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EFFECT OF VARIETY, SOWING TIME AND IRRIGATION ON THE

GROWTH OF WHEAT

LUTFUN NAHER

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

SHER-E-BANGLA NAGAR, DHAKA-1207

December, 2013

EFFECT OF VARIETY, SOWING TIME AND IRRIGATION ON THE

GROWTH OF WHEAT

By

LUTFUN NAHER

REGISTRATION NO. - 07-02255

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN

AGRONOMY

SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2013

APPROVED BY:

(Prof. Dr. Md. Jafar Ullah) (Associate Prof. Dr. Md. Abdullahil Baque)

Supervisor Co-supervisor

(Prof. Dr. H. M. M. Tariq Hossain)

Chairman

Examination Committee

Department of Agronomy

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “EFFECT OF VARIETY, SOWING TIME AND

IRRIGATION ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT” submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in the partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.) IN AGRONOMY, embodies

the result of a piece of bona fide research work carried out by LUTFUN NAHER, Registration

No. 07-02255 under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for

any other degree or diploma.

I further certify that such help or source of information, as has been availed during the course of

this investigation has been duly acknowledged and style of this thesis have been approved and

recommended for submission.

Dated:

Place: Dhaka, Bangladesh

(Prof. Dr. Md. Jafar Ullah)

Supervisor

Department of Agronomy

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

Dhaka-1207

DEDICATED

TO

MY BELOVED PARENTS

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Al-Amin. All praises are due to the almighty Allah Rabbul Al-Amin for

His gracious kindness and infinite mercy in all the endeavors the author to let her

successfully completes the research work and the thesis leading to Master of Science.

The author would like to express her heartfelt gratitude and most sincere appreciations to her

Supervisor Dr. Md. Jafar Ullah, Professor, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla

Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, for his valuable guidance, advice, immense help,

encouragement and support throughout the study. Likewise grateful appreciation is conveyed

to Co-supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Md. Abdullahil Baque, Professor Dr. H. M. M.

Tariq Hossain, Chairman, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,

Dhaka-1207, for constant encouragement, cordial suggestions, constructive criticisms and

valuable advice to complete the thesis.

The author would like to express her deepest respect and boundless gratitude to all the

respected teachers of the Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,

Dhaka-1207, for their valuable teaching, sympathetic co-operation, and inspirations

throughout the course of this study and research work.

The author wishes to extend her special thanks to Asha, Tania, Mousumi, Lubna, Hera,

Moena, Partho and Shoel for their help during experimentation. Special thanks to all other

friends for their support and encouragement to complete this study.

The author is deeply indebted and grateful to her parents, husband, brother and other

relative’s for their moral support, encouragement and love with cordial understanding.

Finally the author appreciates the assistance rendered by the staff of the Department of

Agronomy and farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, who have helped

her during the period of study.

ii

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted through November 2012 to March 2013 in the experimental

field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, to find out the effect of

variety, sowing time and irrigation on growth of wheat. The experiment comprised three

factors; Factors A: four improved wheat varieties viz. (i) V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), (ii)

V2 = BARI Gom 25, (iii) V3 = BARI Gom 26 and (iv) V4 = BARI Gom 27; Factor B: three

sowing times viz. S1: Sowing at 18 November, S2: Sowing at 03 December and S3: Sowing at

19 December, Factor C: two irrigation viz. I: Irrigation; I0: No irrigation i.e. control. The

experiment was laid out in Split split plot design with three replications. Variety was assigned

in the main plot, sowing time was in the sub-plots and irrigation was in the sub-sub plots.

Data was taken on different morph physiological parameters such as plant height, number of

tillers plant-1

, leaves plant

-1, leaf area index (LAI), seed and husk development, dry matter,

crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) at different days after sowing (DAS).

It was evident from the results that morpho physiological characters of wheat were

significantly influenced by variety, sowing time and irrigation and their interaction.

Experimental results indicated that plant height and LAI, number of tillers plant-1

and leaf

plant-1

increased up to 45 DAS and there after declined. Seed and husk gained weight 78 and

94 DAS respectively and thereafter remained constant. Dry matter per plant increased up to

maturity while CGR and RGR up to 60-90 DAS stage. Variety, sowing time, irrigation and

their interactions had significant effect on the morphological parameters except CGR and

RGR. At maturity V1S1I showed significantly the highest plant height (98.95 cm), number of

tillers plant-1

(7.58) and leaves plant-1

(39.89), LAI (2.02), individual grain weight (0.05 g),

and individual husk weight (0.017 g) and dry matter plant-1

(19.24 g).

iii

LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I

ABSTRACT II

LIST OF CONTENTS III-VII

LIST OF TABLES VIII-IX

LIST OF FIGURES X-XI

LIST OF APPENDICES XII

LIST OF PLATES XIII

LIST OF ACRONYMS XIV

1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-26

2.1 Effect of Variety 4-11

2.2 Effect of Sowing date 11-18

2.2.1 Plant height 12-14

2.2.2 Number of tillers plant-1

14-15

2.2.3 Dry matter plant-1

15-17

2.2.4 Crop growth rate 17

2.2.5 Relative Growth rate 17-18

2.3 Effect of irrigation 18-26

2.3.1 Plant height 18-20


20-22


22-25

2.3.4 Crop growth rate 25-26

2.3.5 Relative Growth rate 26

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 27-33

3.1 Description of experimental site 27

3.1.1 Location 27

3.1.2 Soil 27

3.1.3 Climate 27

3.1.4 Experimental step up 28

iv

LIST OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

3.2 Crop 28

3.3 Treatments 28

3.4 Details of the field operation 29-31

3.4.1 Land Preparation 29

3.4.2 Experimental design 29

3.4.3 Fertilizer application 29

3.4.4 Collection and Sowing of seeds 30

3.4.5 Intercultural operations 30

3.4.5.1 Irrigation 30

3.4.5.2 Weeding 30

3.4.5.3 Insect and pest control 30

3.4.5.4 General observation of experimental field 31

3.4.6 Harvesting and sampling 31

3.5 Data collection 31-33

3.5.1 Plant height (cm) 31


32

3.5.3 Number of leaves plant-1

32

3.5.4 Leaf area index (LAI) 32

3.5.5 Individual grain weight (g) 32

3.5.6 Individual husk weight (g) 32

3.5.7 Dry weight plant-1

32

3.5.8 Crop growth rate (CGR)g/m2/day 33

3.5.9 Relative growth rate (RGR)g/day 33

3.5.10 Statistical analysis 33

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34-87

v


CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

4.1 Plant height (cm) 34-40

4.1.1 Effect of variety 34-35

4.1.2 Effect of sowing time 35-36

4.1.3 Effect of irrigation 36-37

4.1.4 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time 37-38

4.1.5 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation 38-39

4.1.6 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation 39

4.1.7 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation 40

4.2 Number of tillers plant-1

41-47

4.2.1 Effect of variety 41

4.2.2 Effect of sowing time 42

4.2.3 Effect of irrigation 43

4.2.4 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time 44

4.2.5 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation 45



4.3 Number of leaves plant-1

48-54








4.4 Leaf area index 55-61




vi





4.4.7 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation 60-61

4.5 Individual grain weight 62-68








4.6 Individual husk weight 69-75








4.7 Dry weight plant-1

76-82







vii



4.8 Crop growth rate (CGR) 83-85

4.8.1 Effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation 83-84


4.9 Relative growth rate (RGR) 86-88

4.9.1 Effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation 86-87


5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 88-94

REFERENCES 94-104

APPENDICES 105-111

LIST OF PLATES 112-117

viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on plant height of wheat 38

2 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on plant height of wheat 39

3 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on plant height of wheat 39

4 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on plant height of

wheat

40

5 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on number of tillers plant-1

of wheat

44

6 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on number of tillers plant-1

of

wheat

45

7 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on number of tillers plant-1

of wheat

46

8 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on number of tillers

plant-1

of wheat

47

9 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on number of leaves plant-1

of wheat

51

10 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on number of leaves plant-1

of

wheat

52

11 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on number of leaves plant-1

of wheat

53

12 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on number of leaves

plant-1

of wheat

54

13 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on leaf area index plant-1

of wheat

58

14 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on leaf area index plant-1

of wheat

59

15 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on leaf area index plant-1

of wheat

60

16 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on leaf area index

plant-1

of wheat

61

17 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on individual grain weight

of wheat

65

18 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on of wheat individual grain

weight of wheat

66

ix

TABLE TITLE TITLE PAGE

19 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on individual grain weight of

wheat

67

20 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on individual grain

weight of wheat

68

21 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on individual glume weight of

wheat

72

22 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on individual glume weight of wheat 73

23 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on individual glume weight of

wheat

74

24 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on individual glume

weight of wheat

75

25 Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on dry weight plant-1

of wheat 79

26 Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on dry weight plant-1

of wheat 80

27 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on dry weight plant-1

of wheat 81

28 Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on dry weight plant-1

of

wheat

82

29 Effect of variety, sowing date and irrigation level on Crop Growth Rate

(CGR)

of wheat of wheat

84

30 Interaction effect of variety, sowing date and irrigation level on Crop Growth

Rate (CGR) of wheat

85

31 Effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on Relative Growth Rate (RGR)

of wheat

86

32 Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on Relative Growth Rate

(RGR) of wheat

87

x

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Effect on plant height as influenced by four improved

varieties of wheat at different growth stages

35

2 Effect on plant height as influenced by different sowing

time on growth of improved wheat varieties

36

3 Effect on plant height as influenced by different irrigation

time on growth of improved wheat varieties

37

4 Effect on number of tillers plant-1

as influenced by four

improved varieties of wheat at different growth stages

41


as influenced by sowing

time at different growth stages of wheat plant

42


as influenced by

irrigation on growth of improved wheat varieties

43

7 Effect on leaf number plant-1

as influenced by four

improved varieties of wheat at different growth stages

48


as influenced by sowing time

at different growth stages of wheat plant

49


as influenced by irrigation at

different growth stages of wheat plant

50

10 Effect of variety on leaf area index of wheat 55

11 Effect of sowing time on leaf area index of wheat 56

12 Effect of sowing time on leaf area index of wheat 57

13 Effect on Seed weight (gm) as influenced by irrigation on

growth of improved wheat varieties

62

14 Effect on Seed weight (gm) as influenced by sowing time

on growth of improved wheat varieties

63

15 Effect on Seed weight (gm) as influenced by irrigation on

growth of improved wheat varieties

64

16 Effect of husk weight (gm) of wheat as influenced by

variety on growth of improved wheat varieties.

69

xi

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

17 Effect of husk weight (gm) of wheat as influenced by

sowing time on growth of improved wheat varieties

70

18 Effect of irrigation on husk weight (gm) of wheat as

influenced by irrigation on growth of improved wheat

varieties

71

19 Effect on dry weight plant-1

as influenced by four improved

wheat varieties

76


as influenced by sowing time

on growth of improved wheat varieties

77


of wheat as influenced by

irrigation on growth of improved wheat varieties

78

xii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

I Experimental location 105

II A. Morphological characteristics of the experimental field 106

B. Physical characteristics and chemical composition of soil of

the experimental plot

106

III Monthly average air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and

sunshine hours during the experimental period (November, 2012

to March, 2013) at Sher- e -Bangla Agricultural University

campus.

107

IV Effect on plant height as influenced by variety, sowing time

and irrigation on growth of wheat

107

V Effect on tiller numbers plant-1

as influenced by variety,

sowing time and irrigation on growth of wheat

108

VI Effect on number of leaves plant-1



108

VI Effect on leaf area index as influenced by variety, sowing

time and irrigation on growth of wheat

109

VIII Effect on seed weight (20) as influenced by variety, sowing


109

IX Effect on husk weight (20) as influenced by variety, sowing


110

X Effect on dry weight plant-1



110

XI Effect on Crop Growth Rate (CGR) as influenced by

variety, sowing time and irrigation on growth of wheat

111

XII Effect on Releative Growth Rate (RGR) as influenced by

variety, sowing time and irrigation on growth of wheat

111

xiii

LIST OF PLATES

PLATES TITLE PAGE

1 The experimental plots of the present study at SAU, Dhaka 112

2 Field view of BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) at 1st sowing with

irrigation

113

3 Field view of BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) at 1st sowing

without irrigation

113

4 Field view of BARI Gom 25 at 1st sowing with irrigation 114

5 Field view of BARI Gom 25 at 1st sowing without irrigation 114

6 Field view of BARI Gom 26 at 3rd

sowing with irrigation 115


8 Field view of BARI Gom 27 at 1st sowing with irrigation 116


10 Field view of BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) at maturity stage at

1st sowing with irrigation

117

xiv

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Abbreviation Full word

AEZ Agro-Ecological zone

BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

0C Degree Centigrade

CGR Crop Growth Rate

cm Centi-meter

CV Coefficient of Variance

DAS Days after sowing

d-1

Per day

et al. And others

g Gram (s)

LSD Least Significant Difference

m Meter

m-2

Per meter square

NS Non-significant

PH Hydrogen ion conc.

RGR Relative Growth Rate

TSP Tripple Super Phosphate

USG Urea spergranules

WCE Weed control efficiency

% Percentage

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) covers the more earth‟s surface area than any other food crop and

its production is the third largest cereal production in the world, after maize and rice and

identified wheat as the key to the emergence of urban societies for millennia FAO (2013).

According to USDA (2014) one cup whole wheat grain contains 33% Protein, 29% Carbohydrate

and 5% Fat and currently about 65% of wheat crop is used for food, 17% for animal feed and

12% in industrial applications. CIMMYT predicted that demand for wheat in the developing

world is projected to increase 60% by 2050 from now (CIMMYT, 2013).

In Bangladesh, wheat is the second important cereal crop next to rice (Al-Musa et al., 2012) and

the area under wheat cultivation during 2012 was about 0.47 million ha and producing 1.38

million ton of wheat with an average yields of 3.32 ton ha-1

(BBS, 2013). But the average growth

and yield of wheat is very low compared to the average growth and yield of Newzealand,

Nethrlands, Ecuador and France (8.9, 8.6, 8.0 and 7 .6 t ha-1

respectively) (FAO, 2013). The

growth and yield of wheat can be augmented with the use of high yielding varieties and suitable

agronomic practices.

Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) has so far

released 28 improved wheat varieties but many of them was not adequately adopted by farmers.

There can be a range of reasons including inadequate knowledge, lack of specifically adapted

varieties and inadequate extension efforts. Four wheat varieties viz. BARI ghom-23, BARI

ghom-24, BARI ghom-25 and BARI ghom-26 were planted in the field to evaluate their

comparative performance in respect of germination percentage, growth, yield and yield

attributing characters. Among the four varieties, BARI ghom-26 showed superior performance

irrespective of all parameters studied except total dry matter content (TDM) and yield reduction

percentage (Al-Musa et al., 2012). In the effect of high temperature stress on the leaf growth and

dry matter partitioning of 5 wheat varieties (Sourav, Pradip, Sufi, Shatabdi and Bijoy) showed

that the stem dry weight, leaf number, leaf area, leaf sheath and lamina and husk of main stem

was highest in Shatabdi under both normal and environment whereas Bijoy produced the highest

grain yield in both condition (Ahamed et al., 2010).

2

Sowing of wheat in Bangladesh generally starts from November and ends in late December

depending on the weather, topography and harvesting of the preceding crops (Haider, 2007).

Late sown wheat seedlings face low temperature in the earlier part and high temperature stress in

the later part of the growing season and require favorable moisture for better growth and

development in late March and early April. Therefore, sowing date influences the growth,

development and yield of wheat. Wheat planted at an intermediate date has greater yield

potential than late planted wheat because of increased tillers, spikes and seed weight. Some

researchers have studied the effects of sowing time on the phenological development (Sun et al.,

2007; Han et al., 2011). They found that the delayed sowing mainly shortened the duration from

germination to flowering and had a slightly reduction for the duration for grain filling. These

results indicated that the delayed sowing mainly shortened growth period in vegetative stage and

a slightly reduction for the reproductive stage. In the present work, effect of sowing dates on the

activities of different physiological growth parameters was analyzed using functional technique.

Wheat is mostly grown under rain fed conditions. In 2000, 70% of the world‟s wheat harvested

area was under rain fed condition (Portman et al., 2010). This rain fed crop frequently suffers

from drought resulting in significant growth and yield loss and decreased revenue with periodic

drought affecting 50 and 70% of wheat-growing areas in developing and developed countries,

respectively (Trethowan and Pfeiffer, 1999). Wheat is grown in rabi season in Bangladesh form

November to December when maximum land is occupied by boro rice. The water requirement

for boro rice is much higher than that of wheat. The water requirement of wheat is only 25-33%

of boro rice (BARI, 1990). The production cost of wheat is also less than that of boro rice.

Therefore, wheat has much potentiality to replace boro rice in Bangladesh in terms of its

economic production and nutritional quality. Only about 42.78% of total wheat growing land of

Bangladesh under irrigation facilities and rest of remaining under rain-fed condition (BBS 1998).

Drought occurs almost every year due to scarcity of rainfall in dry season, which adversely

affects the growth and yield of wheat. The growth and yield loss due to drought could be

minimized by providing irrigation at least during the critical stage of growth, (Islam et al., 2000).

Insufficient water affects the germination of seed and uptake of nutrients from soil. Moreover

movement of nutrients through the plant body by physiological activities is also associated with

soil water (Tisdale et al., 1985).

3

Wheat productivity is low due to improper tillage operations, late sowing, imbalance use of

fertilizer, scarcity of water and inefficient irrigation water management (Khan, 2003). Crown

root initiation in wheat was the most critical stage for irrigation and water shortage at this stage

reduced the grain yield by 27% (Mahmood and Ahmad, 2005). Number of tillers improved with

irrigation at Crown root stage and better grain yield was recorded with irrigation at crown root

and boot stage (Mangan et al., 2008).

In Bangladesh rainfall ceases in September to October and thereafter soil moisture depletes

through the growing season. So one to three irrigation may be required for seed production.

Works on the effect of sowing time and irrigation on wheat growth are available, although in

limited scaly those involving newly released wheat varieties need to be done.

In view of the above circumstances, the present study was undertaken to achieve the following

objectives:

To find out suitable variety of wheat under both irrigated and non-irrigated

condition.

To find out the optimum sowing time of wheat under both irrigated and non-

irrigated condition.

To find out the interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation to achieve

higher growth of wheat.

4

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the works which have been done in Bangladesh

and many other countries of the world with regards to the effect of different variety, sowing time

and irrigation on growth of wheat. An emphasis has been given to the literature that has been

published in the last two decades.

2.1 Effect of variety

Rahman et al. (2013) carried out a field trail at South-Surma, Sylhet, in 2009-10 and at FSRD

site Jalalpur, Sylhet in 2010-11 in collaboration with WRC and OFRD, BARI to examine the

response of 7 wheat varieties at two levels of lime in split-plot design where lime was applied in

main plots and different wheat varieties were grown in sub-plots. The seeds were sown on 05

December 2009 and 30 November 2010 for the growing season of 2009-10 and 2010-11,

respectively. The wheat varieties used in this study were Shatabdi, Sufi, Sourav, Bijoy, Prodip,

BARI Gom-25 and BARI Gom-26. The index of relative performance of each variety in

comparison to mean yield of all varieties under the contrast conditions of liming and non-liming

was estimated to determine relative adaptability of wheat variety under experimental soil

conditions. The result indicated that most of the yield components viz., spikes/m2, 100-grain

weight, and grain yield of wheat were significantly improved by liming for both the years and

locations. There were variations in lime response among the wheat varieties. The index of

relative adaptability (IRA %) for yield of BARI Gom-26 and Bijoy was more than 100% for both

the years. The results indicated that these two wheat varieties are relatively tolerant to low pH

and could be adapted in acidic soil of Sylhet.

Alam (2013) conducted an experiment to study growth and yield potentials of wheat as affected

by agronomic practices. The experiment consisted of three factors such as (1) two methods of

planting viz. conventional and bed planting (2) four wheat varieties namely Protiva, Sourav,

Shatabdi and Prodip and (3) four levels of nitrogen viz. 0, 60, 110 and 160 kg N ha-1

. A split-

split plot design was used for the experiment with three applications. The highest total dry

matter, leaf area index and crop growth rate were observed in bed planting method with 160 kg

5

N ha-1

. Prodip produced the highest total dry matter up to grain filling stage with the application

of 160 kg N ha-1

. Leaf area index and crop growth rate were higher at booting and tillering stages

respectively. Grain yield was higher in bed planting system than conventional one due to

improvement in yield components. Grain yield was increased with increasing levels of nitrogen

application. Prodip produced the highest grain yield with 160 Kg N ha-1

. The highest grain yield

was found with the combination of bed planting method and 160 Kg N ha-1

and the lowest was

recorded from conventional method at control treatment. The overall results indicate that Prodip

showed better performance in bed planting system with 160 Kg N ha-1

.

Ahamed and Farooq (2013) accumulated photo thermal units, growth attributes and phenology of

three wheat varieties (Chakwal-50, Wafaq-2001 and an advance line NR-268) were studied in

four planting windows from 20th October-5th December at 15 days interval during 2008-09 in

Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangements. Delayed sowing puts adverse

effects with respect to growth characteristics of tested varieties like Crop growth rate (CGR), Net

assimilation rate (NAR), Leaf area index (LAI) and growing degree days and photo thermal units

but the intensity varied among varieties. The late sown conditions induced the maximum

epicuticular wax deposition (0.0071 g cm-2

) and synthesis of proline contents (37.08 μg g-1

) in

leaf tissues at flag leaf stage and it was typically related to Chakwal-50 (44.45 μg g-1

). The

Wafaq-2001 did well with respect to stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates over tested

NR-268 even in delayed sowing. Sustaining the growth in late sown conditions of Wafaq-2001

was clear indication of its adoptability measures to terminal heat stress. On overall basis, the

Chakwal-50 was the best performer and seeding at 5th November must be ensured to maintain

desirable growth pattern. The growing degree days and Photo thermal units were growth drivers

and early sowing time might need to be changed based on concept for better understanding of

phenophases and other growth aspects of crop in context of climate variability.

