2

Speaker: Daki Raju N.

Degree: M.Sc. (Agronomy)

Reg no: J4-00605-2010

Major Guide:

Dr. B.K. Sagarka

Professor(P)

Dept. of Agronomy,

J.A.U., Junagadh.

Minor Guide:

Dr. N.M. Zalawadia

Professor(P)

Dept. of Agril. Chemistry and Soil

Science,

J.A.U., Junagadh.

Organic farming –An overview

Principles and objectives of organic farming

Organic farming in vegetables crops

Issues and strategies of organic

vegetable farming in India

Conclusion

Content :3

4

Organic farming is a production system which avoids or

largely excludes the use of synthetic compounds like fertilizers,

pesticides, weedicides and livestock feed additives. It based on

crop rotations, legumes, green manures, farm organic wastes and

biofertilizers, biological method of pest control which result into

the maintenance of soil health, supply of plant nutrients and

controls insects and weeds.

Before 19th century most food in the world was

organically produced.

In 1924 Austrian philosopher Dr. Rudolf Steiner

conceptualized and advocated organic agriculture.

In 1927 a trademark “Demeter” was introduced for

organically grown food.

Ill effects of modern agriculture forced people to demand

food grown without fertilizers and pesticides and this

paved the way for organic farming.

In 1972, International Federation of Organic Agriculture

Movements (IFOAM) gave an international frame work for

discussion and codification of internationally recognized

principles of organic farming.

5

6

Fig.1: World of Organic Farming

SOURCE : FiBL and IFOAM 2010 6

7

Fig: 2 World of Organic Farming in %

Source: FiBL and IFOAM (2010)7

Table 1: Indian Scenario: Area under organic certification (Certified and in-conversion- State wise)

8Source: Organic Farming in Rainfed Agriculture , CRIDA, Hyderabad, 2008 8

Sr.no. state Area in ha.

Certified Area Under

Conversion

Total

1. Gujarat 7,102 658 7,760

2. Madhya Pradesh 87,536 59,875 1,47,411

3. Assam 2526 540 3066

4. Delhi 3632 1830 5462

5. Goa 4100 2849 6950

6. Haryana 3382 15 3398

7. Karnataka 8735 2976 11711

8. Kerala 11631 3112 14744

9. Maharashtra 41390 72238 113628

10. Orissa 66635 7959 74585

11. Rajasthan 15034 9697 24731

12. Tamilnadu 3414 1652 5066

13. West Bengal 7332 3147 10479

14. Other 262449 166548 424997

Total 3,11,786 2,17,143 5,28,929

Commodity Production

(Metric tons)

Rice 17762

Wheat 113570

Other Cereals & Millets 271042

Pulses 53227

Soybean 315067

Cotton and oil seed 837293

Spices (Including chili, ginger, turmeric) 1,68,507

Tea / Coffee 40614

Fruits and Vegetables 8,89,844

Sugarcane 3613

Other Crops / Herbs & Medicinal Plants and Guar Gum 189193

9

Table :2

SOURCE: National centre of organic farming ,ministry of agriculture, Govt.of India, Ghaziabad 9

10

S/No Organic food Sale (tons)

1 Tea 3,000

2 Coffee 550

3 Spices 700

4 Rice 2500

5 Wheat 1150

6 Pulses 300

7 Oil seed 100

8 Fruits and vegetable 1,800

9 Cashew nut 375

10 cotton 1200

11 Herbal products 250

total 11,925

Table 3. Export performance of organic food products

from India.

Source: Changing scenario of organic farming in India: An Overview

H. M. Chandrashekar (2009) 10

1. To produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity.

2. To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming

system, involving micro-organisms, soil flora and fauna, plants

and animals.

3. To maintain and increase the long-term fertility of soils.

4. To maintain the genetic diversity of the production system and

its surroundings, including the protection of wildlife habitats.

5. To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in locally

organized production systems.

6. To minimize all forms of pollution.

7. To allow organic production and processing to meet the basic

needs, returns and satisfaction from their work, including a safe

working environment.

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING

11 11

12

Balanced supply of nutrients ( primary, secondary and

micronutrients)

Improved physical, chemical and biological properties of

soil.

Reduced need for purchased inputs

Environmental security

More healthy and nutritionally superior food for man

and animal

Organically grown plants are more resistant to diseases

and pests and hence require less protective measures.

13

United States of America

Japan

Canada

Australia

European Union

India

Multinational Corporation

14

Sr.

No.

Name of certifying & inspection agencies

Sr.

No.

