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Effect of Recycled Aggregate on Mechanical and
Durability Properties of Concrete
Krishan Pareek
Department of Green Technology for Sustainability, Nanhua University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
Email: [email protected]
Srishti Saha, Nayan Gupta and Purnachandra Saha
School of Civil Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
Email: {Srishti.civil94, nayanshub, dr.purnasaha}@gmail.com
Abstract—Recycled aggregate is a term used to describe
crushed concrete, mortar, bricks or asphalt from
construction debris that is reused in other building projects.
Recycled aggregate is produced by crushing demolished
waste to reclaim the aggregate. For the past few decades the
availability of Construction and demolition waste (C&DW)
has increased so much that the concrete industry has begun
utilizing it therefore reducing cost of aggregates. Utilizing
C&D waste in structures decreases carbon emission and
helps concrete industry to expand further without ill-
treating the environment. The objective is to study the
mechanical properties (such as Compressive Strength,
Splitting Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength) and
durability properties (such as Resistance to Chloride,
Carbonation and Freeze and Thaw) of concrete using reused
aggregate. It is observed that the mechanical and durability
behaviour of reused aggregate concrete (RAC) is secondary
to that of standard concrete but with the using different
admixture and different mixing approach, desired
properties can be achieved. Moreover, it was seen that the
improvement of the mineral admixtures to execution change
of the reused aggregate are higher than that to the
characteristic of natural aggregate.
Index Terms—C&D Waste, Recycling waste materials,
Strength, Durability properties
I. INTRODUCTION
In the course of the last couple of decades,
construction industry has developed quickly in this
manner creating Construction and demolition waste
(C&DW) through remodeling of actual framework or
decimation during the socio-economic improvement of a
nation. Around 850 and 530 million tons of C&DW is
created per annum in the European Union and India
individually [1-2] with low use rate; representing a
genuine worry on supportability in development
traditions. Comprehensively structures cause 33% of the
aggregate ozone-depleting substance emanation and
expend around 40% of the worldwide vitality utilization
in created and creating nations. Conventionally, C&DW
items would be dumped in the landfill destinations or
Manuscript received August 16, 2018; revised October 5, 2018;
utilized as a part of asphalt development [3-4]. In any
case, as the land for landfill ends up being uncommon
example Hong Kong [5] and the global request of these
aggregate outstretch as high as 51.7 billion tons
consistently. Later 2018, plan to deal with using the
C&DW material is getting, opportunity to be need of
extraordinary significance. The excavating, handling and
transport tasks utilized for obtaining and haulage of a
substantial measure of total expend extensive measures of
vitality and carbon outflow [4] alongside the antagonistic
impact on the environment of forested zones and stream
beds. Thus, a possibility for virgin aggregate has been a
consuming concern for a quite a while. For industry, there
are likewise critical motivating forces. One source
records C&D tipping costs at $100 per ton, and related
cargo charges moving material to the landfill at $0.25 per
mile/ton [6]. Reusing devastation waste that it can be
utilized to supplant the Common Aggregates (NA) from
the last couple of decades. This has, in this manner, been
coming up as a probability for the substitution of NA.
The impact of rehashed reused aggregate can't be
completely comprehended without legitimate
examination as the aggregate properties may fluctuate
altogether with the number of reiterations. So as to give a
reasonable development material an appropriate adjust is
fundamental between the quality and cost of RAC. The
utilization of RAC is an exceptionally financially savvy
choice if the quality stays practically identical to the
regular cement. To upgrade the utilization of RAC and its
acknowledgment as a manageable development material,
the examination of mechanical and sturdiness properties
is important which will help pick up certainty with
respect to its application and lead us all together more
like a perfect sheltered and economical answer for our
requirement for green framework [7-9]. The objective of
this examination is to review the various properties of
concrete formed with reusing waste materials giving
different guidelines and research work possible in this
field. The different stages of Recycled aggregate are
shown in Fig. 1.