Khakwani et al. (2012) conducted an experiment of 6 bread wheat varieties (Damani, Hashim-8,

Gomal-8, DN-73, Zam-04 and Dera-98) were subjected to 2 treatments i.e., control treatment

(100% field capacity) and stressed treatment (20 days water stress was given during booting

stage and 20 days water stress after anthesis). The findings revealed highly significant

differences among means of wheat varieties in all physiological and yield traits. Almost all

varieties showed their best adaptation under stressed environment however Hashim-8 and Zam-

6

04 behaved exclusively and indicated higher relative water content (RWC), mean productivity

(MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index (STI) whereas stress

susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance (TOL) estimated at its lowest, as these traits are

recognized beneficial drought tolerance indicators for selection of a stress tolerant variety.

Similarly, total grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index was also higher

in the same wheat varieties that put them as good candidates for selection criteria in wheat

breeding program for drought resistant.

Nadim et al. (2012) evaluated growth and yield response of wheat variety Gomal-8 using

micronutrients and their application methods. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete

block design with split-plot arrangements. Five different micronutrients were placed in main plot

while their three application methods were assigned to sub-plots. Results revealed that

application of boron @ 2 kg ha-1

produced higher crop growth rate (23.58 g m-2

day-1

), net

assimilation rate (2.82 mg m-2

day-1

), number of tillers (234.5 m-2

), number of grains (52.92

spike-1

) and grain yield (3.14 t ha-1

). The use of iron @ 12 kg ha-1

also showed encouraging

results similar to boron. Among various application methods, side dressing at 4 weeks after

sowing (WAS) showed the best results as compared to soil application and foliar spray. Higher

leaf area index and crop growth rate was obtained with the application of zinc @ 10 kg ha-1

.

Also, different micronutrients had significant interaction with application methods for

physiological and agronomic traits including number of tillers, leaf area index (LAI), crop

growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and grain yield. Side dressing best interacted

with boron for producing higher number of tillers, grains spike-1

, net assimilation rate and grain

yield. This method showed better combination with iron for higher number of tillers, LAI and

grain yield.

Al-Musa et al. (2012) conducted a pot experiment which was carried at Patuakhali Science and

Technology University to study the performance of some BARI wheat varieties under the coastal

area of Patuakhali. Four wheat varieties viz. BARI ghom-23, BARI ghom-24, BARI ghom-25

and BARI ghom-26 were planted in the field to evaluate their comparative performance in

respect of germination percentage, growth, yield and yield attributing characters. Among the four

varieties, BARI ghom-26 showed superior performance irrespective of all parameters studied

except total dry matter content (TDM) and yield reduction percentage. Among the BARI

7

varieties, BARI ghom-26 produced greater germination (61.00%) at 13 days judge against to

other varieties. The taller plant (47.91 cm), higher LAI (1.84), maximum TDM (17.37 g plant-1

)

and effective tillers plant-1

(18.08) were also obtained with the similar variety. BARI ghom-26

was also most effective to produce the maximum grains spike-1

(38.52), higher weight of 1000-

grains (49.38 g), higher grain (3.35 t ha-1

) and straw (8.50 g plant-1

) yield and greater HI

(4.03%). So, the variety BARI ghom-26 produced the outstanding superiority among the

varieties.

Hussain et al. (2012) evaluated phenology, growth and yield of three elite varieties of wheat

(„Gourab‟, „BARI Gom-25‟ and „BARI Gom-26‟) under two sowing conditions: optimum (sown

on November 15) and late heat stress condition (sown on December 27). All wheat varieties,

when sown late, faced severe temperature stress that significantly affected phenology, growth

and finally yield. Taking into consideration phenological variation, dry matter (fresh and dry

weight) partitioning and grain yield, variety „BARI Gom-26‟ performed better both in optimum

and late heat stress, followed by „BARI Gom-25‟; „Gourab‟ performed the least. On the basis of

heat tolerance parameters [relative performance (RP) and heat susceptibility index (HSI)], „BARI

Gom-25‟ (RP-79%; HSI-0.7) was the best performing variety followed by „BARI Gom-26‟ (RP-

74%; HSI-0.9) under heat stress while „Gourab‟ (RP-61%; HSI-1.3) was sensitive to heat.

Abdelmulaa (2011) evaluating the result of an experiment in consecutive two years concluded

that the induced terminal heat stress during both years was severe enough to cause a reduction in

yield of the tested genotypes. The observed significant effect of sowing date and its interaction

with years on yield entails the crucial impact of the onset and duration of winter season on wheat

productivity in the non-traditional central areas of Sudan. The determined differential genotypic

variability to terminal heat stress and the estimated correlation between yield and its components

could be exploited in breeding programs to identify and develop new heat tolerant widely

adapted cultivars. Such cultivars could be suitable for optimum sowing date as well as for

terminal heat stress, for example, genotype OASIS/ KAUZ//3BCN. Moreover, the genotype

KAUZ''S''657C1-3-6-2-2-1-2, which exhibited a specific adaption and high yielding only under

late sowing, could be identified and selected for improving tolerance to terminal heat stress

prevailing in the central areas of Sudan.

8

Hussain et al. (2010) conducted an experiment to assess the growth and yield response of three

wheat varieties (Inqalab-91, Kharchia and Parwaz-94) under different seeding densities i.e. 100,

125 and 150 kg ha-1

on a sandy loam soil. The results indicated that seeding densities

significantly affected various growth and yield parameters like germination count, total number

of tillers m-2

; number of grains spike-1

and grain yield, but total leaf area plant-1

, straw yield and

harvest index were not affected significantly. The varieties differed significantly from one

another with respect to the yield and yield contributing parameters. Wheat variety Inqalab-91

when sown @ 150 kg ha-1

gave the highest yield.

Tariq (2010) carried out an experiment at Research Area, College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi

Khan. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial

arrangements having three replications during Rabi season 2009-10. Two wheat genotypes V1:

Mairaj-2008 and V2: Fareed-2006 were used to evaluate the effect of drought introduced at

different crop growth stages according to the given irrigation schedules i.e. (i): Control (no

drought), ii: Irrigation skip at tillering (20-40 DAS), iii: Irrigation skip at jointing (40 -75 DAS),

iv: Irrigation skip at spike emergence (75-90 DAS) and v: Irrigation skip at grain formation (105-

115 DAS). It was found that Miraj-2008 produced significantly higher plant height, number of

productive tillers per pot, number of spikelet per spike, spike length, weight of spike per pot,

biological yield, harvest index, moisture contents, and relative leaf water contents than that of

Fareed-2006. No irrigation skipping resulted in maximum grain yield and yield contributing

parameters. Both of the wheat varieties have no genetic potential to withstand against drought.

However, skipping irrigation at grain formation crop growth stage abruptly reduced the grain

yield followed by skipping irrigation at tillering stage as compared to rest of the crop growth

stages. It is therefore suggested that irrigation at grain formation and tillering stage should never

be missed in successful crop husbandry.

Ahamed et al. (2010) observed that the effect of high temperature stress on the leaf growth and

dry matter partitioning of 5 wheat varieties (Sourav, Pradip, Sufi, Shatabdi and Bijoy) a field

experiment was conducted with normal sowing (sowing at November 30) and late sowing

(sowing at December 30) at the research field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,

Bangladesh. It was observed that stem dry weight was highest in Shatabdi under both normal

(2.267 g) and heat stressed (1.801 g) environment and Pradip (1.202 g) and Sufi (1.166 g)

9

produced the lowest stem dry weight in those conditions. Leaf number of Pradip (5.37) and

Shatabdi (5.01) was the highest in the normal and late sowing condition, respectively and it was

lowest in the variety Bijoy (4.87) followed by Sufi (3.62) under the normal and late sowing

condition. Both under normal and late sown heat stressed condition the variety Shatabdi showed

the highest leaf area, longest leaf sheath and lamina with concomitant increase of dry matter

(5.976 g and 4.459 g tiller-1 under normal and heat stress, respectively). However, the spike dry

weight was highest in Bijoy and lowest was in Sourav and Sufi regardless the growing condition.

In normal sowing the ear weight and husk of main stem was the highest in Shatabdi (2.933 g),

whereas seed weight per main stem was highest in Bijoy (2.167 g). In late sown condition, ear

weight, seed weight per stem was highest in Bijoy and husk wt. was found the highest in

Shatabdi. Grain weight of variety Bijoy (34.94 g) and Shatabdi (33.30 g) were higher in late

sowing, whereas Sufi had lowest 1000 grain weight (23.81 g) and finally Bijoy produced the

highest grain yield both under normal sowing late sown mediated heat stressed condition.

Considering all Bijoy said to be the best performing variety amongst all and Sufi is the worst one

considering specially the yield components and yield.

Alam et al. (2008) carried out a research work with twenty wheat varieties/lines to study the

effect of source-sink manipulation on grain yield in wheat. Significant variations among the

genotypes were observed for grains spike, 100-grain weight and grain yield main spike. Removal

of flag leaf caused decreased in grains spike, 100-grain weight and grain yield main spike by

9.94%, 7.65% and 16.88%, respectively. Similarly removal of all leaves caused reduction of

grains spike, 100-grain weight and grain yield main spike by 17.17%, 13.27% and 27.92%,

respectively. On the other hand, removal of 50% spikelet decreased 41.03% and 37.01% in

grains spike and grain yield main spike and increased 9.44% in 100-grain weight. Similarly, 25%

spikelets removal reduced grains spike and grain yield main spike by 25.13% and 23.38%,

respectively but increased 4.08% in 100-grain weight. The variety/lines BL-1020, Ananda and

Akbar showed high decrease in grains spikes, 100-grain weight and grain yield main spike by

defoliation treatment.

Mehmet and Telat (2006) experimented with the trials conducted in two locations and over two

years, the adaptation and stability statistics of 20 bread wheat genotypes were estimated for yield

performances. Regression coefficient, mean squares of deviation from regression and

10

determination coefficients were estimated. All the genotypes were found stable for their traits of

plant density and days to heading. There were differences in stability performances among the

genotypes for the traits of plant height, grain numbers spike-1

, grain weight spike-1

, 1000 kernels

weight and grain yield. The instability for plant height and grain weight spike-1

among the

genotypes were originated from the mean squares of deviation from regression; for the other

traits it was resulted from not only the mean squares of deviation from regression but also from

the differences among regression coefficients of genotypes.

Jalleta (2004) conducted an experiment in farmers' level with a number of improved bread wheat

varieties for production in the different climatic zones. Farmers identified earliness, yield and

quality as the main criteria for adaptation of wheat varieties and they also found that the variety

HAR-710 gave 2.56 t ha-1

and PAVON-76 gave 2.49 t ha-1

.

Sulewska (2004) carried out an experiment with 22 wheat genotypes for comparing vegetation

period, plant height, number of stems and spikes, yield per spike and plant, resistance to powdery

mildew and brown rust. He found a greater variability of plant and spike productively and of

other morphological characters and he also reported that the variety Waggershauser Hohenh

Weisser Kolben gave the highest economic value among the tested genotypes.

BARI (2003) conducted an experiment in Wheat Research Centre at Nashipur, Dinajpur, tested

some varietal performance in Rajshahi and found that Shatabdi produced highest (3.2 t ha-1

)

followed by Gourab (3.13 t ha-1

) and lowest yield was produced by Kanchan (2.96 t ha-1

).

Sikder et al. (2001) conducted an experiment with ten recommended wheat (Triticum aestivum

L.) varieties and of two sowing conditions i.e. optimum sowing (November 30) and late sowing

(December 30). By late sowing, the varieties faced high temperature stress during reproductive

growth phase. The experiment was conducted to determine the relative heat tolerance of the

wheat varieties and to evaluate the relative yield performance of heat tolerant and heat sensitive

wheat varieties under late seeded conditions. Based on membrane thermo stability (MT) test,

four varieties (Ananda, Pavon, Aghrani, and Barkat) took maximum heat killing time and were

classified as relative heat tolerant, three varieties (Akbar, Kanchan and Protiva) as moderately

tolerant and the rest three varieties (Balaka, Sawgat and Sonora) took the shortest heat killing

time and considered as heat sensitive. The grain number per ear, 1000 grain weight and main

11

shoot grain weight of tolerant and moderately tolerant varieties showed higher relative

performance compared to sensitive varieties, But the relative ear number per plant and relative

grain yield were found to range low to high in heat tolerant and moderately tolerant varieties. In

heat sensitive varieties the relative ear number per plant and relative grain yield were moderate

to high. Thus the results suggest in addition to membrane thermo stability test, the high relative

grain number per ear, 1000 grain weight and main shoot grain weight can be used to determine

the heat tolerance of wheat varieties under late seeded warmer conditions.

Wheat Research Centre (2003) conducted an experiment in Heat Tolerant Screening Nursery in

Barisal region with 50 advance lines/varieties. From following by E50- (3.94 t ha-1

), BAW 1048

(3.85 t ha-1

), BAW 1021 (3.64 t ha-1

), BAW 1024 (3.6 t ha-1

), E45 (3.58 t ha-1

). Among the

varieties produced by BARI (WRC) Protiva produced the highest yield (2.97 t ha-1

).

Zhu et al. (1999) conducted an experiment with 100 varieties of wheat in Zhejianf since 1954

and 27 of these have been grown over 34000 ha. Yields have increased greatly as a result of

selective breeding. In 1990 mean production was 1.6 t ha-1

, 1.4 times higher than in 1959. In

1994 production was 2.52 t ha-1

, 57% higher than in 1970, while in 1997 it reached 2.94 t ha-1

.

Varieties have also been selected for quality as well as yield improvement.

Srivastava et al. (1998) conducted an experiment in India with nine wheat varieties, promising

for rain fed conditions, together with their 36 F1, hybrids using a randomized block design with

four replications. Observations were recorded on vegetative growth period, grain development

period, flag leaf area (cm2), Spikelets spike

-1 and grain yield plant

-1. The genotypes were grouped

into 10 clusters. Promising crosses for rain fed conditions were WL 2265 X P20302, CPAN 1992

X P20302, and WL 2265 X HDR 87 and WL 2265 X CPAN 1992.

Litvinchko et al. (1997) reported that winter wheat with high grain quality for bread making is

produced in Southern Ukraine. Wheat breeding began more than 80 years ago. Over this time,

seven wheat varieties were selected where yield potential increased from 2.73 to 6.74 t ha-1

. This

increase was due to a decrease in photoperiodic sensitivity and the introduction of semi dwarf

genes. Genes for photoperiodic sensitivity and vernalization requirement were combined and the

effect of these genes on grain yield, frost and drought resistance and growth and development

rate of plant in autumn and early spring were studied.

12

Jahiruddin and Hossain (1994) observed that 1000-grain weight varied among the three varieties

Sonalika, Kanchan and Aghrani.

Arbinda et al. (1994) observed that the grain yield was significantly affected by different

varieties in Bangladesh. The genotypes CB-15 produced higher grain yield (3.7 ha-1

) due to more

number of spikes m-2

and grains spike-1

.

Bakshi et al. (1992) conducted field experiments at Ludhiana, Punjab with eight bread wheat and

seven durum wheat varieties sown on 1 or 15 Nov. or 15 Dec., and given 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg N

ha-1

with one or two irrigation. Seed yield was highest when wheat was sown on 1 Nov. with 120

kg N ha-1

and two irrigations. Varieties Raj 3037, HD-4594, WL-711 and WH-841 gave the

highest seed yield.

2.2. Effect of sowing time

The major non-monitory inputs for enhancing wheat production is optimum time of sowing

which is the most important agronomic factor affecting the growth and development of plants.

Research works done at home and abroad showed that delay in sowing after the optimum time

which coincides with the onset of seasonal rains, consistently reduced plant growth. Sowing time

has a remarkable influence on growth of wheat. Some of the pertinent literatures regarding effect

of sowing time in different location of the world have been presented below-

2.2.1 Plant height

Bakhshi, et al. (1992) conducted a field experiment to find out the effect of sowing time on

wheat growth. They found that sowing date significantly affected the plant height. Plant height

decreased progressively with each delayed sowing. Crop sown on November 15 produced

significantly taller plants (79.81cm) against crop sown on December 15 (56.13 cm).

Qasim et al. (2005) observed that sowing date significantly affected plant height. The plant

height decreased progressively with each delayed sowing. Crop sown on November 15 produced

significantly taller plants (79.86 cm) against crop sown on December 15 (56.13 cm). The earlier

sown crop had longer vegitative growth period than sown crop which resulted in more plant

height.

13

Ahmed and Farooq (2013) accumulated photo thermal units, growth attributes and phenology of

three wheat varieties (Chakwal-50, Wafaq-2001 and an advance line NR-268) were studied in

four planting windows from 20th October-5th December at 15 days interval during 2008-09 in

Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangements. Delayed sowing puts adverse

effects with respect to growth characteristics of tested varieties. Crop sown on November 15

produced significantly taller plants (80.71 cm) against crop sown on December 15 (55.12 cm).

Chowdhury (2002) conducted an experiment with four sowing dates and reported that delay in

sowing decreased plant height. At the final harvest highest plant height was observed in

November 1 sown plant. But at 60 DAS highest plant height was recorded in December in 15

sown plants.

Zafar et al. (2010) conducted an experiment with sowing dates and reported that Plant height

increased up to November 15 planted wheat, but a decreasing trend was observed in late planted

wheat.

The plant height of barely was significantly influenced by date of sowing. In an experiment

carried out by Moula (1999) to study the effect of sowing time on growth and development of

wheat varieties and reported that the tallest plant was recorded by November 25 sowing (111.8

cm) and the shortest plant was recorded by December 25 sowing (73.8 cm).

In a trial with cultivar Balaka in Joydepur and Jessore, BARI (1984) reported that the tallest

plant (76.83 cm) was obtained at Jessore when sowing was done on 20 November and shortest

with 30 December sowing. Similar results have also been observed by Farid et al. (1993).

Rahman et al. (2009) conducted a field experiment in research farm of Wheat Research Centre,

Dinajpur, Bangladesh, during wheat season of 2003-04 with 10 wheat genotypes sown on

optimum (November 17) and late (December 21) condition in a randomized complete block

design with three replications to evaluate the performance of these genotypes under optimum and

late sown condition and to find out the suitable time of sowing for a specific genotypes. Under

optimum sown condition, differences among the genotypes were found to be significant in

respect of grain yield, biomass at anthesis, ground cover at 4-5 leaf stage, days to anthesis,

maturity and flag leaf emergence, plant height, grain filling duration and 1000-grain weight, and

14

insignificant for biomass at final harvest, ground cover at anthesis, chlorophyll content of the

flag leaf and differences in temperature (DT) between canopy and ambient. While for the late

sown condition, grain yield, biomass at anthesis, ground cover at 4-5 leaf and DT were the only

characters affected non-significantly due to variation among the treatments.


Hussain et al. (2012) conducted an experiment to evaluate the growth and yield response of

different wheat varieties sown on different dates. Five wheat varieties viz. Sahar-2006 (SH-06),

Faisalabad-2008 (FSD-08), Lassani-2008 (LS-08), Abdul Staar-2002 (AS-02) and Tripe Dwarf-1

(TD-1) were sown, at fortnightly interval, on 25th Oct, 10 and 25th

Nov, and 10th and 25th Dec. Delayed wheat planting after 10th Nov

decreased the tiller number per plant.

Rahman et al. (2009) conducted in research farm of Wheat Research Centre , Dinajpur (25°38 ́ N,

88°41 ́ E and 38.20 m above sea level), Bangladesh, during wheat season of 2003-04 with 10

wheat genotypes (Gen/3/Gov, PB 81/PVN, Fang 60, Kanchan, Sari 82, HI 977, HAR 424, PF

70354, Opata and Fyn/Pvn) sown on optimum (November 17) and late (December 21) condition

in a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the performance of

these genotypes under optimum and late sown condition and to find out the suitable time of

sowing for a specific genotypes. Under optimum sown condition, differences among the

genotypes were found to be significant in respect of grain yield, biomas at anthesis, ground cover

at 4-5 leaf stage, days to anthesis, maturity and flag leaf emergence, plant height, grain filling

duration and 1000-grain weight, and insignificant for biomass at final harvest, ground cover at

anthesis, chlorophyll content of the flag leaf and differences in temperature (DT) between

canopy and ambient. They reported that the highest number of effective tillers plant-1

was

obtained by 17 November sowing.

Growth and yield response of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Suiman-96, Chakwal-

97 and Iqbal-91) to various sowing time was studied by Qasim et al. (2005) at Karakoram

Agricultural Research Institute, Gilgit Pakistan during the year 2003-04. Three sowing date viz.

November 15 and 30, December 15 were tested. Early planted wheat was maximum no. of tiller

against crop sown on December 15.

15

Chowdhury (2002) conducted an experiment with four sowing dates and reported that the highest

number of average tillers plant-1

were produced by November 15 sown wheat plants and the

second highest number were produced by November 30 sown plants which was at par with

November 1 sown plants. The lowest number of tillers plant-1

were produced by December 15

sown plants.

