effective presentations lessons from my residency (with special thanks to dr. harvey goldman) bruce...
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Effective Presentations
Lessons from my residency
(with special thanks to Dr. Harvey Goldman)
Bruce R. Smoller, MD
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Effective Presentations
• Substance
• Style
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Substance
• Organization
• Presentation– Verbal– Visual
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The “10 minute talk”
• Much more difficult than the 1 hour presentation
• Organization crucial - if you lose the listener, he/she cannot get back in
• Every word counts
• Cannot add too much detail
• Speed does not increase effectiveness
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Organization• Start with an introduction of yourself - making
yourself a “person” helps attract listener attention
• Highlight your main thesis:– “tell them what you are going to tell them”– “tell them”– “tell them what you just told them”
• Adhere to outline rigorously!
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Organization• Know the time allotted for the talk
• Budget accordingly:– Introductory material– Study design– Results– Take home points– (Future studies)
IntroductionStudy DesignResultsConclusions
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Organization
• Begin with a clear thesis:– What is the purpose of your talk?– What is the background that led you to this
hypothesis?– Background information should be targeted
to audience and sufficient to understand study, but not comprehensive - “HIT THE HIGHLIGHTS”
– Define all terms VERY clearly
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Organization
• How do you plan to make this case?– What was the experimental design?
• Know your audience: assume neither too little nor too much
• Not necessary to present exact dilutions, times for incubation, etc. - “HIT THE HIGHLIGHTS”
• Often good to mention controls (and rationale for choosing control groups)
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Organization• What are the salient results?
– If you cannot remember them without prompting, the audience won’t care or remember
– Often good to present results compared with controls, if appropriate
– Tabular data easy to follow– Not every result is salient: remember the initial
thesis - only supporting or refuting data is salient!
– “HIT THE HIGHLIGHTS”
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Organization
• “A picture is worth a thousand words”
• Show high quality photomicrographs (if appropriate) of salient results– Sharp focus– Sharp contrast– Label (arrows) if subtle– Appropriate magnification
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CP ExpPath FacDev Educ. Finan. Progress report
Renovation in progress/ Negotiations for CP space in new hospital successful
x x Sayed conf.; no other volunteers - will keep trying/ Blackall course director
x x x System upgrade, Lynne Jetton project leader/ researching many systems
x Most up to AAMC mean
Molecular pathology x x Bellamy hired as new director of Molecular Pathology
Slide previewing x x Restructured surgical pathology to accommodate
Outreach program x x McKenney CPDF; Jetton managing/ attended Mayo Clinic meeting - lots to do!
Reg. and nat. reputation x x x 5 short courses, 1special course and 1 long course at USCAP this year!
Translational research x x x Multiple recruits, Vet. Path.
Tissue procurement facil. x ARDAIS contract; Yared to head - up and running
Increase research x Drs. Yang and Das added to faculty
Faculty mentoring x x x Mentoring program established
Secretarial support x x allocation done; fully implemented with move
Balance of protected time x x x current scheduling appears to be to faculty's liking
Graduate programs x x full participation in Interdisciplinary Graduate Program
Telepathology x x no interest within our department
Incentives for tech. Staff x work in progress
Visiting professor program x x In place; sponsorships available
Hospital support x $100K raise in support this year
Expectations of faculty x Annual review - clearly stating
Integrity of promises x Trying to assure 100% compliance
Lack of direction x Have developed mission statement- "State of Dept" attempted to address progress
Fringe accounts x x x x Completed national survey - we are above avg.
Collegiality/morale x x Continue to sponsor events as allowed from Foundation accounts
Increase forensics x Still under negotiation with Dr. Kokes
Restructure autopsy rot. x Completely restructured
Resid. Remediation prog. x AP
New fellowships x Lack of space x
Course peer evaluations x ACH/VAH fac. Integration
x
Library x Informatics x
Contract equity Faculty salaries x
Foundation account x Marked growth in foundation acct
Conference scheduling x x Completely restructured conferences - move to AM, combined AP and CP
Core facilities x Immuno, ARDAIS, vet.path (pending)
Faculty finance education x Suskie monthly updates/education, also conferences for residents/faculty
“Too Much of a Good Thing”
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S100 CD68 SMA MART-1 CK 5/6 CD31
Melanoma + +/- - - - -
AFX - + +/- - - -
SCC - - - - + -
Leiomyosarc. - - + - - -
Angiosarcoma - - - - - +
Organization(A Better Table)
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Organization• How do we explain the results we
obtained?– Put together a reasonable story that helps
to hold the data together - why else would anyone want to remember what you said?