Name of certifying & inspection agencies

1. Association for promotion of Organic Farming (APOF)

7. Bioinspectra

2. Indian Society for Certification of organic production (ISCOP)

8. SGS India Pvt Ltd

3. Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)

9. LACON

4. Skal Inspection and Certificaton Agency

10. International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)

5. IMO Control Pvt. Ltd. 11 One Cert Asia

6. Ecocert International 12. National Organic Certification Association (NOCA)

15

Ceraels : Paddy, Wheat, Maize.

Pulses : Red gram, Black gram, Green gram,

Bengal gram

Spices : Candamon, Black paper, Ginger,

Turmeric, Clove, Vanilla

Vegetables : Okra, Tomato, Brinjal, Potato,

Onion, garlic, cucumber, chilli

cauliflower, cabbage

Fruits : Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Grape,

Orange, Cashewnut

Commodity : Tea, Coffee

Cash crop : Cotton16 16

17

Latent needs of Organic Farming of Vegetable crops in

India

1. Most of the vegetable crops are eaten fresh or used for health

care; hence any contamination (chemical residue) may lead to

various kinds of health hazards

2. In India majority of the vegetable growers are poor, small and

marginal farmers

3. Decrease in land productivity due to ever increasing use of

chemical fertilizers

4. There are not many scientific breakthroughs in improving

quality and production of vegetable crops

5. The ever-increasing cost of production due to fertilizers,

pesticides, irrigation etc despite massive cause of concern,

which are very low in organic farming.

17

7. Organic Farming of vegetable crops generates income

through International exports or by saving production

costs.

8. Organic Farming also able to secure a place of India on

International markets by producing high value vegetable

crops.

9. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers as well as pesticides

not only increases the cost of production but also poses

threat to the environment quality, ecological stability and

sustainability of production. We have gained quantity but

at expense of quality. 18

Con….

6. High environment pollution

18

19

Objectives of Organic Farming in Vegetable crops

1. To produce food of high nutritional quality in

sufficient quantity

2. To encourage biological cycles within farming

systems by involving the use of microorganisms,

soil flora & fauna, plants and animals

3. To maintain and increase the long term fertility

of soil and biodiversity

4. To use renewable resources in locally organized

production systems

5. To work with a close system with regard to

organic matter and nutrient elements

6. To avoid all forms of pollution that may results

from Agricultural techniques

19

20

Technology packages for Organic Vegetables

1. Timely preparation of soil to a fine tilth with 2-3 ploughings

to remove all debris, stubbles, stones etc and to avoid

infestation of ants and termites. However, minimum tillage

is considered as an important component of organic

farming.

2. Use of organic manures as basal dose @ 25-38 t/ha through

FYM, poultry manures, fish manures, sheep composts,

biofertilizers etc. Use of organic cakes from neem,

groundnut, pongamia, and castor becomes imperative.

3. Raising of green manure crops like sesbania or dhanicha

and incorporating into the soil, besides using biomass of

other plant species.

20

21

Con…

21

4.Always include legume crop like beans, peas, cowpea etc

in the crop rotation not only to improve the soil fertility

by fixing atmospheric nitrogen but also to increase the

yield up to 30-35%.

5.Use of crop residues is essential in organic vegetable

production, which increases the soil organic matter content,

maintains soil fertility status, and in turn increases the crop

yield.

6.Choice of vegetable varieties should be based on climate,

resistance to pest & disease and market preference; adopting

optimum spacing and timely planting, raising plants/seedlings

with enough organic manures and bio-fertilizers.

21

• FYM, Slurry, green manure, crop residues, straw, vermicompost, sheepmanure and other mulches from own farm

• Saw dust, wood shaving from untreated wood.

• Calcium chloride, lime stone, gypsum .

• Magnesium rock.

• Sodium chloride.

• Bacterial preparation (Bio fertilizers), eg. Azospirrillum, rhizobium etc.

• Bio dynamic preparations.

• Plant preparation and extracts, eg. Neem cake etc.

The following products are permitted for use in manuring

/ soil conditioning in organic field

2222

Sr. No. Source N (%) P (%) K (%)

A. Organic manures

1 FYM 0.5 0.2 0.5

2 Vermicompost 1.6 2.2 1.0

3 Pressmud 1.30 2.20 0.50

4 Poultry manure 3.03 2.63 1.50

5 Cattle dung & urine manure 0.60 0.15 0.45

B. Oil cakes

1 Castor cake 5.5 1.8 1.1

2 Neem cake 5.0 1.0 1.5

3 Mahua cake 2.5 1.8 1.8

4 Karanj cake 4.0 1.0 1.4

C. Green manures

1 Cowpea 0.70 0.15 0.60

2 Sunhemp 2.30 0.50 1.80

3 Dhaincha 3.50 0.60 1.20

4 Glyricidia leaves 2.90 0.50 2.80 2323

Table 5: Response of Vegetable crops to Bio-fertilizer inoculations (for nitrogen)

