h t h e v a l u e s l e v e l o u to r b e g i n t o f a l l . W a t e r a b s o r p t i o n d r o p s w i t h i n c r e a s i n gc r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t o v e r t h e w h o l e r a n g e o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .S o l u b i l i t y t e n d s t o s h o w a s m a l l d e c r e a s e i n i t i a l l y ( u p t o4 0 % ) , f o l l o w e d b y a n o t i c e a b l e i n c r e a s e a s c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d . T h e t r e n d s w e r e s i m i l a rf o r a l l c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s , a l t h o u g h t h e r e w e r e d i f f e r e n c e si n t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e s i n a l l p r o p e r t i e s d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h et y p e o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t u s e d .Key w o r d s : d e n t u r e b a s e m a t e r i a l , H E M A , c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t .

    R e c e i v e d A u g u s t 2 4 , 1 9 9 4 ; A c c e p t e d A p r i l 2 6 , 1 9 9 5

    I n t r o d u c t i o nThe p u r p o s e o f r e l i n i n g a d e n t u r e p r o s t h e s i s i s t oimprove t h e s t a b i l i t y , r e t e n t i o n , a n d s u p p o r t o f t h ep r o s t h e s i s w h e r e t i s s u e c h a n g e s h a v e l e d t o a p o o r f i t .Man y h a r d a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e r e s i n s h a v e b e c o m ea v a i l a b l e i n r e c e n t y e a r s b e c a u s e t h e y a r e morec o n v e n i e n t t o u s e t h a n l a b o r a t o r y - p r o c e s s e d r e l i n es y s t e m s . A n u n p l e a s a n t o d o r , t he i r r i t a t i o n t o o r a l s o f tt i s s u e s w i t h monomer, a n d h e a t g e n e r a t i o n d u r i n gp o l y m e r i z a t i o n h a v e b e e n r e c o g n i z e d a s p r o b l e m sa s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f c o n v e n t i o n a lh a r d a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e r e s i n s . T o o v e r c o m e t h e s ed i s a d v a n t a g e s , w e h a v e r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e d a new t y p e o fh a r d a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e r e s i n s y s t e m . T h e m a j o rf e a t u r e o f t h e s e n e w r e l i n e r e s i n s i s t h a t t h e y c o n t a i nc r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s a t a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e i n t h e l i q u i d( A r i m a e t a l . , 1 9 9 5 a , b ) .T h e u s e o f 2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ( H E M A ) - b a s e dp o l y m e r s a s b i o c o m p a t i b l e m a t e r i a l s h a s b e e n w e l l -e s t a b l i s h e d . Some r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h e i ra p p l i c a t i o n a s d e n t u r e b a s e m a t e r i a l s a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a tt h e i r h y d r o p h i l i c n a t u r e , c a u s e d b y t h e h y d r o x y l g r o u p ,c a u s e s a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e p h y s i c a l a n d m e c h a n i c a lp r o p e r t i e s o f t h e c u r e d m a t e r i a l a s w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n o c c u r s( B a r s b y a n d B r a d e n , 1 9 7 9 ) . H o w e v e r , HEMA i s a l m o s to d o r l e s s , w h i l e m e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ( M M A ) a n d i s o - b u t y lm e t h a c r y l a t e ( I B M A ) , w h i c h a r e commonly u s e d a sc o n s t i t u e n t s o f a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e r e s i n s , h a v e anu n p l e a s a n t o d o r . I n a d d i t i o n , HEMA p o l y m e r i z e s r e a d i l y i nt he p r e s e n c e o f a r e d o x i n i t i a t o r . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , H E M A -b a s e d r e s i n s w i t h p r o p e r t i e s i m p r o v e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f ac r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t ma y b e u s e f u l a s a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n gr e l i n e r e s i n s .

