effect of poultry manure rates on the

1

EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE RATES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA

(Abelmoschus esculentus L Moench).

BY

MARTINS, DAMILARE D.

MATRIC NO: 2006/1603

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A

BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE(B.AGRIC) DEGREE IN AGRICULTURE. COLLEGE OF PLANT SCIENCE

AND CROP PRODUCTION, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE.

JUNE, 2011.

2

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Martins, Damilare David carried out this project in partial requirement

for the award of Bachelor of Agriculture (B. Agric) in the department of Horticulture,

University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.

___________________________ ______________________________ Dr. E.A Makinde Prof. G.O Bodunde Supervisor Head of Department

DEDICATION

3

This project work is dedicated to the Almighty God, who is the Lord and King of the whole

world. He is the reason why I can successfully carry out this research work and to stay

healthy throughout my undergraduate years.

Also, to my late mother, Mrs. D.T Adigun whose words and advices are still living inside

me. Indeed, you are an heroine to me.

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

4

With great honour and pleasure, I celebrate the assistance of my disciplined and hard-

working supervisor, Dr. E.A Makinde, during the course of this work. Your advices and

supervision are so fatherly and I do not take any of these deeds for granted. May God

continually bless you sir.

My appreciation also goes to my father, Elder M.A Adigun (JP) for his fatherly care and for

ensuring my academic success.

My appreciation also goes to all my lecturers in the department, the H.O.D Prof. G.O

Bodunde, Prof. M.O.A Okelana, Dr. W Salawu as well as all the non-academic staffs.

Big celebration also goes to my spiritual father, Rev’d wale Akinronbi and his awesome

family for my spiritual growth and teaching me the perfect will of God. All hails to the entire

family of The Father’s House Church, Odo - Eran and most especially to the Father’s

Fragrance department, you guys are the best set of people to work with. You really made my

leadership skills an epitome of imitation.

Special appreciation goes to my God – ordained fiancée, who is relentlessly and consistently

seeking my progress. I can never thank you enough and I am sure my God will bless you and

your family above all you can ever think of. Indeed, you are a heroine in my life.

Thanks to my brothers and sisters and cousins and nieces and nephews who gave a befitting

atmosphere and helps in various dimensions all through my stay on campus. I am so blessed

to be associated with you all.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

5

Title page

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of Content iv

List of Tables v

Abstract vi

INTRODUCTION 1

LITERATURE REVIEW 4

MATERIALS AND METHOD 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 22

REFERENCE 23

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Soil physical and chemical properties 11

Table 2: Result of fertilizer analysis (poultry manure) 12

6

Table 3: Effect of poultry manure rate on the average

Number of Leaves of Okra (5WAP) 14

Table 4: Effect of poultry manure rate on okra stem girth at 5WAP and Harvest 15

Table 5: Effect of poultry manure rate on average plant height and Harvest 16

Table 6: Effect of poultry manure rate on average leaf area 18

Table 7: Effect of poultry manure rate on average yield/ha 19

Table 8: Effect of poultry manure rate on average fruit length 20

Table 9: Effect of poultry manure rate on average fruit circumference 21

7

ABSTRACT

A field trial was carried out at the FADAMA Farm of the University of Agriculture,

Abeokuta to determine the effects of rate of poultry manure on the growth and yield of okra.

Six different rates of poultry manure were replicated three times on eighteen beds. The

treatments were; control plot, 2 tons/ha, 4 tons/ha, 6 tons/ha, 8 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha. The

variety that was planted was Jokoso. The treatments were arranged in a completely

randomized block design. The experiment was carried out between February, 2011 and April

2011.

Data were taken on the growth and yield parameters. Five plants were randomly selected and

tagged per plot for data collection. Establishment count; Plant height; Stem girth; Number of

leaves per plant and Leaf area, were taken at 5 WAP and at harvest, to assess growth.

Number of fruits per plant; Fresh fruit weight per bed, were taken to assess the yield.

The results of this study showed that okra growth is not significantly different at 5 WAP. At

harvesting, highest stem girth of 32.40mm was obtained with 4tons/ha while the lowest of

28.50mm was from 6tons/ha. Okra yield of 1.69kg was highest from 6tons/ha, while the

lowest of 0.87kg was got from 4tons/ha.

The results of the study have shown that okra will still perform fairly well without fertilizers

on regularly – fertilized soils.

8

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF

OKRA.