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© 2019 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.doi: 10.18178/ijscer.8.2.119-125
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 1. (a) (b) (c) and (d) shows different stages of Recycled aggregate
II. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
A. Compressive Strength
Strength durability and performance is affected by the
compressive strength of concrete, therefore, becoming a
standout amongst the most effective properties of
hardening of concrete. Properties of RAC depends on
various factors such as properties of adhered mortar,
water cement ratio, various types of admixtures, mixing
approach and different properties of RAC’s [10-14].
When the water-cement ratio is kept to be constant and
RA amount is increased it was seen that there was a
decrease in compressive strength up to 10% lower in
comparison to natural aggregate concrete [15]. When
there is the replacement of natural aggregate by 25% it
was seen that compressive strength remains unaffected by
this cause. This indifferent behaviour may be due to good
control of RA grading to a larger content It was observed
that when 100% replacement of RA is done in concrete
there is 50% increase in standard deviation. According to
some researches it was observed that as compared to
NAC, RAC required 0.05 to 0.01 lesser w/c ratio to attain
analogous compressive strength [16-17]. Because of low
water accessibility b/t aggregate and old mortar, it was
seen that Interfacial Transitional Zone (ITZ) was weaker
as compare to concrete with NA. This Interfacial
Transitional Zone act as a weaker link and become a
dominating factor for concrete defect. In this manner, it
tends to be inferred that the compressive strength of RAC
relies upon the quality of RA utilized. High compressive
strength of RAC is observed when better RA is used.
When contrasted with the compressive strength of their
fundamentally less distinction in compressive strength
when higher grade concrete is prepared using RAC [18-
19]. When M100 M80 M60 M45 and M30 grade parent
concrete using RAC was prepared it was concluded that
there was 0.04% 0.01% 8.6% 12.6% and 21.1% lower
compressive strength was observed as compared to NAC.
With a gain in target strength, the use of Recycled
Aggregate Concrete is less recommended due to RAC’s
unreliability [20].
When compared to normal concrete the strength of
RAC decreases with an increase in water absorption.
According to some researches increment in water
absorption to a decrease in compressive strength is less
consequential. It was found that the compressive strength
depends on the quality of ITZ created. Between aggregate
and mortar and doesn’t depend completely on water
absorption [18-19]. In an experiment when the
compressive strength was compared between Reusing
Aggregate Concrete formed with air-dried Reusing
Aggregate and Reusing Aggregate Concrete prepared
with saturated surface dry (SSD) Recycling Aggregate. It
was seen that SSD RA have the lower compressive
strength and the reason behind this anomaly is loss of
adsorbed water in presoaked aggregate in fresh concrete
[21]. Therefore, with a gain in the strength of parent
concrete, the compressive strength of RAC also increases
[19-20, 22].
In a long-term study, it was seen that strength
developed in normal concrete and in RAC made with
100%, 50%, and 20% was more after 28 days. But it was
contracted 28 days to 5 years in 100% RA was 50% as in
34% of normal concrete. When weaker concrete mixes
and stronger concrete mixes are compared using recycled
coarse aggregate % loss in compressive strength is more
obvious in frail mixes [23]. Fig. 2 depicts the
compressive strength of concrete when various RAC was
used.
Figure 2. The compressive strength of concrete using various RAC[19,24-26]
B. Split Tensile Strength
Generally, the indirect method is used to obtain the
tensile strength of concrete. The spilled tensile test is one
of the most popular indirect methods for evaluation of
tensile strength [24-26]. Water binder ratio, RA quality,
mixing met, RA replacement, curing age, type of cement
are various factors on which tensile strength of recycling
aggregates are depends [27-31]. With the expansion
Reused Aggregate substitution proportion split tensile
strength, is discovered to be decreasing [32]. When RAC
was replaced in concrete at 100%, 50% and 25% the split
tensile tends to decrease at 40%, 10% and 6%
respectively [33]. Contracting the above fact, it was
observed, when the variation ratio is up to 30% the tensile
property of RAC is the same and sometimes exceeds the
tensile strength of fresh aggregate concrete. The tensile
strength of NAC was similar to RAC made with Natural
sand and RA. It may be because of high strength bonding
between new matrix and aggregate which is created due
to water absorption capacity of RA. However normal
concrete has 20% higher tensile strength then RAC when
it was made of coarse aggregates and recycled fine
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aggregates [34-35]. Consequently, it can be said that the
limiting factor for tensile strength of recycling waste
depends on how fine aggregate is used. With the increase
in curing age [36] the spilled tensile strength of RAC also
increases. Dry mixing method and water-cement ratio are
some factors on which split tensile strength depends [37].
