“EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM

EXTRACT IN ELIMINATING AMERICAN COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana)”

A Research Proposal

Presented to

Rolando S. Delgado

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Research of

The Grade 9 STE

By

JEFFCY ROSE S. BALUCO

“EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM

EXTRACT IN ELIMINATING AMERICAN COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana)”

Chapter 1

Introduction

American cockroach (Periplanta Americana) is popularly

known as “tanga” or “ipis” is one of the major pest problems in

every household nowadays.

American cockroach (Periplanta Americana) can eat anything,

even non-food items such as soap, paper, pet food, glue, garbage,

etc. they like dark and moist places to hide. They eat and

contaminate your food, they secrete an unpleasant odor. Many

people develop allergies to cockroaches. They make people sneeze;

the odorous secretions produced by the American cockroach

(Periplanta Americana) can alter the flavor of food.

These American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana) have been

known to live up to three months without food and up to one month

without water.

However, contrary belief, only about 30 of these species

are ever associated with human dwellings, and fewer than 10

species are considered as pests and one of them is the American

cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

Moreover, if populations of cockroaches are dense in a

certain area, there will be a strong concentration of this

odorous secretion (Jacobs Steve, 18 October 2012). The American

cockroach (Periplanta Americana) can pick up disease-causing

bacteria (Evaluation of the common cockroach Periplanta Americana

(L.) as carrier of medically important bacteria pubmedgov.), such

as Salmonella, on their legs and later deposits those on foods

and food cause food infections or poisoning. House dust

containing cockroaches’ feces and body parts can trigger allergic

reactions and asthma in certain individuals (New York City

Environmental Health Services, 2012 July 11).

To control this pest, many residents use pesticides that

are expensive and broad spectrum affecting the non-target

organisms, including human beings. If people keep on

buyingcockroach removal products, you still face the risk of

putting your family in danger.

On the other hand, Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) plant

belongs to the family of menispermepemia. This can grow or climb

up to fifteen meters long. The leaves are thin sheets and are

heart-shaped, flowers are numerous, bisexual, and does have three

petals. The Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) plant is known

for its bitter nature, and its fruits can grow about 6

centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide consisting of one

carpet, flattened and keeled. This plant may propagated by

planting its stem. The stem contains fixed oil, 33%; with

triolein 87.7%, triplamitin 8.41%, tristearin 3.89%, a glycoside

and samaderin. There are also traces of 2.22% columbine,

picroretine, berberine and an alkaloid that can kill insects.

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) contains many

chemicals that are known to have an antioxidant activity while

few can even fight cancer cells in animal’s study. Somehow,

scientific studies which are made on medicinal uses of Makabuhay

(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) are limited to animals or in the test

tube. Scientific studies on humans are insufficient.

This Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) plant is used

to treat illness because of the chemical content. It can also

treat illness like fever and rheumatism. It is also one of the

ingredients in making medicine for malaria.

In this study, the researcher would like to prove the

effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract

in eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

Statement of the problem

This study would like to determine the effectiveness of

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in eliminating

American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

Specifically this study aims to answer the following:

a. What is the chemical content of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii

Boerl) that could kill American cockroach (Periplanta

Americana)?

b. What is the mortality rate of American cockroach (Periplanta

Americana) sprayed by Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)?

Hypotheses

There is no significant difference in terms of the

effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) in

eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is beneficial to the following

group of people:

Household

The household will benefit this study for they can use a

cheaper product in killing American Cockroach (Periplanta

Americana).

Future Researcher

The future researchers will not have trouble in terms of

using Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. They will

no longer use the commercial pesticide and this will not affect

their health.

Government

The government will not buy pesticide from other countries

because there is an alternative pesticide, the Makabuhay

(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. It will spend less money

in controlling the population of American cockroach (Periplanta

Americana) that causes food contamination.

Agriculturist

This study will give agriculturists some insights about the

use of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. It is an

alternative to chemical pesticides to help eradicate American

cockroaches (Periplanta Americana). This will also motivate them

to promote Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract to

farmers and consumers as environmental friendly pest control.

Environment

The result of this study will help to maintain the balance

of the ecosystem. The research did not use synthetic chemicals

that can kill non-target organisms.

Scope and Limitation

This study is only limited to the stem extract of Makabuhay

(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) applied to eliminate American cockroach

(Tinospora rumphii Boerl). This is conducted to know the

effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract

in eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta Americana). Other

insects and pests are not included in the study and only

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract serves as an

independent variable.

This study will be tested in a wooden box containing five

American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana). This box serves as

an artificial habitat of the American cockroaches (Periplanta

Americana).

This study will be conducted on the year of 2015 at the

residence of Mr. and Mrs. Jose Nonito Baluco at Jalaud Sur,

Zarraga, Iloilo.

Conceptual Framework

Makabuhay is a plant belongs to the Menispermepemia family.