Bio-fertilizer Crop Increase in

yield (%)

Nitrogen

economy (%)

References

Rhizobium Cowpea 4.09 - Mishra & solanki (1996)

Pea 13.38 Kanaujia et al (1999)

Azotobacter Cabbage 24.30 25 Verma et al (1997)

Garlic 14.23 25 Anonymous (2003)

Onion 18.00 Joi & Shinda (1976)

Tomato 13.60 50 Kumarswamy (1990)

Azospirillum Cabbage 11.87 25 Verma et al (1997)

Capsicum 9.98 25 Anonymous (2002)

Onion 21.68 25 Anonymous (2002)

Garlic 6.42 25 Anonymous (2003)

okra 9.00 25 Subbiah (1991)24

Table 6: Response of Vegetable crops to Bio-fertilizer inoculations

(for phosphorus and Potash)

Bio-fertilizer Crop Increase in

yield (%)

phosphorus

economy (%)

References

PSM Garlic 14.23 25 Anonymous (2003)

Onion 9.60 25 Thiiakavanty &

Ramaswamy (1999)

Potato 30.50 - Gaur (1985)

VAM Chilli 14.29 _ Biswas et al(1994)

Onion 4.70 25 Gurubatham et al (1998)

Potato 20.00 _ Biswas et al (1994)

KSB

(frateuria

aurentia)

Brinjal Singnificant

increase

yield

50 %

(potash

economy)

Ramaretuinam and

Chandra (2006)

25

Table 7: Natural or Botanical pesticides

Botanical pesticide

Source Nature of the product

Against which pests

1.Allicin Garlic Broad spectrumpesticide

Act as antibacterial & antifungal bio-pesticide

2.Nicotinesulfate

Tobacco Insecticides Aphids, thrips, spider, mites & othersucking insects

3.Sabadilla Sabadilla lily Insecticides Caterpillars, leaf hoppers, thrips, sinkbug and squash bugs

4.Nemacide Neem tree Insecticides Potato beetle, grass hopper, moth

5.Pyrethrum Chrysanthem

um

Insecticides Aphids and ectoparasites of live stocks

26

Table 8: Suggested varieties of vegetable crops

tolerance/resistance to disease & pests

Crop Pests/diseases VarietiesBrinjal Bacterial wilt GJB-2,BWR12, Arka Nidhi, Utkal

Tarini, Utkal Madhuri, AnnamalaiPhomopsis rot Pusa Bhairav

Shoot & fruit borer SM 17-4,Punjab Barsati, ARV 2-C,Pusa Purple Round, Punjab Neelam

Aphids, jassids,thrips, white fly

GOB-1,Kalyanpur-2, Gote-2, PBR-91, GB-1, GB-6

Chilli Leaf curl virus GVC-101,GVC-121,Pusa Jwala,Pusa Sadabahar

Leaf curl virusCMV, TMV & leafcurl

Punjab Lal

Mosaic, wilt &dieback

Punjab Sukh

Virus complex LCA 235

Cabbage Black rot Pusa MuktaAphid Red drum head, Sure head, Express

mailCauliflower Black rot Pusa Shubra

Stem borer Early Patna, EMS-3, KW-5,

27

27

28

1) Solanaceous Vegetable Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Potato

2) Bulb Crops Onion and Garlic

3) Malvaceous Vegetale Okra

4) Cruciferous Vegetable Cabbage and Cauliflower

5) Leguminous Vegetable Pea, Cowpea, Pigeon pea, Cluster Bean

6) Leaf Vegetable Amaranthus

7) Cucurbitaceous Vegetable Cucumber, Water Melon, Musk Melon

8) Root Crops Radish, Turmeric, Ginger, Carrot

28

29

TABLE 10: FRUIT YIELD OF BRINJAL UNDER DIFFERENT

ORGANIC PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER TREATMENTS

Treatments No. of fruits

/plant

(Mean±S.E)

Yield /plant

(kg)

(Mean±S.E

)

yield

(t ha-1)

Control 22.5±0.1 0.8±0.0 14.5

T1-Panchagavya (3%) 37.3±0.1 1.4±0.0 25.8

T2-Panchagavya (5%) 37.0±0.0 1.4±0.0 28.2

T3-Amrit Pani (3%)) 23.1±0.1 1.2±0.0 21.7

T4-Amrit Pani (5%) 26.2±0.1 1.2±0.0 21.5

T5-Bokashi (750 Kg Ha-1) 52.7±0.1 1.7±0.0 30.7

T6-Bokashi (1250 Kg Ha-1)

