effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

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12/3/2010 1 Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and vibration in general , and hi h d il t i ti l on high speed rail systems in par ticular

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Page 1: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

1

Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and vibration in general, and

hi h d il t i ti lon high speed rail systems in particular

Page 2: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

1

APTA 2006 RAIL CONFERENCEAPTA 2006 RAIL CONFERENCE

Railway Noise: Some case studies Railway Noise: Some case studies f diff t bl ithf diff t bl ithof different problems with of different problems with

different solutionsdifferent solutionsSteve CoxSteve Cox

Pandrol Rail Fastenings Pandrol Rail Fastenings ggTechnical Development DirectorTechnical Development Director

Investing Today for a Brighter TomorrowInvesting Today for a Brighter Tomorrow

Page 3: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

2

ContentContent

IntroductionIntroductionP i i lP i i l PrinciplesPrinciples

Case studiesCase studies Ground VibrationGround Vibration

Airborne NoiseAirborne Noise

St t l Vib tiSt t l Vib ti Structural VibrationStructural Vibration

SummarySummary2006 APTA RAIL CONFERENCE2006 APTA RAIL CONFERENCE

Investing Today for a Brighter TomorrowInvesting Today for a Brighter Tomorrow

Page 4: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

3

IntroductionIntroduction

Directly transmitted

noiseFrom vehicle, wheels, rails pantographs etcnoise rails, pantographs etc.

Secondary Noise Results from

ib ti fNoise vibration of structures

Vibration

Transmitted through ground

Page 5: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

4

IntroductionIntroduction70

60m/s

) MGround borne vibration

100

90

50

60

dB re

f 5e-

8 m

B

L G

80

d (d

B A

)

VRVN

Airborne noise

TS

30

40

ibra

tion

(d

60

70

RH

Soun

d

A

W

TP

TS

Structuralvibration

10

20

LHV

40

50D

0

100 1000010 1000Frequency (Hz)

30

Page 6: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

5

IntroductionIntroduction

Page 7: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

6

ModellingModelling

Page 8: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

7

Principle I Principle I -- TheoryTheory m

/s)

80

70

(dB

ref 5

e-8

60

70

xton

200

4 Reducingtrack

stiffness

Vibr

atio

n

40

50

WR

N8

Bux stiffness

Inve

rt

20

30

IW

50 kN/mm

30 kN/mm

15 kN/

Reducedslab vibration

Frequency (Hz)100 100010

10

15 kN/mm

5 kN/mmslab vibration

Page 9: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

8

Principle I Principle I -- TheoryTheory60

on (d

B)

50

55

xton

200

4

Atte

nuat

io

45

WR

N8

Bux

Slope 14 dB / decadeA

35

40IW

p

10 100130

Log stiffness (kN/mm/m/rail)

Page 10: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

9

Principle I Principle I -- MeasurementMeasurement130

Rail

1

Rail

90

110

el (d

B)

tland

200

1

70

ratio

n le

ve

WR

N7

Port

30

50

VibrIW

10 31.6 100 3163.1610

Log stiffness (kN/mm/m/rail)

Page 11: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

10

Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibration

Page 12: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

11

Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibration

Page 13: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

12

Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, China

Page 14: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

13

Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, Chinas2

)80

l lev

el

dB re

f 1e-

6m/s

60

70

abov

e ra

i

lera

tion

(d

50

60

rfac

e 13

m

Acc

el

40At s

ur

Frequency (Hz)5010 100 20020

30

Page 15: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

14

Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, ChinaN

/mm

ing

–52

kNng

Fas

ten

Exis

tin

Page 16: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

15

Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, ChinaN

/mm

uard

–5

kNro

l Pa

ngu

Pand

r

Page 17: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

16

Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, China

Page 18: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

17

Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, Chinas2

)80

dB re

f 1e-

6m/s

60

70Before

leration (d5

06

0A

ft

er

Acce

l40

F r e q u e n c y ( H z )

50 101002002030

Page 19: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

18

Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibrationgu

ard Guangzhou GZMGuangzhou GZM

PandrolPandrol Slab 52 Slab 52 kN/mmkN/mm 13 13 mm 5.2 5.2 dBdB

ndro

l Pan

g

London LULondon LULULU Slab 100 Slab 100 kN/mmkN/mm 20 20 mm 6.9 6.9 dBdB

d w

ith P

an

Milan ATMMilan ATMCONVURTCONVURT Slab 150 Slab 150 kN/mmkN/mm 55 mm 12.012.0 dBdB