    I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e e f f e c t s o f s i x d i f f e r e n t c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t s on t h e t r a n s v e r s e b e n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s , t h e watera b s o r p t i o n , a n d t h e s o l u b i l i t y o f H E M A - b a s e d r e s i n s werei n v e s t i g a t e d . The h y p o t h e s i s t o b e t e s t e d w a s t h a ti n c r e a s i n g t h e c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n would

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    J D e n t R e s 7 4 ( 9 ) 1 9 9 5i n c r e a s e s t r e n g t h a n d r i g i d i t y a n d r e d u c e w a t e r a b s o r p t i o na n d s o l u b i l i t y .M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d sP o l y ( e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ) p o w d e r ( F u j i k u r a - k a s e i C o . , L T D ,T o k y o , J a p a n ) a n d HEMA ( K y o e i s h a C o . , L T D , T o k y o , J a p a n )w e r e u s e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a l l s p e c i m e n s . T h e c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y a r e l i s t e d w i t h t h e i r f o r m u l a e i n t h eT a b l e . T h e y w e r e a d d e d t o t h e l i q u i d s i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r a n g i n gf r o m 0 t o 8 0 w t % . T o p r o d u c e a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g m a t e r i a l s , w ea d d e d 0 . 7 w t % o f b e n z o y l p e r o x i d e a n d 0 . 5 w t% o f N , N -d i m e t h y l p - t o l u i d i n e t o t h e p o w d e r a n d l i q u i d , r e s p e c t i v e l y .P o w d e r - t o - l i q u i d r a t i o w a s 1 : 0 . 7 b y w e i g h t .T r a n s v e r s e b e n d t e s t s p e c i m e n s w e r e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n gt o I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s O r g a n i z a t i o n ( I S O ) s p e c i f i c a t i o n1 5 6 7 ( 1 9 8 8 ) : D e n t u r e b a s e p o l y m e r s . T h e f i n a l s i z e s o f t e s ts p e c i m e n s w e r e 6 4 x 1 0 x 2 . 5 m m. One h o u r a f t e r b e i n g m i x e d ,a l l s p e c i m e n s were p l a c e d i n t o d i s t i l l e d water a t at e m p e r a t u r e o f 3 7 ' C a n d s t o r e d f o r 5 0 h p r i o r t o b e i n g t e s t e d .T e s t i n g was c a r r i e d o u t a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 2 3 C a n d ar e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y o f 5 0 % , b u t s p e c i m e n s were t e s t e di m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r e a c h s p e c i m e n w as removed f r o m t h es t o r a g e b a t h , t h u s e n s u r i n g t h a t s p e c i m e n s were s t i l le f f e c t i v e l y a t 3 7 C . A u n i v e r s a l t e s t i n g m a c h i n e [ A u t o g r a p h( S h i m a d z u , T o k y o , J a p a n ) ] , was u s e d a t a c r o s s - h e a d s p e e d o f5 . 0 mm/min. T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r s o f t h es u p p o r t s w a s 5 0 mm. T r a n s v e r s e b e n d s t r e n g t h a n d m o d u l u so f e l a s t i c i t y w e r e c a l c u l a t e d . E i g h t s p e c i m e n s o f e a c h m a t e r i a lw e r e p r e p a r e d a n d t e s t e d .W a t e r a b s o r p t i o n a n d s o l u b i l i t y t e s t s p e c i m e n s w e r e a l s op r e p a r e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h I S O s p e c i f i c a t i o n 1 5 6 7 . S p e c i m e n sh a d a d i a m e t e r o f 5 0 mm a n d a t h i c k n e s s o f 0 . 5 mm. T w e n t ymin a f t e r b e i n g m i x e d , s p e c i m e n s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h es t a i n l e s s s t e e l m o u l d a n d d r i e d i n a d e s i c c a t o r i n a n o v e n a t3 7 C . A f t e r t h e s p e c i m e n s h a d r e a c h e d c o n s t a n t m a s s , t h e y w e r ei m m e r s e d i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a t 3 7 C f o r s e v e n d a y s . T h e y w e r et h e n w e i g h e d a n d r e c o n d i t i o n e d t o c o n s t a n t m a s s i n t h ed e s i c c a t o r a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . W a t e r a b s o r p t i o n a n d s o l u b i l i t yw e r e c a l c u l a t e d i n m i c r o g r a m s p e r c u b i c m i l l i m e t e r . F i v es p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d f o r e a c h m a t e r i a l .We a p p l i e d a t w o - w a y a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ( A N O V A ) a n dT u k e y ' s m u l t i p l e - c o m p a r i s o n t e s t t o t h e r e s u l t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h ee x i s t e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s f o r c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t a n dc o n c e n t r a t i o n . A s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l o f 5% w a s e s t a b l i s h e d .R e s u l t sT h e e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n t h e t r a n s v e r s e b e n d i n gp r o p e r t i e s a r e s h o w n i n F i g s . 1 a n d 2 . ANOVA o f t r a n s v e r s eb e n d s t r e n g t h a n d m o d u l u s d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e w e r es i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s p r o d u c e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f c r o s s -l i n k i n g a g e n t s ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) .T h e e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n w a t e r a b s o r p t i o na n d s o l u b i l i t y a r e s h o w n i n F i g s . 3 a n d 4 . ANOVA i n d i c a t e dt h a t t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s p r o d u c e d b y t h ea d d i t i o n o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) .D i s c u s s i o nC r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s h a v e b e e n a d d e d t o t h e l i q u i d s o fd e n t u r e b a s e r e s i n s t o i m p r o v e c r a z e r e s i s t a n c e , s t i f f n e s s ,and s u r f a c e h a r d n e s s , e t c . , and e t h y l e n e g l y c o l