Water immersed and open environment curing [38-40] at
100% replacement ratio exhibits nearly equal tensile
strength with water immersing achieving a more desirable
when the replacement ratio decreases to 50% it shows
higher tensile strength then laboratory conditions. Some
similar results were noticed when tensile strength
increases with a loss in the w/c proportion at a lowering
water-binder scale of RAC specimen.
The negative effect of RAC decreases when super
plasticizer [41] is used. When two types of
superplasticizer are used SP1 and SP2 based on
lignosulphate and polycarboxylate. It was observed that
SP2 recorded 52.8% and SP1 recorded 26.6% increment
in tensile strength respectively it was noticed that SP1
and SP2 both undergo to increment in tensile strength at
26%, 26.6% and 52.8% respectively. Similar to
compressive strength the tensile strength of NAC is
Higher as compared to RAC when the substitution
proportion achieves 100% the strength becomes constant
[42].
As opposed to the sort of aggregate used in RAC the
development of Split tensile strength depends on the type
of binding mortar as compared to RAC arranged utilizing
Ordinary portland cement the tensile strength increases
by 25% when slag cement is used to prepare RAC [43].
The strength of concrete from which RA was obtained is
also an important aspect on which split tensile depends.
When the effect of glass fiber [41] was studied on split
tensile using 100% RA it was observed that tensile
strength using M40 and M20 grade increases by 10.57%
and 13.07% respectively as compared to those in which
glass fiber is not mixed. The tensile strength decreases
when fly ash [44] is used but after one-year RAC showed
5.3% and 3.1% increase in tensile strength as compare to
Recycled Aggregate Concrete without fly ash for 100%
and 50% replacement respectively. When Nano silica was
added to RAC for 100% replacement ratio the tensile
strength increases up to 14%. In Fig. 3 the tensile strength
of concrete using various RAC is shown.
Figure 3. The tensile strength of concrete using various RAC [16,19,24,26]
C. Flexural Strength
One more cause that affects the structural performance
of concrete is a flexural strength. It relies upon water
binder ratio, RAC replacement ratio, curing of concrete
and moisture condition of aggregate. With the adjustment
in Recycling Aggregate substitution proportion of RAC,
the flexural strength has been spotted to decrease [45-50].
The normal concrete has 6 to 13% more flexural strength
then reclaim aggregate formed with 25% and 50% RA
[33]. When RA was replaced (100%) to make RAC 26%
less flexural strength was recorded as related to that of
standard Concrete. This is mainly because of the poor
interfacial bonding among new and old cement paste
covering RA. The study has shown that when the
replacement ratio is 40% the strength can increase and
remain unaffected for concrete made using RFA and
RCA [51-52]. As compared to conventional concrete
when 25% replacement was done by RA (by weight) at
0.55 water-cement ratio of RAC the flexural strength was
observed to reduce by 2.5% at 28 days [53]. But when
100% replacement of RAC was done the flexural strength
for three days and Twenty-Eight days was lower than
conventional concrete impartial of the sweat content of
RA. Devaluation increases furthermore when saturated
RA is used in RAC. Flexural strength of reusing waste
depends on the target strength is the main reason behind
the reduction of Flexural Strength of RAC in comparison
to normal concrete [54]. With the increment in grade of
concrete decrement in flexural Strength of Recycling
waste also increases due to the increase of Reusing
Aggregate. When w/b proportion increases the flexural
strength of reused aggregate also increases. When three
type of Recycled Aggregate Concrete the was prepared at
0.45, 0.72, 0.65 water-cement ratios with replacement up
to seventy five percent by volume of conventional
concrete by the poor quality of RA it was founded that
flexural strength reduces by 30%, 13%, and 20%
accordingly. The better flexural strength of RAC
observed when RA of Lower water absorption capacity is
used [31, 55]. Flexural strength of concrete using various
RAC is shown in Fig 4.