Okra, ( Abelmoschus esculentum L (Moench) is an important vegetable crop in the tropics,

Nigeria inclusive. The fresh okra pod contains approximately 86.1% water, 2.25% protein,

0.2% fats, 9.7% carbohydrate, 1.0% fibre and 0.8% ash (Purseglove, 1984).

Okra is one of the most common vegetables available all year round in Nigeria due to regular

rainfall and irrigation system. The fruit is considerably important in the diet of people around

the world, particularly for those in West Africa and other tropical areas whose staple food

consists of bulk starchy foods like pounded yam, cassava flour and others.

Okra is also used to compliment such staple foods since it is a good source of vitamin,

minerals, and proteins (Funso and Bassir, 1976). The fruit contains mucilage which gives a

slippery texture on cooking which can be served as a thickener. Okra fruit contains vitamins

A and C with traces of vitamin B. It is a good source of calcium, phosphorus and iron. It

contains 2.7 – 3.0% protein and a significant amount of riboflavin. The consumption of these

edible parts has been reported by Fatokun (1976) to promote digestion and helps prevent

constipation. It is also used as a medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcer. It is also used in

the manufacture of margarine. It is used in curries and chutneys and as a substitute for coffee

in India. Okra seed cake is rich in protein and makes an invaluable animal feed.

In various parts of the world, it is known as Okra, Ochro, Okoro, Quimgombo, Quingumbo,

Ladies Fingers, Gombo, Kopi Arab, Kacang Bendi, Bhindi (S. Asia), Bendi (Malaysia),

Bamia, Bamya or Bamieh (middle east) or Gumbo (Southern USA).

Okra is a fruit vegetable, grown mainly for the pods. The tender fruits are used as vegetables

either boiled or sliced and fried. Ripe seeds contain about 20% of edible oil. It is quite

9

susceptible to frost and will not thrive where there is a continuous dry spell. It grows in all

types of soils, thriving well in moist, friable, well drained and well matured soils (Tindal,

1983).

The mucilage is extracted and used in gum production. Medicinal use of okra is the role of

the pod mucilage in plasma replacement or as blood volume expander. The immature fruits

are used in the treatment of venerable diseases (Olajide, 1995).

Nitrogen is an important and commonly deficient nutrient element in tropical soils and it is

generally needed in large amount by plants. It is an integral part of the chlorophyll (Epstein,

1972). Nitrogen is a key element required for plant growth and the symptoms of soil nitrogen

deficiency range from leaf chlorosis to stunted growth and eventually poor yield.

Different opinions have been expressed with regards to okra fertilization using organic

manures like poultry droppings, cowdung. For instance, Schippers (2000) recommended

poultry manure to be applied at the rate of 20tonnes /ha before sowing. This is consistent with

Kogbe’s (1976) recommendation of 20tonnes /ha. Among all the organic manures, poultry

manure is the easiest to access in South Western Nigeria.

Poultry manure has been found to produce higher seed yield in maize than cattle manure.

This was attributed to the higher content of nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry manure

coupled with the fact that it furnishes the soil with more magnesium and trace elements

(Purseglove, 1984).

1.2 Problem statement

Emphasis is now placed on use of organic manures instead of inorganic sources of nutrients

because of the need to take pure foods devoid of chemical elements that are easily absorbed

from inorganic sources of nutrients. Using inorganic fertilizers in lowland areas may also

increase dangers of underground water pollution. Farmers cannot afford to use mineral

fertilizers to boost their vegetable yields. Using these chemicals, especially on okra or

10

tomatoes that are consumed fresh may increase the dangers of ingesting these chemicals that

are absorbed and partitioned to fruit or to economic yield of such crops (Williams and Harris

1986).

Information on the effects of these organic sources particularly, poultry dropping on okra

fruit yield and utilization of the nutrients absorbed is still not too abundant in literature.

Therefore, the need to assess poultry manure effect on the yield of okra.

