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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp.
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN
© IAEME Publication
EFFECT ON FLEXURAL S
REINFORCE
BEAMS BY USING GGB
AL
M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhr
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the experimental studies on Flexural behaviour reinforced
Geopolymer concrete beams (GPC)
causes pollution to environment by releasing CO
Granulated Blast Furnace slag (GGBS) and Metakaolin is used to convey
Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer bond is set up by using dissolv
action of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This settled extent is 2.5 and the
convergence of sodium hydroxide is 8M. The concrete beams of size 150 mm X 150
mm X 700 mm with varying percentage of GGBS and Metakaolin are tested in presen
study. The paper focuses on investigating characteristics of M40 concrete with
various proportions of Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and
Metakaolin. The behavior of studied with reference to ultimate load and mid span
deflection was calculated.
Key words: Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Ground Granulated blast furnace slag,
alkali activators, flexural beams.
Cite this Article: G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar Effect on Flexural
Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS, Metakaolin
and Alkaline Solution. International Jour
8(5), 2017, pp. 175–188.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
Utilization of the industrial by products in construction sector could become an important
route for large scale safe disposal of the industrial wastes and reduction of construction cost
[1]. Several studies conducted on Geopolymer concrete, showed that it is potentially
substitute to Portland cement concrete [2]. The utilization of GPC is gradually picking up
IJCIET/index.asp 175 [email protected]
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp.175–188, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_021
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5
6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
Scopus Indexed
EFFECT ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRET
BEAMS BY USING GGBS, METAKAOLIN AND
ALKALINE SOLUTION
G. Adisekhar
M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhr
B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.
This paper describes the experimental studies on Flexural behaviour reinforced
Geopolymer concrete beams (GPC). In the production of ordinary Portland cement
causes pollution to environment by releasing CO2. In present study ground
Granulated Blast Furnace slag (GGBS) and Metakaolin is used to convey
Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer bond is set up by using dissolv
action of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This settled extent is 2.5 and the
convergence of sodium hydroxide is 8M. The concrete beams of size 150 mm X 150
mm X 700 mm with varying percentage of GGBS and Metakaolin are tested in presen
aper focuses on investigating characteristics of M40 concrete with
various proportions of Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and
Metakaolin. The behavior of studied with reference to ultimate load and mid span
Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Ground Granulated blast furnace slag,
alkali activators, flexural beams.
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar Effect on Flexural
Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS, Metakaolin
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5
Utilization of the industrial by products in construction sector could become an important
scale safe disposal of the industrial wastes and reduction of construction cost
Several studies conducted on Geopolymer concrete, showed that it is potentially
substitute to Portland cement concrete [2]. The utilization of GPC is gradually picking up
asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5
TRENGTH OF
D GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
S, METAKAOLIN AND
M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.
This paper describes the experimental studies on Flexural behaviour reinforced
. In the production of ordinary Portland cement
. In present study ground
Granulated Blast Furnace slag (GGBS) and Metakaolin is used to convey
Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer bond is set up by using dissolvable course of
action of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This settled extent is 2.5 and the
convergence of sodium hydroxide is 8M. The concrete beams of size 150 mm X 150
mm X 700 mm with varying percentage of GGBS and Metakaolin are tested in present
aper focuses on investigating characteristics of M40 concrete with
various proportions of Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and
Metakaolin. The behavior of studied with reference to ultimate load and mid span
Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Ground Granulated blast furnace slag,
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar Effect on Flexural
Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS, Metakaolin
nal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5
Utilization of the industrial by products in construction sector could become an important
scale safe disposal of the industrial wastes and reduction of construction cost
Several studies conducted on Geopolymer concrete, showed that it is potentially
substitute to Portland cement concrete [2]. The utilization of GPC is gradually picking up
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 176 [email protected]
acknowledgment, particularly for synthetic safe structures and research here has increased
some force to broaden the scope of use. The large scale production of cement is posing
environmental problems on one hand and unrestricted depletion of natural resources on the
other hand [3]. It is expanding or contract in nature it is high resistance in acid, alkalis. These
could be natural minerals such as kaolinite, clays, etc. A total of 5 different mix propositions
100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 0% of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and
Metakaolin respectively for steel reinforcement were tested ambient temperature. The
research in this area has gained some momentum to extend the range of application [4]. As in
conventional reinforced concrete, the GPC also needs to be reinforced with steel bars for its
large scale utility in civil engineering structural applications. The main constituents of
geopolymer are the source materials and the alkaline liquid. The source materials for
geopolymer based alumino-silicate rich in silicon and aluminium. It has the same main
chemical constituents as ordinary Portland cement but in different proportions and the
addition of GGBS in Geopolymer Concrete increases the strength of the concrete and also
curing of Geopolymer concrete at room temperature is possible. The global warming is
caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere by human
activities. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes about 65% of global warming. Use
of such materials as cement replacement will simultaneously reduce the cost of concrete and
helps to reduce the rate of cement consumption. The paper focuses on investigating
characteristics of M40 concrete with various proportional of replacement of cement with
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and adding Metakaolin. This paper considers
reinforced GPC beams with different binder compositions and produced by ambient
temperature curing. The paper compares the performance of GPC beams and Reinforced
Portland cement Concrete beams.