Figure 4. Flexural strength of concrete using various RAC [25-26]
When glass fiber [53] is mixed with reused aggregate it
was found that the flexural strength gets improved by a
significant value. When fly ash is replaced by OPC at
10% and 15% flexural strength in RAC gives better
results compared to normal concrete at 0.55 water-cement
ratio. When spent cracking catalyst (SFCC) (A Highly
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Pozzolanic Material) and fly powder were used for 50%
of ordinary portland cement trade by 15% of SFCC, 35%
fly fiery and 100% RA replacement leads to decrement in
strength by 20% at an early age [54].
III. DURABILITY PROPERTIES
A. Chloride
Chloride refers to extent to which these particles from
nature enter into the solid. This can prompt erosion in
RCC structures and along these lines, investigation of
chloride porousness is an imperative aspect that
influences the toughness of the solid. These particles
conducting component is an intricate framework and
conceivably incorporates water dispersion, impregnation,
and capillary absorption. It relies upon the NA
substitution, w/c proportion, utilization of admixture and
restoring period [35, 56-59]. In general, the protection
from chloride particle infiltration diminishes as the reused
aggregates substance increments. The Chloride particles
affect the solidness of cement subjected to the
development of ocean water, marine zones, and de-icing
salts[60-62]. The impact of consolidating RA in concrete,
the chloride particle dissemination co-effective was
estimated. It is additionally observed that the [63-64]
concrete made with RAs, for the most part, had poorer
protection from chloride particle vulnerability and
likewise demonstrate that the strength properties of the
solid made with a better than average quality RA can be
like those made with NA. RAC has a higher chloride
when contrasted with traditional cement. The expansion
in chloride infiltration with the utilization of RCA was
ascribed to the porousness of the followed mortar [65].
RAC has a higher chloride entrance when contrasted with
traditional cement. The expansion in chloride entrance
with the utilization of RCA was credited to the
penetrability of the followed mortar [56]. The use of a
super-plasticizer in concrete is useful for all properties of
aggregate as there will be execution change both in
mechanical and durability terms, counterbalancing any
negative effect of the reused solid aggregate. Accordingly,
the utilization of superplasticizers in great reused
aggregates concrete is exceptionally suggested,
prompting superb exhibitions and it is reasoned that the
utilization of SP brings about an execution change with
respect to chloride infiltration opposition [64, 66].
B. Carbonation
Carbonation is the procedure that prompts the
arrangement of CaCO3 in response of CO2 (air carbon
dioxide or fake) by a few composing of the solid,
(Ca(OH)2, SiO44-
, and aluminates), bringing about a
lessening of the acidity or alkalinity of cement. The
profundity of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is
comparing to the term of presentation. The higher the
introduction time allotment, the higher the profundity of
carbonation. The coefficient of carbonation of solid
increment with increment in RCA content, w/c proportion
under 0.45, replacement of RA and the exposure period,
the increment of RA has little impact on the carbonation
rate [32, 66-68]. It is furthermore seen that the use of
superplasticizer upgrades the carbonation execution of
bond since it prompts a diminishing of the powerful w/c
extent, which realizes a decay of porosity and CO2
vulnerability [62-63, 67]. The usage of SP upgrades the
carbonation execution of bond since it prompts a
diminishment of the successful w/c extent, which
achieves a decrease of the porosity and CO2. The
utilization of SP enhances the carbonation execution of
cement since it prompts a diminishment of the effective
w/c proportion, which brings about a lessening of the
porosity and CO2 penetrability. The utilization of SP
brought about enhancements somewhere in the range of
58% and 62% with respect to the RC and somewhere in
the range of 60% and 69% in respect to the 100%
substitution of aggregates [63].