A field experiment was conducted by Ahmed et al. (2006) at Farming System Research and

Development (FSRD) site, Chabbishnagar, Godari, Rajshahi under rain fed condition during rabi

seasons to find out the suitable variety and sowing time (30 November, 15 December and 30

December). They concluded that number of tiller increased significantly with early sowing (30

November) in all varieties in both the years.

Mohsen et al. (2013) conducted a field experiment and the study was undertaken to determine

the effects of sowing dates on growth and yield components of different wheat cultivar in Iran.

The trial was laid out in RCBD with split plot arrangement having three replications during

2011-12 and at Boroujerd, Iran. Five sowing dates i.e. October 31, November 15 and 30,

December 15 and 30 were in main plots, whereas five wheat cultivars (Pishgam, Parsi, Bahar,

Sivand and Pishtaz) were in sub plots. Results showed that the effect of sowing date was

significant on all parameters. The highest tiller number for sowing date gave highest tiller in

November 15.

The associations of yield and effective tiller were also reported by many scientists. Srivastava et

al. (1998) studied relationship between various traits in wheat. They reported that yield had

significant positive correlation with effective tillers per plant.

2.2.3 Dry matter

Wahid et al. (2007) observed that in normal environment all the varieties were statistically

similar. In later treatment Shatabdi and Sourav were similar and higher than all and the rest are

indifferent statistically. Due to variation in sowing time from normal to late sowing the stem dry

weight of Sourav is reduced to 18.57%, Pradip is reduced to 30.58%, Sufi is reduced to 35%,

Shatabdi is reduced to 20.29% and Bijoy is reduced to 36.09%.

16

Anwar et al. (2007) studied the effect of sowing dates on yield and yield components in wheat

using stability analysis. They reported that dry matter production increase at early sowing than

late sowing of wheat.

Mohsen et al. (2013) conducted a field experiment and the study was undertaken to determine

the effects of sowing dates on growth and yield components of different wheat cultivar in Iran.

They reported that various wheat cultivars showed difference among the dry matter production

of wheat on different sowing time.

Ahamed et al. (2010) evaluated 5 existing wheat varieties of Bangladesh under two growing con-

ditions (optimum and late) and showed that dry matter partitioning and production in all 5

varieties was affected at LS due to heat stress (30 to 32°C), resulting in reduced grain yield.

Chowdhury (2002) conducted an experiment with four sowing dates and reported that dry matter

plant-1

, spike length, grains spike-1

and 1000-grain weight decreased with delay in sowing date

from November 15 and the lowest dry matter plant-1

, spike length, grains spike

-1 and 1000-grain

weight were recorded in December 15 sown plants.

Haider (2002) reported that early sown plants (November 15) had the highest spike length, grains

spike-1

and 100-grain weight and late sown plants (December 5) resulted the lowest values of

these parameters of wheat.

Zende et al. (2005) conducted an experiment during the 2002/03 rabi season in Akola,

Maharashtra, India, to evaluate the effects of sowing time (15 November, 1 December and 15

December) on the growth and yield of durum wheat (Triticum durum) and concluded that the

growth, yield and yield attributes, except for the spike length, showed significant increases when

durum wheat crops were sown on 15 November compared with those sown on 1 December and

15 December.

Qasim et al. (2005) conducted experiments on growth and yield response of three wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Suiman-96, Chakwal-97 and Iqbal-91) to various sowing time

at Karakoram Agricultural Research Institute, Gilgit Pakistan during the year 2003-04. Three

sowing date viz. November 15 and 30, December 15 were tested. Early planted wheat had

17

maximum dry matter plant-1

, grains per spike (44.14), 1000 grain weight (39.17 g) than late

sowing wheat.

Sekhon, et al. (1991) reported that early sowing decreased the number of spikelets spike-1

, grains

spike-1

but increased 1000-grain weight and yield of wheat. They also reported that late sowing

decreased dry matter plant-1

of wheat.

2.2.4 Crop Growth Rate (CGR):

Haider (2007) observed that the highest CGR was in plants grown under S1, intermediate under

S2 and the lowest under S3 condition at most of the stages of growth in both the growing seasons.

Higher CGR in the early sown plants was due to higher production of dry matter owing to higher

leaf area index (LAI). As CGR represents the net result of photosynthesis, respiration and canopy

area interaction, it is considered as the most meaningful growth function.

Seyed and Raei (2011) reported 190 days after planting, crop growth rate was zero, and then it

had negative trend until 105 days after planting, which became stable. The increase in CGR may

be due to accelerating the photosynthesis activity. The decrease in crop growth rate towards

maturity is due to senescence of leaves and decrease of leaf area index.

Nadim et al. (2012) evaluating the result of an experiment and concluded crop growth rate refers

to the dry matter production in a unit of time. Various factors including temperature; solar

radiation and age of cultivar and water/nutrient supply affect the CGR. The data exhibited that

application of micronutrients had no significant effect on crop growth rate.

2.2.5 Relative Growth Rate (RGR)

Jeffrey et al. (2005) observed that the relative growth rate of winter wheat crops is high. In all of

treatment compounds, RGR decrease during plant growth and reached to a zero at 185-195 days

after planting, and it reached into negative after these days until harvesting time. The reason of

decreasing in RGR at the final stage can be related to increasing of the dead and woody tissues

comparing to the alive and active texture.

18

Robertson and Giunta (1994) reported that relative growth rate of plants depends on

environmental factors and genetic characteristics. Changes in the relative growth rate of plant

photosynthesis and respiration changes with time, and thus, increasing the amount of plant

respiration at the end of the period is negative.

Karimi and Siddique (1991) reported that variation in relative growth rate during the growth

period is decreased, so that the high growth rate in the early period and then decreases.

2.3 Effect of irrigation

In Bangladesh generally, wheat is grown during Rabi (winter) season and it is dry and as such,

the inadequate soil moisture in this season limits the use of fertilizers, and consequently results in

decreased growth of wheat. So, Irrigation is the most important agronomic factor that affects the

growth and development of plants. Research works done at home and abroad showed that

irrigation at optimum time greatly influences growth of wheat. Some of the pertinent literatures

regarding effect of irrigation level in home and abroad have been presented below-

2.3.1 Plant height

Islam et al. (2011) conducted an experiment at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)

farm, Mymensingh during rabi season of 2007-2008 to observe the effects of tillage and

irrigation on the growth and yield of wheat (cv. Shatabdi) in a split plot design with tillage

operation in the main plot and irrigation level in the sub-plot. The irrigation treatments were I0

=

no irrigation, I1= one irrigation, I

2 = two irrigation and I

3 = three irrigation. In case of irrigation

practices, the tallest plant (86.57 cm) was found in I3

and the shortest plant (74.53 cm) was found

under the treatment Io.

The effect of compensation irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in

Henan province was studied by Wu et al. (2011) and found that the effect of irrigation on plant

height, the combinative treatment of irrigation in the former stage and medium irrigation

compensation in the latter were better. The wheat yield was increased by 2.54%-13.61%

compared to control and the treatments, irrigation of 900 m3/ha at the elongation stage and of

19

450 m3/ha at the booting stage or separate irrigation of 900 m

3/ha at the two stage were the

highest.

Badaruddin et al. (2010) conducted a study to determine effect of different irrigation levels on

growth of different wheat genotypes in the province of Sindh. The trial was laid out in split block

design at Wheat Research Institute, Sindh, Sakrand, in which four irrigation treatments I1

(irrigation at crown root, booting and soft dough stage), I2 (irrigation at crown root, tillering,

booting and soft dough stage), I3 (irrigation at crown root, tillering, booting, anthesis and soft

dough stage) and I4 (irrigation at crown root, tillering, booting, anthesis, soft dough and hard

dough stage) were in blocks and six wheat genotypes; V–7001, V–7002, V–7004, NARC–9 and

CO–9043 and Abadgar–93 were planted. Number of irrigation did not have any significant effect

on plant height, whereas plant height was affected significantly in different cultivars.

Wang et al. (2009) conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of different irrigation

and N supply levels on spring wheat growth characteristics, water consumption and grain yield

on recently reclaimed sandy farmlands with an accurate management system with irrigation

regimes [0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 estimated wheat evapotranspiration (ET)] and N fertilizer application

rates as the main-plot and split-plot respectively. Under the experimental conditions, irrigation

and N has relative low effects on plant height.

Kabir et al. (2009) carried out a field experiment in Bangladesh to determine the effect of seed

rate and irrigation level on the performance of wheat cv. Gourab. The experiment comprises of

two factors namely (1) four seed rate viz. 100, 120, 140 and 160 kg ha-1

and (2) four levels of

irrigation namely (i) no irrigation i.e. control, (ii) one irrigation given at Crown root initiation

(CRI) stage, (iii) two irrigations given at CRI and Panicle initiation stages and (iv) three

irrigation given at CRI, panicle initiation and grain filling stages. The tallest plant (82.33 cm)

was obtained by one irrigation given at crown root initiation (CRI) stage and the shortest plant

(77.07 cm) was obtained without irrigation.

Ali and Amin (2004) conducted a field experiment at the crop Botany Field Laboratory,

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during Rabi season to investigate the effect of

irrigation frequencies on the growth and yield attributes of wheat cultivar „Shatabdi‟. Irrigation

treatment were given as T0 = no irrigation (control), T1= one irrigation at 21 DAS, T2 = two

20

irrigation at 21 DAS and 45 DAS, T3 = three irrigation at 21 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS and T4 =

four irrigation at 21 DAS, 45 DAS, 60 DAS and 75 DAS. The experiment laid out in randomizes

block design where each treatment was replicated three times. Two irrigation at 21 and 45 DAS

significantly enhance the plant height.

Wang et al. (2002) conducted a pot experiment in a green house to study the effects of water

deficit and irrigation at different growing stages of winter wheat and observed that water

deficiency retarded plant growth.

Gupta et al. (2001) reported that plant height decreased to a greater extent when water stress was

imposed at the anthesis stage while imposition of water stress at booting stage caused a greater

reduction in plant height. Among the yield attributes plant height were positively correlated with

grain and biological yield irrigation at the anthesis stage.

Basunia (2000) reported that the plant height of wheat was significantly changed by the impact

of tillage and irrigation practices. The plant height ranged from 78.16 cm to 83.21 cm. The

highest plant height 83.21 cm was recorded in T3

and the lowest plant height 78.16 cm was

recorded in T1

treatment respectively. In case of irrigation practices, the tallest plant (86.57 cm)

was found in I3

and the shortest plant (74.53 cm) was found under the treatment Io. The result

was also supported by Abodorrahmani et al. (2005). The interaction effect of tillage and

irrigation showed non- significant effects on plant height.

Islam (1997) reported that plant height increased with increasing number of irrigations. The

maximum plant height was obtained by three irrigations applied at 25, 50 and 70 days after

sowing.


Field trials were conducted by Malik et al. (2010) to estimate the effect of number of irrigations

on yield of wheat crop in the semi arid area of Pakistan. The study comprised three treatments

including four irrigations (T1) at crown root development, booting, milking and grain

development; five irrigations (T2) at crown root development, tillering, milking, grain

development and dough stage and six irrigations (T3) at crown root development, tillering,

21

milking, grain development, dough stage and at maturity. The results revealed that yield

contributing parameters were significantly higher when crop was irrigated with five irrigations

(T2), while number of tillers m-2

were not affected significantly.

Kabir et al. (2009) carried out a field experiment in Bangladesh to determine the effect of seed

rate and irrigation level on the performance of wheat cv. Gourab was studied. The experiment

comprised two factors namely (1) four seed rate viz. 100, 120, 140 and 160 kg ha-1

and (2) four

levels of irrigation namely (i) no irrigation i.e. control, (ii) one irrigation given at Crown root

initiation (CRI) stage, (iii) two irrigations given at CRI and Panicle initiation stages and (iv)

three irrigation given at CRI, panicle initiation and grain filling stages. The highest number of

total tillers plant-1

(9.07) was recorded by two irrigations given at CRI and panicle initiation stage

which was statistically identical with one irrigation given at CRI stage and the lowest (8.18)

observed when no irrigation was given. The highest effective tillers plant-1

(3.31) was obtained

by one irrigation applied was at CRI stage which is statistically similar to two irrigations applied

at CRI and panicle initiation stages, the lowest (2.43) was recorded when no irrigation was

applied. The highest number of non-effective tillers plant-1

(1.42) was obtained by no irrigation

application and the lowest (0.61) was found in one irrigation applied at CRI stage.

Mohammad et al. (2007) reported that effect of irrigation schedule on number of tiller per plant

further analysis by using DMR test shows that plots irrigated at three weeks interval had highest

number of tillers (17.66) and it was significantly different from plots irrigated after four, five and

six weeks interval, respectively. It is clear from the results that abundant moisture favored

increased tillering that is why lowest number of tillers was recorded from plots irrigated at six

week interval.

Zhai et al. (2003) conducted a pot experiment with winter wheat to determine water stress on the

growth, yield contributing characters and yield of wheat and they reported that water stress

significantly inhibited the number of tillers of winter wheat.

Gupta et al. (2001) reported that number of tillers decreased to a greater extent when water stress

was imposed at the anthesis stage while imposition of water stress at booting stage caused a

22

greater reduction in number of tillers. Among the yield attributes number of tillers were

positively correlated with grain and biological yield irrigation at the anthesis stage.

Islam et al. (2000) reported that the highest number of effective tillers plant-1

(3.6) was obtained

at control with no irrigation. The highest spike length (9.39) was found at two irrigation

treatment.

Hefni et al. (2000) reported that irrigation plays a positive role in increasing the number of

tillers, ear plant-1

and grain of wheat. Ear length and number of grains reduced significantly if

irrigation is stopped at tillering and booting stages of wheat.


Dong Hao et al. (2013) taking high yield winter wheat cultivar „Jimai 22‟ as test material, a field

experiment was conducted in 2008-2010 to study the effects of different irrigation and planting

modes on the water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution of

winter wheat. Three planting patterns (uniform row, wide-narrow row, and furrow) and four

irrigation schedules (no irrigation, W0; irrigation at jointing stage, W1; irrigation at jointing and

anthesis stages, W2; and irrigation at jointing, anthesis, and milking stages, W3; with 60 mm per

irrigation) were installed. With increasing amount of irrigation, the total water consumption and

the ratio of irrigation water to total water consumption under different planting patterns all

increased, while the soil water consumption and its ratio to total water consumption decreased

significantly. As compared with W0, the other three irrigation schedules had a higher dry matter

accumulation after anthesis and a higher grain yield, but a lower water use efficiency (WUE).

Under the same irrigation schedules, furrow pattern had higher water consumption ratio, grain

yield, and WUE. Taking the grain yield and WUE into consideration, furrow pattern combined

with irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages would be the optimal water saving and planting

modes for the winter wheat production in North China Plain.

El Tahir et al. (2011) reported high dry matter production is an important pre-requisite for high

growth of plant. In his study he observed that dry matter accumulation was sensitive to water

deficit, it was consistently reduced under water stress. The simple linear relationship between dry

matter production and radiation interception break down when water is in short supply. In both

23

seasons dry matter accumulation was consistently greater with shorter irrigation intervals (7, 10

and 14 days) than the longer ones (21 and 28 days). The reduction in dry matter accumulation

may be attributed to unbalanced soil water-air relations that led to reducing the photosynthetic

activity and unbalanced relations between plant hormones and biological processes in the whole

plant organs.

Bhattacharje (2009) conducted an experiment at the experimental site of Sher-e-Bangla

Agricultural University to study the effect of irrigation on growth and yield of different wheat

varieties. The treatments comprised (A) three irrigation levels (i) no irrigation i.e. control, (ii)

one irrigation given at Crown root initiation (CRI) stage, (iii) two irrigations given at CRI and

another at grain filling stage and (B) four varieties (V1 = Bijoy, V2 = Prodip, V3 = Sufi and V4 =

BAW1064). It was observed that the highest dry weight per plant was obtained with two

irrigations. Whereas, significantly the lowest values of were obtained from no irrigation.

Mosaref (2009) conducted an experiment at the experimental site of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural

University to study the growth and yield of wheat as influenced by time of irrigation and split

application of nitrogen. The treatments comprised (A) three irrigation levels (i) no irrigation i.e.

control, (ii) one irrigation given at Crown root initiation (CRI) stage, (iii) two irrigations given at

CRI (18 DAS) and another at penicle initiation stage (55 DAS) and (B) four split application of

nitrogen .It was observed that the dry weight per plant were obtained with the application of

irrigation and nitrogen.

Pal and Upasani (2007) conducted a field experiment in India to determine the effects of

irrigation on growth and yield of wheat cv. HD2285. The treatment comprised different

irrigation frequency (2, 3 or 4 times) carried out during critical growth stages (at CRI and

maximum tillering, booting and milking).Wheat plants which receive 4 irrigation at CRI and

maximum tillering, booting and milking stages recorded the heights growth of plants. Non –

irrigation at heights tillering stage caused the highest growth reduction, followed by water stress

at the milking booting, crown root initiation stages. Reduction in the values of spike dry matter

accumulation, grain growth rate and duration was also observed with the non-irrigation during

maximum tillering; milking booting stage, indicate that these stages are critical with respect to

the water requirements of late sown wheat.

24

Zhan-Jiang Han et al. (2007) studied to optimize irrigation scheme for high yield and high water

use efficiency (WUE) in wheat, on the basis of Jimai 22, a representative cultivar in production.

Water shortage is a serious problem threatening sustainable development of agriculture in the

North China Plain, where winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water-consuming

crop. In the field experiments conducted in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons, unfixed

amount of water was supplied at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages to adjust the soil moisture

into a controlled ladder. For example, the relative soil moisture contents in the W0 treatment

were 80% at sowing, 65% at jointing, and 65% at anthesis; in the W1 treatment, they were 80%,

70%, and 70%, respectively; analogically, they were 80%, 80%, and 80% in the W2 treatment

and 90%, 80%, and 80% in the W3 treatment. These results showed that the amount of dry matter

accumulation at maturity was the lowest in the W0 treatment and the highest in the W1 treatment.

The grain dry matter ratio was significantly higher in W1 than in W2 and W3. After anthesis, the

dry matters in vegetative organs began to drain into grains, and the translocation amount and

ratio were both ranked as W0 > W3 > W2 > W1, and the contribution of dry matter accumulation

to grains was ranked as W1 > W2 > W3 > W0. Under the W1 condition, the filling rate and net

photosynthetic rate maintained a relatively high level at the end of filling stage, which was

favorable for increasing accumulation and distribution ratio of dry matter and grain weight at

maturity. The WUE was higher in W0 than in other treatments.

Ashok and Sharma (2004) conducted field trails in the winter seasons of 1990-91 at Karnal,

Haryana, India, where wheat cv. HD-2285 was irrigated at IW: CPE ratios or 0.6, 0.9 or 1.2. It

observed that the irrigation treatments increased dry matter accumulation.

Panda et al. (2003) reported a study to determine an efficient strategy for management of

irrigation water in case of wheat crop under water stressed conditions in a sub-tropical sub-

humid region. Field experiments were conducted on wheat crop over a period of three years with

five different irrigation treatments. Layer-wise soil moisture status was continuously monitored

to determine the crop water extraction pattern and thereby the irrigation management depth.

Irrigation treatments consisted of different levels of depletion of available soil water. The five

levels of depletions considered in the study were 10%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%. CERES- wheat

growth simulation model was calibrated, validated and used for decision-making. In CERES-

wheat models the potential dry matter production is a linear function of intercepted photo

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875278009600407

25

synthetically active radiation (PAR). The percentage of incoming PAR intercepted by the canopy

is an exponential function of leaf area index (LAI). The actual rate of dry matter production is

usually less than the potential rate due to the effects of non-optimal temperature or water stress.

Water stress reduces dry matter production rates below the potential whenever crop extraction of

soil water falls below the potential transpiration rate calculated for the crop.

Pal et al. (2000) conducted an experiment during winter season of 1995-97 at Ranchi on sandy-

loam soil in randomized block design to study the effect of irrigation on dry-matter partitioning

and yield of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.emend). Treatment consisted of 11 irrigation

schedules based on frequency and critical growth stages, viz 4 irrigations at (i) crown root

initiation + maximum tillering + boot + milk; 3 irrigations at (ii) crown-root initiation +

maximum tillering + boot; (iii) crown-root initiation + boot + milk; (iv) crown-root initiation +

maximum tillering + milk; (v) maximum tillering + boot+ milk and 2 irrigations at (vi) crown-

root initiation + maximum tillering; (vii) crown-root initiation + boot; (viii) crown-root initiation

+ milk; (ix) maximum tillering + boot; (x) maximum tillering + milk and (xi) boot + milk. Wheat

with 4 irrigations gave 27.2 and 64.5 % more grain yield than the crop with 3 (2128 kg/ha) and 2

(1646 kg/ha) irrigations respectively.Water-stress at maximum tillering and milk stages

drastically reduced the grain yield by 34.7 and 25.9 % respectively compared with the crop with

4 irrigations (2707 kg/ha). Similarly crop with4 irrigations accumulated 60.2 % of total dry-

matter (1089 g/m2) in spike, 34.9% in stem and only 5% in the leaves at maturity. Moisture stress

at maximum tillering caused maximum reduction in total dry-matter production (23.8 %) as well

as spike dry-matter partitioning by approximately 4%.

