effective use of media in medical education dr. brijesh rathore associate professor department of...
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Effective use of Media in
Medical Education
Dr. Brijesh RathoreAssociate Professor
Department of BiochemistryVisiting Faculty-American University of Barbados
Learning Objectives
To know various audio visual aids To know demerits and merits of each To know the do’s and don'ts while
using them To select an appropriate teaching aid To express enthusiasm about making
efforts to for the preparation process
Teaching
Is a skill Requires
Expertise of the subject Grasp of the language Skills to communicate
Choosing an appropriate teaching aid
Audio Visual aids
Writing boards Flip boards Transparencies on Over head
projector 35mm slide projector Power point presentation Video on LCD panel Use of audio visual in special
circumstances
The writing board
Most commonly used—Black/white board Easy to use Inexpensive Quickly cleaned and reused Reliable aid Convenient to list item and draw
diagrams Allows step by step building Students can keep pace with the teacher
Disadvantages:
Cannot hold a large amount of matter Has to be erased so no permanent
record Time consuming Difficult to keep attention of students Not an appropriate medium in large
audiences
Guidelines for effective use:
Availability of material Arrange it in sequence – PLAN ahead Good illumination Ensure clarity Emphasize key points Position of teacher Rubbing of board
CHALK BOARD
ADVANTAGES: Convenient to list items, draw charts and
to solve problems. Inexpensive and easily cleaned. Usable for wide range of graphic
representation. Allows step by step build up,
organization of structure of concept. Helps student in note taking.
CHALK BOARD
LIMITATIONS: Back to audience. Can be seen only by small group. Careful drawing are erased & not preserved for
future use. Considerable skill required for effective use. Difficult to move from place to place.
APPLICATIONS: Don’t crowd the chalk-board a few points make a
vivid impression. Make the material simple. Plan the presentation earlier.
The Flip Chart
Large chart with a pad of paper on a stand:
The notes, diagrams and flow charts can be prepared well in advance
Revealed at the appropriate point of presentation
Pages can be preserved for display after class and future references
Disadvantages:
Not effective for large audience Cannot hold large amount of data Writing may consume time. Intermittently loose contact with
audience while writing Sometimes writing is illegible
Guidelines for effective use:
Availability of material PLAN ahead Good illumination Ensure clarity Position of teacher
Audio-Visual Aids
Types of Audio Visual Aids
1. VISUAL AIDS: those communication devices which use seeing as primary process of communication.
2. Non-projected visual aids3. Projected Visual Aids
Non-projected visual aids:
Chalk Board Flannel Graphs Flash cards Posters Diagrams and Photographs Charts Specimens Models
Projected Visual Aids:
Overhead projector Slide projector: 35 mm
Slides Film Strips Epidiascope Micro-projector Silent cine films
Transparencies and Projector
A transparency is plastic film with written material usually in horizontal format
Magnification is 5 times Letter 1-1.5 cm in height (Printed
>18pts) Rule 2/6—nearest viewer should not be
closer than distance equaling 2 screen widths and farthest not more than 6 screen widths
Transparencies and Projector
Advantages: Simple, easily available and inexpensive Can be used with lights on Can be projected high Can be prepared quickly and in advance Allows step wise presentation—Masking Can be preserved for future use
Advantages: Simple, easily available and inexpensive Can be used with lights on Can be prepared quickly and in advance Allows step wise presentation—Masking Can be preserved for future use
Disadvantages: Technical snags and problem of focus. Over crowding. Inertia to update material .
AUDIO AIDS
P.A. System (Public address system)
Record players and discs Cassette tape recorders
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Synchronized Tape-slide projector
Cine movies Open T.V. Broadcasts and
Video-tapes Closed Circuit T.V. and Video-
tapes
FLANNELOGRAPHS
The flannel-board is covered with flannel or khadi cloth. The picture or materials with same material are used to stick
It helps to build presentation in a sequence, piece by piece.
FLASH CARDS One of cheapest and effective aids
to communicate an idea or sequence.
Each card contains words, phrases, or symbols or photographs.