1.3 Nutritional Benefits of Okra

Composition per 100 g of edible portion in Okra

Moisture 89.6 g Minerals 0.7 g

Protein 1.9 g Carbohydrates 6.4

Fat 0.2 g Calcium 66 m

Fibre 1.2 g Iron 0.35 mg

Calories 35 Potassium 103 mg

Phosphorus 56 mg Thiamine 0.07 mg

Sodium 6.9 mg Nictonic acid 0.6 mg

Sulphur 30 mg Vitamin C 13 mg

Riboflavin 0.1 mg Magnesium 53 mg

Oxalic acid 8 mg Copper 0.19 mg

1.4 Objective of the Study

The objective of the study therefore was to evaluate the effects of rate of poultry manure

application on the growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentum L. Moench)

11

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Okra is believed to have originated in tropical Africa due to its tolerance to heat (Purseglove,

1984). It belongs to the family malvaceae and has numerous cultivars that vary in maturity,

colour of leaves, stem length, shape of fruit and other characteristics. Okra is a short annual

crop grown in the lowland tropics. Many local varieties occur in Africa and India, differing

one from another. There are the branching or non-branching, tall or dwarf, early or late

maturing, hairy or non- hairy, dark green or light green cultivars. Fruit characteristics also

vary widely. There are the upright or pendulous, slender or wide with five ridges. It is

generally an erect herb of about 8-40mm tall, green stem that is stringed red. The leaves are

alternately arranged on the stem with 3-7 broadly lobed lamina. It has about 18 narrow

epicalyx and segments. Okra is much more day length neutral. The flowers are bright yellow

petals 2-3cm long with numerous stamens. The anthers are dehiscent at the time of anthesis

and they are very sensitive to emasculation. The plants form a deeply penetrating tap root

system with dense shallow feeder roots reaching out in all directions in upper 45cm of soil

(Salami, 1997). The leaves are large, alternate and are divided into 3 to 5 lobes sparsely

veined and coarsely toothed. The upper leaves are more toothed and deeply lobed than the

lower ones. According to Martins et al (1981), the fruit length ranges from 10-30cm and the

end is pointed or more or less oblong ridged capsule.

Harvesting for consumption is carried out 3-4 days after flowering and if they are not

harvested, the capsules attain full maturity after a month. (Martins et al., 1981).

Artfield (1986) suggested that okra could be a good source of roughage in food as it contains

moderate quantity of carotene and thiamine. It has a wide range of domestic and commercial

value as raw materials in food industries.

12

It is a high value crop producing excellent income, generating opportunities to small scale

farmers (Selleck and Opena 1985). It is an important commodity in tropical annual plant.

(Okigbo 1990). Okra is basically a tropical annual plant, it is a green to dark green colour and

it is grown throughout the year.

2.1 Cultivation of Okra

Okra seeds are planted directly into the soil. It does not require transplanting. The basic rule

is to keep plants separated from each other by about 15 inches. Okra seeds are relatively large

and easy to handle. They also germinate well if the soil is warm and well watered. The seeds

are planted about half an inch deep, about three seeds at each spot and in most cases all the

three germinate.

Most varieties will start yielding about 60 days after planting. The flowers are large, pale

yellow and fairly ornamental .Each flower blooms for only one day and eventually forms one

okra pod. The pods are picked when they are approximately 3 inches in length. However,

picking the pods while wet may darken the skin, though the taste is not affected. Typically, it

grows quickly, so harvesting is done every two to three days. The plants can eventually grow

quite tall (5 feet or more), but will stop growing as soon as the temperature starts dropping

below 50 degrees (F).

2.2 Poultry Manure Management and its Agronomic Roles

The poultry industry faces tremendous challenges for the economically sound and

environmentally safe disposal of the massive amounts of waste it generates during production

process in Nigeria (Dekker, 1995). Manure can be an asset in livestock production like

poultry, sheep, and goat rearing and also in crop husbandry. Its role is also becoming

important in the fishery industry. Applying manure about two weeks before planting of

crops, helps increase nutrient availability especially in high rainfall areas and on porous

soils, therefore having rapid percolation is assured (Dekker, 1995).

13

Soil fertility condition is very essential for optimum production and soil type influences the

growth and development of okra plant (Nostrand, 1989). He further explained that if crop

yield is to be maximized, deep well drained soil with adequate organic matter which may be

poultry manure enhances good growth of okra and that a soil of pH 6.0-7.5 is appropriate for

okra cultivation.

Soil accumulation near the surface and or a temporary excess of ammonia resulting from the

breakdown of organic nitrogen lowers germination and reduces seedling growth (Dekker,

1995). Although applying manure before planting crops may result in 5-10 percent loss in N,

the extra time allows soil microorganisms to fully decompose the manure and release its

nutrient for use during the subsequent cropping season. This is especially advantageous for

solid manures which contain organic matter. On sandy or coarse textured soils, manures can

best be applied frequently and at low rates to provide environmental protection and maximum

plant growth. Nutrients in manure must be released from the organic manure in a water

soluble form for plant use.