    T a b l e . C h e m i c a l f o r m u l a e o f t h e monomers u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e : H E M A

    C H 2 = C - O - C 2 H 4 - O H0

    e t h y l e n e g l y c o l d i m e t h a c r y l a t e : EGDMAC H 3 C H 3

    C H 2 = C - C - O - C H 2 - C H 0 - C - C - C H 2d i e t h y l e n e g l y c o l d i m e t h a c r y l a t e : DEGDMA

    C H 3 C l H 3C H 2 - C- O-(CHCH -Q)--C=CH2

    t r i e t h y l e n e g l y c o l d i m e t h a c r y l a t e : T r i E G D M AC H 3 C H 3C H 2 = C - C - - O ( C H - C H - 0 ) - C - C - C H2 2 3 1 2o

    1 , 4 - b u t a n e d i o l d i m e t h a c r y l a t e : 1 , 4 - B D M AC H 3 C H 3

    C H 2 = C - l i C - O - C H 0 o - C = C H 2o 0

    1 , 6 - h e x a n e d i o l d i m e t h a c r y l a t e : 1 , 6 - H D M Al H 3 Y H 3

    C H i 2 = C - C - O - 6 H , - - I C - C = C H 2o 0b i m e t h y r o l p l o p a n e t r i m e t h a c r y l a t e : TPT

    C H 2 1OCH0c H 3C H 2 = C-C-O-CH- C - C H - - C H H11 2 2 30

    CH2 2 - C E 20

    d i m e t h a c r y l a t e ( E G D M A ) h a s b e e n c o m m o n l y u s e d ( J a g g e ra n d H u g g e t t , 1 9 7 5 ; H a r r i s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ; S t a f f o r d e t a l . , 1 9 8 0 ;H i l l , 1 9 8 1 ; P r i c e , 1 9 8 6 ; C a y c i k a n d J a g g e r , 1 9 9 2 ) . T h e e f f e c t so f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n c e r t a i n p r o p e r t i e s o f d e n t u r e b a s er e s i n s h a v e b e e n t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e d , a n d i t h a s b e e nr e p o r t e d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c r o s s -l i n k i n g a g e n t s may h a v e a n a d v e r s e e f f e c t on m e c h a n i c a lp r o p e r t i e s s u c h a s t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , i m p a c t s t r e n g t h , e t c . F o rt h i s r e a s o n , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t su s e d i n t h e l i q u i d c o m p o n e n t i s n o t u s u a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n15% ( H a r r i s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ; H i l l , 1 9 8 1 ; P r i c e , 1 9 8 6 ) . I nc o n t r a d i c t i o n t o t h i s , we h a v e p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d t h a ta d d i n g a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t t oa u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e r e s i n i m p r o v e s i t s t r a n s v e r s eb e n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s a n d r e d u c e s w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n ( A r i m a e ta l . , 1 9 9 5 b ) .M a n y s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d on t h e e f f e c t s o fc r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f d e n t u r eb a s e m a t e r i a l s . Some r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h ea d d i t i o n o f EGDMA p r o d u c e s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i nt h e t r a n s v e r s e b e n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f MMA-based r e s i n s( C a y c i k a n d J a g g e r , 1 9 9 2 ) . I n t h i s w o r k , s i x d i f f e r e n t c r o s s -l i n k i n g a g e n t s , i n c l u d i n g EGDMA, p r o d u c e d s t a t i s t i c a l l ys i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on t r a n s v e r s e b e n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s ( p