45.9±0.2 1.6±0.0 28.4

Mohan(2008) Hosur, (India)

30

TABLE 11:EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF OXYGENATED PEPTONE ON

FLOWERING AND FRUITING IN BRINJAL

Parameter Untreated Treated Increase (%)

Number of flowers /

plant

11.3 ± 1.0 19.0 ± 1.2 68.1

Flower to fruit ratio 1.13 1.15 1.76

Number of fruits /

plant

10.0 ±1.0 16.5 ± 0.5 65

Length of fruit (cm) 6.3 ± 0.1 10.0 ± 0.5 58.7

Diameter of fruit

(cm)

12.7 ± 0.2 19.6 ± 0.2 54.3

Weight of fruit (g) 47.3 ± 0.4 130.0 ± 1.5 174.8

Yield / plant (kg) 2.4 ± 1.0 5.0 ± 1.5 108.3

shining + ++

31

Parameter Untreated Treated Increase (%)

Total nitrogen

(%)

0.70 0.90 28.5

Total potash (%) 1.500 1.550 3.33

Calcium (%) 0.003 0.005 66.6

Magnesium (%) 0.151 0.152 0.6

Copper (ppm) 27 161 496.2

Iron (%) 21 25 19

Manganese

(ppm)

13 17 30.7

TABLE 12. EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF OXYGENATED

PEPTONE ON MINERAL CONTENTS IN FRUIT OF BRINJAL

32

TABLE 13: EFFECT OF BIOPESTICIDAL ON JASSID, WHITEFLY AND YIELD IN

BRINJAL.

33

Treatment No. of

jassid/Three

leaves

No. of

whitefly/

Three

leaves

Fruit yield

(kg/ha)

T1-B.bassiana @ 1.5 kg/hha 4.32 3.85 13255

T2- B.bassiana @ 2.0 kg/ha 3.98 3.48 14332

T3-M.anisopliae @ 1.5 kg/ha 3.92 3.66 13751

T4-M.anisoplia @ 2.0 kg/ha 3.63 3.42 15150

CD at 5% 1.65 0.90 2370

Dept. of entomology (2010)J.A.U, (junagadh)33

Table 14. Effect of soil application of organics on growth and fruit

yield in chilli

DHARWAD

Treatments plant height

(cm)

Fruit yield

per

plant(g)

Fruit yield

t/ha

S1: RDF + FYM (25t/ha 38.48 306.22 11.03

S2: FYM (50%) + Vermicompost (50%) 38.89 311.13 11.79

S3 : FYM (50%) + Vermicompost (50%) + Neemcake

(500 kg/ha)

41.95 334.45 12.00

S4: FYM (50%) + Vermicompost (50%) + Azospirillum +

PSB (5kg/ha)

42.95 380.57 13.99

CD at 5% 2.64 35.11 1.23

34PRAKASH (2008)

FYM 50 per cent + vermicompostFYM 50 per cent + vermicompost 50 per cent + biofertilizer

35

Table 15:Effect of bio-inoculants on yield and quality of

tomato fruits

Sengupta et al. (2002)JNKVV, Jabalpur

36

Treatments Yield (q/ha) T.S.S content

(brix)

Ascorbic acids

content

(mg/100g)

Bio- inoculants

B0 No inoculans 234.54 5.62 21.72

B1- Azotobacter 256.82 5.89 22.50

B2-Azospirillum 261.08 5.95 22.76

CD at 5% 5.928 0.193 0.98

Table 16:Effect of FYM on fruit yield and yield

attribute characters in tomato

Treatments (FYM t/ha) Fruits/Plant

s

Average Fruit

Weight (g)

Yield t/ha

0 30.3 64.3 37

10 32.4 71.5 47

25 36.9 74.9 51

CD at 5% 1.01 4.27 7.5

Rajbir and Ram (2005)Abohar (Punjab)

37

Table 17.Yields of tomatoes under different organic

plant growth promoter treatments

Treatments No. of fruits /plant

(Mean±S.E)

Yield /plant (kg)

(Mean±S.E)

yield

(t ha-1)