14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The variety of okra (Jokoso) that was planted was collected at The Nigerian Institute of

Horticulture, Ibadan (NIHORT). It is an early maturing local variety. The experiment was

carried out in the inland valley (FADAMA) at the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

(during the dry season (February 2011 to April 2011). The inland valley is located at the

crops farm of University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Nigeria. The site is normally used by

industrial training students, project students and researchers during the dry season and usually

left fallow during the rainy season.

3.1 Experimental Design and Treatments

Seeds were planted at a spacing of 50cm × 50cm. Each bed measuring 2.5 by 2.0m. Three

seeds were per hole which was later thinned to two seedlings per stand after their

germination. Each plot consisted of 6 rows and 5 stands with a total of 60plants/plot. The

experimental field was 17m by 9.5m (161.5m2). The experiment was arranged in a

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) block of 6 treatments replicated 3 times. The

land was prepared by slashing the bush and then hand-levelling was carried out. It was

pegged and laid out in beds 2m by 2.5m .Soil sampling was carried out, using a soil auger at

soil depth of about 30cm deep before the manure was applied.

3.2 Trial Management

These are the activities that were carried out on the farm before the data were collected.

These include:

Manuring- Poultry manure was applied to the farm two weeks before planting in order to

ensure decomposition of the organic manure before planting.

15

Watering- The period of the field trial was during the dry season, so there was a great need

for applying water to ensure effective growth and maximum growth. Watering was done

manually on a daily basis.

Weeding- Regular weeding was carried out on the field in order to prevent the infestation of

pests and diseases and also to ensure maximum growth of crops. It was carried out manually.

3.3 Data Collection

Five plants were randomly tagged per plot for data collection.

Data collected include;

Establishment count – This involved the counting of the already established stands

at five weeks after planting.

Number of leaves per plant- This was done by counting the number of leaves on

every tagged plant in the net plot. The average number of leaves was then determined.

Stem girth – This is the measurement of the girth from 5cm above the ground level.

It was done using a rope.

Leaf area – This involved measuring the mid/lobe length of the leaf an then subjected

to the formular (-387+41x) Olasantan and salau (2008).

Plant height – This was measured at the ground level to the top of the ground using a

meter rule.

Number of days to 50% flowering- It was taken from the day of planting to when

the plants were 50% flowered from every beds.

Number of fruits per plant –This involved the physical counting of all the fruits that

have emerged.

Fresh fruit weight per bed – This involved the weighing together of all the okra

fruits harvested in a bed.

16

Fresh fruit weight per ha- This is done by adding the total number of fruits

harvested on each bed and converted to hectare equivalent.

3.4 Data Analysis

Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to

determine if the treatments have any significant effect on parameters measured. Means of

significant treatment were further separated using Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

17

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Soil and Fertilizer Analysis

Results from the soil physical and chemical analysis shows that the soil contained little

amounts of nutrients, with a high percentage of sand. (Table 1) it had 75% sand, 6% silt and

18% clay.

Results from the poultry manure analysis shows that there was a nitrogen content of 1.75 %.

The phosphorus and potassium contents were 0.75% and 1.57% respectively. (Table 2)

18

Table 1

Parameter Value

%C 0.064g/kg

%N 0.01g/kg

Av. P 2.85g/kg

K 0.30g/kg

Na 0.47g/kg

Ca 1.64g/kg

Mg 0.82g/kg

H+ 0.06

C.E.C 3.26

Sand 756g/kg

Silt 64g/kg

pH 7.10

19

TABLE 2 Result of Fertilizer Analysis – Poultry Manure

Parameters Value

N (%) 1.75

P (%) 0.75

K (%) 1.57

Fe(mg/kg) 0.16

Mg (mg/kg) 0.82

Zn (mg/kg) 260.5

20

4.2 OKRA GROWTH WITH POULTRY MANURE

4.2.1 Average Number of leaves at 5WAP

Okra number of leaves was not significantly different with rates of poultry manure

application. The control plot had the highest number of leaves with mean of 12.600 followed

by 12.3 from 4tons/ha while 6tons/ha had the lowest number of leaves with mean of 9.900.

(Table 3).

4.2.3 Stem Girth at 5WAP

The effect of poultry manure rate on the stem girth at 5WAP was not significant. However,

there was a significant difference on the results at harvest. At 5WAP, plants fertilized with

4tons/ha had the highest mean value of 32.200mm followed by 32.067mm from 8tons/ha

while application of 6tons/ha gave the lowest mean value of 28.500mm.