It is a dioecious vine. This plant contains bitter principle

columbine (2.22%), also contains amorphous bitter principle

picroretine and traces of berberine. Makabuhay contains chemicals

that are known to have an antioxidant and it is used for

treatments in some illness like fever and rheumatism. This can

also be used in abortion and can cause allergy.

In the study of H. Defensor et. al. entitled Effectiveness

of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in killing

apple snail. Apple snails are sprayed by Makabuhay (Tinospora

rumphii Boerl) stem extract. As its result the content of

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in killing apple

snails.

The study showed that there were significant differences in

mortality of American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana) in a

pure Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. The pure

concentrations of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem

extract with a high mortality rate to the American cockroach

(Periplanta Americana). However, there were significant

differences in mortality rate of American cockroach after

applying the pure Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem

extract.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Extract

Commercialized Pesticide

Mortality Rate of American cockroaches (Periplanta

Americana)

Figure 1. This paradigm will determine the

effectiveness of Makabuhay stem extract in eliminating

American cockroaches. The Makabuhay stem extract is the

independent variable. The number of American cockroaches is

the dependent variable.

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Some plants contain chemicals that can kill pests like apple

snails, black bugs, and rice green leafhoppers. Plants that have

bitter principle have a potential to kill these pests.

Review of Related Readings

Baygon products contain the pyrethroids, cyfluthrin,

transfluthrin, pralethrin and the carbamate propoxur and

organophosphorus chlorpyrifos, as active ingredients (Baygon

agents, 2007).

Pyrethroids can lead to a variety of ill effects if ingested

in sufficient quantities, including tremors, dyspnea, and

paralysis (Manual of Pesticide Poisoning, 2007).

Mortein NaturGard contains transfluthrin, deodorized

kerosene, and perfume. This perfume contains a mixture of aroma

chemicals like benzyl, acetol, citronella, dimethyl, and

octadiene (Reckitt Benckiser, 2012).

Boric acid is generally considered to be safe to use in

household kitchens to control cockroaches. It acts as a stomach

poison affecting the insects’ metabolism, and the dry powder is

abrasive to the insects’ exoskeletons (Office of Prevention,

Pesticides and Toxic Substances, 1993).

Review of Related Studies

In the study of Manilyn F. Diano (2012) entitled “EFFICACY

OF Lantana (Lantana camara) FLOWERS AND LEAVES EXTRACT ON

COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana)” the researcher showed that

Lantana plant can be an alternative insecticide. The researcher

have proved that Lantana leaves and flowers are not useless in

the environment as she made an idea of producing new insecticides

that is eco-friendly. Instead of spraying synthetic chemicals,

that can harm and kill other non-target organisms (Manilyn F.

Diano, 2012).

Furthermore, in the study of Li J.1 and Ho S.H.2 (2003)

entitled, “Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) As A

Natural Cockroach Repellent” observed that the Pandan Leaves can

be very useful when it comes to create a new alternative

cockroach repellent. Pandan leaves contain 2-Acetyl-1-pyroline.

Pandan essence and the hexane-pandan extract were repellent. The

potential of pandanus amaryllifolius as a natural and

environmentally friendly pest management tool. It shows that

there are similarities between Makabuhay stem extract and pandan

leaves (Li J.1 and Ho S.H.2, 2003).

Meanwhile, according to S.E. Sharawi, S.M. Abd-Alla et. al.

(2013), with the study “Surface Contact Toxicity of Clove and

Rosemary Oils against American Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana”

investigated against the American cockroach, Periplaneta

Americana, in the laboratory. Both clove and rosemary oils showed

variable mortality percentages according to concentration,

exposure time and stage of the insect. Clove oil exhibited

stronger toxic effects than rosemary oil. Clove and rosemary oils

may be used as promising botanical insecticides against

Periplanta Americana (S.E. Sharawi, S.M. Abd-Alla et. al., 2013).

In addition, according to the study of Usavadee Thavara et.

al. (2007) "Repellent activity of Essential oils against

cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae, and

Blaberidae)” Americana and N. rhombifolia with a residual effect

lasting a week after treatment. Citrus hystrix essential oil has

good potential for being used as a cockroach repellent. The

result of the study was that they have proven that Essential oils

against cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae, and

Blaberidae) was effective (Usavadee Thavara et. al., 2007).

In addition, according to Dr. Balotro (2012), with the study

“Scientists validate effectiveness of Makabuhay’s stem extract as

anti-lice treatment” do not carry diseases, pediculosis or head

lice infestation, is a contagious disease, affecting mostly

children between three and ten years old. In a study conducted by

the Department of Education (DepEd) with the University of the

Philippines (UP), head lice infestation ranked as the second most

common health problem of public school children after tooth

decay. It affects the school performance of children because of

the discomfort and social stigma it causes. Many studies

confirmed that head lice manifestation is expensive an also cause

scalp and skin irritation and infections. In line with this, Dr.

Bienvenido S. Baltro of the University of the Philippines Manila,

led to the study entitled, “In Vitro Pediculicidal Efficacy and

Acute Dermal Irritation Tests of Hair Cream from the Methanolic

Extract of the Stem of Tinospora crispa”. It aimed to determine

if the fresh stem juice of makabuhay in hair cream form has the

ability to treat lice infestation without causing skin irritation

(Dr. Balotro, 2012).