2.3.4 Crop growth rate

Beadle (1987) concluded that the maximum and the minimum CGR was related to irrigation one

and irrigation four, respectively. In the early stages due to the complete absence of vegetation

and low percentage of light absorption is lower, but with the rapid increase in the rate of plant

growth that occurs, because the level of developed leaves and thus absorption of solar radiation

increases.

26

Karim (2011) reported that crop growth rate (CGR) for the varieties was slower during early

vegetative phase of the crop due to lower temperature; thereafter it increased sharply. Cultivar

Inqlab–91 had significantly greater mean CGR (12.31 g m-2

d-1

) than that of Uqab-2000 (11.60 g

m-2

d-1

) at final harvest. On an average, CGR for cultivars ranged from 12 g m-2

d-1

to

39 g m-2

d-1

. Moisture stress at different crop growth stages affected CGR differently. Fully

irrigated crops (T0) indicated significantly greater CGR than other crops throughout the season.

Nevertheless, the crops which were stressed only at the anthesis stage (T2) have shown

statistically similar results. At final harvest, the average CGR values for T0, T2, and T3 were

12.58, 11.48, 12.28, and 11.47 g m-2

d-1

, respectively. Interaction between the cultivars and

different level of water stress remained non-significant throughout the season.

2.3.5 Relative growth rate

Lalonde et al. (1997) reported that Irrigation effects on relative growth rate (RGR) of grain. The

reason for higher prematurity of grains in the I0 plants might be due to the water shortage during

the three or four weeks after flowering and water stress along with high temperature at the grain

developing stages resulted in decreasing RGR of grain.

Ghulam (2011) conduced an field experiment in at Students Farm, Department of Agronomy,

Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan, located at 48o25‟60‟ N 68

o31‟ 60 E during

2007-2008 and 2008-2009. In his study, wheat irrigated 5 times, significantly had maximum

tillers, spike length, grains spike-1, grain weight spike-1, seed index, biological yield, grain

yield, harvest index, dry matter, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative crop growth rate, N

uptake, P uptake and K uptake. Application of 5 irrigations also recorded early maturity, higher

relative growth rate. Further increase in irrigation frequency had non-significant response on

these crop traits.

27

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

(SAU), Dhaka-1207, during the period of November 18, 2012 to March 30, 2013. Materials used

and methodologies followed in the present investigation have been described in this chapter.

3.1 Description of the experimental site

3.1.1 Location

The experiment was conducted in the Agronomy Field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

(SAU), Dhaka-1207 during the period of November 19, 2012 to March 30, 2013 to study the

interaction effect of different wheat varieties, sowing time and irrigation on growth of wheat.

The experimental field is located at 23041´ N latitude and 90

o 22´ E longitude at a height of

8.6 m above the sea level belonging to the Agro-ecological Zone “AEZ-28” of Madhupur Tract

(BBS, 2013). The location of the experimental site has been shown in Appendix I.

3.1.2 Soil

The soil of the research field is slightly acidic in reaction with low organic matter content. The

selected plot was above flood level and sufficient sunshine was available having available

irrigation and drainage system during the experimental period. Soil samples from 0-15 cm depths

were collected from experimental field. The analyses were done from Soil Resources

Development Institute (SRDI), Dhaka. The experimental plot was also high land, having pH 5.8.

The physicochemical property and nutrient status of soil of the experimental plots are given in

Appendix IIIA and IIIB.

3.1.3 Climate

The experimental field was situated under sub-tropical climate; usually the rainfall is heavy

during Kharif season, (April to September) and scanty in Rabi season (October to March). In

Rabi season temperature is generally low and there is plenty of sunshine. The temperature tends

to increase from February as the season proceeds towards kharif. Rainfall was almost nil during

the period from November 2012 to March 2013 and scanty from February to March. The

monthly total rainfall, average temperature during the study period (November to March) has

been presented in Appendix IV.

28

3.1.4 Experimental Set up

Different wheat varieties were the test variety of the experiment. All the varieties were

developed by the Wheat Research Centre, Nashipur and Dinajpur under Bangladesh Agricultural

Research institute (BARI), Gazipur. Average plant height of these varieties ranged from 95 to

100 cm. Average yield of these varieties was 3.6 to 5.0 t ha-1

. All the varieties require about 112

days for completing its life cycle.

3.2 Crop

The test crop was wheat (Triticum aestivum). Four wheat varieties were used as test crop and

were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur.

3.3 Treatments

The experiment consisted of three factors and those were the wheat genotypes and different

sowing time and irrigation. Four wheat genotypes, three different sowing times and two

irrigations were used under the present study. The treatments of the experiment were as follows:

Factor A: Four wheat varieties

1. V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi)

2. V2 = BARI Gom 25

3. V3 = BARI Gom 26

4. V4 = BARI Gom 27

Factor B: Three sowing times

1. S1 = 1st sowing (18 November)

2. S2 = 2nd

sowing (03 December)

3. S3 = 3rd

sowing (19 December)

Factor C: Two irrigations

1. I0 = No irrigation

2. I = Irrigation

29

3.4 Details of the field operation

3.4.1 Land preparation

Repeated ploughing with power tiller and country plough was done on 9 November and final

land was prepared on 16 November, 2012. Ploughing was followed by laddering in order to

break clods as well as level the land. All weeds, stubbles and crop residues were removed from

the experimental field. The layout of the experiment was done as per statistical design.

3.4.2 Experimental design

The experiment was laid out in a Split split plot design with three replications. The experimental

unit was divided into three blocks each of which representing a replication. Each block was

divided into 2 main plots in which irrigation were applied. Each main plot was further divided

into 3 unit plots or sub-plots where different sowing date was assigned and each sub plot was

divided into 4 sub sub plots where different varieties were ransdomly distributed. There were

altogether 72 (3234) unit plots, each plot measuring 3 m 1.5 m. Inter-block and inter-plot

spacing were 1m and 0.5 m, respectively. Number of lines in each plot was 05 and line to line

distance was 20 cm.

3.4.3 Fertilizer application

The following doses of manure and fertilizers were used:

Urea : 120 kg ha-1

TSP : 180 kg ha-1

MoP : 55 kg ha-1

Gypsum : 110 kg ha-1

Total Urea was spilited into 2 doses which first dose was applied at sowing time and second dose

at 21 DAS (CRI). The whole amount of triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP),

and gypsum was incorporated in each plot at the time of final land preparation.

30

3.4.4 Collection and Sowing of seeds

As per treatment seeds of different wheat varieties were collected from wheat research centre,

Nashipur, Dinajpur under Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, and

Gazipur. At a good tilth condition, furrows were made with hand rakes for sowing. Before

sowing, seeds were treated with Provax 200-Ec @ 2.5 g powder for kg-1

seed. Seeds were sown

continuously in line on 1st sowing, 18 November 2012 @ 120 kg ha-1

. The line to line distance

was maintained 30 cm. After sowing, the seeds were covered with soil and lightly pressed by

hand. Two guards were appointed from early morning to evening to protect the wheat seeds from

birds. Two others sowings were done on 03 December and 19 December respectively at the same

way of 1st sowing.

3.4.5 Intercultural operations

Intercultural operations were done to ensure normal growth of the crop. The following

intercultural operations were followed:

3.4.5.1 Irrigation

Two levels of irrigation (non irrigated and irrigated) treatment were applied . In irrigated plots

three irrigations were applied, the first irrigation after 30 days of sowing at crown root initiation

(CRI), the second after 45 days at heading stage and the third irrigation after 62 days at grain

filling stage.

3.4.5.2 Weeding

Weeding was done twice during the whole growing period, the first weeding after 20 days of

sowing and the second other after 40 days of sowing. During the irrigation care was taken so that

water could not flow from one plot to another or overflow the boundary of the plot. Excess water

of the field was drained out.

3.4.5.3 Insect and pest control

The crop was attacked by different kinds of insects (cereal aphid and grass hopper) during the

growing period. The experimental plots were sprayed at 35 days with appropriate insecticides to

control the insects. Insecticide was applied to the plots after irrigation at afternoon. Two guards

were appointed to protect the wheat grain from birds especially pigeons from mid February to

harvest.

31

3.4.5.4 General Observation of experimental field

The plots under experiment were frequently observed to notice any change in plant growth ,

other charcters were noted down immediately to make necessary measures.

3.4.6 Harvesting and sampling

The crop was harvested at different dates on the basis of sowing time. 1st sowing on 12 March

2013, 2nd

sowing 24 March 2013 and 3rd

sowing on 30 March 2013. Samples were collected

from different places of each plot leaving undisturbed two-meter square in the centre. The crop

was cut at the ground level. The selected sample plants were then harvested, bundled, tagged and

carefully carried to the threshing floor in order to collect the data. For recording yield

components data, ten plants from each plot were collected randomly. Threshing, cleaning and

drying of grains were done separately for each treatment. Properly dried grain and straw were

weighed and converted in to t ha-1

basis.

3.5 Data collection

Data were collected on the following growth components:

1. Plant height from 15 DAS to harvest (cm)

2. Number of tillers plant-1

3. Number of leaves plant-1

4. Leaf area index (LAI)

5. Individual grain weight (g)

6. Individual husk weight (g)

7. Dry matter weight plant-1

(g)

8. Crop growth rate (CGR) (g m-2

d-1

)

9. Relative growth rate (RGR) (g g-1

d-1

)

3.5.1 Plant height (cm)

The plant height was measured from the ground level to top of the plant at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and

90 DAS. From each plot, plants of 10 plants were measured and averaged. The mean plant height

was determined in cm.

32


Ten plants were selected from each plot randomly. The number of total tillers from 10 plants was

counted and averaged then to have number of tillers plant-1

.

3.5.3 Number of leaves plant-1

To count the total number of leaves plant-1

, ten plants were collected randomly from each plot

leaf number was counted and then averaged to number of leaves plant-1

.

3.5.4 Leaf area index (LAI)

Leaf area index was estimated measuring the length and width of leaf and multiplying by a factor

0.75 as suggested by Yoshida (1981).

3.5.5 Individual grain weight

The individual grain weight was monitored picking 20 seeds from different spikes randomly.

Each spikelet were dried and then weighed carefully. Weight of 20 grain was averased and the

individual grain weight was determined and expressed as g.

3.5.6 Individual husk weight

Like individual grain weight, dry weight of husk of 20 grain was averased and the individual

husk weight was determined and expressed as g.

3.5.7 Dry weight plant-1

With the help of hand weeder (nirani) 10 plants were uprooted and cleaned with water. Plants

were oven dried at 80ºC for 72 hours until a constant weight was obtained. The dry weight of

plants were recorded in gram and converted into dry weight plant-1

. The data were collected at

30, 60 and 90 DAS and at harvest.

33

3.5.8 Crop growth rate (CGR) g/m2/day

The dry matter accumulation of the crop per unit land area in unit of time is referred to as growth

rate (CGR). The CGR was determined in g/m2/day. The mean CGR value for the crop during the

sampling intervals has been computed by using the formula.

daymgttGA

WWCGR //

)(

2

12

12

Where,

GA= Ground area occupied by the plant at each sampling

W1 and W2 are the total dry matter production in grams at the time t1 and t2 respectively.

CGR values were calculated for the period of 30-50 and 50 DAS to harvest (crop duration).

3.5.9 Relative growth rate (RGR) g/g/day

The relative growth rate at which a plant incorporates new material into its sink is measured by

“Relative Growth Rate” of dry matter accumulation and is expressed in g/g/day. Relative Growth

Rate was worked out by the following formula.

Where,

W1 and W2 are initial and final dry matter weight at the time T1 and T2 respectively. Ln refers to

Natural Logarithm.

3.5.10 Statistical analysis

The collected data on each plot were statistically analyzed to obtain the level of significance

using the computer based software MSTAT-C developed by Russel (1986). Mean difference

among the treatments were tested with the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of

significance.

11

12

12

dgg

TT

WLWLRGR nn

34

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter comprised with presentation and discussion of the results obtained from the study to

observe the effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on the growth of wheat plants. The

effects of sowing time, varieties and irrigation and their interaction on growth contributing

characters have been presented in Tables and Figures. Summary of mean square values at

different parameters are also given at appendices from IV to XII.

4.1. Plant height (cm)

4.1.1 Effect of variety

Plant heights of all the varieties increased gradually with the advancement of growth stages up to

15 DAS. Across the varieties, plant height ranged from 18.29 to 18.75, 25.44 to 26.75, 40.31 to

46.51, 64.94 to 74.77, 87.18 to 90.33 and 86.28 to 91.29 cm at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

respectively (Figure 1). The variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) produced the tallest plant

height (46.51, 74.77, 90.33 and 91.29 cm at 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively) which was

superior to all other varieties. On the other hand, the variety BARI Gom 27 (V4) produced the

dwarf plant stature from 45 DAS to 90 DAS (40.31, 64.93, 87.18 and 86.28 cm at 45, 60, 75 and

90 DAS respectively). The results obtained from the present study were inconformity with the

findings of Tariq (2010), Rahman et al. (2009) and Mehmet and Telat (2006).

35

Here: V1= BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2= BARI Gom 25, V3= BARI Gom 26 and V4= BARI Gom 27

Fig. 1: Effect on plant height (cm) as influenced by four improved varieties of wheat at

different growth stages (LSD0.05 = 2.32, 5.01, 8.38, 10.07, 7.20 and 12.00 at 15, 30,

45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively)

4. 1. 2 Effect of sowing time

Statistically significant variation was found for plant height of wheat at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS was due to different sowing date (Figure 2). At 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, the tallest

plant as 21.01, 29.36, 51.72, 76.04, 92.40 and 92.54 cm were observed from S1 treatment, which

were statistically similar to corresponding values, viz., 20.05, 28.17, 45.57, 72.32, 91.15 and

90.78 cm obtained in S2 and the shortest plants eg. 14.82, 21.40, 37.46, 65.72, 81.93 and 83.19

cm at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively at the corresponding growth stages were

recorded from S3. Seeds sowing at November 18 ensured the tallest plant than early and delay

sowing of seeds. BARI (1984) and Qasim et al. (2005) reported the tallest plant sown on 20

November and the shortest with 30 December sowing.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100P

lan

t h

eig

ht

(cm

)

BARI gom 21 BARI gom 25 BARI gom 26 BARI gom 27

15 30 45 60 75 90

Days After Sowing (DAS)

36

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pla

nt

he

igh

t (c

m)

S1 S2 S3

15 30 45 60 75 90


Here: S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing

Fig. 2: Effect on plant height (cm) as influenced by different sowing time on growth of

improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 2.40, 4.11, 7.69, 6.62, 6.75 and 6.53 at 15, 30, 45,

60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively).

4. 1. 3 Effect of irrigation

Plant height of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to different levels of irrigation

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS under the present trial (Figure 3). The tallest plant (19.31,

27.66, 47.39, 74.32, 90.52 and 90.84 cm) was recorded from I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

respectively, while the shortest plant (17.94, 24.96, 42.44, 64.40, 86.84 and 86.47 cm) was

observed from I0. Wu et al. (2011) reported plant height increased with increasing number of

irrigations.

37

Here: I0= Control (No irrigation), I = Irrigation

Fig. 3: Effect on plant height (cm) as influenced by irrigation on growth of improved wheat

varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.339, 0.462, 1.263, 1.507, 0.854 and 0.957 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and

90 DAS respectively)

4. 1. 4: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time

Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and sowing date showed significant differences on

plant height of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 1). Results showed that the tallest plant was

obtained from V1S1 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (21.26, 28.93, 55.64, 81.60, 96.39 and

96.85 cm respectively) which was statistically similar to those of the V1S2, V2S1, V2S2, V3S1,

V3S2, V4S1 and V4S2 at 15 and 30 DAS, V2S1, V2S2, V3S1 at 45 DAS and V1S2, V2S2, V3S1 and

V3S2 at 60, 75 and 90 DAS. On the other hand the shortest plant height was obtained from V4S3

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (13.72, 20.28, 34.15, 60.78, 79.67 and 79.75 cm respectively).

0

20

40

60

80

100P

lan

t h

eig

ht

(cm

)

I I0

15 30 45 60 75 90


38

Table 1: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on plant height of wheat

Treatments Plant height (cm) at different days after sowing (DAS)

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS

V1S1 21.26 28.93 55.64 81.60 96.39 96.85

V1S2 20.06 29.51 44.47 74.43 91.83 93.00

V1S3 14.94 21.81 39.44 68.27 82.76 84.02

V2S1 20.38 29.78 53.37 76.14 89.49 90.10

V2S2 20.23 28.35 47.95 75.28 91.73 90.38

V2S3 15.56 21.07 37.79 66.57 83.22 84.20

V3S1 21.31 29.58 54.16 76.56 92.36 92.22

V3S2 19.83 27.94 46.79 75.42 90.53 91.67

V3S3 15.06 22.43 38.47 67.25 82.06 84.81

V4S1 21.07 29.18 43.70 69.85 91.35 91.02

V4S2 20.08 26.86 43.07 64.15 90.53 88.07

V4S3 13.72 20.28 34.15 60.78 79.67 79.75

LSD (0.05) 2.40 1.99 11.43 7.96 9.26 5.85

CV (%) 3.74% 3.61% 5.78% 4.34% 1.98% 2.21%

Here: V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2 = BARI Gom 25, V3 = BARI Gom 26 and V4 = BARI Gom 27;

S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing

4. 1. 5: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation

Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on

plant height of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 2). Results showed that the tallest plant was

obtained from V1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (19.84, 28.71, 49.85, 78.35, 92.56 and 94.26

cm respectively) which was statistically similar to those of the V3I at all sampling dates. On the

other hand the shortest plant height was obtained from V4I0 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

(17.76, 24.34, 37.99, 62.25, 85.28 and 84.91 cm respectively) which was statistically similar

with V1I0, V2I0 and V3I0 at 15, 30, 75 and 90 DAS in this respect.

39

Table 2: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on plant height of wheat



V1I 19.84 28.71 49.85 78.35 92.56 94.26

V1I0 17.67 24.79 43.18 71.18 88.10 88.31

V2I 19.31 27.62 48.40 74.94 90.06 90.07

V2I0 18.13 25.18 44.34 70.38 86.23 86.38

V3I 19.27 27.77 48.70 76.36 90.35 91.39

V3I0 18.20 25.53 44.24 69.79 86.28 87.74

V4I 18.82 26.53 42.63 67.61 89.09 87.64

V4I0 17.76 24.34 37.99 62.25 85.28 84.91

LSD (0.05) 1.18 1.59 4.37 5.22 2.96 3.31

CV (%) 3.74% 3.61% 5.78% 4.34% 1.98% 2.21%


I= irrigation and I0= no irrigation

4. 1. 6: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation

Interaction effect of different levels of irrigation and sowing date showed significant differences

on plant height of wheat at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (Table 3). At 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS, the tallest plants as 21.52, 30.48, 53.45, 77.87, 94.10 and 94.01 cm, respectively were

observed from S1 I which was statistically similar with S2 I at 15, 30, 60, 75 and 90 DAS while

the shortest plant height as 13.97, 19.80, 33.66, 61.31, 78.95 and 80.16 cm respectively were

recorded from S3I0.

Table 3: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on plant height of wheat



S1 I 21.52 30.48 53.45 77.87 94.10 94.01

S1 I0 20.49 28.25 49.99 74.21 90.70 91.08

S2 I 20.74 29.50 47.47 74.96 92.55 92.29

S2 I0 19.36 26.83 43.67 69.68 89.76 89.27

S3 I 15.67 23.00 41.26 70.12 84.90 86.23

S3 I0 13.97 19.80 33.66 61.31 78.95 80.16

LSD (0.05) 1.175 1.599 4.373 5.220 2.957 3.314

CV (%) 3.74% 3.61% 5.78% 4.34% 1.98% 2.21% Here: S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I= irrigation and I0= no irrigation.

40

4. 1. 7: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation

Interaction effect of improved wheat variety, sowing date and irrigation showed significant

differences on plant height of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 4). Results showed that the

tallest plant was obtained from V1S1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (21.95, 30.50, 57.26,

84.04, 98.68 and 96.95 cm respectively) which was statistically similar with V1S2I, V2S1I, V2S2I,

V3S1I and V4S1I at 15, 30 and 45 DAS in this respect. On the other hand the shortest plant height

was obtained from V4S3I0 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (13.11, 18.87, 30.91, 57.56, 76.56

and 76.72 cm respectively) which was statistically similar to V3S3I0 at 30, 45, and 60 DAS in this

respect.

Table 4: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on plant height of wheat



V1S1I 21.95 30.50 57.26 84.04 98.68 98.95

V1S1I0 20.57 27.36 54.02 79.16 94.11 94.74

V1S2I 20.89 31.23 47.97 78.24 92.73 95.72

V1S2I0 19.23 27.78 40.98 70.61 90.93 90.27

V1S3I 16.67 24.39 44.31 72.77 86.26 88.11

V1S3I0 13.22 19.23 34.56 63.77 79.26 79.92

V2S1I 20.98 30.56 54.66 77.36 90.68 91.84

V2S1I0 19.79 29.00 52.08 74.91 88.30 88.35

V2S2I 20.95 29.70 50.21 76.78 93.18 91.87

V2S2I0 19.50 27.00 45.68 73.78 90.28 88.89

V2S3I 16.00 22.61 40.33 70.69 86.33 86.51

V2S3I0 15.11 19.53 35.25 62.46 80.11 81.89

V3S1I 21.69 30.55 55.01 77.71 93.91 93.76

V3S1I0 20.93 28.60 53.31 75.41 90.81 90.68

V3S2I 20.46 29.44 48.08 78.35 92.92 92.89

V3S2I0 19.21 26.44 45.51 72.49 88.13 90.44

V3S3I 15.67 23.31 43.02 73.02 84.22 87.51

V3S3I0 14.44 21.55 33.91 61.48 79.89 82.11

V4S1I 21.46 30.30 46.87 72.37 93.14 91.49

V4S1I0 20.68 28.06 40.53 67.34 89.57 90.55

V4S2I 20.67 27.61 43.62 66.46 91.35 88.67

V4S2I0 19.50 26.11 42.52 61.84 89.71 87.47

V4S3I 14.33 21.69 37.39 64.00 82.78 82.77 V4S3I0 13.11 18.87 30.91 57.56 76.56 76.72 LSD (0.05) 1.18 1.59 4.37 5.22 2.96 3.31

CV (%) 3.74% 3.61% 5.78% 4.34% 1.98% 2.21%


S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I= irrigation and I0= no irrigation.