2. METHODOLOGY
The fundamental refinement between Geo-polymer bond and others is the clasp. To outline
Geo-polymer activator plan used to react with silicon and aluminium oxides which are
accessible in Metakaolin and GGBS. This fundamental activator course of action ties coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate to outline Geo-polymer mix. The fine and coarse aggregate
include around 75% mass of Geo-polymer concrete. The fine aggregate was taken as 36% of
total. The thickness of Geopolymer bond is taken 2426 kg/m3.The workability and nature of
concrete are affected by properties of materials that make Geopolymer concrete. The mixing
is done with 1:2.5 ratio.
MATERIALS USED: 1. GGBS, 2. Metakaolin, 3. Reinforcement, 4. Fine Aggregate, 5.
Coarse Aggregate 6. Sodium Silicate, 7. NaOH.
2.1. GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag)
GGBS is a by-product of blast furnaces used to make iron. It is a granular, non-metallic
material; it was consisting of silicates and aluminates of calcium and other bases. The specific
gravity of GGBS is 2.9. It is undefined in nature and consequence of slag from heater.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a
by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce
a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. GGBS is very
useful in the design and development of high-quality cement paste/mortar and concrete [5].
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
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Figure 1 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Table 1 Physical properties of GGBS
Table 2 Chemical composition of GGBS
2.2. Metakaolin
Metakaolin is refined kaolin clay that is fired under carefully controlled conditions to create
an amorphous alumino silicate that is reactive in concrete. Like other pozzolans (fly ash and
silica fume are two common pozzolans), metakaolin reacts with the calcium hydroxide (lime)
byproducts produced during cement hydration. The Concrete Countertop Institute
recommends using metakaolin as a cement replacement in concrete countertop mixes, instead
of other pozzolans such as silica fume. [6]
Specific gravity 2.9
Color White5
Surface moisture Nil
Average particle size, shape 4.75 mm down, round
S.No Characteristics GGBS (%Wt)
1 Aluminum Oxide 14.42
2 Calcium Oxide 37.35
3 Sulphur 0.39
4 Magnesium Oxide 0.02
5 Silica 37.74
6 Manganese Oxide 8.71
7 Iron Oxide 1.11
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution
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Figure 2 Metakaolin
Table 3 Physical properties of Metakaolin
Specific gravity 2.40 to 2.60
Color Off white, Gray to buff
Physical form Powder
Average plastic size <2.5 µm
Brightness 80-82 Hunter L
BET 15 m2/g
Specific surface 8-15 m2/g
Table 4 Chemical Composition of Metakaolin
Chemical composition Wt. %
SiO2+AlO3+TiO2+FE2O3 >97
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) <0.50
Alkalies (Na2O, K2O) <0.50
Loss of ignition <1.00
Moisture content <1.00
Table 5 Metakaolin properties
Property Metakaolin
Specific gravity 2.5
Mean grain size 2.54
Specific area (cm2/g) 150000-180000
Colour Ivory to cream
Chemical Composition
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 60-65
Aluminum oxide(Al2o3) 30-34
Iron oxide (Fe203) 1.00
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
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2.3. Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment. Fine
aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 4.75mm sieve. As with coarse aggregates these can be from Primary, Secondary or
Recycled sources. The sand was washed and screened at site to remove deleterious materials
and tested as per the procedure given in IS 2386:1968 (Part-3).River sand from Vijayawada is
used in this project for casting purpose. [7]
Figure 3 Fine aggregate
Table 6 Physical Properties Fine Aggregates
S.no Property Values
1 Specific gravity 2.63
2 Fineness modulus 2.51