  • 8/3/2019 Effect of Cross Linking Agent

    4/6

    P r o p e r t i e s o f C r o s s - l i n k e d H E M A - b a s e d R e s i n sa 1 , 4 - B D M A

    6 0 - 1 , 6 - H D M A50 1 A EGDMA* D E G D M AEn o T r i E G D M A

    o T MPTcn 3 0 -* 2 0 -

    1 0 -

    0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0P e r c e n t a g e C r o s s - l i n k i n g A g e n t

    F i g u r e 1 . T h e e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n t r a n s v e r s e b e n ds t r e n g t h .T h e m o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y p r o d u c e d b y a d d i t i o n s o f 1 , 4BDMA a n d 1.6-HDMA w a s c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h a t o fE G D M A - c o n t a i n i n g s p e c i m e n s f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s u p t o4 0 % c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t . H o w e v e r , a t h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n so f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t , 14BDMA d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e p o o r e s tp r o p e r t i e s , a n d 1 , 6 - H D M A p r o d u c e d p r o p e r t i e s s i m i l a r t ot h o s e o f t h e g l y c o l m e t h a c r y l a t e s . T h e c h a i n r i g i d i t y o f t h e s en o n - g l y c o l m e t h a c r y l a t e s seems t o p r o d u c e much l e s s c r o s s -l i n k i n g t h a n t h e m o r e f l e x i b l e g l y c o l s a t h i g hc o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e c o n d m e t h a c r y l a t eg r o u p b e c o m e s i n a c c e s s i b l e f o r c r o s s - l i n k i n g d u e t o t h er i g i d i t y o f t h e c h a i n . T h e p o o r r e a c t i v i t y o f 1,4BDMA a l s o

    seems t o e x p l a i n t h e h i g h e r s o l u b i l i t y o f t h e p o l y m e rc o n t a i n i n g t h i s a g e n t .E x t e n t o f p o l y m e r i z a t i o n a n d c r o s s - l i n k i n g a f f e c t t h ew a t e r a b s o r p t i o n , s o l u b i l i t y , a n d f l e x u r a l p r o p e r t i e s t h r o u g ha v a r i e t y o f c o m p l e x a n d o f t e n i n t e r r e l a t e d m e c h a n i s m s .T h u s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e a d e f i n i t e c a u s e - a n d - a f f e c tr e l a t i o n s h i p i n s o m e c a s e s - e . g . , p o o r m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e sma y b e r e l a t e d t o i n a d e q u a t e c o n v e r s i o n p e r s e o r t o t h ew a t e r a b s o r p t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e l e s s t i g h t l y b o u n d t h r e e -d i m e n s i o n a l s t r u c t u r e .M a n y s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d on t h e w a t e ra b s o r p t i o n o f d e n t u r e b a s e r e s i n s , a n d i t h a s b e e n c o nc l u d e dt h a t a b s o r b e d w a t e r ma y c a u s e a d e c r e a s e o f m e c h a n i c a lp r o p e r t i e s , d i s t o r t i o n , a n d a d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e g l a s st r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( H a r g r e a v e s , 1 9 7 8 ; R i s t i c a n d C a r r ,1 9 8 7 ; K a l a c h a n d r a a n d T u r n e r , 1 9 8 9 ; P a t e l a n d B r a d e n ,1 9 9 1 ) . T h e s e e f f e c t s h a v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d b y s e v e r a lp o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m s , i n c l u d i n g p l a s t i c i z a t i o n , s o l v a t i o n ,o r r e v e r s i b l e r u p t u r e o f weak i n t e r c h a i n b o n d s , a n di r r e v e r s i b l e d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e p o l y m e r m a t r i x ( G a r c i a -F i e r r o a n d A l e m a n , 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n o f g l a s s yp o l y m e r s i s g e n e r a l l y e x p l a i n e d b y t h e d u a l m o d es o r p t i o n t h e o r y , i n c l u d i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f m i c r o v o i d s( V i e t h e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ; P a c e a n d D a t y n e r , 1 9 8 0 ; M a j e r u s e t a l . ,1 9 8 4 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s t h e o r y , t h e s o r p t i o n i s o t h e r m f o rg l a s s y p o l y m e r c a n b e s p l i t i n t o tw o p a r t s : o r d i n a r ys o r p t i o n , w h i c h i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y H e n r y ' s l a w ; a n d t h ec o l l e c t i o n o f water i n p r e - e x i s t i n g h o l e s , which i s