Control 111.4±0.3 3.4±0.0 49.5

T1-Panchagavya (3%) 113.6±0.1 3.6±0.0 55.3

T2-Panchagavya (5%) 116.1±0.1 3.6±0.0 57.1

T3-Amrit Pani (3%)) 115.6±0.1 4.0±0.0 59.1

T4-Amrit Pani (5%) 116.0±0.0 4.2±0.0 61.4

T5-Bokashi (750 Kg Ha-1) 119.8±0.1 4.3±0.0 65.0

T6-Bokashi (1250 Kg Ha-1) 121.0±0.3 4.3±0.0 66.1

Mohan(2008) Hosur, India. 38

39

Table 18: Tuber yield of potato influenced by organic sources of nutrients

Hooghly (West Bengal) Chettri et al. (2005)

Biodynamic compost= cowmanure + cow horn

39

Treatment Total tuber yield (q/ha)

T0 FYM @ 30 t/ha 212.60

T1 FYM @ 20 t/ha + biofertilizer

(Azotobacter + PSB)

224.36

T2 FYM @ 10 t/ha + biofertilizer

(Azotobacter + PSB)+Crop

residue of previous crop

243.59

T3 FYM @ 20 t/ha + biodynamics 220.94

T4 Biodynamics+biofertilizer

(Azotobacter + PSB)

268.70

T5 Control 207.8

CD at 5% 39.53

Treatment Tuber yield (q/ha)

Jaivic (5q/ha) 255

Neem cake (5q/ha) 270

Karanze cake (5q/ha) 252

Castor cake (5q/ha) 266

Mustard cake (5q/ha) 265

CD at 5% 5.0

40

Table 19: Effect of organic manures on the potato tuber yield

RAU, Pusa (Bihar) Mamta et al. (2005)40

4141

Treatments Fresh weight

of bulb (g)

Dry matter

(%)

Diameter

of bulb

(cm)

Bulb yield

(q/ha)

T1 FYM (25 t/ha) 48.26 10.00 5.13 321.76

T2 Vermi compost (5.0

t/ha)

53.97 10.25 5.47 359.79

T3 NADEP compost

(15.24 t/ha)

45.62 9.87 5.12 304.13

T4 Agrich (1.25 t/ha) 41.64 9.70 4.77 277.61

T5 Poultry manure (3.28

t/ha)

51.09 10.08 5.26 340.59

T6 Control 39.80 9.52 4.37 230.00

CD at 5% 2.29 0.345 0.46 4.83

42

Table 20: Influence of organic manure on growth and yield of onion.

Rewa (M.P.) Bose et al. (2006)42

Table 21 : Effect of microbial inoculation on growth, yield and quality

of onion

Treatment Weight of

bulb (g)

Diameter of

bulb (cm)

Bulb yield

(q/ha)

Dry matter

content bulb/100g

of fresh weight (g)

T0

Control 136.6 5.46 242.4 3.6

T1

Azotobacter

147.1 5.9 280.4 3.9

T2

Azospirillum140.8 5.9 268.2 3.8

CD at 5% 6.6 0.2 13.3 0.2

Shalimar (Srinagar) Rather et al. (2003)43

Treatments Bulb yield (t/ha) Quality of bulbs

TSS (Brix) Sulphur %

A 1 (no Azospirillum) 19.06 9.39 0.440

A 2 (Azospirillum in nursery) 20.52 9.70 0.470

A 3 (Azospirillum in main

field)

20.13 9.68 0.470

CD= at 5% 0.22 0.37 0.009

V 1 (no VAM) 19.29 9.19 0.440

V 2 (VAM in nursery) 20.52 9.83 0.480

V 3 (VAM in main field) 19.97 9.75 0.470

CD at 5% 0.22 0.37 0.009

44

Table 22: Effect of Azospirillum and VAM on Onion

TNAU(Coimbatour) Gurubatham et al. (1989)44

Organic farming in

malvaceous vegatable

45 45

Table 23:Agronomic impacts of vermicompost, worms with

vermicompost vis-a-vis chemical fertilizer on growth

and development of potted okra plants

Treatment Av.

Vegeta

tive

growth

(in

inches)

Av. No.

of

fruits/p

lant

Av. Wt.

of

fruits/p

lant

Total

No.

of

fruits

Max.

Wt. of

one

fruit

1 Earthworms (50) +

Vermicompost (250 gm)

39.4 45 48 gm 225 70 gm

2 Vermicompost (250 gm) 29.6 36 42 gm 180 62 gm

3 Chemical Fertilizer

(NPK) (Full dose)

29.1 24 40 gm 125 48 gm

4 Control 25.6 22 32 gm 110 43 gm

Agarwal (1999)Jaipur (Rajasthan)

46

Table 24.Plant growth parameters at harvest (after 6 week period) in

okra (Mean + SD).