41

4.2: Number of tillers plant-1

4.2.1: Effect of variety

Across the varieties, number of tillers ranged from 0.24 to 0.44, 2.39 to 2.89, 4.93 to 6.09, 4.49

to 5.57, 4.37 to 5.17 and 4.11 to 4.89 plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively

(Figure 4). Number of tillers increased rapidly up to 45 DAS and thereafter declined up to

maturity. Declining tillers after 45 DAS may be attributed to inter tiller competition for

resources, probably compensation of the late produced ones for the early produced ones. The

result revealed that the effect of variety on number of tillers plant-1

was non significant at all

growth stages. Different varieties showed different number of tillers plant-1

at different growth

stages. The variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) produced the maximum number of tillers

plant-1

(0.44, 2.89, 5.57, 5.17 and 4.89 at 15, 30, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively) which was

similar with the variety BARI Gom 26 (V3) at 30 DAS. On the other hand, the variety BARI

Gom 25 (V2) produced the minimum number of tillers plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 DAS

(0.24, 2.39, 4.93, 4.59 and 4.11 respectively) where the variety BARI Ghom 27 (V4) produced

maximum number of tillers at 45 DAS (6.09) and minimum number of tillers at 75 DAS (4.37).

The results obtained from the present study were similar to the findings of Nadim et al. (2012),

Hussain et al. (2010) and Tariq (2010).

Here: V1= BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2= BARI Gom 25, V3= BARI Gom 26 and V4= BARI Gom 27.

Fig. 4: Effect on number of tillers plant-1

as influenced by four improved varieties of wheat

at different growth stages (LSD0.05 = 0.65, 1.12, 2.19, 1.92, 2.55 and 1.53 at 15, 30, 45,


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Nu

mb

er

of

tille

rs p

lan

t-1


15 30 45 60 75 90


42

4.2.2: Effect of sowing time

Number of tillers plant-1

of wheat showed statistically significant variation at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75

and 90 DAS due to different sowing date (Figure 5). At 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, the

highest number of tillers plant-1

as 0.79, 3.055, 6.445, 5.707, 5.972 and 5.291 were found

respectively from S1 which was statistically similar to those of S2 and S3 at 30, 45 and 60 DAS

and the corresponding lowest number such as 0.083, 3.792 and 3.889 were recorded from S3

which was statistically similar to the values of 0.06, 4.333 and 4.057 obtained from S2 at 15, 75

and 90 DAS. Seeds sown at November 18, 2012 ensured the maximum tiller than early and delay

sowing of seeds. BARI (1984) reported that 20 November sowing produced the highest number

of effective tillers plant-1

.



as influenced by sowing time at different growth

stages of wheat plant (LSD0.05 = 0.47, 0.82, 1.83, 2.08, 1.18 and 0.84 at 15, 30, 45, 60,

75 and 90 DAS respectively)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Nu

mb

er

of

tille

rs p

lan

t-1

S1 S2 S3

15 30 45 60 75 90


43

4.2.3: Effect of irrigation

Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of number of tillers plant-1

of wheat at

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS under the present trial (Figure 6). At 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS, the highest number of tillers plant-1

viz. 0.39, 2.98, 6.23, 5.63, 5.15 and 4.77 respectively

were recorded from I, while the lowest number of tillers plant-1

at the corresponding growth

stages were observed with I0. Application of irrigations at crown root initiation stage and pre

flowering stage ensured the optimum vegetative growth of the wheat with highest number of

tillers plant-1

as referred by Meena et al, (1998). Gupta et al. (2001) reported when water stress

was imposed at the booting stage caused a greater reduction in number of tillers.

Here: I0= Control (No urea), I = Irrigation


as influenced by irrigation on growth of improved

wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.06, 0.12, 0.20, 0.25, 0.17 and 0.12 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and


Days after sowing (DAS)

Nu

mb

er o

f ti

ller

s p

lan

t-1

44

4.2.4: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time

Number of tillers plant-1

was significantly influenced by the interaction of variety and sowing

time at different days after sowing (DAS) (Table 5). Results showed that the maximum number

of tillers plant-1

was obtained from V1S1 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (1.112, 3.278, 6.557,

6.665, 7.110 and 6.557 respectively) which was statistically similar with V1S2, V1S3, V2S1, V3S1,

V3S2, V4S1 and V4S2 at 30 DAS and 45 DAS respectively, and V3S1 at 15 DAS and 75 DAS. On

the other hand the minimum number of tillers plant-1

at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS was observed

as 2.167, 4.498, 4.000, 3.943 and 3.610 respectively with V2S3 which was statistically similar

with V3S3 at all stages. But at 15 DAS V1S3 showed minimum number of tillers plant-1

which was

statistically similar with the corresponding values of V2S2, V3S2 and V4S2.

Table 5: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on number of tillers plant-1

of wheat

Treatments Number of tillers plant-1

at different days after sowing (DAS)


V1S1 1.11 3.28 6.56 6.67 7.11 6.56

V1S2 0.22 2.89 5.89 5.67 4.56 4.00

V1S3 0.01 2.50 5.45 4.39 3.83 4.11

V2S1 0.61 2.50 5.50 4.94 5.33 4.61

V2S2 0.01 2.50 4.78 4.83 4.22 4.11

V2S3 0.11 2.17 4.49 4.00 3.94 3.61

V3S1 0.67 3.33 6.67

77

5.06 6.00 5.22

V3S2 0.01 3.00 5.88 4.83 4.45 4.00

V3S3 0.06 2.22 5.00 4.28 3.83 3.78

V4S1 0.72 3.11 7.06 6.17 5.45 4.78

V4S2 0.01 2.72 5.78 6.17 4.11 4.11

V4S3 0.17 2.17 5.45 4.17 3.56 4.06

LSD (0.05) 0.47 0.82 1.83 2.08 1.18 0.84

CV (%) 36.67%

9.31%

7.28%

9.98%

7.39%

5.41%



45

4.2.5: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation


number of tillers plant-1

of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 6). Results showed that the

maximum number of tillers plant-1

was produced from V1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

(0.561, 3.222, 6.446, 6.073, 5.741 and 5.371 respectively) which was statistically similar with

those of V4I at 15 to 60 DAS and V3I at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. On the other hand the lowest

number of tillers plant-1

was obtained from V2I0 at 30, 45 and 90 DAS (2.149, 4.369 and 3.813

respectively) which was statistically similar to the values obtained from V4I0 at 30 DAS. But

V3I0 had lowest number of tillers plant-1

at 15 DAS.

Table 6: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on number of tillers plant-1

of

wheat




V1I 0.56 3.22 6.46 6.07 5.74 5.37

V1I0 0.33 2.56 5.48 5.07 4.59 4.41

V2I 0.29 2.63 5.48 5.05 4.89 4.41

V2I0 0.18 2.15 4.37 4.15 4.11 3.81

V3I 0.33 3.15 6.37 5.42 5.22 4.70

V3I0 0.15 2.56 5.33 4.04 4.29 3.96

V4I 0.37 2.93 6.63 6.00 4.74 4.59

V4I0 0.22 2.41 5.56 4.99 3.99 4.04

LSD (0.05) 0.19 0.42 0.70 0.86 0.59 0.40

CV (%) 36.67%

9.31%

7.28%

9.98%

7.39%

5.41%

Here: V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2 = BARI Gom 25, V3 = BARI Gom 26 and V4 = BARI Gom 27; I=

irrigation and I0= no irrigation

46

4.2.6: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation

Irrigation and sowing date showed significant differences on number of tillers plant-1

of wheat

due to interaction effect at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (Table 7). At 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS, the highest number of tillers plant-1

viz., 0.973, 3.332, 6.972, 6.194, 6.611 and 5.778

respectively were observed from S1I, while the lowest number of tillers plant-1

such as 0.055,

2.00, 4.583, 3.556, 3.527 and 3.611 were recorded from S3I0 treatment combination at the

respective stages. From the results of interaction effect it reveals that irrigation at crown root

initiation stage with the combination of sowing in November 18, 2012 showed better

performance than all other combination of irrigation timing and sowing dates.

Table 7: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on number of tillers plant-1

of

wheat




S1I 0.97 3.33 6.97 6.19 6.61 5.78

S1I0 0.58 2.78 5.92 5.22 5.33 4.80

S2I 0.08 3.08 6.11 5.83 4.78 4.36

S2I0 0.03 2.47 5.06 4.92 3.89 3.75

S3I 0.11 2.53 5.61 4.86 4.06 4.17

S3I0 0.06 2.00 4.58 3.56 3.53 3.61

LSD 0.05) 0.19 0.42 0.71 0.86 0.59 0.40

CV (%) 36.67% 9.31%

7.28%

9.98%

7.39%

5.41%


47

4.2.7: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation


differences on number of tillers plant-1

of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 8). Results showed

that the maximum number of tillers plant-1

was obtained from V1S1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS (1.33, 3.57, 7.11, 7.11, 7.89 and 7.55 respectively) which was statistically similar to those

of the V1S2I, V3S1I and V3S2I at 30 and 45 DAS and V1S1I0, V1S2I and V4S1I at 60 DAS. On the

other hand the minimum number of tillers plant-1

was obtained from V1S3I, V1S3I0, V2S2I0,

V3S2I, V3S2I0, V3S3I0, V4S2I and V4S2I0 at 15 DAS but V2S3I0 at 30 and 45 DAS respectively.

Table 8: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on number of tillers plant-1

of

wheat




V1S1I 1.33 3.57 7.11 7.11 7.89 7.55

V1S1I0 0.89 3.00 6.00 6.22 6.33 5.55

V1S2I 0.33 3.22 6.33 6.22 5.22 4.22

V1S2I0 0.11 2.55 5.44 5.11 3.89 3.78 V1S3I 0.01 2.89 5.89 4.88 4.11 4.33

V1S3I0 0.01 2.11 5.00 3.89 3.55 3.89

V2S1I 0.78 2.77 6.22 5.44 5.77 4.89

V2S1I0 0.44 2.22 4.77 4.44 4.88 4.33 V2S2I 0.01 2.77 5.33 5.33 4.66 4.44

V2S2I0 0.01 2.22 4.22 4.33 3.77 3.78

V2S3I 0.11 2.33 4.88 4.33 4.22 3.89 V2S3I0 0.11 2.00 4.11 3.67 3.66 3.33

V3S1I 0.89 3.66 7.22 5.67 6.78 5.57

V3S1I0 0.45 3.00 6.11 4.44 5.22 4.88

V3S2I 0.01 3.33 6.55 5.22 4.77 4.44

V3S2I0 0.01 2.67 5.22 4.44 4.11 3.57

V3S3I 0.11 2.44 5.33 5.33 4.11 4.11

V3S3I0 0.01 2.00 4.66 3.22 3.55 3.44 V4S1I 0.89 3.33 7.33 6.55 6.00 5.11

V4S1I0 0.57 2.83 6.77 5.77 4.89 4.44

V4S2I 0.02 3.00 6.22 6.57 4.44 4.33 V4S2I0 0.01 2.44 5.33 5.77 3.77 3.89

V4S3I 0.22 2.44 6.33 4.89

3.78 4.33

V4S3I0 0.11 1.89 4.55 3.44 3.33 3.78

LSD (0.05) 0.19 0.42 0.70 0.87 0.58 0.40 CV (%) 3.74% 3.61% 5.78% 4.34% 1.98% 2.21%



48

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Leaf

nu

mb

er

pla

nt-1


15 30 45 60 75 90


4.3 Number of leaves plant-1


Like number of tillers plant-1

, number of leaves plant-1

increased rapidly from 15 to 45 DAS and

thereafter reduced gradually up to 90 DAS. This may be attributed to the compensation of the

early produced leaves for the newly produced ones mobilizing assimilate upward leaves. Across

the varieties number of leaves plant-1

ranged from 2.815 to 2.999, 10.65 to 11.24, 32.74 to 36.04,

24.09 to 27.64, 23.68 to 27.98 and 21.87 to 26.30 at15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively

(Fig. 7). The result relating the effect of variety on number of leaves plant-1

showed non

significant variation at all growth stages except 15 and 30 DAS. Different varieties showed

different number of leaves plant-1

at different growth stages and BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1)

produced the maximum number of leaves plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (2.99, 11.24,

36.04, 27.63, 27.98 and 26.30 respectively). On the other hand, the variety BARI Gom 27 (V4)

produced the minimum number of leaves plant-1

at 15 and 90 DAS (2.815 and 21.87

respectively) but at 30 to 75 DAS the variety BARI Gom 25 produced the minimum number of

leaves plant-1

(10.74, 32.74, 24.09 and 23.68 respectively). It might be due to its varietal

character. Similar finding was observed by Alam et al. (2008).


Fig. 7: Effect on leaf number plant-1

as influenced by four improved varieties of wheat at

different growth stages (LSD0.05 = 0.82, 4.28, 10.95, 9.49, 7.00 and 6.74 at 15, 30, 45,


49


Significant variation was observed on number of leaves plant-1

in case of different sowing date

(Fig. 8). It was found that the maximum number of leaves plant-1

was found with S1 treatment at

all growth stages (3.44, 11.64, 40.28, 30.03, 31.92 and 30.68 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

respectively) which was statistically similar with S2 at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS and S3 at 30 DAS.

On the other hand, the minimum number of leaves plant-1

(2.36, 27.50, 18.79, 20.92 and 16.94 at

15, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively) was found in S3 which was statistically similar with S2

at 15 and 90 DAS.



as influenced by sowing time at different growth stages

of wheat plant (LSD0.05 = 0.49, 1.99, 11.43, 7.96, 9.26 and 5.85 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Leaf

nu

mb

er

pla

nt-1

S1 S2 S3

15 30 45 60 75 90


50


Leaf number plant-1

of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to different levels of

irrigation at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS under the present trial (Figure 9). Wheat plants

showed different number of leaves plant-1

due to irrigation at different growth stages and

produced the significantly maximum number of leaves plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

(3.08, 11.69, 35.59, 27.71, 27.27 and 25.41 respectively) with I. On the other hand, I0 produced

the minimum number of leaves plant-1

from 15 to 90 DAS (2.69, 10.17, 31.73, 23.79, 23.39 and

21.46 respectively).



as influenced by irrigation at different growth stages of

wheat plant (LSD0.05 = 0.06, 0.28, 0.82, 0.95, 1.22 and 0.74 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS respectively)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Leaf

nu

mb

er

pla

nt-1

I I0

15 30 45 60 75 90


51


Number of leaves plant-1

was significantly influenced by the interaction of variety and sowing

time at different days after sowing (DAS) (Table 9). Results showed that the maximum number

of leaves plant-1

was produced from V1S1 at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (12.06, 43.17, 33.78,

36.44 and 37.06 respectively) which was statistically similar with those V1S2, V2S1, V2S2, V3S1,

V3S2, V4S1 and V4S2 at 30, 45 and 60 DAS; and V2S1, V3S1 and V4S1 at 75 DAS. But at 15 DAS,

the maximum number of leaves plant-1

was produced from V3S1 (3.56) which was statistically

similar with V1S1. On the other hand the minimum number of leaves plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75

and 90 DAS was observed (2.28, 9.55, 25.39, 17.94, 22.06 and 15.56 respectively) in V2S3 which

was statistically similar with those of V3S3 at all stage.

Table 9: Interaction effect of sowing time and variety on number of leaves plant-1

of wheat

Treatments Number of leaves plant-1



V1S1 3.39 12.06 43.17 33.78 36.44 37.06

V1S2 3.00 11.00 35.00 29.00 25.89 23.72

V1S3 2.61 10.67 29.94 20.11 21.61 18.11

V2S1 3.50 11.22 39.61 26.39 28.50 28.89 V2S2 2.72 11.44 33.22 27.94 20.50 23.11 V2S3 2.28 9.55 25.39 17.94 22.06 15.56 V3S1 3.56 11.39 38.28 29.61 34.61 29.89

V3S2 2.84 10.39 31.78 27.17 22.06 21.39

V3S3 2.28 10.17 28.89 17.89 19.56 17.83

V4S1 3.33 11.89 40.05 30.33 28.11 26.89

V4S2 2.84 10.94 32.83 29.61 24.17 22.44

V4S3 2.28 10.44 25.78 19.22 20.44 16.28

LSD (0.05) 0.49 1.99 11.43 7.96 9.26 5.85

CV (%) 4.30% 5.30%

5.04%

7.60% 9.93%

6.50%



52



number of leaves plant-1

of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 10). Results showed that the

maximum number of leaves plant-1

was produced from V1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

(3.26, 12.22, 27.78, 29.44, 30.55 and 28.41 respectively) which was statistically similar to the

value obtained from V3I at 15 and 45 DAS and V4I at 30 and 60 DAS. On the other hand the

minimum number of leaves plant-1

was obtained from V2I0 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

(2.67, 9.96, 30.93, 22.37, 21.44 and 20.63 respectively) which was statistically similar to those of

the V3I0 and V4I0.

Table 10: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on leaves plant-1

of wheat




V1I 3.26 12.22 37.78 29.44 30.55 28.41

V1I0 2.74 10.26 34.30 25.81 25.41 24.19

V2I 3.00 11.52 34.55 25.82 25.92 24.41

V2I0 2.67 9.96 30.93 22.37 21.44 20.63

V3I 3.11 11.26 35.15 26.78 27.30 25.11

V3I0 2.67 10.04 30.81 23.00 23.52 20.96

V4I 2.96 11.78 34.89 28.82 25.29 23.70

V4I0 2.67 10.41 30.89 23.96 23.19 20.04

LSD (0.05) 0.21 0.98 2.86 3.29 4.23 2.58

CV (%) 4.30% 5.30%

5.04%

7.60% 9.93%

6.50%



53


Different levels of irrigation and sowing date showed significant differences on number of leaves

plant-1

of wheat due to interaction effect at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (Table 11). At 15, 30,

45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, the highest number of leaves plant-1

viz., 3.67, 12.47, 41.94, 31.60, 34.44

and 33.31 respectively were observed from S1I, while the lowest number of leaves plant-1

such as

2.17, 9.53, 25.25, 16.53, 19.86 and 15.56 at the respective stage were recorded from S3I0

treatment combination. From the results of interaction effect it reveals that irrigation at crown

root initiation stage with the combination of sowing in November 18, 2012 showed better

performance than all other combination of irrigation timing and sowing dates.

Table 11: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on number of leaves plant-1

of

wheat




S1I 3.667 12.47 41.94 31.6 34.44 33.31

S1I0 3.222 10.81 38.61 28.44 29.39 28.06

S2I 3.027 11.72 35.08 30.47 25.39 24.58

S2I0 2.669 10.16 31.33 26.39 20.92 20.75

S3I 2.555 10.89 29.75 21.06 21.97 18.33

S3I0 2.166 9.528 25.25 16.53 19.86 15.56

LSD (0.05) 0.21 0.98 2.86 3.29 4.24 2.58 CV (%) 4.30% 5.30%

5.04%

7.60% 9.93%

6.50%

Here: S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I= irrigation and I0= no irrigation

54



differences on number of leaves plant-1

of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 12). Results showed

that the maximum number of leaves plant-1

was obtained from V1S1I at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS (13.11, 44.55, 35.44, 38.55 and 39.89 respectively) which was statistically similar to those

of the V1S1I0 at 45, 60 and 75 DAS and V2S2I, V3S1I and V4S1I at 30 DAS. But at 15 DAS, the

maximum number of leaves plant-1

was produced from V3S1I (3.89). On the other hand the was

minimum number of leaves plant-1

obtained from V4S3I0 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS (2.11, 9.56,

22.11 and 15.78 respectively) but V3S3I0 and V2S3I0 at 75 and 90 DAS respectively.