3 Bulk density(Kg/m3) 1564
2.4. Coarse aggregate
Hard crushed granite stone, coarse aggregates confirming to graded aggregate of size, 10 mm
as per IS:383-1970 was used in the study[8]
Figure 4 Coarse Aggregate
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution
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Table 7 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate
Sieve Size (mm)
10mm
Requirement as
per IS: 383-1970 Percentage
passing
12.50 100% 100%
10 85% 94.62%
4.75 0 to 20% 15.40%
2.39 0 to 5% 2.89%
Specific gravity 2.80
Bulk Density
(kg/m3)
1513
Fineness
modulus
7.32
Water absorption 0.41
2.5. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known caustic soda is an inorganic compound. It is a white
solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali of sodium which is available in flakes,
granules, and as prepared solutions at different concentrations. Sodium hydroxide is used in
many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp
and paper, drinking water [9]
Table 8 Specifications of Sodium Hydroxide Flakes
Minimum Assay (Acidimetric)
Maximum limits of impurities 96%
Carbonate 2%
Chloride 0.1%
Phosphate 0.001%
Silicate 0.02%
Sulphate 0.01%
Arsenic 0.0001%
Iron 0.005%
Lead 0.001%
Zinc 0.02%
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
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Figure 5 NaOH Flakes
Figure 6 NaOH solution
2.6. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)
• It is stable in neutral and alkaline. In acidic solutions, the silicate ion reacts
with hydrogen ions to form silicic acid, which when heated and roasted forms
silica gel, a hard, glassy substance.
• Sodium silicate products are manufactured as solids or thick liquids, depending on
proposed use.[10]
Figure 7 Sodium Silicate Solution
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution
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Table 9 Properties of Sodium Silicate
Table 10 Mix Proportions for Geopolymer concrete
Ingredients in
(kg/m3)
Different mixes
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Nomenclature G -100 G 70 – M 30 G 50 - M 50 G 30 -M 70 M - 100
P.M = Metakaolin + GGBS 414 414 414 414 414
Coarse Aggregate 10mm 1166 1166 1166 1166 1166
Fine Aggregate 660 660 660 660 660
Sodium Hydroxide Solution 53 53 53 53 53
Sodium Silicate Solution 133 133 133 133 133
Table 11 Test results and M40 Concrete Mix
Cement 463.5 Kgs
Fine aggregate 530.27Kgs
Coarse aggregate 1153.13Kgs
Water 185.4 Liters
W/C ratio 0.40
2.7. Preparation of Alkali Solution
The preparation of NaOH solution is done by dissolving the following ingredients in water. A
concentration of 8M NaOH is calculated as molecular weight of NaOH is 40 and for 8M we
need to calculate NaOH by 8 X 40 = 320 grams and dissolve by adding distilled water to
NaOH flakes use the solution of after 24 hours.
% Na2O 12
% SiO2 25
% H2O -
PH 12.49
Density 1490 kg/m3
Nature Transparent Viscous Liquid
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3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
3.1. Mixing
The soluble activator arrangement is set up before 24 hours of throwing. At first, all dry
materials were blended appropriately for three minutes. Soluble activator arrangement is
added gradually to the blend. Blending is accomplished for 5 minutes to get uniform blend.
3.2. Casting
The sizes of the moulds used are beam (700 mm X 150 mm X150 mm) and cubes (150 mm X
150 mm X 150mm) were casted.
Figure 9 GPC Mix
3.3. Test Beam Details
The beams reinforced with steel bars were designed as per IS 456:2000 based on the
dimensions to fit the laboratory and testing facility. Twenty four numbers of reinforced
concrete beams with and without GGBS were cast and tested in the loading frame.
Experiments were carried out on control beams and beams with 100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and
0% GGBS and metakaolin. The size of the beam moulds is 700 mm X 150 mm X 150 mm.