At harvest, the control plants had the highest stem girth of 38.800mm followed by 33.933mm

from 8tons/ha while plants treated with 6tons/ha had the lowest mean value of 30.900mm.

(Table 4).

4.2.4 Average Plant Height at 5WAP and at Harvest

The result shows that the effect of poultry manure on okra plant height of was significant at

5WAP (P ≤ 0.05) in the control plot.

The control plot had the highest height mean value of 28.707cm, followed by 27.007cm from

10tons/ha while the lowest height was 2tons/ha with mean value of 22.733cm.

At harvest, the tallest plants were still observed from the control treatment.

Application of 8tons/ha gave plants of 30.6cm tall while 4tons/ha gave 30.1cm tall plants

each. The shortest plants of 27.4cm were observed from application of 2tons/ha (Table 5).

21

TABLE 3 Effect of Poultry Manure Rate on Average Number of Leaves of Okra at

5WAP.

TREATMENT MEAN VALUE

CONTROL 12.600

2TONS/HA 10.333

4TONS/HA 12.300

6TONS/HA 9.900

8TONS/HA 10.800

10TONS/HA 11.000NS

WAP-Weeks after planting.

Mean values in the same column with different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

22

TABLE 4 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE RATE ON OKRA STEM GIRTH

(mm) AT 5WAP AND AT HARVEST.

TREATMENT 5WAP HARVEST

CONTROL 32.000 33.800ab

2TONS/HA 30.133 32.747b

4TONS/HA 32.200 38.200a

6TONS/HA 28.500 30.900b

8TONS/HA 32.067 33.933ab

10TONS/HA 30.933NS 32.020b

WAP-Weeks after planting


23

TABLE 5 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON AVERAGE PLANT HEIGHT

(cm) AT 5WAP AND AT HARVEST OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentum L. Moench).

TREATMENT 5WAP HARVEST

CONTROL 28.707a 32.053

2TONS/HA 22.733ab 27.380

4TONS/HA 26.067ab 30.147

6TONS/HA 20.533ab 25.200

8TONS/HA 25.467ab 30.557

10TONS/HA 27.007ab 30.133NS



24

4.2.4 Average Leaf Area at 5WAP

The result shows that the effect of poultry manure on leaf area was not significant. The

plants in the 8tons/ha plot had the highest mean value of 313.83, followed by the control plot

with mean value of 270.83 while the lowest leaf area was the 2tons/ha with mean value of

128.78 (Table 6).

4.3 Okra Yield

4.3.1 Average Yield/ha (kg)

The result shows that the effect of poultry manure on okra yield/ha(kg) was not significant in

all the treatments. The plants in the 6tons/ha had the highest yield of 1.657kg, followed by

the plants in 10tons with mean value of 1.350kg. the plants in the 4tons/ha had the lowest

fruit yield of 0.867kg (Table 7).

4.3.2 Average Fruit Length (cm)

The result shows that the effect of poultry manure on okra fruit length was not significant on

the control plot. However, the results on other plots were significantly different.

The control plot had the highest fruit length mean value of 7.06cm, followed by 6tons/ha of

6.60cm while the plants in the 2tons/ha had the lowest mean value of 5.87cm (Table 8).

4.8 Average Fruit Circumference (mm2)

The result shows that the effect of poultry manure on fruit circumference was not significant

on the 10tons/ha.

The plants in the 10tons/ha had the highest fruit circumference of 10.367mm, followed by

8tons/ha of 9.700mm while the plants on the 2tons/ha had the lowest mean value of 4.333mm

(Table 9).

25

TABLE 6 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE RATE ON AVERAGE LEAF AREA

(cm2) OF OKRA.

TREATMENT 5WAP

CONTROL 270.83

2TONS/HA 128.78

4TONS/HA 201.76

6TONS/HA 149.69

8TONS/HA 313.83

10TONS/HA 253.62NS



26

TABLE 7 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE RATE ON AVERAGE OKRA YIELD

(kg/ha).

TREATMENT HARVEST

CONTROL 1.123

2TONS/HA 1.316

4TONS/HA 0.867

6TONS/HA 1.687

8TONS/HA 1.143

10TONS/HA 1.350NS



27

TABLE 8 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON AVERAGE FRUIT

LENGTH(cm) OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentum L. Moench).

