effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and
TRANSCRIPT
12/3/2010
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Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and vibration in general, and
hi h d il t i ti lon high speed rail systems in particular
12/3/2010
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APTA 2006 RAIL CONFERENCEAPTA 2006 RAIL CONFERENCE
Railway Noise: Some case studies Railway Noise: Some case studies f diff t bl ithf diff t bl ithof different problems with of different problems with
different solutionsdifferent solutionsSteve CoxSteve Cox
Pandrol Rail Fastenings Pandrol Rail Fastenings ggTechnical Development DirectorTechnical Development Director
Investing Today for a Brighter TomorrowInvesting Today for a Brighter Tomorrow
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ContentContent
IntroductionIntroductionP i i lP i i l PrinciplesPrinciples
Case studiesCase studies Ground VibrationGround Vibration
Airborne NoiseAirborne Noise
St t l Vib tiSt t l Vib ti Structural VibrationStructural Vibration
SummarySummary2006 APTA RAIL CONFERENCE2006 APTA RAIL CONFERENCE
Investing Today for a Brighter TomorrowInvesting Today for a Brighter Tomorrow
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IntroductionIntroduction
Directly transmitted
noiseFrom vehicle, wheels, rails pantographs etcnoise rails, pantographs etc.
Secondary Noise Results from
ib ti fNoise vibration of structures
Vibration
Transmitted through ground
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IntroductionIntroduction70
60m/s
) MGround borne vibration
100
90
50
60
dB re
f 5e-
8 m
B
L G
80
d (d
B A
)
VRVN
Airborne noise
TS
30
40
ibra
tion
(d
60
70
RH
Soun
d
A
W
TP
TS
Structuralvibration
10
20
LHV
40
50D
0
100 1000010 1000Frequency (Hz)
30
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IntroductionIntroduction
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ModellingModelling
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Principle I Principle I -- TheoryTheory m
/s)
80
70
(dB
ref 5
e-8
60
70
xton
200
4 Reducingtrack
stiffness
Vibr
atio
n
40
50
WR
N8
Bux stiffness
Inve
rt
20
30
IW
50 kN/mm
30 kN/mm
15 kN/
Reducedslab vibration
Frequency (Hz)100 100010
10
15 kN/mm
5 kN/mmslab vibration
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Principle I Principle I -- TheoryTheory60
on (d
B)
50
55
xton
200
4
Atte
nuat
io
45
WR
N8
Bux
Slope 14 dB / decadeA
35
40IW
p
10 100130
Log stiffness (kN/mm/m/rail)
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Principle I Principle I -- MeasurementMeasurement130
Rail
1
Rail
90
110
el (d
B)
tland
200
1
70
ratio
n le
ve
WR
N7
Port
30
50
VibrIW
10 31.6 100 3163.1610
Log stiffness (kN/mm/m/rail)
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Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibration
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Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibration
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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, China
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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, Chinas2
)80
l lev
el
dB re
f 1e-
6m/s
60
70
abov
e ra
i
lera
tion
(d
50
60
rfac
e 13
m
Acc
el
40At s
ur
Frequency (Hz)5010 100 20020
30
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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, ChinaN
/mm
ing
–52
kNng
Fas
ten
Exis
tin
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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, ChinaN
/mm
uard
–5
kNro
l Pa
ngu
Pand
r
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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, China
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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, Chinas2
)80
dB re
f 1e-
6m/s
60
70Before
leration (d5
06
0A
ft
er
Acce
l40
F r e q u e n c y ( H z )
50 101002002030
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Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibrationgu
ard Guangzhou GZMGuangzhou GZM
PandrolPandrol Slab 52 Slab 52 kN/mmkN/mm 13 13 mm 5.2 5.2 dBdB
ndro
l Pan
g
London LULondon LULULU Slab 100 Slab 100 kN/mmkN/mm 20 20 mm 6.9 6.9 dBdB
d w
ith P
an
Milan ATMMilan ATMCONVURTCONVURT Slab 150 Slab 150 kN/mmkN/mm 55 mm 12.012.0 dBdB
Fitte
d
Boston MBTABoston MBTAPandrolPandrol Ballast 20 Ballast 20 kN/mmkN/mm 22 22 mm 12.6 12.6 dBdB
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Principle II Principle II -- TheoryTheory100
S
10
dB/m
)
k -T
WIN
S
Reducingtrack
cay
Rat
e (d
ilent
Tra
ck
200 kN/mm12075
stiffness
1
DecS kN/mmkN/mm
Vib ti t l f th l il
Frequency (Hz)
0.11000 10000100
Vibration travels further along rail
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Principle II Principle II -- MeasurementMeasurement100
03
10
dB/m
)
burg
h 20
0
cay
Rat
e (d
CR
R E
dinb Hard Pad
1
DecW
C
Soft Pad
Frequency (Hz)
0.11000 10000100
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Airborne noiseAirborne noise
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Airborne noiseAirborne noise
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AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark
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AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark
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AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark
kN/mmkN/mmDynamic StiffnessDynamic Stiffness
kN/mmkN/mm FFstatstat = 20 kN= 20 kNXXdyndyn = 5= 5μμm at 100Hzm at 100Hz
00°°CC 2020°°CC 4040°°CCack
Dat
a
TemperatureTemperature 00°°CC 2020°°CC 4040°°CC
StuddedStuddedSile
nt T
ra
EVAEVAPadPad
620620 430430 240240
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Secondary NoiseSecondary Noise
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Secondary NoiseSecondary Noise