It is flashed before a group of people with verbal commentary.
Suitable for small group.
MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES
ADVANTAGES: Three dimension, concept of reality. Size allows close examination. Good for magnified situation Can permit learning and practice of
different techniques. Can be used to demonstrate function as
well as construction. Some can be made with locally available
materials.
MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES
LIMITATIONS: Simulation models are often expensive. Craftsmanship required for local construction. Usable for small groups. Models often easily damaged. Never the same as performing techniques on a patient.
APPLICATIONS: Models can be used for demonstration when actual
specimen is not available. Simulation devices are used in situation where the real
object or patient cannot be obtained. Useful for instruction.
Projected Visual Aids
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF
MATERIAL FOR VISUAL AIDS
NON-PROJECTED MATERIAL:
Maximum Viewing Minimum height
distance of letter ‘M’
8 Feet ¼” 16 Feet ½” 32 Feet 1” 64 Feet 2”
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
ADVANTAGES:
Projectable in daylight, high to audience, darkening of the class rooms is not needed.
The image can be projected high on the screen or wall enabling the whole class to see the projector image clearly.
Presented while facing the audience. Relatively easy to prepare with local
materials. Subjects can be drawn in advance or
developed be stages with the group. It is easy to handle
LIMITATIONS:
Use of the over head projector for very large audience is limited.
Equipment and materials for making sophisticated transparencies are expensive.
Not easy to adopt for self study.
APPLICATIONS:
Use several sample transparencies rather than complex one and limit each visual to one message.
Use chemical pencil, overhead projector, pencil or wax crayon for writing on transparencies.
Use colour transparencies for better attention from audience and to emphasis details.
Projection transparencies, well fixed can be used by the teacher.
Density & Legibility
Limit text to about 7 lines with 8 words/line
10 lines and 10 words for overhead transparencies
Use an active “voice” that emphasizes key words or phrases
Use at least 18-point font size Use a simple style of lettering
Density & Legibility
Limit use of italics, underlining, bold and capitalization
Watch line spacing Keep images simple Use special effects sparingly
(shadowing, 3-D) Use 4 – 5 colors maximum Increase color contrast with color
hue and brightness
Keep it Simple
Effective slides emphasize and illustrate what the speaker says
Presents information succinctly
Presents information that is self-explanatory
Layout Use horizontal (landscape) slides
rather than vertical (portrait) Try to be consistent about where
you place information on the slide Titles, bullets, logos, etc. should have a
designated spot on slide Layouts may be formal and
balanced (entries centered/left-justified) or informal (entries off-centered yet balanced)
Color
Use contrasting colors for text and background
Use about 4–5 colors per slide and be consistent
Highlight important information with contrasting color
Light-colored lettering or lines on dark background often preferred
Dark Background Light Background
white black
yellow dark red or brown
orange orange
green green
red light blue
violet yellow
Visibility ratio
35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR
35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR
ADVANTAGES: Suitable for small and large audience. Preparation of slides is very easy and not so
expensive. Slides sets and projectors are light and easy to
carry. For projection, no specific technical knowledge or
skill necessary.
LIMITATIONS: For front projector, darkening of the auditorium or
class room in necessary. Amount of information in one slide (in number of
lines of matter) is limited.
APPLICATION:
Useful for teaching in class rooms and self study units.
Can be used repeatedly. With automatic projectors, slides can be
changed, can be programmed, also advanced or reversed.
Using a trans- focuser lens you can focus the details
Using a special light pointer you can pin point the details.
Opaque projector, episcope, Spencer Delineascope.
Epidiascope
Epidiascope Projects any non-transparent
pictures - photographs, charts, sketches and hand written materials.
It can be used to project coins, sheets books etc.
The principle of reflected projection is used in the use of opaque projections.
The opaque projection can be used to project variety of materials in any teaching situation.
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
This system is still found in schools, but is being largely replaced by LCD projectors.
Spatial light modulators (SLMs) Many OHPs are used with a flat
panel LCD which, when used this way is referred to as a spatial light modulator or SLM. Data projectors
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