    1 . 8 - * 1 , 4 - B D M A1.6- * 1 , 6 - H D M A1 . 4 - A EGDMA1q=|TDEGDMA

    1 . 0 1 T r i E G D M A0 . 8 o TM P T

    - ~ 0 . 6 -0 . 4 -0 . 2

    0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0P e r c e n t a g e C r o s s - l i n k i n g A g e n t

    F i g u r e 2 . T h e e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s on t h e m o d u l u s o fe l a s t i c i t y .r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e L a n g m u i r i s o t h e r m . T h e e q u i l i b r i u mp a r t o f t h e t h e o r y m a y b e s i m p l y e x p r e s s e d by t h ef o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :

    C = k D p + C ' H b p / ( l + b p )where C = e q u i l i b r i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f w a t e r i n t h ep o l y m e r a t p r e s s u r e p ,

    k D = H e n r y ' s l a w s o l u b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t ,C ' H = L a n g m u i r s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y , a n db = L a n g m u i r a f f i n i t y c o n s t a n t .C ' H i s e s s e n t i a l l y a g e o m e t r i c f a c t o r , i . e . , h ow much f r e ev o l u m e i s a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e p o l y m e r f o r o c c u p a t i o n b yp e n e t r a n t m o l e c u l e s ? T h i s f a c t o r r e f l e c t s t h e d e g r e e o fc r y s t a l l i n i t y , c r o s s - l i n k d e n s i t y , m o l e c u l a r c h a i n s t i f f n e s s ,e t c . , d e p e n d i n g upon t he t y p e o f p o l y m e r b e i n g s t u d i e d( D i a m a n t e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ) . k D a n d b d e p e n d on t h e c h e m i c a ln a t u r e o f t h e p e n e t r a n t a n d t h a t o f t h e p o l y m e r . F o re x a m p l e , t h e h y d r o p h i l i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e t h o x y g r o u p si n d i m e t h a c r y l a t e s , s u c h a s EGDMA, DEGDM A, a n dTriEGDMA, d e r i v e f r o m t h e p r e s e n c e o f o x y g e n , s i n c ea t t a c h m e n t o f t h e w a t e r m o l e c u l e s t o t h e p o l y m e r p r o b a b l yt a k e s p l a c e b y h y d r o g e n b o n d i n g t o t h e o x y g e n ( G a r c i a -F i e r r o a n d A l e m a n , 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a tw a t e r - p o l y m e r a f f i n i t y w o u l d i n c r e a s e w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i nt h e n u m b e r o f r e p e a t e d e t h o x y g r o u p s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i si n v e s t i g a t i o n c o n f i r m t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , s i n c e t h e w a t e ra b s o r p t i o n i n c r e a s e d i n t h e o r d e r EGDMA < DEGDMA