C. Freeze & Thaw
One of the common explanations behind damage
outcomes for concrete is solidify defrost cycles, which rot
the concrete introduced to water in a cool atmosphere.
Solidifying and defrosting play a vital role on
disintegrating of all stonework and concrete substances.
When it occurs, materials with high resistance to frost
action should be used. The requirements for producing
concrete with this quality are well established. Sturdiness
misfortune through solidifying and defrosting activity is
basic in concrete basic components in numerous parts of
the world [60, 69]. The most common procedure to
overcome this problem is the introduction -into the
concrete- a given proportion of air bubbles having a
specific distribution throughout the past. Air-entraining
admixtures are early anionic surfactants, which due to
their absorbed orientation, form stabilized bubbles in the
paste [60, 70]. Air-entraining admixtures are early
anionic surfactants, which due to their absorbed
orientation, form stabilized bubbles in the paste. Air-
entraining admixtures are early anionic surfactants, which
because of their assimilated orientation, frame balanced
out rises in the glue. The solid will be insusceptible to the
impacts of solidifying and defrosting if the pores
containing freezable water are never over 91% filled; i.e.,
not basically soaked, but rather in the event that they are,
the paste should have an air-void framework with an air
bubble found not in excess of 0.2 mm from such a pore
[71]. Solidifying and defrosting mechanical activity,
when merged with the entrance of harmful salts, can
fundamentally decrease the lifespan of structures. The
wetting and drying the solid together with solidifying –
defrosting warm stun activity produces small microcracks,
thus allowing deep penetration of aggressive ions [70].
The conduct of RAC is fundamentally influenced by
its sturdiness, solidifying defrosting toughness is one of
the real concerns matter with the utilization of RAC. It
has been watched that the solidifying defrosting
opposition of Recycled Aggregate Concrete is less than
that of characteristic solid (NC). The principal motive is
by all accounts higher porosity and lowers the solidifying
defrosting obstruction of RA themselves likewise a high
substitution proportion of RAs decreases the solidifying
defrosting opposition of RAC [70, 72-73]. It is eminent
that Recycled Aggregate Concrete made with an air-
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© 2019 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.
entrained admixture would do well to execution than
Recycled Aggregate Concrete made with non-air
entrained admixture. Study reports say that RAs began
from concrete made with an air-entrained admixture
made brilliant setting defrosting restriction of RAC. The
solidifying defrosting obstruction of high quality (50 MPa)
RAC made with 100% substitution of Recycled
Aggregates.
Reused coarse aggregate conveyed from non-air-
entrained concrete made poor hardening and defrosting
resistance in concrete despite when the new structure had
an appropriate air entrainment [60,70,72]. Microstructural
ponders showed that non-air-entrained followed mortar
caused separating of the reused coarse total in itself and
surprise the incorporating new mortar after a set number
of cementing and defrosting cycles. Restricting non-air-
entrained followed mortar or updating the execution of
new enveloping structure couldn't give pleasant results
for a cementing and defrosting.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an endeavor is made to cumulate the
different certainty and properties of cement with reusing
waste. As per the study, we observe that mechanical
properties of concrete with recycled aggregate are slightly
inferior to normal concrete. It was also understood that
these properties like compressive strength, split tensile
strength, flexural strength, can be improved by using
additives such as micro silica, GGBS & fly ash left after
burning coal and through proper surface treatment of RA
and by using different mixing method such as dry mixing
method. The structural element made by recycled
aggregate have comparable property compared to that the
conventional counterpart. Finally, from the study it can
be said that RA obtained from C & D waste must be
considered as a sustainable material which is not only
economic but environmentally friendly also.