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmm
odel
ISVR
m
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmns
nt p
ositi
onas
urem
enM
e
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm
Steel BridgeBA
)80
Modelled - steelSteel Bridge
Concrete Bridge
e Le
vel (
dB
70
Modelled steel
Pre
ssur
e
60
Soun
d
50
Modelled steel bridge component
Modelled – after
Frequency (Hz)
40500100 1000 2000 5000200
Modelled – steel bridge component
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmas
teni
ngEx
istin
g F
E
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, StockholmN
/mm
SP –
20 k
Ndr
ol V
ipa
SPa
nd
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm
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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, StockholmB
A)
80e
Leve
l (dB
70Before
Pre
ssur
e
60After
Soun
d
50
Modelled – after
Frequency (Hz)
40500100 1000 2000 5000200
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Secondary NoiseSecondary NoiseArsta Bridge *, Arsta Bridge *, StockholmStockholm OpenOpen BearersBearers 1 1 dBAdBApa
SP
PandrolPandrolpp
Nidelv Bridge *,Nidelv Bridge *,TrondheimTrondheim ClosedClosed BearersBearers 55 dBAdBAan
drol
Vip
TrondheimTrondheimBrekke & StrandBrekke & Strand ClosedClosed PlatePlate 15 15 dBAdBA
Gavignot Bridge,Gavignot Bridge,ed w
ith P
a
g g ,g g ,ParisParisSNCFSNCF
Open Open PlatePlate 44--6 6 dBAdBAFitte
* New rail installed
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Summary (i)Summary (i)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne
NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary
NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise
FrequencyFrequency LowLow HighHigh MediumMediumq yq y gg
ResearchResearch CONVURTCONVURT Silent TrackSilent Track ISVRISVR
EffectEffect 55--15 dB15 dB 00--3 dB3 dBAA 00--10 dB10 dBAA
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Summary (ii)Summary (ii)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne
NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary
NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise
Effect of Effect of AttenuateAttenuate DistributeDistributeAttenuateAttenuate
&&FastenerFastenerAttenuateAttenuate DistributeDistribute &&
DistributeDistribute
F tF tFastenerFastenerStiffnessStiffness
LOWLOW HIGHHIGH MEDIUMMEDIUM
RailRail TrackTrack RailRailRailRaildeflectiondeflection
TrackTrackdamagedamage
Rail Rail noisenoise
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Summary (iii)Summary (iii)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne
NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary
NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise
PandrolPandrolFastenerFastener PANGUARDPANGUARD RAILPADRAILPAD VIPAVIPAFastenerFastener PANGUARDPANGUARD RAILPADRAILPAD VIPAVIPA
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E dE dEndEnd
Noise & vibration on high speed routes – effect of track
Simple mathematics
2 + 2 = ?
2 + 3 = ?
SourcesN
AmplitudeA
Power∝ N * A2
dB(A *100)
Change
1 1.000 1 40 -
1 1.414 2 43 + 3
1 2.000 4 46 + 6
1 3.162 10 50 + 10
2 1.000 2 43 + 3
4 1.000 4 46 + 6
1 dB difference: not noticeable
3 dB difference: just noticeable
10 dB difference: apparent doubling of strength
Traction
AerodynamicRolling
HIGH SPEED - NOISE
Pass-by noise from high-speed trains
C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)
Pass-by noise from high-speed trains
D. J. Thompson et al: Application of component based approach to modelling the aerodynamic noise from high-speed trains (2010)
Rolling noise generation
D J Thompson & P-E Gautier: Review of research into wheel / rail rolling noise reduction (2006)
Rolling noise components – TWINS prediction
C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)
Noise spectrum vs speed
Belgium SNCB Brussels - Lille
A Wang & S J Cox: Effects of railpad stiffness on rail roughness growth and wayside noise levels on high speed track (2003)
350 km/hr
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Train Speed (km/h)
Sou
nd
pre
ssu
re d
B(A
)
Hard Soft
S J Cox & A Wang: Noise characteristics of high speed track with railpads of different stiffness (1998)
Wayside noise measurements vs speed and pad type
Rail roughness - high-speed trains
440 Hz @100 km/hr
v = f . λ
Rail roughness - high-speed trains
440 Hz @200 km/hr
440 Hz @400 km/hr
55 110 220 440 880 1760 3520 7040Frequency (Hz)
100 km/hr
200 km/hr
400 km/hr
0 200 400
Traction
Rolling
Aerodynamic
Speed
Noi
sePass-by air borne noise from high-speed trains
Speed range over which fastening system is influential
30 log10V
60 log10V ??
Pass-by noise from high-speed trains - recap
C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)
In-car noise on high-speed trains – effect of track form
Pandrol measurements: 2010
Rolling
HIGH SPEED - VIBRATION
St Pancras Station (2007)
CTRL London Terminus
Report 41909: Belgian Homologation Tests on SNCB High Speed Line 2. Brussels to Koln, 2002
Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of speed
130
135
140
145
150
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330
Speed ( km/hr)
Acce
lera
tion
(m/s
2)
Report 41909: Belgian Homologation Tests on SNCB High Speed Line 2. Brussels to Koln, 2002
Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of speed
Rail seat acceleration vs speed
Report 41500-2: Track Tests on AVE Line near Seville. March 1999.
Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of rail pad
Rail seat acceleration vs pad
Rail
Sleeper
Hard pad
Soft pad
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Rail vertical Rail lateral Railseat vertical Slab/sleepercentre vertical
Slab/sleepercentre lateral
Vibr
atio
n ve
loci
ty d
B(A
) ref
5E-
8m/s
PDL (250km/h) slab PDL (250km/h) ballasted
Vibration from high-speed trains – effect of track form
IWRN10 (2010): Slab Track Vibration and Wayside Noise in a High Speed Rail Tunnel (A. Wang, Y. Xi, et al)