Geometry of the beam specimen and reinforcement details are shown in Figure 10. The
specimens were designed as per IS: 456 -2000 provisions. The clear cover of the beam was
20 mm. Three bars of 12 mm diameter bars were provided at compressive side. Two legged
vertical stirrups of 8 mm diameter at spacing of 150 mm centre to centre were provided as
shear reinforcement.
Figure 10 Reinforcement details
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution
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3.4. Reinforcement Details
The reinforcement adopted for casting is having rods of 12 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm diameter
Fe 550D grade steel. The cover provided for reinforcement is 20 mm.
3.5. Test set up
The test set up for the flexural test is shown in Fig- 11. The test specimen was mounted in
UTM of 1000 kN capacity. Dial gauges of 0.01 mm count were used for measuring deflection
under the load points mid span for measuring deflection .The dial gauge readings were
recorded at different loads. The load was applied at intervals of 50 kg until the first was
observed. Subsequently, the load was applied in increments of 250 kg. The behaviour of the
beam was observed carefully and the first crack was identified. The deflections values were
recorded for respective load increments until failure. The failure mode of the beams was also
recoded.
Figure-11 Test set up using Dial Gauge at centre
4. CURING
4.1. Ambient Curing
The Moulds were then demoulded after 24 hours and were left in room temperature until
testing. Conventional Cement concrete specimen are demoulded after 24 hours and allowed
to water curing. Development of Geopolymer concrete suitable for curing at ambient
temperature will widen its application to concrete structures. Generally GGBS and
Metakaoline bend has improved the early age mechanical properties of Geopolymer concrete
cured at ambient curing. [11, 15]
Figure 12 100% MK Figure 13 70% GGBS - 30% MK
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
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Figure 14 50% GGBS-50% MK Figure 15 30% GGBS-70% MK
Figure 16 100% GGBS
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage
Replacements
First Crack
Load (Kg)
First Crack
Load (kN)
Deflection
at First
Crack
Load
Ultimate
load (Kg)
Ultimate
load (kN)
Deflection at
Ultimate
load
100% GGBS 8000 80.00 78.48 19250 188.84 192.50
70% GGBS 30%MK 7750 77.50 76.02 9800 96.13 98.00
30% GGBS 70%
MK 5750 57.50 56.40 9250 90.74 92.50
50% MK 50%
GGBS 6500 65.00 63.76 7500 73.76 75.00
100% Mk 2000 20.00 19.62 2850 27.95 28.50
M40 - OPC 5000 50.00 49.05 8750 85.83 87.50
5.1. Deflection behaviour
From fig (17) it is shown that 100% Metakolin beam gives more deflection compared to
other specimen’s beams.100% GGBS beam from below graph it gives more load compared to
other specimens beams.
The graphs shows the results of load versus mid span deflection and Pu/fckbd (103) versus
mid span Deflection for all graphs and Mu/fckbd2 (10
3) versus mid span Deflection for all
graphs and theoretical pi versus moment curvature for all graphs.
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.
Figure
Figure 18
Figure
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0 1
pu
/fck
bd
(10^
3)
0
0.000001
0.000002
0.000003
0.000004
0.000005
0.000006
0.000007
0.000008
0.000009
0
mu
/fck
bd
^2
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution
IJCIET/index.asp 186 [email protected]
17 Applied load versus Mid Span Deflection
18 pu/fckbd (103) versus Mid Span Deflection
Figure 19 mu/fckbd2 versus Mid Span Deflection
2 3 4Mid Span Deflection
1 2 3 4Mid Span Deflection
Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,
5 6
100 ggbs
100 mk
70 ggbs-30mk
50 ggbs-50 mk
70 mk - 30 ggbs
M40 control Mix
5 6
100%ggbs
100%mk
70%ggbs-30%mk
50%ggbs-50%mk
70%MK-30%GGBS
M40 Control Mix
G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
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Figure 20 moment versus theoretical pi
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental and analytical investigations carried out on the reinforced
Geopolymer cement concrete beams and conventional Portland cement concrete beams, it can
be concluded that
• The load deflection characteristics of the RCC beams and GPC beams are almost
similar. The cracking moment was marginally lower for GPC beams compared to
OPC beams.
• The crack patterns and failure modes observed for GPC beams were found to be
similar to the OPC beams.
• From the test results it is observed that the ultimate load for GPC with more than
70% GGBS and 30% MK gives similar results with OPC.
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