Treatments Plant height

(cm)

Biochemical analysis

Fats (%) Protein (%)

Control 31.67 ± 03.79 0.52 ± 0.10 3.41 ± 0.25

Cattle dung (100g) 36.00 ± 03.46 1.78 ±1.02 6.37 ± 0.38

Chemical

Fertilizers (15.30g)

44.33 ± 10.02 2.68 ± 0.81 5.73 ± 0.88

Vermiwash (100ml) 42.33 ± 02.52 3.00 ± 0.00 6.35 ± 0.15

Vermicompost (100g) 39.33 ± 05.86 3.15 ± 0.21 6.82 ± 0.51

Vermiwash and

Vermicompost (100ml

+100g)

45.83 ± 05.62 3.52 ± 0.24 7.15 ± 0.35

Ansari and Sukhraj (2010)Georgetown, (Guyana) 47

Table 25: Effect of different organic treatments on the

performance of okra

48

Treatment No. of

fruits

Plant-1

Yield (t

ha-1)

BC

ratio

Q u a l i t y

characters

Crude

fibre

(%)

Moistu

re

(%)

T1- FYM @ 20 t ha-1 19.3 10.39 3.56 10.31 87.4

T2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 11.00 8.65 2.96 13.40 87.1

T3-Neemcake @ 2 t ha-1 15.6 9.13 3.42 13.00 88.1

T4- Poultry manure 5 t ha-1 11.00 8.58 3.22 13.20 88.0

T5- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 13.7 9.81 3.26 11.44 87.9

T6- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Neemcake @ 2.5 t ha-1 15.7 9.46 3.54 14.86 87.7

T7- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 15.0 9.26 3.37 14.56 88.5

T8- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Neemcake 1 t ha1 15.0 8.24 3.09 12.90 88.2

T9- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Poultry manure 2.5

t ha-1

13.0 7.97 2.90 12.90 88.2

T10- Neemcake 1 t ha-1 + Poultry manure 2.5 t ha1 12.0 7.56 2.93 12.40 88.3

T 11-Recommended dose of NPK

(40:50:30 kg NPK ha-1)

16.0 10.12 3.46 15.34 88.9

CD at (5%) 2.25 0.01

TNAU (Coimbatore) Premsekhar and Rajashree (2009) 48

Organic farming in cruciferous vegetables

49

Table 26: Effect of different source of nutrients on

growth and yield of cabbage

50

Source of nutrients Head size (sq.cm.) Yield (t/ha)

FYM at 5 t/ha 359.61 69.264

FYM at 10 t/ha 344.17 69.155

FYM at 15 t/ha 345.06 71.745

FYM at 20 t/ha 391.27 76.116

Pressmusd at 5 t/ha 358.54 57.451

Pressmusd at 10 t/ha 335.69 61.635

Pressmusd at 15 t/ha 350.76 66.519

Pressmusd at 20 t/ha 350.32 70.931

NPK(120:60:60kg/ha) 339.40 68.045

CD at 5% 22.5 4.555

Source: texbook of organic farming for sustainable horticulture by P . Prvatha Reddy50

Photo showing disease resistance in cauliflower induced by vermicompost

(A). Cauliflower grown on chemical fertilizers (Susceptible to diseases)

(B). Cauliflower grown on vermicompost (Resistant to diseases)

(Hazipur, Bihar, India. December 2008)

A B

51

Organic farming in cucurbitaceous vegetable

52

Table 27: Effect of organic manures on yield and yield attributes

of cucumber

Prabhu et al. (2006)TNAU, Coimbatore53

Treatments Mean fruit

weight (g)

Number of

fruits/plant

Yield/pl

ant

Yield

(t/ha)

T1-RDF 20-30-30 kg/ha 277.00 5.60 1.55 15.50

T2-FYM 20 t/ha 280.00 5.70 1.60 16.00

T3-VC 4 t/ha 290.00 6.50 1.88 18.80

T4- FYM 10t/ha+ VC 2t/ha 340.00 7.50 2.55 25.50

T5-GLM 5t/ha + Biofertilizer 295.00 7.00 2.06 20.60

T6-FYM 10 t/ha + Biofertilizer 310.00 7.10 2.20 22.20

CD at 5% 11.97 0.39 0.17 3.37

Organic farming in Root Crops

54

Table 28: Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of

turmeric

Treatment Growth parameters Fresh yield

(q/ha)Height of pseudo

stem

(cm)

Leaf area

(Cm2)

C T

(10t/ha)

C T (10t/ha) C T

(10t/ha)