TREATMENT HARVEST

CONTROL 7.057a

2TONS/HA 5.787b

4TONS/HA 6.157ab

6TONS/HA 6.600ab

8TONS/HA 6.360ab

10TONS/HA 6.483ab



28

TABLE 9 EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON FRUIT CIRCUMFERENCE

(mm2) OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentum L. Moench).

TREATMENT HARVEST

CONTROL 8.987ab

2TONS/HA 4.333b

4TONS/HA 8.700ab

6TONS/HA 9.367ab

8TONS/HA 9.700ab

10TONS/HA 10.367a



29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

This study indicated that growth of Abelmoschus esculentum L. Moench was not

significantly affected by poultry manure. However, it was observed that poultry manure has a

significant effect on the yield and yield components of okra.

Effect of poultry manure was shown in most of the growth parameters that the control

plot that has no application of poultry manure has the highest mean value such as leaf area,

plant height, number of leaves and so on. The differences may be due to rates of

decomposition and nutrient release rates and patterns.

Therefore, the results of the study have shown that okra will still perform fairly well

without fertilizers on regularly-cultivated soils.

5.2 Recommendation

Based on this experiment, it is recommended that farmers should apply poultry

manure to their farm because it has a residual effect on the soil.

30

REFERENCES

Asif, M.I.(1977). Estimation of leaf area in okra. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)54:192

Attified, H.D, 1986. Vegetable gardening in Western Nigeria, Macmillan, pg63

Ayodele OJ & Olaniyan FO, (1982). Egusi-melon agronomy fertilizer studies. In: Vegetable

Programme. NIHORT Annual Response of Okra to Organic and Inorganic

Fertilization

Eghball, B. (1999). Liming effect of beef cattle feedlot manure or compost. Community of

Soil Science. Plant analysis. 30.2563-2570.

Gruben,G.J.H.(1977).Okra in vegetables and their genetic resources, ed. Tindall H.O and

Williams .J.T AGPE:TBPGR/77123, Rome 111Pp

Irvine, F.R (1969).Vegetables in West African Crops. West African press.

Ilupeju, (2010). Growth, Dry Matter and Fruit Yields Components of Okra under Organic and

Inorganic Sources of Nutrients. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable

Agriculture, 4(1): 1-13.

Jody Padgham, (2005). Journal on Soil Biology and Humus Farming. Volume 13, number 5.

Khanna SS, Tomar NK, Gupta AP 1983. Efficiency of incubated phosphate fertilizers

varying in water solubility with organic matter to wheat. Proc. Third Int.

Congr.Phosphorus Compounds. 4-6 October, 1983. Brussels Belgium, pp. 567 – 580.

Martins, F.W;A.M Rhodes, M.O Ortiz and F. Diaz.(1981). Variation in okra. Euphytica

30.697.699

M.O. Akande, F.I. Oluwatoyinbo, E.A. Makinde, A.S. Adepoju and I.S. Adepoju

2010; Response of Okra to Organic and Inorganic Fertilization. Nature and Science

8(11) 261.

31

Makinde, E.A and A. A. Ayoola, 2008. Residual influence of early season crop fertilization

and cropping system on growth and yield of cassava. American J. of Agric. and

Biological Science. 3(4): 712-715.

Nonoecke, IB. Libner (1992) Vegetable production, Macmillan Press, U.S.A.

Phillips J.A (1959); Agriculture and ecology in Nigeria, Faber and Faber, London

Sharma, A.R. and B. N. Mittra, 1991. Effect of different rates of application of organic and c.

Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 117: 313-318.

DOI:10.1017/S0021859600067046

Statistical Analysis System, SAS, 1994. SAS user’s guide. Statistics 1994 edition, Statistical

Analysis System Institute, Cary, NC.

Smil, V. 2000. Phosphorus in the Environment: Natural Flows and Human Interferences.

Annual Review of Energy and Environment. 25: 53-88

(DOI:146/annurev.energy.25.1.53)

Steele, R.G.D and Torrie J.H (1960). Principle and procedure of statistics. MC Graw-Hill

Book Company . New York, NY.

Webster C.C and Wilson P.N,(1966). Agriculture in the Tropics, Longman, London

Zucconm, Forte, M.Monaco, A and de Bertodi M.,1981. Biological evaluation of compost

maturity Biocycle. 22.27-29

effect of poultry manure rates on the

Documents