  • 8/3/2019 Effect of Cross Linking Agent

    5/6

    1 6 0 0 A r i m a e t a l .2 5 0 , 4 - B D M A

    , 6 - H D M A2 0 0 A EGD M A"X D E G D M A=or E G D M A

    0VoM P T1 0 0 -5 0 -0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0P e r c e n t a g e C r o s s - l i n k i n g A g e n tF i g u r e 3 . T h e e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n w a t e r s o r p t i o n

    i n c r e a s i n g c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t c o n t e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e r e wasn o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n . O n t h ec o n t r a r y , T u r n e r a n d A b e l l ( 1 9 8 7 ) s h o w e d t h a t i n c r e a s e da d d i t i o n s o f E GD M A o r TriEGDMA r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e du p t a k e o f w a t e r . I n o u r e x p e r i m e n t , t h e w a t e r a b s o r p t i o nd e c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t . T h e r e a s o ns e e m s t o b e t h a t a h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n tr e s u l t s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a c l o s e p o l y m e r n e t w o r k s t r u c t u r ew h i c h i s n o t e a s i l y s w o l l e n b y w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n ,n o n e o f t he p r e v i o u s w o r k on t he e f f e c t o f c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t w a s d o n e w i t h p o l y ( e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ) a n d HEMA,a n d t h i s may h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n o u rr e s u l t s a n d t h o s e o f p r e v i o u s w o r k e r s .S i n c e m e t h a c r y l a t e p o l y m e r s a r e r e l a t i v e l y i n s o l u b l e i nw a t e r , t h e s o l u b i l i t y d a t a p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t q u a n t i t i e s o fu n r e a c t e d monomers a n d i n i t i a t o r s ( K n o t t e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ) .S o l u b i l i ty i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h i n c r e a s i n gc o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) . L o s h a e ka n d F o x ( 1 9 5 3 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t , f o r MMA c r o s s - l i n k e d w i t ha d i m e t h a c r y l a t e , t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g d e c r e a s e dw i t h i n c r e a s i n g f e e d o f d i m e t h a c r y l a t e . T h e r e s u l t s o f o u rs o l u b i l i t y t e s t s a g r e e w i t h t h i s r e p o r t and i n d i c a t e ad e c r e a s e i n e f f i c i e n c y o f r e a c t i o n a t h i g h e r c r o s s - l i n k i n ga g e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . D e c r e a s e i n e f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t s i nu n r e a c t e d monomer a n d c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t w h i c h ma ya c t a s p l a s t i c i z e r s a n d d e c r e a s e t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s( H a r r i s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) i n a d d i t i o n t o i n c r e a s i n g s o l u b i l i t y .U n r e a c t e d m a t e r i a l may g r a d u a l l y l e a c h o u t o f t h e c u r e dm a t e r i a l a n d c a u s e a n a d v e r s e t i s s u e r e a c t i o n ( M c C a b ea n d B a s k e r , 1 9 7 6 ; G i u n t a e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ; D a n i l e w i c z - S t y s i a k ,1 9 8 0 ; Weaver and G o e b e l , 1 9 8 0 ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y , h i g hs o l u b i l i t y i s n o t a f a v o r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r a d e n t u r eb a s e m a t e r i a l . I n a d d i t i o n , u n r e a c t e d p e n d a n t g r o u p s mayh a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e g l a s s t r a n s i t i o nt e m p e r a t u r e , r e d u c i n g t h e d i m e n s i o n a l s t a b i l i t y o f t h ec u r e d m a t e r i a l . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e w h e np o l y m e r i z a t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s( H a r r i s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) .O u r i n i t i a l h y p o t h e s i s w as s u p p o r t e d by o u re x p e r i m e n t a l f i n d i n g s . I n c r e a s i n g c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n tc o n c e n t r a t i o n i m p r o v e d m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d r e d u c e d

    -en

    0c )

    0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0P e r c e n t a g e C r o s s - l i n k i n g A g e n t