Armoor 13.3 19.3 1436.5 2478.1 14.9 18.7

Suroma 17.2 23.3 1528.1 3594.9 13.7 16.9

Mydukur 16.4 18.9 1437.6 1847.3 15.9 18.3

Suvarna 21.6 23.9 2004.0 2590.0 11.9 13.3

BSR-1 20.1 21.7 1789.9 2141.9 14.9 15.9

Local 21.3 23.1 1637.7 2739.0 16.1 18.8

CD at 5% - 2.85 - 1840.3 - 2.01

Saklespur (Karnataka) Vadiraj et al. (1998)55

55

Treatments Plant

height (cm)

225 DAP

Number of

leaves/plant

Total dry matter

production

(g/plant) 225DAP

Cured

rhizome

yield/ha

(tonnes)

Weight of

mother

rhizome

kg/plants

T1 Panchkavya 2% 84.38 18.58 220.10 6.20 0.179

T2 Panchkavya 3% 89.19 21.25 246.45 6.70 0.190

T3 Panchkavya 4% 82.88 20.90 231.62 6.04 0.170

T4 Vermiwash 10% 87.53 19.77 240.81 6.40 0.182

T5 Vermiwash 20% 79.25 17.15 221.04 6.12 0.180

T6 Humic acid 0.05% 92.80 22.20 251.73 7.04 0.196

T7 Humic acid 0.1% 81.84 18.30 235.22 6.28 0.172

T8 Humic acid 0.15% 85.84 16.85 224.15 6.06 0.168

T9 EM 1% 81.03 19.60 236.12 6.30 0.185

T10 EM 2% 85.28 20.80 221.29 6.24 0.174

T11 EM 3% 80.40 18.80 229.87 6.16 0.163

T12 Control 68.23 15.08 187.68 3.04 0.131

CD at 5% 1.5935 0.4959 3.7233 0.2063 0.0053

Table 29: Effect of bioregulants on growth and yield of turmeric

TNAU(Coimbatore) Sathish et al. (2007)

56

56

Treatments Curcumin

(%)

Olerisin

(%)

Essential oil

(%)

Total chlorophyll

(180 DAP)

T1 Panchkavya 2% 3.845 8.12 3.71 1.654

T2 Panchkavya 3% 4.367 8.99 4.77 1.802

T3 Panchkavya 4% 3.907 8.171 3.59 1.595

T4 Vermiwash 10% 4.205 8.52 3.48 1.705

T5 Vermiwash 20% 3.756 8.64 3.58 1.610

T6 Humic acid 0.05% 4.577 9.47 4.94 1.838

T7 Humic acid 0.1% 3.497 8.29 3.68 1.668

T8 Humic acid 0.15% 4.072 8.55 3.48 1.698

T9 EM 1% 3.703 8.36 3.65 1.739

T10 EM 2% 3.900 8.63 3.82 1.576

T11 EM 3% 3.948 8.01 3.62 1.723

T12 Control 2.215 6.25 2.11 1.433

CD at 5% 0.1321 0.1639 0.1364 0.0250

Table 30: Effect of bioregulants on quality of Turmeric cv. BSR2

TNAU(Coimbatore) Sathish et al. (2007)

5757

5.42

6.67 6.587.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Control FYM Pongamea cake Neem cake

Yield T/ha(10 t/ha) (1.830t/ha) (2t/ha)

5858

Treatment Tillers/plant Plant height

(cm)

Yield (kg/ha)

Farmyard manure (tonnes/ha)

T1 0 15.60 31.75 2260

T2 3 17.45 37.82 2950

T3 6 20.30 39.30 3300

CD at 5% 0.39 3.17 320

Table 31: Effect of FYM on growth and yield of ginger

Mandsaur (M.P.) Khandkar and Nigam (1996)

5959

Treatments Length of tuber

(cm)

Girth of tuber

(cm)

Weight of tuber

(g)

Yield

(gm/plant)

T1 Seed treatment with Panchkavya (3%) 10.0 4.0 191.0 401.10

T2 Seed treatment with Moringa leaf extract

(1:32dilutions)

15.0 6.0 181.0 380.10

T3 Seed treatment with Azospirillum +

Phosphobacteria (2kg/kg of seed)

12.6 4.0 189.0 396.90

T4 Foliar spraying of Panchakavya (3% at 15

days interval)

15.0 5.0 188.6 396.06

T5 Foliar spraying of Moringa leaf extract (1:32

dilutions at 15 days interval)

15.5 5.3 245.1 514.71

T6 T1 + T4 21.5 7.2 267.8 526.38

T7 T2 + T5 17.0 5.0 201.3 382.47

T8 T3 + soil application of Azospirillum +)

Phosphbacteria (100kg/ha)