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Krishan Pareek born in Bikaner, Rajasthan,
India on 21st August 1995 He has completed his Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering in year 2018 from
KIIT Deemed-to-be University, Bhubaneswar,
India. He is currently pursuing his Master’s in Green Technology for Sustainability at Nanhua
University, Chiayi County, Taiwan. He has done
his first Summer Internship from Indian Railway. He has worked as a Trainee Engineer in his
Second Summer Internship at Simplex Infrastructure Pvt. Limited. He
has done his third Summer training in Bultify a product of ODDAKA Infratech, Bhubaneswar for G+1 designing work. In his final year of
Engineering he has worked as INTERN in Civil Center, Bhubaneswar
for about one and half year. Pareek, K., Ansari, M.S., Verma, S. and Saha, P. (2016). “Seismic Retrofitting of Structure An: Overview”,
Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in
Mechanics and Materials, December 17-18, 2016; VSSUT Burla, India.
Pareek, K., Tiwari, P., Verma, S. and Saha, P. (2017), “A Review Basalt
Fiber Reinforced Polymer And Composites”, 3rd International
Conference On Sustainable Energy and Built Environment, March 16-17, 2017; VIT University, India. His research interest is in Sustainable
material.
Mr. Pareek was the Vice President of ASCE (Americal Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) KIIT University Student Chapter for Year
2016-2017. He is also a member of Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
KIIT University students Chapter. He has bagged 2nd Prize in “National Student award competition for civil / structural engineering student for
the design of Inter State Bus Terminal for Smart City year 2016-17”
(INSDAG) organized by Minstry of Steel, India. He has also won Best Project award in School of Civil Engineering in Project EXPO 2018
KIIT University.
Srishti Saha born in Agartala, Tripura on 12 th November 1994. She has completed her
Bachelor’s in civil Engineering in year 2017
from National Institute of Technology Agartala, India. She is currently pursuing her masters in
construction engineering at KIIT Deemed -to-
be university, Bhubhaneswar , Orissa.
Nayan Gupta born in Dibiyapur, Uttar Pradesh, India on 21st May 1996. He is currently
pursuing his Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering
from KIIT Deemed-to-be University, Bhubaneswar, India. He has done his first one-
month Summer Internship in May 2017 from
National Highway Authority of India, Raipur Region. He has worked as trainee Engineer in
his Second Summer Internship at Ahmedabad
Metro. In his second and third year of Engineering he has worked as INTERN in Civil Center, Bhubaneswar for about two year. Gupta, N.,
Singh, A., and Shina, A., “Green Building: Energy Efficient System”,
3rd International Conference On Sustainable Energy and Built Environment, March 16-17, 2017; VIT University, India. Singh, A.,
Sinha, A., and Gupta, N., “Hyperloop: Evaluation and Difficulties”, 3rd
International Conference On Sustainable Energy and Built Environment, March 16-17, 2017; VIT University, India. His research interest is in
Sustainable material.
Mr. Gupta was the Treasurer of ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) KIIT University Student Chapter for Year 2017-
2018. He is also a member of Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) KIIT
University students Chapter. He has bagged 2nd Prize in “National Level Technical paper writing Competition held at KIIT Deemed to be
University and Organized by ASCE KIIT student Chapter Student. He
has won first prize at IIT Kharagpur’s annual Techfest “Megalith” for Bridge Design competition.
Dr. Purnachandra Saha received his Ph.D.
from IIT Bombay and has 9 years of teaching experiences. His areas of specializations are
earthquake engineering, structural control,
sustainable materials, green building and he has written 60 research articles to date. He is a
member of ASCE and The Faculty Advisor of
ASCE KIIT University Student Chapter. He has worked in a multinational company (mainly
design of industrial structure before completing his doctoral degree) for
seven and half years. He is currently working as a senior associate professor in the school of civil engineering, KIIT Deemed to be
University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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© 2019 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.