Table 12: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on number of leaves

plant-1

of wheat

Treatment Number of leaves plant-1


15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS V1S1I 3.66 13.11 44.55 35.44 38.55 39.89

V1S1I0 3.11 11.00 41.78 32.11 34.33 34.22

V1S2I 3.22 12.00 36.56 31.22 29.78 25.56 V1S2I0 2.78 10.00 33.44 26.78 22.00 21.89

V1S3I 2.89 11.56 32.22 21.66 23.33 19.78

V1S3I0 2.33 9.78 27.67 18.56 19.89 16.44

V2S1I 3.67 12.00 41.67 27.44 32.00 31.11

V2S1I0 3.33 10.44 37.56 25.33 25.00 26.67

V2S2I 2.89 12.33 35.44 30.56 21.89 25.55

V2S2I0 2.56 10.55 31.00 25.33 19.11 20.67 V2S3I 2.44 10.22 26.55 19.45 23.89 16.56

V2S3I0 2.11 8.88 24.22 16.44 20.22 14.56 V3S1I 3.89 12.33 40.66 31.11 37.44 32.33

V3S1I0 3.22 10.44 35.89 28.11 31.78 27.45

V3S2I 3.00 11.00 34.00 28.78 24.22 23.56

V3S2I0 2.67 9.78 29.56 25.56 19.89 19.22

V3S3I 2.44 10.45 30.78 20.44 20.22 19.45

V3S3I0 2.11 9.890 27.00 15.33 18.89 16.22

V4S1I 3.44 12.45 40.89 32.45 29.78 29.89

V4S1I0 3.22 11.33 39.22 28.22 26.45 23.89

V4S2I 3.00 11.56 34.33 31.33

25.66 23.67

V4S2I0 2.67 10.33 31.33 27.89 22.67 21.22

V4S3I 2.44 11.33 29.44 22.67 20.44 17.55

V4S3I0 2.11 9.557 22.11 15.78 20.44 15.00

LSD (0.05) 0.21 0.97 2.86 3.29 4.25 2.58

CV (%) 4.30% 5.30%

5.04%

7.60% 9.93%

6.50%


S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I= irrigation and I0= no irrigation

55

4.4 Leaf area index


Leaf area index increased gradually from 30 to 90 DAS indicating that leaf expansion continued

increasing up to 90 DAS. Leaf area index ranged from 0.03 to 0.02, 0.12 to 0.19, 0.58 to 0.72,

0.48 to 0.64 and 0.67 to 1.07 at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively (Figure 10). The result

showed that the effect of variety on leaf area index showed non significant variation in 30 DAS.

Leaf area index of wheat varied due to different varieties of treatments at different days after

sowing at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS. The highest (1.07) leaf area index was obtained from the

treatment of variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) at 90 DAS. At 60 DAS, the lowest (0.58) leaf

area index was recorded from variety BARI Gom 27 (V4). Similar finding was observed by

Wheat Research Centre (2003).

Here: V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2 = BARI Gom 25, V3 = BARI Gom 26 and V4 = BARI Gom 27

Fig. 10: Effect of variety on leaf area index of wheat (LSD0.05 = 0.01, 0.18, 0.13, 0.22 and 0.18

at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively).

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Leaf

are

a in

de

x


• 30 45 60 75 90


56

4.4.2. Effect of sowing time

Leaf area index of wheat varied significantly due to different sowing date treatments at different

days after sowing at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (Figure 11). The highest (1.49) leaf area index

was obtained from the treatment of S1 at 90 DAS. At 90 DAS, the lowest (0.45) leaf area index

was recorded from S3.


Fig. 11: Effect of sowing time on leaf area index of wheat (LSD0.05 = 0.07, 0.15, 0.11, 0.17 and

0.21 at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Leaf

are

a in

de

x

S1 S2 S3

30 45 60 75 90


57

4.4.3 Effect of irrigation

Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of leaf area index of wheat at different

days after sowing under the present trial at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (Figure 12). At 30, 45, 60,

75 and 90 DAS DAS, the highest leaf area index of wheat viz. 0.02, 0.16, 0.75, 0.62, 0.83 and

1.06 respectively were recorded from I which was no statistically influence on 30 DAS of I0. On

other hand at 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS DAS the lowest leaf area index of wheat viz. 0.62, 0.48,

0.52 and 0.74 respectively were observed with I0.


Fig. 12: Effect of irrigation on leaf area index of wheat (LSD0.05 =0.10, 0.06, 0.13, 0.07 and

0.21 at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Leaf

are

a in

de

x

I I0

30 45 60 75 90


58


Different treatment combinations source of variety and sowing time had no significant influence

on the leaf area index of wheat at 30 and 45 days after sowing (Table 13). The highest (1.88) leaf

area index was recorded in the treatment combination of V1S1 at 90 DAS which was statistically

similar with V2S1 and V3S1. At 75 DAS the lowest (0.35) leaf area index was recorded from V4S3

was statistically similar with V1S3, V2S3 and V3S3 respectively.

Table 13: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on leaf area index of wheat

Treatment Leaf area index at different days after sowing (DAS)

30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS

V1S1 0.04 0.22 0.84 0.99 1.88

V1S2 0.02 0.12 0.66 0.79 0.93

V1S3 0.01 0.22 0.57 0.12 0.39

V2S1 0.04 0.20 0.82 0.55 1.46

V2S2 0.02 0.09 0.81 0.78 0.77

V2S3 0.01 0.06 0.53 0.14 0.65

V3S1 0.03 0.19 0.73 0.80 1.54

V3S2 0.02 0.11 0.69 0.80 0.81

V3S3 0.01 0.08 0.54 0.14 0.41

V4S1 0.04 0.18 0.68 0.61 1.08

V4S2 0.03 0.11 0.69 0.75 0.58

V4S3 0.01 0.07 0.38 0.08 0.35

LSD (0.05) NS NS 0.23 0.34 0.43

CV (%) 7.88%

3.36%

2.77%

2.56%

2.72%



59


Different treatment combinations source of variety and irrigation had no significant influence on

the leaf area index of wheat at 30 and 45 days after sowing (Table 14). The highest (1.28) leaf

area index was recorded in the treatment combination of V1I at 90 DAS. At 90 DAS the lowest

(0.62) leaf area index was recorded from V4I0.

Table 14: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on leaf area index of wheat



V1I 0.0244 0.2478 0.7411 0.7333 1.2790

V1I0 0.0222 0.1244 0.6433 0.5411 0.8511

V2I 0.0244 0.1300 0.7711 0.5389 1.1290

V2I0 0.0222 0.1044 0.6678 0.4367 0.7911

V3I 0.0233 0.1333 0.6867 0.6678 1.1320

V3I0 0.0200 0.1200 0.6200 0.4967 0.7056

V4I 0.0267 0.1289 0.6222 0.5378 0.7156

V4I0 0.0189 0.1078 0.5367 0.4244 0.6233

LSD (0.05) NS NS 0.1109 0.2592 0.1410

CV (%) 7.88% 3.36% 2.77%

2.56%

2.72%

Here: V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2 = BARI Gom 25, V3 = BARI Gom 26 and V4 = BARI Gom 27; I0= Control

(No irrigation), I = Irrigation

60




area index was recorded in the treatment combination of S1I at 90 DAS. At 90 DAS the lowest

(0.31) leaf area index was recorded from S3I0.

Table 15: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on leaf area index of wheat



S1I 0.04 0.22 0.79 0.84 1.61

S1I0 0.03 0.18 0.74 0.63 1.37

S2I 0.03 0.11 0.75 0.85 0.99

S2I0 0.02 0.09 0.68 0.71 0.55

S3I 0.01 0.15 0.58 0.16 0.58

S3I0 0.01 0.07 0.423 0.08 0.31

LSD (0.05) NS NS 0.09 0.22 0.12

CV (%) 7.88%

3.36%

2.77%

2.56%

2.72%

Here: S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I0= Control (No irrigation), I = Irrigation

4.1.4.7: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation



area index was recorded in the treatment combination of V1S1I at 90 DAS. At 90 DAS the lowest

(0.24) leaf area index was recorded from V4S3I0 which was statistically similar with that of

V1S3I, V1S3I0, V2S3I0, V3S3I0 and V4S3I.

61

Table 16: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on leaf area index of

wheat



V1S1I 0.04 0.24 0.72 1.11 2.02

V1S1I0 0.03 0.19 0.96 0.87 1.75

V1S2I 0.02 0.14 0.79 0.93 1.32

V1S2I0 0.02 0.10 0.53 0.67 0.53

V1S3I 0.01 0.37 0.71 0.17 0.49

V1S3I0 0.01 0.07 0.44 0.08 0.28

V2S1I 0.04 0.23 0.94 0.61 1.64

V2S1I0 0.04 0.18 0.69 0.48 1.27

V2S2I 0.03 0.09 0.83 0.84 0.93

V2S2I0 0.02 0.08 0.81 0.72 0.63

V2S3I 0.01 0.07 0.56 0.16 0.83

V2S3I0 0.01 0.05 0.50 0.12 0.47

V3S1I 0.04 0.21 0.75 0.95 1.75

V3S1I0 0.03 0.19 0.71 0.66 1.33

V3S2I 0.02 0.11 0.75 0.85 1.10

V3S2I0 0.02 0.10 0.63 0.75 0.52

V3S3I 0.01 0.08 0.56 0.20 0.54

V3S3I0 0.01 0.07 0.51 0.08 0.27

V4S1I 0.04 0.19 0.75 0.70 1.05

V4S1I0 0.03 0.16 0.60 0.53 1.12

V4S2I 0.03 0.11 0.63 0.79 0.64

V4S2I0 0.02 0.09 0.74 0.69 0.52

V4S3I 0.01 0.07 0.49 0.13 0.45

V4S3I0 0.07 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.25

LSD (0.05) NS NS 0.19 0.45 0.24

CV (%) 7.88%

3.36%

2.77%

2.56%

2.72%


S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I0= Control (No irrigation ), I = Irrigation.

62

4.5: Individual grain weight


Wheat varieties headed within 60 to 70 DAS and afterwards the individual grain weight was

monitored picking 20 grains from different spikes randomly. Weight of 20 grains was divided by

20 and the individual grain weight was determined. The individual grain gained weight rapidly

from 62 to 70 DAS and then remained almost stable afterwards up to 102 DAS (maturity). The

grain weight range from 0.021 to 0.022, 0.028 to 0.033, 0.040 to 0.042, 0.041 to 0.042, 0.042 to

0.043 and 0.044 to 0.038 g at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS respectively (Fig.13). Across the

varieties, grains gained about 50 and 75% weight at 62 and 70 DAS respectively. The result

revealed that the effect of variety on individual grain weight of wheat was differed significantly

at 62, 78, 86, 94 and 102 of growth stages. Different varieties showed different grain weight of

wheat at different growth stages and BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) produced the maximum

grain weight at 62, 70, 78, 86 and 102 DAS (0.022, 0.033, 0.042, 0.042 and 0.043 g respectively)

which was similar with the variety BARI Gom 26 (V3). But grain weight of wheat differed

significantly at 70 DAS. The variety Gom 27 (V4) produced the minimum grain weight at 70

DAS (0.028g) which was statistically similar with the variety BARI Gom 25 (V2).


Fig. 13: Effect on individual grain weight (g) as influenced by irrigation on growth of

improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.005, 0.005, 0.007, 0.005, 0.009 and 0.008 at

62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS respectively).

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Ind

ivid

ual

gra

in w

t (g

)

BARI Gom 21 BARI Gom 25 BARI Gom 26 BARI gom 27

62 70 78 86 94 102


63


Individual grain weight of wheat showed statistically significant variation at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94

and 102 DAS due to different sowing date (Figure 14). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS, the

highest grain weight as 0.024, 0.034, 0.044, 0.043, 0.046 and 0.045 g found respectively from S1

which was statistically similar with S2 at 86, 94 and 102 DAS; and the lowest grain weight such

as 0.019, 0.028, 0.039, 0.038, 0.039 and 0.038 g recorded from S3 which were statistically

similar to the values of 0.022, 0.031 and 0.041 g as obtained from S2 at 62, 70 and 78 DAS. Seed

sowing at November 18, 2012 ensured the highest grain weight than delay sowing of seeds.


Fig. 14: Effect on individual grain weight (g) as influenced by sowing time on growth of

improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.003, 0.003 and 0.003 at

62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS respectively)

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Ind

ivid

ual

gra

in w

t (g

)

S1 S2 S3

62 70 78 86 94 102


64


Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of individual grain weight of wheat at

62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS under the present trial (Figure 15). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102

DAS, the highest grain weight of wheat viz. 0.023, 0.032, 0.042, 0.043, 0.044 and 0.044 g

respectively were recorded from I, while the lowest grain weight of wheat viz. 0.021 ,0.030,

0.040, 0.039, 0.042 and 0.040 g respectively were observed with I0. Application of irrigations at

crown root initiation stage and pre flowering stage ensured the optimum vegetative growth of the

wheat with highest grain weight.

Here: I0= Control (No urea), I = Irrigation

Fig.15: Effect on individual grain weight (g) as influenced by irrigation on growth of

improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.001, 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.002 at 62,

70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS respectively)

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

see

d w

t (g

)

I I0

62 70 78 86 94 102


65


Individual grain weight of wheat was significantly influenced by the interaction of variety and

sowing time at different days after sowing (DAS) (Table 17). Results showed that the highest

grain weight was obtained from V1S1 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.026, 0.037, 0.045,

0.045, 0.047 and 0.049 g respectively) which was statistically similar with that of V3S1 and V3S2

at 62 to 94 DAS. On the other hand the lowest grain weight at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS

was observed as 0.019, 0.026, 0.039, 0.037, 0.039 and 0.036 g respectively with V4S3 which was

statistically similar with V2S3.

Table 17: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on individual grain weight (g) of

wheat

Treatments Individual grain weight (g) at different days after sowing (DAS)


V1S1 0.026 0.037 0.045 0.045 0.047 0.049

V1S2 0.022 0.034 0.041 0.042 0.044 0.044

V1S3 0.019 0.029 0.038 0.039 0.039 0.038

V2S1 0.023 0.032 0.042 0.041 0.045 0.046

V2S2 0.021 0.029 0.041 0.042 0.044 0.043

V2S3 0.019 0.028 0.039 0.038 0.039 0.038

V3S1 0.024 0.035 0.044 0.043 0.047 0.045

V3S2 0.023 0.033 0.042 0.044 0.044 0.045

V3S3 0.019 0.030 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.041

V4S1 0.024 0.031 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.040

V4S2 0.021 0.028 0.041 0.041 0.042 0.038

V4S3 0.019 0.026 0.039 0.037 0.039 0.036

LSD (0.05) 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.003

CV (%) 1.84% 1.02% 1.16%

2.41%

1.48% 2.12%



66


Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation had no significant influence on the

individual grain weight of wheat at 78 days after sowing but significant differences showed on

individual grain weight of wheat at 62, 70, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (Table 18). Results showed that

the highest grain weight was obtained from V1I at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.023, 0.034,

0.043, 0.044, 0.045 and 0.046 g respectively) which was statistically similar with V2I and V3I.

On the other hand the lowest seeds weight at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.020, 0.027,

0.039, 0.039, 0.041 and 0.036 g respectively) was observed with V4I0 which was statistically

similar with V2I0 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS .

Table 18: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on individual grain weight (g) of wheat

Treatments Individual grain weight (g) at different days after sowing (DAS) 62 DAS 70 DAS 78 DAS 86 DAS 94 DAS 102 DAS

V1I 0.023 0.034 0.043 0.042 0.045 0.046

V1I0 0.021 0.032 0.041 0.041 0.042 0.042

V2I 0.022 0.031 0.041 0.042 0.044 0.044

V2I0 0.020 0.029 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.040

V3I 0.023 0.034 0.042 0.042 0.045 0.045

V3I0 0.021 0.032 0.041 0.041 0.043 0.042

V4I 0.022 0.029 0.042 0.042 0.043 0.040

V4I0 0.020 0.027 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.036

LSD (0.05) 0.001 0.003 NS 0.002 0.003 0.002

CV (%) 1.84% 1.02% 1.16%

2.41%

1.48% 2.12%



67


Different levels of irrigation and sowing date showed significant differences on individual grain

weight of wheat at all sampling dates due to interaction effect at 62, 86 and 94 DAS except 70,

78 and 102 DAS (Table 19). At 62, 86 and 94 DAS, the highest grain weight viz., 0.025, 0.045

and 0.048 g respectively were observed from S1I while the lowest grain weight such as 0.019,

0.037 and 0.038 g were recorded from S3I0 treatment combination. From the results of interaction

effect it reveals that irrigation at crown root initiation stage with the combination of sowing in

November 18, 2012 showed better performance than all other combination of irrigation timing

and sowing dates.

Table 19: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on individual grain weight (g) of

wheat


S1I 0.025 0.035 0.045 0.045 0.048 0.047

S1I0 0.023 0.033 0.043 0.041 0.044 0.043

S2I 0.023 0.032 0.042 0.043 0.043 0.044

S2I0 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.041 0.042 0.041

S3I 0.019 0.029 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.040

S3I0 0.019 0.027 0.038 0.037 0.038 0.036

LSD (0.05) 0.00110 NS NS 0.002 0.003 NS

CV (%) 1.84% 1.02% 1.16%

2.41%

1.48% 2.12%




differences on individual grain weight of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 20). Results showed

that the maximum individual grain weight of wheat was obtained from V1S1I at 70, 78, 86, 94

and 102 DAS (0.038, 0.046, 0.049, 0.049 and 0.052 g respectively) which was statistically

similar to the V1S1I0 at 70 and 78 DAS. But at 62 DAS in all interaction sowed lower individual

grain weight. On the other hand the was minimum individual grain weight of wheat obtained

from V4S3I at 62 and 70 DAS which was statistically similar with V1S3I, V3S2I and V3S3I at 62

68

DAS but V2S3I0 and V4S3I0 at 94 and 102 DAS respectively which was statistically similar with

V1S3I0, V3S3I0 and V4S3I at 94 DAS.

Table 20: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on individual grain

weight (g) of wheat


V1S1I 0.024 0.038 0.047 0.048 0.049 0.052

V1S1I0 0.023 0.036 0.044 0.043 0.045 0.047

V1S2I 0.021 0.035 0.043 0.043 0.046 0.046

V1S2I0 0.020 0.033 0.040 0.041 0.042 0.043

V1S3I 0.019 0.029 0.039 0.041 0.042 0.039

V1S3I0 0.024 0.028 0.037 0.038 0.038 0.037

V2S1I 0.022 0.033 0.043 0.043 0.046 0.047

V2S1I0 0.023 0.031 0.042 0.038 0.043 0.045

V2S2I 0.020 0.031 0.042 0.044 0.045 0.044

V2S2I0 0.020 0.029 0.040 0.041 0.042 0.041

V2S3I 0.019 0.029 0.039 0.039 0.041 0.040

V2S3I0 0.025

0.027 0.038 0.037 0.038 0.035

V3S1I 0.023

0.036 0.045 0.045 0.049 0.047

V3S1I0 0.024

0.034 0.043 0.042 0.045 0.044

V3S2I 0.022

0.034 0.042 0.045 0.045 0.046

V3S2I0 0.020

0.034 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.043

V3S3I 0.019

0.032 0.039 0.041 0.042 0.043

V3S3I0 0.025

0.029 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.039

V4S1I 0.023

0.033 0.044 0.045 0.047 0.043

V4S1I0 0.021

0.030 0.042 0.043 0.043 0.038

V4S2I 0.019

0.029 0.042 0.042 0.044 0.039

V4S2I0 0.019

0.027 0.041 0.039 0.041 0.037

V4S3I 0.019

0.026 0.039 0.038 0.039 0.038

V4S3I0 0.024 0.025 0.038 0.035 0.038 0.033

LSD (0.05) 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002

CV (%) 1.84% 1.02% 1.16%

2.41%

1.48% 2.12%


S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I0= Control (No irrigation), I = Irrigation.

69

4.6: Individual husk weight of wheat


Unlike number of tillers plant

-1 husk weight of the individual grain increased gradually

throughout the grainfilling stage of wheat varieties indicating that assimilates in the husk do not

translocate towards filling grains in wheat. On an average, the husk contributed 25 to 33% to the

grain weight. Husk weight ranged from 0.008 to 0.009, 0.010 to 0.011, 0.011 to 0.012, 0.011 to

0.012, 0.011 to 0.014 and 0.013 to 0.015 g at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS respectively. The

result revealed that the effect of variety on husk weight of the individual grain of wheat was

differed non significantly at 62, 70, 86, 94 and 102 growth stages (Fig. 16). But husk weight of

wheat differed significantly at 78 DAS. The variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) produced the

significantly maximum husk weight at 78 (0.012) and BARI Gom 27 (V4) produced the

minimum husk weight at 78 DAS (0.0099 g) which was statistically similar with the variety

BARI Gom 25 (V2), BARI Gom 26 (V3).

Fig. 16: Effect of variety on individual husk weight of improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 =

0.001, 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.003 and 0.003 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS

respectively).

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

Ind

ivid

ual

hu

sk w

t (g

)

BARI Gom 21 BARI Gom 25 BARI Gom 26 BARI Gom 27

62 70 78 86 94 102


70


Individual husk weight of the individual grain of wheat showed statistically significant variation

at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS due to different sowing date (Figure 17). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94

and 102 DAS, the highest husk weight as 0.010, 0.012, 0.013, 0.013, 0.015 and 0.015 g were

found respectively from S1. On the other hand lowest husk weight such as 0.006, 0.010, 0.010,

0.010, 0.012 and 0.012 g were recorded from S3 which were statistically similar to S2 at 70, 78

and 94 DAS. Seeds sowing at November 18, 2012 ensured the highest husk weight than delay

sowing of seeds.

Fig. 17: Effect of sowing time on individual husk weight of improved wheat varieties

(LSD0.05 = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.010 and 0.010 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102

DAS respectively)

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

Ind

ivid

ual

hu

sk w

t (g

)

S1 S2 S3

62 70 78 86 94 102


71


Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of individual husk weight of wheat at

62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS under the present trial (Figure 18). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102

DAS, the highest husk weight of wheat viz. 0.009, 0.012, 0.012, 0.012, 0.014 and 0.015 g

respectively were recorded from I which was statistically similar to 0.011 g obtained from I0 at

86 DAS, while the lowest husk weight of wheat were observed with I0 at 62, 70, 78, 94 and 102

DAS viz. 0.009, 0.010, 0.010, 0.012 and 0.012 g respectively. Application of irrigations at crown

root initiation stage and pre flowering stage ensured the optimum vegetative growth of the wheat

with highest husk weight.