15.0 5.0 214.6 407.74

T9 FYM(20t/ha) + T6 18.6 6.5 266.5 506.35

T10 FYM(20t/ha) + T7 16.2 5.8 257.1 488.49

T11 Coco peat (10t/ha) + T6 18.0 6.0 244.1 463.79

T12 Coco peat (10t/ha) + T7 19.0 4.6 235.4 447.26

Control 10.0 4.1 180.3 342.57

CD (P=0.05) 1.79 0.73 22.42 42.65

60

Table 32: Effect of organic farming practices on growth, yield and quality of Radish

TNAU (Coimbatore) Velmurugan et al. (2007) 60

Treatments Crown length (cm) Plant weight (g)

T0 Control + RLS(7kg) 26.67 66.67

T1 F P @ 35.00g/pot 33.17 145.00

T2 C P @ 26.25 g/pot 26.83 121.67

T3 C P @ 35.0 0g/pot 24.83 95.00

T4 C P @ 43.75 g/pot 25.17 106.67

T5 V P @ 26.25 g/pot 26.20 106.67

T6 V P @ 35.00 g/pot 24.33 106.67

T7 V P @ 43.75 g/pot 27.50 98.33

T8 P D @ 35.00 g/pot 27.83 136.67

T9 CPD @ 26.25 g/pot 26.37 88.33

T10 CPD @ 35.00 g/pot 27.33 108.33

T11 CPD @ 43.75 g/pot 26.00 98.33

T12 VPD@ 26.25 g/pot 27.33 113.33

T13 VPD@ 35.00 g/pot 28.00 123.33

T14 VPD@ 43.75 g/pot 30.27 141.67

CD at 5% 3.30 29.23

61

RLS-Red loamy soil, FP-Fresh Parthenium, CP-Composted Parthenium, VP-Vermicomposted

Parthenium, PD-Poultry droppings, CPD-Composted Poultry Droppings, VPD-Vermicomposted

poultry droppings

Table 33: Impact of fresh, composted and vermicomposted Parthenium and poultry

droppings on the growth attributes of Radish

TNAU (Coimbatore) Vijayakumari et al.(2009) 61

6262

63

Issues and strategies of Organic Vegetable Farming in

India

The following issues and their viable strategies are

suggested to make organic vegetable production more

vibrant, dynamic, and responsive to changing consumer

demand both locally and globally as well.

1.The research for Organic farming in vegetable crops must

be on a system basis. It must be integrated one and

must not be looking at in isolation.

2. The task of research would be to produce technologies,

which can not only increase more food but also more

jobs and more incomes. That means, research must aim

at achieving triple goal of more job, more incomes and

more food.

63

64

Con…

3. The research for organic farming should be focused on

developing technologies which may attract the vegetable

growers to adopt them, keeping in view of the requirements of

small holdings of resource poor small and marginal farmers.

4. The research should be in a holistic manner with long-term

evaluation of different organic substrates.

5. Identification of suitable cover crop and smother crop in a given

cropping system.

6. There should be strategy for monitoring of changes in

groundwater quality with references to heavy metal toxicity,

besides nitrate pollution.

7. Identification of soil improving crops under major agro-climatic

zone.

64

65

Why total adoption of organic Farming of vegetable

crops is not feasible/ viable in India?

Though Organic Farming is one of the best approach

to get sustainability in the crop production, still some

constraints are there in adoption of Organic Farming in full

fledge under Indian conditions. It is because of following

reasons:

1. Organic farming is highly knowledge intensive farming.

So one has to keep pace with the dynamics of nature to

increase the biological productivity of the soil.

2. Organic inputs may be difficult to generate on the farm.

3. The organic produce may not find an early market as

most of the vegetables are perishable in nature.

4. Shifting to pure organic farming is a very time

consuming and laborious methods.65

66

5. Number of cattle households decreased gradually day by

day, causing scarcity of FYM.

6. Nutrient content is very low in organic sources. Varied

nutrient content in organic materials, so it becomes

difficult to farmers to calculate the actual amount of

organic materials to be added in soil.

7. Cattle dung, urine and farm wastes are to handle

manually.

8. The consumer need protection, so the Certification and

Inspection programme have to be Nationwide

9. There is lacking of adequate research & development

backup as well as training in Organic Farming in India.

10. Biological pest control is very knowledge intensive.

Con..

66

The modern form of organic farming is new

concept. However it is being popular in the world

speedily especially in developed countries. Organic

farming system is an alternative and appropriate

management system would help to improve soil

health environment thus increase the productive

levels and improve quality of vegetable crops. India

has tremendous potential to grow crops &

vegetables organically and emerge as a major

supplier of organic products in the world’s organic

market.

CONCLUSION

6767

68

Thank You