Fitte

d

Boston MBTABoston MBTAPandrolPandrol Ballast 20 Ballast 20 kN/mmkN/mm 22 22 mm 12.6 12.6 dBdB

Page 20: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

19

Principle II Principle II -- TheoryTheory100

S

10

dB/m

)

k -T

WIN

S

Reducingtrack

cay

Rat

e (d

ilent

Tra

ck

200 kN/mm12075

stiffness

1

DecS kN/mmkN/mm

Vib ti t l f th l il

Frequency (Hz)

0.11000 10000100

Vibration travels further along rail

Page 21: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

20

Principle II Principle II -- MeasurementMeasurement100

03

10

dB/m

)

burg

h 20

0

cay

Rat

e (d

CR

R E

dinb Hard Pad

1

DecW

C

Soft Pad

Frequency (Hz)

0.11000 10000100

Page 22: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

21

Airborne noiseAirborne noise

Page 23: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

22

Airborne noiseAirborne noise

Page 24: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

23

AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark

Page 25: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

24

AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark

Page 26: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

25

AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark

kN/mmkN/mmDynamic StiffnessDynamic Stiffness

kN/mmkN/mm FFstatstat = 20 kN= 20 kNXXdyndyn = 5= 5μμm at 100Hzm at 100Hz

00°°CC 2020°°CC 4040°°CCack

Dat

a

TemperatureTemperature 00°°CC 2020°°CC 4040°°CC

StuddedStuddedSile

nt T

ra

EVAEVAPadPad

620620 430430 240240

Page 27: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

26

Secondary NoiseSecondary Noise

Page 28: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

27

Secondary NoiseSecondary Noise

Page 29: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

28

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm

Page 30: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

29

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmm

odel

ISVR

m

Page 31: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

30

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmns

nt p

ositi

onas

urem

enM

e

Page 32: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

31

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm

Steel BridgeBA

)80

Modelled - steelSteel Bridge

Concrete Bridge

e Le

vel (

dB

70

Modelled steel

Pre

ssur

e

60

Soun

d

50

Modelled steel bridge component

Modelled – after

Frequency (Hz)

40500100 1000 2000 5000200

Modelled – steel bridge component

Page 33: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

32

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmas

teni

ngEx

istin

g F

E

Page 34: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

33

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, StockholmN

/mm

SP –

20 k

Ndr

ol V

ipa

SPa

nd

Page 35: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

34

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm

Page 36: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

35

Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, StockholmB

A)

80e

Leve

l (dB

70Before

Pre

ssur

e

60After

Soun

d

50

Modelled – after

Frequency (Hz)

40500100 1000 2000 5000200

Page 37: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

36

Secondary NoiseSecondary NoiseArsta Bridge *, Arsta Bridge *, StockholmStockholm OpenOpen BearersBearers 1 1 dBAdBApa

SP

PandrolPandrolpp

Nidelv Bridge *,Nidelv Bridge *,TrondheimTrondheim ClosedClosed BearersBearers 55 dBAdBAan

drol

Vip

TrondheimTrondheimBrekke & StrandBrekke & Strand ClosedClosed PlatePlate 15 15 dBAdBA

Gavignot Bridge,Gavignot Bridge,ed w

ith P

a

g g ,g g ,ParisParisSNCFSNCF

Open Open PlatePlate 44--6 6 dBAdBAFitte

* New rail installed

Page 38: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

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37

Summary (i)Summary (i)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne

NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary

NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise

FrequencyFrequency LowLow HighHigh MediumMediumq yq y gg

ResearchResearch CONVURTCONVURT Silent TrackSilent Track ISVRISVR

EffectEffect 55--15 dB15 dB 00--3 dB3 dBAA 00--10 dB10 dBAA

Page 39: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

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38

Summary (ii)Summary (ii)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne

NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary

NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise

Effect of Effect of AttenuateAttenuate DistributeDistributeAttenuateAttenuate

&&FastenerFastenerAttenuateAttenuate DistributeDistribute &&

DistributeDistribute

F tF tFastenerFastenerStiffnessStiffness

LOWLOW HIGHHIGH MEDIUMMEDIUM

RailRail TrackTrack RailRailRailRaildeflectiondeflection

TrackTrackdamagedamage

Rail Rail noisenoise

Page 40: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

39

Summary (iii)Summary (iii)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne

NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary

NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise

PandrolPandrolFastenerFastener PANGUARDPANGUARD RAILPADRAILPAD VIPAVIPAFastenerFastener PANGUARDPANGUARD RAILPADRAILPAD VIPAVIPA

Page 41: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

12/3/2010

40

E dE dEndEnd

Page 42: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Noise & vibration on high speed routes – effect of track

Page 43: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Simple mathematics

2 + 2 = ?

2 + 3 = ?

SourcesN

AmplitudeA

Power∝ N * A2

dB(A *100)

Change

1 1.000 1 40 -

1 1.414 2 43 + 3

1 2.000 4 46 + 6

1 3.162 10 50 + 10

2 1.000 2 43 + 3

4 1.000 4 46 + 6

1 dB difference: not noticeable

3 dB difference: just noticeable

10 dB difference: apparent doubling of strength

Page 44: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Traction

AerodynamicRolling

HIGH SPEED - NOISE

Page 45: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Pass-by noise from high-speed trains

C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)

Page 46: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Pass-by noise from high-speed trains

D. J. Thompson et al: Application of component based approach to modelling the aerodynamic noise from high-speed trains (2010)

Page 47: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Rolling noise generation

Page 48: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

D J Thompson & P-E Gautier: Review of research into wheel / rail rolling noise reduction (2006)

Rolling noise components – TWINS prediction

Page 49: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)

Noise spectrum vs speed

Page 50: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Belgium SNCB Brussels - Lille

A Wang & S J Cox: Effects of railpad stiffness on rail roughness growth and wayside noise levels on high speed track (2003)

350 km/hr

Page 51: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

Train Speed (km/h)

Sou

nd

pre

ssu

re d

B(A

)

Hard Soft

S J Cox & A Wang: Noise characteristics of high speed track with railpads of different stiffness (1998)

Wayside noise measurements vs speed and pad type

Page 52: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Rail roughness - high-speed trains

Page 53: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

440 Hz @100 km/hr

v = f . λ

Rail roughness - high-speed trains

440 Hz @200 km/hr

440 Hz @400 km/hr

55 110 220 440 880 1760 3520 7040Frequency (Hz)

100 km/hr

200 km/hr

400 km/hr

Page 54: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

0 200 400

Traction

Rolling

Aerodynamic

Speed

Noi

sePass-by air borne noise from high-speed trains

Speed range over which fastening system is influential

30 log10V

60 log10V ??

Page 55: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Pass-by noise from high-speed trains - recap

C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)

Page 56: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

In-car noise on high-speed trains – effect of track form

Pandrol measurements: 2010

Page 57: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Rolling

HIGH SPEED - VIBRATION

Page 58: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and
Page 59: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

St Pancras Station (2007)

CTRL London Terminus

Page 60: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Report 41909: Belgian Homologation Tests on SNCB High Speed Line 2. Brussels to Koln, 2002

Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of speed

Page 61: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

130

135

140

145

150

150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330

Speed ( km/hr)

Acce

lera

tion

(m/s

2)

Report 41909: Belgian Homologation Tests on SNCB High Speed Line 2. Brussels to Koln, 2002

Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of speed

Rail seat acceleration vs speed

Page 62: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

Report 41500-2: Track Tests on AVE Line near Seville. March 1999.

Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of rail pad

Rail seat acceleration vs pad

Rail

Sleeper

Hard pad

Soft pad

Page 63: Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Rail vertical Rail lateral Railseat vertical Slab/sleepercentre vertical

Slab/sleepercentre lateral

Vibr

atio

n ve

loci

ty d

B(A

) ref

5E-

8m/s

PDL (250km/h) slab PDL (250km/h) ballasted

Vibration from high-speed trains – effect of track form

IWRN10 (2010): Slab Track Vibration and Wayside Noise in a High Speed Rail Tunnel (A. Wang, Y. Xi, et al)