    * 1 , 4 - B D M A* 1 , 6 - H D M AA E G D M A* DEGDMAo TriEGDMAo T M P T

    F i g u r e 4 . T h e e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s o n s o l u b i l i t y .

    w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n ; h o w e v e r , a d e c r e a s e i n m e c h a n i c a lp r o p e r t i e s a n d i n c r e a s i n g s o l u b i l i t y was o b s e r v e d a t v e r yh i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t s .A c k n o w l e d g m e n tT h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y a G r a nt - i n A i df o r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h f r o m t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n ,S c i e n c e , a n d C u l t u r e , J a p a n .R e f e r e n c e sA r i m a T , M u r a t a H , Hamada T ( 1 9 9 5 a ) . A n a l y s i s o f c o m p o s i t i o na n d s t r u c t u r e o f h a r d a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e r e s i n s . J O r a lR e h a b i l ( i n p r e s s ) .A r i m a T , M u r a t a H , Hamada T ( 1 9 9 5 b ) . P r o p e r t i e s o f h i g h l yc r o s s - l i n k e d a u t o p o l y m e r i z i n g r e l i n e a c r y l i c r e s i n s . JP r o s t h e t D e n t ( i n p r e s s ) .B a r s b y M J , B r a d e n M ( 1 9 7 9 ) . A h y d r o p h i l i c d e n t u r e b a s e r e s i n . JD e n t R e s 5 8 : 1 5 8 1 - 1 5 8 4 .C a y c i k S , J a g g e r RG ( 1 9 9 2 ) . T h e e f f e c t o f c r o s s - l i n k i n g c h a i nl e n g t h o n m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f a d o u g h - m o l d e dp o l y ( m e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e ) r e s i n . D e n t M a t e r 8 : 1 5 3 - 1 5 7 .D a n i l e w i c z - S t y s i a k Z ( 1 9 8 0 ) . E x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h ec y t o t o x i c n a t u r e o f m e t h y l m e t h a c r y l a t e . J P r o s t h e t D e n t4 4 : 1 3 - 1 6 .D i a m a n t Y , M a r o m G , B r o u t m a n L J ( 1 9 8 1 ) . T h e e f f e c t o fn e t w o r k s t r u c t u r e o n m o i s t u r e a b s o r p t i o n o f e p o x y r e s i n s . l

    A p p l P o l y m S c i 2 6 : 3 0 1 5 - 3 0 2 5 .G a r c i a - F i e r r o J L , Aleman J V ( 1 9 8 2 ) . S o r p t i o n o f w a t e r b ye p o x i d e p r e p o l y m e r s . M a c r o m o l e c u l e s 1 5 : 1 1 4 5 - 1 1 4 9 .G i u n t a J L , G r a u e r I , Z a b l o t s k y N ( 1 9 7 9 ) . A l l e r g i c c o n t a c ts t o m a t i t i s c a u s e d b y a c r y l i c r e s i n . J P r o s t h e t D e n t 4 2 : 1 8 8 -1 9 0 .H a r g r e a v e s AS ( 1 9 7 8 ) . E q u i l i b r i u m w a t e r u p t a k e a n d d e n t u r eb a s e r e s i n b e h a v i o r . J D e n t 6 : 3 4 2 - 3 5 2 .H a r r i s o n A , H u g g e t t R , J a g g e r RC ( 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e e f f e c t o f a c r o s s -l i n k i n g a g e n t o n t h e a b r a s i o n r e s i s t a n c e a n d i m p a c ts t r e n g t h o f a n a c r y l i c r e s i n d e n t u r e b a s e m a t e r i a l . J D e n t6 : 2 9 9 - 3 0 4 .H i l l RG ( 1 9 8 1 ) . T h e c r o s s - l i n k i n g a g e n t e t h y l e n e g l y c o l

    d i m e t h a c r y l a t e c o n t e n t o f t h e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e d e n t u r eb a s e r e s i n s . J D e n t R e s 6 0 : 7 2 5 - 7 2 6 .

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