Fig. 18: Effect of irrigation on individual husk weight of improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05

= 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.006, 0.001 and 0.001 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS

respectively)

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

Ind

ivid

ual

hu

sk w

t (g

)

I I0

62 70 78 86 94 102


72


Individual husk weight of wheat was significantly influenced by the interaction of variety and

sowing time at different days after sowing (DAS) (Table 21). Results showed that the highest

husk weight was obtained from V1S1 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.011, 0.012, 0.014,

0.014, 0.016 and 0.016 g respectively) which was statistically similar with V2S1,V3S1 and V4S1 at

62 to 102 DAS. On the other hand the lowest husk weight at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS

was observed as 0.008, 0.009, 0.010, 0.010, 0.010 and 0.012 g respectively with V4S3 which was

statistically similar with V2S2, V3S2 and V4S2.

Table 21: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on individual husk weight of

wheat

Treatments Individual husk weight (g) at different days after sowing (DAS 62 DAS 70 DAS 78 DAS 86 DAS 94 DAS 102 DAS

V1S1 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.016

V1S2 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.013 0.015

V1S3 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.013

V2S1 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.016 0.015

V2S2 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.014 0.014

V2S3 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.012

V3S1 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.017 0.015

V3S2 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.014

V3S3 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.012

V4S1 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.015

V4S2 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.012

V4S3 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.012

LSD (0.05) 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.002

CV (%) 3.17%

4.49% 6.47% 4.38%

7.69%

7.84%



73



individual husk weight of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 22). Results showed that the highest

husk weight was obtained from V1I at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.010, 0.012, 0.013,

0.013, 0.016 and 0.016 g respectively) which was statistically similar with V3I. On the other hand

the lowest husk weight at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.008, 0.009, 0.009, 0.011, 0.010,

0.011 g respectively) was observed with V4I0 which was statistically similar with V2I0 at 62, 70,

78, 86 and 102 DAS .

Table 22: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on individual husk weight of wheat

Treatments Individual husk weight (g) at different days after sowing (DAS) 62 DAS 70 DAS 78 DAS 86 DAS 94 DAS 102 DAS

V1I 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.016 0.016

V1I0 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.0123 0.013

V2I 0.009 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.015

V2I0 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.012

V3I 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.0121 0.015 0.015

V3I0 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.012

V4I 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.015

V4I0 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.011

LSD (0.05) 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002

CV (%) 3.17%

4.49% 6.47% 4.38%

7.69%

7.84%



74


Different levels of irrigation and sowing date showed significant differences on individual husk

weight of wheat at all sampling dates due to interaction effect at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS

(Table 23). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS, the highest husk weight viz., 0.011, 0.013, 0.014,

0.014, 0.016 and 0.017 g respectively were observed from S1I, while the lowest husk weight such

as 0.007, 0.009, 0.009, 0.009, 0.011 and 0.011 g were recorded from S3I0 treatment combination

which was statistically similar with S3I at 62 DAS and S2I0 at 70, 78 and 94 DAS. From the

results of interaction effect it reveals that irrigation at crown root initiation stage with the

combination of sowing in November 18, 2012 showed better performance than all other

combination of irrigation timing and sowing dates.

Table 23: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on individual husk weight (g) of

wheat

Treatments Individual husk weight (g) at different days after sowing (DAS) 62 DAS 70 DAS 78 DAS 86 DAS 94 DAS 102 DAS

S1I 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.017

S1I0 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014

S2I 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015

S2I0 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.012

S3I 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.013

S3I0 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011

LSD (0.05) 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.001 0.001 0.001

CV (%) 3.17%

4.49% 6.47% 4.38%

7.69%

7.84%




differences on individual husk weight of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 24). Results showed

that the maximum husk weight of wheat was obtained from V1S1I at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102

DAS (0.012, 0.013, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, and 0.017 g respectively) which was statistically similar

to that of V3S1I at all stage. On the other hand the minimum husk weight of wheat obtained from

75

V4S3I0 at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.007, 0.008, 0.008, 0.009, 0.009 and 0.011 g

respectively) which was statistically similar to that of V4S2I0.

Table 24: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on individual husk

weight of wheat

Treatment Individual husk weight (g) at different days after sowing (DAS) 62 DAS 70 DAS 78 DAS 86 DAS 94 DAS 102 DAS

V1S1I 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017

V1S1I0 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.015

V1S2I 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.012 0.015 0.016

V1S2I0 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.013

V1S3I 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.014

V1S3I0 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.011

V2S1I 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.017

V2S1I0 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.013

V2S2I 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.015

V2S2I0 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.011

V2S3I 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.013

V2S3I0 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010

V3S1I 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.017 0.016

V3S1I0 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014

V3S2I 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.014 0.015

V3S2I0 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.013

V3S3I 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.013

V3S3I0 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.011 0.010

V4S1I 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.017

V4S1I0 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013

V4S2I 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.014

V4S2I0 0.008 0.009 0.007 0.011 0.010 0.010

V4S3I 0.008 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013

V4S3I0 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.011

LSD (0.05) 0.002 0.002 0.003

0.002 0.003 0.002

CV (%) 3.17%

4.49% 6.47% 4.38%

7.69%

7.84%



76

4.7 Dry weight plant-1

4.7.1 Effect of variety

Dry weight of all the varieties of wheat increased as the age of the plant increased up to the

harvest. On the average, plants gained 0.01, 25 and 68% of total dry weight at 30, 60 and 90

DAS respectively. Across the varieties, the dry weight ranged from 0.39 to 0.42, 4.19 to 4.46,

11.17 to 13.03 and 14.80 to 16.87 g at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively. Significant

variation was observed in terms of dry weight plant-1

at all growth stages (Fig. 19). Different

varieties showed different dry weight plant-1

at different growth stages. Results indicated that at

30 DAS; Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1), BARI Ghom 25 (V2) and BARI Ghom 26 (V3) variety had no

significant effect but BARI Ghom 27 (V4) produced the lowest dry weight plant-1

. At 60 DAS

and and at harvest the variety BARI Gom 25 (V3) produced the maximum dry weight plant-1

(4.46 and 16.67 g respectively). Results also showed that the variety BARI Ghom 27 (V4)

produced the lowest dry weight plant-1

at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest as 4.19, 11.17 and 14.88 g

respectively which was significantly same with the variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) and

BARI Ghom 26 (V3) at 60 DAS. The results obtained on plant height with different varieties

might be due to cause of genetical characters and or nutrient availability, nutrient uptake capacity

of the varieties that helps to increase dry weight plant-1

. Similar finding was observed by Al-

Musa et al. (2012).

Here: V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), V2 = BARI Gom 25 , V3 = BARI Gom 26 and V4 = BARI Gom 27

Fig. 19: Effect on dry weight (g) plant-1

as influenced by four improved wheat varieties

(LSD0.05 = 0.03, 0.18, 0.76 and 0.61 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively)

0

5

10

15

20

Dry

we

igh

t p

lan

t-1(g

)


30 60 90 HVT


77


Significant variation for dry weight plant-1

of wheat at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest were due to

different sowing date (Figure 20). At 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, the highest dry weight

plant-1

as 0.47, 5.08, 13.94 and 17.14 g were observed from S1 and the corresponding lowest dry

weight plant-1

viz., 0.34, 3.38, 9.85 and 13.90 g were recorded from S3. Similar finding was

observed by Ahmed et al., (2010).




as influenced by sowing time on growth of

improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.02, 0.13, 0.34 and 0.30 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at

harvest respectively)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Dry

we

igh

t p

lan

t-1(g

)


30 60 90 HVT

78


Significant variation for dry weight plant-1

of wheat at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest was

observed due to different levels of irrigation (Figure 21). At 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, the

highest dry weight plant-1

as 0.43, 4.58, 12.42 and 16.19 g were attained from I, while the

corresponding lowest quantity of 0.38, 3.99, 11.39 and 14.90 g dry weight plant-1

were found in

I0. Similar finding was observed by Bhattacharje, (2009).



of wheat as influenced by irrigation on growth of

improved wheat varieties (LSD0.05 = 0.01, 0.07, 0.18 and 0.18 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and

at harvest respectively)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Dry

we

igh

t p

lan

t-1(g

)

I I0

30 60 90 HVT


79


Dry weight plant-1

was significantly influenced by interaction of variety and sowing time at

different days after sowing (DAS) (Table 25). Results showed that the highest dry weight plant-1

was obtained from V2S1 at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest (0.495, 5.485 and 18.360 g respectively)

which was statistically similar with V3S1 and V4S1 at 30 DAS, but at 90 DAS highest dry weight

plant-1

was obtained from V1S1 which was statistically similar with V3S1. On the other hand the

lowest dry weight plant-1

at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest was observed as 0.320, 3.307, 9.228

and 13.230 g respectively with V4S3 which was statistically similar with V1S3 and V2S3 at 30

DAS and V3S3 at 60 DAS to at harvest .

Table 25: Interaction effect of variety and sowing time on dry weight plant-1

of wheat

Treatments Dry weight plant-1

(g) at different days after sowing (DAS)

30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS HVT

V1S1 0.45 4.91 14.99 17.48

V1S2 0.41 4.61 13.32 16.06

V1S3 0.35 3.28 10.78 13.98

V2S1 0.49 5.49 13.15 18.36

V2S2 0.42 4.27 10.96 16.80

V2S3 0.34 3.62 9.51 14.84

V3S1 0.47 5.11 14.56 16.20

V3S2 0.41 4.20 12.26 14.69

V3S3 0.33 3.32 9.88 13.52

V4S1 0.45 4.81 13.09 16.53

V4S2 0.39 4.49 11.19 14.87

V4S3 0.32 3.31 9.23 13.23

LSD (0.05) 0.02 0.25 0.69 0.60

CV (%) 3.36% 3.53%

3.15%

3.15%



80


Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on dry

weight plant-1

wheat at all sampling dates (Table 26). Results showed that the highest dry weight

plant-1

was obtained from V1I at 30, 60 and 90 DAS (0.43, 4.62 and 13.31 g respectively) which

was statistically similar with V2I at 30 and 60 DAS. But at harvest V2I showed the highest dry

weight plant-1

(17.39 g).On the other hand the lowest dry weight plant-1

at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at

harvest was observed with V4I0 (0.37, 3.39, 10.45 and 14.17 g) which was statistically similar

with V1I0 and V3I0 at 30 and 60 DAS.

Table 26: Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on dry weight plant-1

of wheat




V1I 0.43 4.62 13.31 16.42

V1I0 0.38 3.90 12.74 15.26

V2I 0.44 4.76 11.68 17.39

V2I0 0.39 4.15 10.74 15.94

V3I 0.43 4.46 12.80 15.36

V3I0 0.38 3.96 11.66 14.24

V4I 0.41 4.47 11.89 15.58

V4I0 0.37 3.93 10.45 14.17

LSD (0.05) 0.02 0.15 0.36 0.35

CV (%) 3.36% 3.53%

3.15%

3.15%


I0= Control (No irrigation), I = Irrigation

81


Interaction effect of different levels of irrigation and sowing time showed significant differences

on dry weight plant-1

of wheat at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest (Table 27). At 30, 60, 90 DAS

and at harvest the highest dry weight plant-1

0.49, 5.55, 14.62 and 17.82 g which were observed

from S1I, while the corresponding lowest dry weight plant-1

were 0.32, 3.19, 9.57 and 13.24 g

respectively found in S3I0.

Table 27: Interaction effect of sowing time and irrigation on dry weight plant-1

of wheat




S1I 0.49 5.55 14.62 17.82

S1I0 0.44 4.60 13.26 16.47

S2I 0.44 4.62 12.50 16.20

S2I0 0.39 4.16 11.37 15.00

S3I 0.35 3.56 10.14 14.55

S3I0 0.32 3.19 9.57 13.24

LSD (0.05) 0.02 0.13 0.32 0.31

CV (%) 3.36% 3.53%

3.15%

3.15%

Here: S1 = Nov. 18 sowing, S2 =Dec. 03 sowing and S3 = Dec. 19 Sowing; I0= Control (No irrigation), I = Irrigation


Interaction effect of improved wheat variety, sowing time and irrigation showed significant

differences on dry weight plant-1

of wheat at all sampling dates (Table 28). Results showed that

the maximum dry weight plant-1

of wheat was obtained from V2S1I at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest

(0.52, 6.01 and 19.24 g respectively) which was statistically similar to the V3S1I at 30 DAS (0.49

g). But V1S1I at 90 DAS (25.24 g) showed the maximum dry weight plant-1

which was

statistically similar to V3S1I. On the other hand the minimum dry weight plant-1

of wheat

obtained from V4S3I0 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest (0.30, 3.18, 8.97 and 12.44 g respectively)

which was statistically similar with V4S3I0 at all stage.

82

Table 28: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on dry weight plant-1

of

wheat




V1S1I 0.47 5.37 15.24 17.97

V1S1I0 0.44 4.44 14.72 16.98

V1S2I 0.44 5.01 13.71 16.67

V1S2I0 0.39 4.20 12.93 15.44

V1S3I 0.37 3.49 10.98 14.62

V1S3I0 0.32 3.07 10.58 13.35

V2S1I 0.52 6.01 13.83 19.24

V2S1I0 0.47 4.96 12.47 17.48

V2S2I 0.45 4.41 11.51 17.46

V2S2I0 0.39 4.12 10.40 16.13

V2S3I 0.36 3.86 9.69 15.48

V2S3I0 0.33 3.37 9.34 14.21

V3S1I 0.49 5.53 15.20 16.82

V3S1I0 0.44 4.69 13.89 15.58

V3S2I 0.43 4.38 12.80 15.17

V3S2I0 0.39 4.03 11.72 14.20

V3S3I 0.35 3.47 10.39 14.10

V3S3I0 0.31 3.17 9.37 12.95

V4S1I 0.48

5.29 14.21 17.24

V4S1I0 0.43

4.32 11.97 15.83

V4S2I 0.42

4.68 11.96 15.49

V4S2I0 0.37

4.29 10.41 14.24

V4S3I 0.34 3.43 9.48 14.02

V4S3I0 0.30

3.18

8.97 12.44

LSD (0.05) 0.04 0.26 0.63 0.61

CV (%) 3.36% 3.53%

3.15%

3.15%



83

4.8: Crop Growth Rate (CGR)

4.8.1: Effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation

Varieties did not show significant variation in respect of crop growth rate at 30-60 DAS. Crop

growth rate (CGR) of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to different variety of

wheat at 60-90 DAS (Table 29). The highest (10.76 g m-2

day-1

) CGR was obtained from wheat

variety BARI Gom 25 (V2) 30-60 DAS, but BARI Gom 26 (V3) had lowest (10.15 g m-2

day-1

)

CGR at 30-60 DAS which was statistically similar with BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) and BARI

Gom 27 (V4). At 60-90 DAS highest (23.37 g m-2

day-1

) CGR was obtained from wheat variety

BARI Gom 21(V1) which was statistically similar with BARI Gom 26 (V3).

CGR decreased with the delay in sowing of wheat at both 30-60 and 60-90 DAS. Statistically

significant variation was observed on CGR of wheat due to different sowing date (Table 29). In

recording CGR of 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS sowing on S1 recorded that CGR g m-2

day-1

as

12.29 and 23.64 respectively which were significantly higher and lowest CGR g m-2

day-1

as 8.12

and 17.26 respectively obtained in S3.

Irrigtion significantly improved CGR at both the growth stages of 30-60 and 60-90 DAS. Crop

growth rate (CGR) of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to different levels of

irrigation (Table 29). At 30-60 DAS I, irrigation at crown root initiation stage produced

significantly the highest CGR g m-2

day-1

of 11.07 while the irrigation levels I0 produced lowest

CGR g m-2

day-1

of 9.62. From 60-90 DAS the effect of irrigation was non-significant, the

highest CGR g m-2

day-1

were 20.91 obtained from I and the lowest value 19.77 g m-2

day-1

obtained from I0. Naser (1996) reported the highest crop growth rate were recorded when two

irrigations were applied.

84

Table 29: Effect of variety, sowing date and irrigation level on Crop Growth Rate (CGR)

of wheat

Treatments CGR: Crop Growth Rate (g m-2

day-1

) at

30-60 DAS 60-90 DAS

Variety

V1 10.29 23.37

V2 10.76 18.00

V3 10.15 21.39

V4 10.16 18.58 Level of significance 0.46 2.02

CV (%) 3.87 4.84

Sowing date

S1 12.29 23.64

S2 10.61 20.11

S3 8.12 17.26 Level of significance 0.37 0.94

CV (%) 3.85 4.82

Irrigation

I 11.07 20.91

I0 9.62 19.77

Level of significance 0.09 0.75

CV (%) 1.81 7.54



85


Interaction effect of variety, irrigation and sowing time showed significant differences on crop

growth rate (CGR) of wheat for 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS (Table 30). At 30-60 DAS the

highest CGR 14.63 g m-2

day-1

was observed from V2S1I and lowest CGR 7.34 g m-2

day-1

was

observed from V1S3I0 which was statistically similar with that of the V3S3I0 and V4S3I0. At 60-90

DAS, the highest CGR as 26.33 g m-2

day-1

was observed from V1S1I which was statistically

similar with V1S1I0. On the other hand the lowest CGR observed from V4S3I0 (15.45 g m-2

day-1

).

Table 30: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on Crop Growth Rate

(CGR) of wheat

Treatments CGR (30-60) (g m-2

day-1

) CGR (60-90) (g m-2

day-1

)

V1S1I 13.07 26.33

V1S1I0 10.68 27.41

V1S2I 12.20 23.19

V1S2I0 10.17 23.29

V1S3I 8.31 19.98

V1S3I0 7.34 20.02

V2S1I 14.63 20.85

V2S1I0 11.98 20.03

V2S2I 10.57 18.93

V2S2I0 9.92 16.77

V2S3I 9.33 15.55

V2S3I0 8.12 15.90

V3S1I 13.42 25.79

V3S1I0 11.32 24.55

V3S2I 10.53 22.46

V3S2I0 9.69 20.51

V3S3I 8.30 18.46

V3S3I0 7.61 16.55

V4S1I 12.84 23.79

V4S1I0 10.37 20.40

V4S2I 11.34 19.43

V4S2I0 10.46 16.31

V4S3I 8.25 16.13

V4S3I0 7.68 15.45

LSD (0.05) 0.67 1.65

CV (%) 3.85% 4.82%



86

4.9. Relative Growth Rate (RGR)

4.9.1: Effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation

Like CGR Relative growth rate (RGR) did not differ significantly at 30-60 and 60-90 DAS. RGR

of wheat showed statistically non significant variation due to different variety Gom 21 (Shatabdi)

(V1), BARI Gom 25 (V2), BARI Gom 26 (V3) and BARI Gom 27 (V4) ( Table 31).

Also like with CGR, delay in sowing resulted in the reduction in the RGR values of wheat

varieties. Statistically non significant variation was observed on RGR of wheat at 60-90 DAS

due to different sowing time (Table 31). At 30-60 DAS the highest RGR 0.05 g g-1

day-1

were

observed from S1 and the corresponding lowest RGR 0.04 g g-1

day-1

was recorded from S3.

Relative growth rate (RGR) of wheat showed statistically non significant variation due to

different levels of irrigation (Table 31).

Table 31: Effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of

wheat

Treatment RGR: Relative Growth Rate (g g-1

day-1

) at

30-60 60-90

Variety

V1 0.04 0.07

V2 0.05 0.06

V3 0.04 0.07

V4 0.04 0.07

Level of significance NS NS

CV% 7.54 4.44

Sowing date

S1 0.05 0.07

S2 0.05 0.07

S3 0.04 0.06

Level of significance 0.01 NS

CV% 7.45 4.64

Irrigation

I 0.05 0.07

I0 0.04 0.07

Level of significance NS NS

CV% 7.27 4.19



87


Relative growth rate (RGR) of wheat showed statistically non significant variation due to

different interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation at 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS.

Table 32: Interaction effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on Relative Growth Rate

(RGR) wheat

Treatments RGR (30-60) (g g-1

day-1

) RGR (60-90) (g g-1

day-1

)

V1S1I 0.05 0.08

V1S1I0 0.05 0.08

V1S2I 0.05 0.07

V1S2I0 0.04 0.07

V1S3I 0.04 0.07

V1S3I0 0.03 0.07

V2S1I 0.06 0.07

V2S1I0 0.05 0.07

V2S2I 0.05 0.06

V2S2I0 0.04 0.06

V2S3I 0.04 0.06

V2S3I0 0.04 0.06

V3S1I 0.05 0.07

V3S1I0 0.05 0.07

V3S2I 0.05 0.07

V3S2I0 0.04 0.07

V3S3I 0.04 0.06

V3S3I0 0.03 0.06

V4S1I 0.05 0.07

V4S1I0 0.04 0.07

V4S2I 0.05 0.07

V4S2I0 0.05 0.06

V4S3I 0.04 0.06

V4S3I0 0.03 0.06

LSD (0.05) NS NS

CV (%) 7.45% 4.64%



88

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The experiment was conducted during the period from November 2012 to March 2013 in the

experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to find out the

effect of variety, sowing time and irrigation on growth of wheat. The experiment comprised three

factors; Factors A: four improved wheat varieties viz. (i) V1 = BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi), (ii) V2

= BARI Gom 25, (iii) V3 = BARI Gom 26 and (iv) V4 = BARI Gom 27; Factor B: three Sowing

date viz. S1: Sowing at 18 November, 2012; S2: Sowing at 03 November, 2012 and S3: Sowing at

19 December, 2012); Factor C: I: Irrigation ; I0: No irrigation i.e. control.

The experiment was laid out in Split split plot design with three replications. Variety was

assigned in the main plot, sowing time was in the sub-plots and irrigation was in the sub-sub

plots. The data were collected on plant height (cm), number of tillers plant-1

, number of leaves

plant-1

, leaf area index (LAI), individual grain weight (g), individual husk weight (g), dry weight

plant-1

, crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR).