– Simplify, concentrating only on the big picture - the minute details will “lose the forest for the trees”
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Organization
• What did we learn from this study?
• Why do we care?– If you cannot tell them, the only appropriate
audience response is, “So what?”– If you do not tell them, they may not
understand - they have only had one pass through to try to understand your point
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Organized Chaos
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Organized Conclusions
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Organization
• Where do we go from here?– May be interesting to speculate on the next
step - helps to put into perspective
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Organization• Recapitulate!
– “Tell them what you are going to tell them”– “Tell them”– “Tell them what you just told them”
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Organization
• Thank your co-workers– It only makes you look better
• Thank your audience– It is arrogant to assume that the audience
has nothing better to do than to listen to you (even if it is true!)
• Solicit questions
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Organization
• Questions: Coda– Repeat the question for audience
• Ensures all can hear• Stalls for time while you consider the answer
– Compliment the questioner – “I don’t know” is a perfectly valid response; DO
NOT BLUFF - you will be exposed!– Deferring to member of audience may be
appropriate in certain circumstances
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Organization
• “Substance Abuse”:• “I need to hurry to get finished” • “I have a lot of material that I need to get through”
- Why bother? For whom are you giving the talk?
• Running over NEVER helps!• LESS IS MORE
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Presentation
• Verbal:– Do not read slides to audience– Elaborate on your bullets!– Vary tone of voice – Use appropriate volumes - articulate
clearly!– Enthusiasm and eye contact are essential
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Presentation• Verbal
– Pauses, fumbling, going back to previous slides, prolonged pauses:
• Loses interest for audience• Makes speaker appear incompetent and
confused
– PRACTICE! PRACTICE! PRACTICE!!!
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Presentation
• Visual– Do not read slides to audience - “follow the
bouncing ball” is distracting and boring– Bullet points– Large font with good contrast– Proof read - SPELLING MISTEAKS
REFLECT POURLY ON YOU!– Busy slides do not improve presentation
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Presentation - poor choices
• Visual– Do not read slides to audience - “follow the
bouncing ball” is distracting and boring– Bullet points– Large font with good contrast– Busy slides do not improve presentation
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Presentation - poor choices
Presentation - poor choices
VisualDo not read slides to audience
- “follow the bouncing ball” is distracting and boring
Bullet pointsLarge font with good contrastBusy slides do not improve
presentation
VisualDo not read slides to audience
- “follow the bouncing ball” is distracting and boring
Bullet pointsLarge font with good contrastBusy slides do not improve
presentation
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Presentation - poor choices
• Visual– Do not read slides to audience - “follow the
bouncing ball” is distracting and boring– Bullet points– Large font with good contrast– Busy slides do not improve presentation
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Presentation - poor choices“Cutesy” is fine for some
audiences, but not for formal presentations
KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE!
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Style
• Dress
• Speech
• Posture
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Style• Dress:
– It is ALWAYS better to over dress than to under dress
– Scrubs are almost never a good choice
– If you are presenting, you should always look professional!
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Style• Speech
– Use grammatically correct, concise and clear sentences
– Finishing each sentence with, “Okay?” is only appropriate if you plan to take questions after each sentence
– “Um”, “ya know”, “so” are placeholders that detract from the impression that you make • If “we know”, why are you telling us?
– Slang terminology should be limited to appropriate, informal situations - assume a formal presentation until otherwise indicated
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Style
• Speech– Humor is wonderful, but should be
temperate, moderate, and appropriate
– Anecdotes are wonderful tools for reinforcement, if appropriate setting
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Style
• Posture– Stand upright – Appropriate hands:
• Not in pockets (or nose)• Laser pointer is not a crutch
– Convey confidence,
but not arrogance
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StyleStyle
» “Out of style”» Um, like, ya know, I did this
project thing with . .. .. Wait, let me go back a slide to show you guys . . . .
» “Out of style”» Um, like, ya know, I did this
project thing with . .. .. Wait, let me go back a slide to show you guys . . . .
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Summary
• Substance:– Organization– Less is more
• Style– Know your audience and be appropriate
and gracious!
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Thank you for your attention! I hope that some of that some of these pointers will be useful to you in the
future!
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