Collected data were complied and analyzed by split-split plot design to find out the statistical

significance of experimental results. The means for all recorded data were calculated and the

analyses of variance for all characters were performed. The mean separations among the

treatments were tested with the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of significance.

Different wheat varieties showed significant variations on all the growth stages. Different sowing

date and irrigation treatment also showed same effect on different plant characters. Interaction

effect of variety and different sowing date and irrigation treatment also showed the significant

variation on growth parameters.

The plant height was influenced by the different varieties. The variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi)

(V1) produced the tallest plant height (46.51, 74.77, 90.33 and 91.29 cm at 45, 60, 75 and 90

DAS respectively) which was superior from all other varieties. On the other hand, the variety

BARI Gom 27 (V4) produced the dwarf plant stature from 45 DAS to at 90 DAS (40.31, 64.93,

87.18 and 86.28 cm at 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively). With the application of different

sowing date at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, the tallest plant as 21.01, 29.36, 51.72, 76.04

89

92.40 and 92.54 cm were observed from S1 treatment where S3 showed the dwarf plant height

14.82, 21.40, 37.46, 65.72, 81.93 and 83.19 cm at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS. The tallest

plant (19.31, 27.66, 47.39, 74.32, 90.52 and 90.84 cm) was recorded from I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75

and 90 DAS respectively, while the shortest plant (17.94, 24.96, 42.44, 64.40, 86.84 and 86.47

cm) was observed from I0. In combination with variety, sowing time and irrigation, the highest

plant height was obtained from V1S1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (21.95, 30.50, 57.26,

84.04, 98.68 and 96.95 cm respectively).

The maximum number of tillers plant-1

was produced from the variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi)

(V1) (0.44, 2.89, 5.57, 5.167 and 4.89 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively) where the

variety BARI Gom 25 (V2) produced the minimum number of tillers plant-1

at 15 30, 45, 60, 75

and 90 DAS (0.24, 2.39, 4.92, 4.59, and 4.11 respectively). With the application of different

sowing date S1 gave the highest number of tillers plant-1

(0.79, 3.06, 6.45, 5.71, 5.97 and 5.29 at

15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively) where the lowest number of tillers plant-1

(0.08, 3.79

and 3.89 at 15, 75 and 90 DAS respectively). In respect of the effect of irrigation, at 15, 30, 45,

60, 75 and 90 DAS, the highest number of tillers plant-1

viz. 0.39, 2.98, 6.23, 5.63, 5.15 and 4.77

respectively were recorded from I, while the lowest number of tillers plant-1

were observed

with I0. In combination with variety, sowing time and irrigation, the maximum number of tillers

plant-1

was obtained from V1S1I at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (1.33, 3.56, 7.11, 7.11, 7.89

and 39.89 respectively) where the lowest number of tillers plant-1

was observed with V2S3I0 at 30

and 45 DAS respectively.


was found to be maximum with the variety BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi)

(V1) produced the maximum number of leaves plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (2.99,

11.24, 36.04, 27.63, 27.98 and 26.30 respectively) where the variety BARI Gom 27 (V4)

produced the minimum number of leaves plant-1

from 15 and 90 DAS (2.82 and 21.87

respectively) but at 30 to 75 DAS. The variety BARI Gom 25 produced the minimum number of

leaves plant-1

(10.74, 32.74, 24.09 and 23.68 respectively). It was found that the maximum


was found with S1 treatment at all growth stages (3.44, 11.64, 40.28,

30.03, 31.92 and 30.68 at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS respectively) where the minimum


(2.36, 27.50, 18.79, 20.92 and 16.94 at 15, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS

respectively) was found in S3. Maximum number of leaves plant-1

at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

90

DAS (3.08, 11.69, 35.59, 27.71, 27.27 and 25.41 respectively) observed from I but I0 produced

the minimum number of leaves plant-1

from 15 to 90 DAS (2.69, 10.17, 31.73, 23.79, 23.39 and

21.46 respectively). In combination with variety, sowing time and irrigation, the maximum


was obtained from V1S1I at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS (13.11, 44.55

35.44, 38.55 and 39.89 respectively) where minimum number of leaves plant-1

obtained from

V4S3I0 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS (2.11, 9.557, 22.11 and 15.78 respectively).

In case of leaf area index plant-1

the highest (1.07) leaf area index plant-1

was obtained from the

treatment of variety BARI Gom 21 at 90 DAS. At 60 DAS, the lowest (0.58) leaf area index

plant-1

was recorded from variety BARI Gohm 27. The highest (1.49) leaf area index plant-1

was

obtained from the treatment of S1 at 90 DAS. At 90 DAS, the lowest (0.45) leaf area index plant-1

was recorded from S1. At 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS, the highest leaf area index plant-1

of wheat

viz. 0.03, 0.16, 0.75, 0.62, 1.06 and 0.83 respectively were recorded from I but the lowest leaf

area index plant-1

of wheat viz. 0.62, 0.48, 0.74 and 0.52 respectively were observed with I0. In

combination with variety, sowing time and irrigation, the highest (2.02) leaf area index plant-1

was recorded in the treatment combination of V1S1I at 90 DAS. At 90 DAS the lowest (0.24) leaf

area index plant-1

was recorded from V4S3I0.

Different varieties showed different individual grain weight of wheat at different growth stages

and BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) produced the maximum grain weight at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and

102 DAS (0.022, 0.033, 0.042, 0.042 and 0.044 g respectively) where the variety BARI Gom 27

(V4) produced the minimum grain weight at 70 DAS (0.0283g). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102

DAS, the highest grain weight as 0.024, 0.034, 0.044, 0.043, 0.046 and 0.045 g were found

respectively from S1 where the lowest grain weight such as 0.019, 0.028, 0.039, 0.038, 0.039 and

0.038 g recorded from S3. At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS, the highest grain weight of wheat

viz. 0.009, 0.012, 0.012, 0.012, 0.014 and 0.015 g respectively were recorded from I, while the

lowest grain weight of wheat viz. 0.009, 0.010, 0.010, 0.012 and 0.012 g respectively were

observed with I0 (no irrigation). In combination with variety, sowing time and irrigation, the

maximum grain weight of wheat was obtained from V1S1I at 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.038,

0.046, 0.048, 0.049 and 0.052 g respectively) where minimum grain weight of wheat obtained

from V4S3I0 at 62 and 70 DAS.

91

In case of individual husk weight BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1) produced the significantly

maximum individual husk weight at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.009, 0.011, 0.012, 0.012,

0.014 and 0.015 g respectively) where the variety BARI Gom 27 (V4) produced the minimum

individual husk weight at 78 DAS (0.010 g). At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS, the highest husk

weight as 0.010, 0.012, 0.013, 0.013, 0.015 and 0.015 g were found respectively from S1 and

lowest husk weight such as 0.008, 0.009, 0.010, 0.010, 0.012 and 0.012 g were recorded from S3.

At 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS, the highest husk weight of wheat viz. 0.009, 0.012, 0.012,

0.012, 0.014 and 0.015 g respectively were recorded from I where lowest husk weight of wheat

were observed with I0 at 62, 70, 78, 94 and 102 DAS viz. 0.009, 0.010, 0.010, 0.012 and 0.012 g

respectively. In combination with variety, sowing date and irrigation, the maximum husk weight

of wheat was obtained from V1S1I at 62, 70, 78, 86, 94 and 102 DAS (0.012, 0.013, 0.015, 0.016,

0.017, and 0.017 g respectively) and the minimum husk weight of wheat obtained from V4S3I0

(0.007, 0.008, 0.008, 0.009, 0.009 and 0.011 g respectively).

Dry matter accumulation differed among the varieties. At 30 DAS; BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi)

(V1), BARI Gom 25 (V2) and BARI Gom 26 (V3) variety had no significant effect but BARI

Gom 27 (V4) produced the lowest dry weight plant-1

. At 60 DAS and at harvest the variety BARI

Gom 25 (V3) produced the maximum dry weight plant-1

(4.456 and 16.67 g respectively). At 30,

60, 90 DAS and at harvest, the highest dry weight plant-1

as 0.46, 5.08, 13.94 and 17.14 g were

observed from S1 and the lowest dry weight plant-1

viz., 0.34, 3.38, 9.85 and 13.90 g were

recorded from S3. For the application of irrigation the highest dry weight plant-1

as 0.43, 4.58,

12.42 and 16.19 g were attained from I, while the lowest quantity of 0.38, 3.99, 11.39 and 14.90

g dry weight plant-1

were found in I0. In combination with variety, sowing date and irrigation, the

maximum dry weight plant-1

of wheat was obtained from V2S1I at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest

(0.52, 6.01 and 19.24 g respectively). But V1S1I at 90 DAS (25.24 g) showed the maximum dry

weight plant1 where the minimum dry weight plant

-1 of wheat obtained from V4S3I0 at 30, 60, 90

DAS and at harvest (0.30, 3.18, 8.97 and 12.44 g respectively).

Significant variation was observed in terms of crop growth rate. Results indicated that the

highest (10.76 g m-2

day-1

) CGR was obtained from wheat variety BARI Gom 25 (V1) 30-60

DAS, but BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) had lowest CGR at 60-90 DAS. At 60-90 DAS highest

(23.37 g m-2

day-1

) CGR was obtained from wheat variety BARI Gom 21(V1). At 30-60 DAS I,

92

irrigation at crown root initiation stage produced significantly the highest CGR g m-2

day-1

of

11.07 while the irrigation levels I0 produced lowest CGR g m-2

day-1

9.62. In recording CGR of

30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS sowing on S1 recorded that CGR g m-2

day-1

as 12.29 and 23.64

respectively which were significantly higher and lowest CGR g m-2

day-1

as 8.12 and 17.26

respectively obtained in S3. Interaction effect of different levels of variety, irrigation and sowing

date showed significant differences on CGR of wheat for 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS. At 30-60

DAS the highest RGR 14.63 g m-2

day-1

was observed from V2S1I and lowest CGR 14.63

g m-2

day-1

was observed from V1S3I0. At 60-90 DAS, the highest CGR as 26.33 g m-2

day-1

was

observed from V1S1I and lowest CGR observed from V4S3I0 (15.45 g m-2

day-1

).

Different varieties of wheat had no significant variation in terms of relative growth rate at all

growth stages. At 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS, the highest RGR 0.04385 and 0.07 g g-1

day-1

were respectively recorded from Gom 21 (Shatabdi) (V1), while the lowest RGR 0.044 and 0.07

g g-1

day-1

were respectively observed from V4. In case of sowing time at 30-60 DAS and 60-90

DAS, the highest RGR 0.05 and 0.07 g g-1

day-1

were observed from S1 and the corresponding

lowest RGR 0.04 g g-1

day-1

was recorded from S3 at 30-60 DAS. At 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS,

the highest RGR 0.05 and 0.07 g g-1

day-1

were respectively recorded from I1, while the lowest

RGR 0.04 and 0.07 g g-1

day-1

were respectively observed from I0. Relative growth rate (RGR) of

wheat showed statistically non significant variation due to different interaction effect of variety,

sowing date and irrigation at 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS. At 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS, the

highest RGR 0.06 g g-1

day-1

and 0.08 g g-1

day-1

were observed from V2S1I and V1S1I

respectively, while the corresponding lowest RGR 0.03 and 0.06 g g-1

day-1

were recorded from

V4S3I0.

The conducted experiment revealed the variety BARI Gom 21 (V1) gave the highest growth that

was statistically similar to the variety BARI Gom 26 (V3) that means there was no significantly

growth difference between the varieties. So, both the varieties may be recommended for wheat

cultivation for obtaining the maximum growth. Among the different sowing date November

sowing of wheat is found better than December sowing in relation to the crop performance.

When irrigation is to be applied in wheat field, irrigation should be given at crown root initiation

stage which increases the crop growth rate. Among the interaction effect the combination of

sowing date (19 November) and irrigation (I) along with the variety BARI Gom 21 (V1)

93

performed best in case of crop growth production that was statistically similar to the V3S1I

combination. So, considering this situation, BARI Gom 21(Shatabdi) and BARI Gom 26

individually may be performed the best with November sowing and irrigation. But under the

present study, BARI Gom 21(Shatabdi) with November sowing and irrigation was the best

treatment combination. Based on the experimental results, it may be concluded here that

morphological growth of wheat are positively co-related with variety, time of sowing and

irrigation.

However, for further confirmation of the result the experiment may be conducted by including

the same treatment or by manipulating the treatment combination to draw a better conclusion.

94

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105

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Experimental site at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207

Experimental site

Figure: The map of Bangladesh showing experimental site

106

Appendix II. Soil characteristics of experimental field as analyzed by Soil Resources

Development Institute (SRDI), Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka

A. Morphological characteristics of the experimental field

Morphological features Characteristics

Location Agronomy field , SAU, Dhaka

AEZ Madhupur Tract (28)

General Soil Type Shallow red brown terrace soil

Land type High land

Soil series Tejgaon

Topography Fairly leveled

B. Physical and chemical properties of the soil before experimentation

Characteristics Value

% Sand 27

% Silt 43

% clay 30

Textural class silty-clay

pH 5.6

Organic matter (%) 0.78

Total N (%) 0.03

Available P (ppm) 20.00

Exchangeable K (me/100 g soil) 0.10

Available S (ppm) 45

107

Appendix III. Monthly record of air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of the

experimental site during the period from November 2012 to March 2013

Month

*Air temperature (0C)

*Relative humidity

(%)

Rainfall

(mm)

(total) Maximum Minimum

November, 2012 25.82 16.04 78 00

December, 2012 22.4 13.5 74 00

January, 2013 24.5 12.4 68 00

February, 2013 27.1 16.7 67 30

March, 2013 31.4 19.6 54 11

* Monthly average

* Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department (Climate & weather division), Agargoan,

Dhaka

Appendix IV: Effect on plant height as influenced by variety, sowing time and irrigation on

growth of wheat

Source of

variation

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean square

Plant height (cm) at

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90

DAS

Replication 2 3.05 4.65 17.55 13.27 196.58 64.00

Factor A 3 0.89 6.45 19.99 34.82 31.39 80.71

Error 6 1.35 6.29 17.58 25.41 12.99 36.06

Factor B 2 266.1 2 442.85 1227.02 655.63 785.73 592.24

AB 6 2.00 3.39 33.92 20.12 18.89 15.99

Error 16 1.92 5.63 19.74 14.61 15.21 14.22

Factor C 1 33.73 130.95 441.99 629.65 294.39 288.28

AC 3 1.27 3.43 6.08 6.22 0.40 8.45

BC 2 0.66 1.44 31.83 41.47 16.83 19.15

ABC 6 0.51 0.86 8.53 4.81 2.97 1.39

Error 24 0.49 0.90 6.74 9.59 3.08 3.87

108

Appendix V: Effect on number of tiller plant -1

as influenced by variety, sowing time and

irrigation on growth of wheat

Source of

variation

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean square

Number of tillers plant -1

at


Replication 2 0.09 1.81 11.69 0.29 0.48 1.04

Factor A 3 0.17 0.94 5.08 4.71 2.23 2.01

Error 6 0.11 0.32 1.21 0.93 1.62 0.59

Factor B 2 4.03 3.87 11.18 14.88 30.92 14.08

AB 6 0.12 0.19 0.27 1.16 1.08 1.51

Error 16 0.07 0.22 1.12 1.45 0.46 0.24

Factor C 1 0.50 5.23 19.71 20.42 14.54 9.16

AC 3 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.20 0.15 0.15

BC 2 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.84 0.31

ABC 6 0.01 0.02 0.32 0.24 0.08 0.32

Error 24 0.01 0.06 0.17 0.26 0.12 0.06

Appendix VI: Effect on number of leaves plant-1



Source of

variation

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean square


at


DAS

Replication 2 0.02 17.49 21.89 41.01 76.49 89.15

Factor A 3 0.12* 1.44* 45.31 44.57 65.55 69.79

Error 6 0.17 4.59 30.03 22.59 12.29 11.39

Factor B 2 7.07 12.28 983.28 886.85 811.17 1142.75

AB 6 0.09 1.02 10.92 12.29 41.71 31.47

Error 16 0.08 1.32 43.61 21.15 28.62 11.43

Factor C 1 2.84 42.08 268.27 277.42 270.82 281.24

AC 3 0.05 0.46 0.66 1.79 7.68 0.34

BC 2 0.01 0.14 2.11 2.89 14.57 9.22

ABC 6 0.02 0.26 4.90 2.88 4.43 1.33

Error 24 0.02 0.34 2.88 3.83 6.32 2.32

109

Appendix VII: Effect on leaf area index plant-1



Source of

variation

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean square

Leaf area index plant-1

of wheat at

30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS Replication 2 0.01 0.21 0.04 0.39 0.08

Factor A 3 0.02* 0.07 0.10 0.51 0.95

Error 6 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.05

Factor B 2 0.07 0.48 3.27 6.83 4.08

AB 6 0.01* 0.02* 0.07 0.19 0.41

Error 16 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.12

Factor C 1 0.04 0.14 0.38 1.86 1.77

AC 3 0.01* 0.01* 0.01 0.11 0.08

BC 2 0.07* 0.02* 0.03 0.07 0.07

ABC 6 0.01* 0.06* 0.01 0.05 0.04

Error 24 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.02

Appendix VIII: Effect on individual grain weight as influenced by variety, sowing time and


Source of

variation

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean square

Individual grain weight of wheat at


DAS

Replication 2 0.002 0.004 0.011 0.013 0.004 0.015

Factor A 3 0.003 0.039 0.002 0.009 0.005 0.051

Error 6 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.008 0.006

Factor B 2 0.056 0.082 0.063 0.063 0.093 0.114

AB 6 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.006

Error 16 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Factor C 1 0.023 0.025 0.022 0.064 0.059 0.086

AC 3 0.001 0.001 0.001* 0.001 0.001 0.001

BC 2 0.001 0.001* 0.001* 0.001 0.001 0.001*

ABC 6 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001

Error 24 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001

110

Appendix IX: Effect on individual husk weight as influenced by variety, sowing time and


Source of

variation

Degrees

of

freedom

Mean square

Individual husk weight of wheat at


Replication 2 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.000

Factor A 3 0.001* 0.002* 0.005 0.001* 0.012* 0.004*

Error 6 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.006 0.004

Factor B 2 0.015 0.013 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.024

AB 6 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001

Error 16 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001

Factor C 1 0.007 0.027 0.035 0.018 0.046 0.069

AC 3 0.001 0.001 0.010 0.001 0.001 0.001

BC 2 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001

ABC 6 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Error 24 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002

Appendix X: Effect on dry weight plant-1



Source of variation Degrees of

freedom

Mean square

Dry weight plant-1

of wheat at


Replication 2 0.001 0.035 0.268 4.410

Factor A 3 0.003* 0.256 14.373 14.022

Error 6 0.001 0.046 0.861 0.552

Factor B 2 0.104 17.448 100.378 63.282

AB 6 0.001 0.324 0.521 0.329

Error 16 0.001 0.042 0.314 0.243

Factor C 1 0.040 6.301 18.727 29.838

AC 3 0.001 0.043 0.595 0.132

BC 2 0.001 0.589 0.987 0.040

ABC 6 0.001 0.035 0.220 0.057

Error 24 0.001 0.023 0.140 0.133

111

Appendix XI: Effect on Crop Growth Rate (CGR) as influenced by variety, sowing time

and irrigation on growth of wheat


freedom

Mean square

CGR wheat at

30-60 DAS 60-90 DAS

Replication 2 0.17 0.778

Factor A 3 1.49 112.88

Error 6 0.32 6.11

Factor B 2 105.62 245.65

AB 6 2.24 2.86

Error 16 0.35 2.35

Factor C 1 37.99 23.47

AC 3 0.30 6.52

BC 2 4.12 2.29

ABC 6 0.26 1.38

Error 24 0.16 0.96

Appendix XII: Effect on Releative Growth Rate (RGR) as influenced by variety, sowing



freedom

Mean square

RGR wheat at

30-60 DAS 60-90 DAS

Replication 2 0.001 0.001

Factor A 3 0.002* 0.002*

Error 6 0.001 0.001

Factor B 2 0.001 0.001*

AB 6 0.001 0.001

Error 16 0.002 0.002

Factor C 1 0.001* 0.001*

AC 3 0.001 0.001

BC 2 0.001 0.001

ABC 6 0.001* 0.001*

Error 24 0.001 0.001

112

Plate.1: The experimental plots of the present study at SAU, Dhaka

113

Plate 2: Field view of BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) at 1st sowing with irrigation

Plate 3: Field view of BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) at 1st sowing without irrigation

114

Plate 4: Field view of BARI Gom 25 at 1st sowing with irrigation

Plate 5: Field view of BARI Gom 25 at 1st sowing without irrigation

115

Plate 6: Field view of BARI Gom 26 at 3rd

sowing with irrigation


116

Plate 8: Field view of BARI Gom 27 at 1st sowing with irrigation


117

Plate 10: Field view of BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi) at maturity stage at 1st sowing with irrigation

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