In the study of Farkaad A Kadir et. al. (2011), with the

study “Effect of Tinospora crispa on thioacetamide-induced liver

cirrhosis in rats” the study was conducted to determine the

effect of ethanolic extract of the dried stems of Tinospora

crispa in a male rat model of hepatic fibrosis caused by the

hepatotoxin, thioacetamide. The study confirms that complete

reliance on data obtained using in vitro methodologies may lead

to erroneous conclusions pertaining to the safety of

phytopharmaceuticals (Farkaad A Kadir et. al., 2011).

In addition, in the study of H. Defensor et. al. (2014)

entitled “The Effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii

Boerl) Stem Extract in Killing Apple Snails (Pomacea

Canaliculata), the researchers’ observed the reaction of apple

snails 5 hours after spraying the extract of Makabuhay. For a few

seconds of observing, the apple snails were bubbling. Then,

within 5 hours there were slimy stains comes out from the apple

snails. Therefore the study showed that the Makabuhay stem

extract was effective in killing Apple snail (H. Defensor et.

al., 2014).

Meanwhile, according to Isa et. al. (2012) entitled, “The

effectiveness of Tinospora crispa extract against Spodotera

exiguaon Spinacia olercia” observed that the emergence of

biodegradeable pesticides as safe option has reduced the problems

that result from the use of synthetic insecticides, thus creating

a renewed interest in their development and use in integrated

pest management of crops. Tinospora crispa chemical composition

and properties was determined in an effort to use them as raw

materials in bio pesticide production. Tinospora crispa had

columbine, traces of alkaloid, glucoside and it also contains an

amorphous bitter principle, picroretine and traces of berberine

that have possibility to kill pest. Its stem has used as

treatment for diabetes, hypertension, stimulation of appetite and

protective from mosquito bites (Isa et. al., 2012).

Chapter III

Methodology

Research Design

This chapter presents methods and procedures that will be

used to attain valid and relevant results for the study.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of

of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) in Eliminating American

cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

This research used the experimental design specifically the

Complete Randomized Design (CRD), the American cockroaches were

treated with the 100% concentration of Makabuhay (Tinospora

rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and a commercial pest killer. The

researcher prepared two set-ups containing ten American

cockroaches. Each set-upwas sprayed with the commercial pest

killer and Makabuhay stem extract.

Data Gathering Procedure

Collection of Materials Procedure

The researcher gathered all the materials needed for the

experiment. The researcher gathered Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii

Boerl) plant in Brgy. Jalaud Sur, Zarraga Iloilo and the

commercial pest killer is from Iloilo City that will be used to

kill the American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).The

preparation of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)Stem extract,

acclimatization period for one week, preparation of the

materials, finding the total mortality number of cockroach,

experimentation proper and collection of data will be performed

at Brgy. Jalaud Sur, Zarraga, Iloilo. Extraction, weighing of

Makabuhay Stem will be held at STE department, Zarraga National

High School, Zarraga, Iloilo.

T-test is used as a statistical method in gathering and

determining the effectiveness of Makabuhay stem as an eco-

friendly pesticide.

The fresh stems of Makabuhay will be washed thoroughly with

water and cut into pieces. The thin pieces will be washed and are

subjected to extraction.

The test will be conducted using cockroach with two

different groups, to furthermore know the effectiveness of

Makabuhay Stem Extract as an alternative cockroach terminator.

20 cockroaches will be getting from a local area in Zarraga

specifically in Brgy. Jalaud Sur, Zarraga, Iloilo, will be used

in the study and divided randomly into groups, with each group

containing 10 insects of the same species. Group A will receive

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem extract while Group B

will receive commercialized insecticide.

The researcher will make a letter to the adviser, to inform

and ask permission to conduct the experiment needed in their

study. Letters will be sent to the principal and head of the STE

Department, to their research adviser and to the veterinarian.

The researcher will also send a letter to the homeowner (Baluco

Family) to conduct the research experimentation, at Brgy, Jalaud

Sur, Zarraga, Iloilo. Likewise, the researcher will also ask the

consent of her parents through sending them letters.

When the researcher is finally ready to conduct the

experiment, they will gather their materials needed to be used.

The researcher will use cockroach as the subject of the study

that will be treated and tested by the concentration of Makabuhay

Stem extract, specifically the researcher will use fresh stems.

Necessary information is obtained from thesis books,

dictionaries, encyclopedia, journals, and internet for online

searching.

Preparation of Extract

The researcher will cut the Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii

Boerl) stem from its roots. Then, the Makabuhay (Tinospora

rumphii Boerl) stem will be washed. The Makabuhay (Tinospora

rumphii Boerl) is cut into small pieces and pound using the

mortar and pestle. The pounded Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii

Boerl) is squeezed using a cheese cloth. The Makabuhay (Tinospora

rumphii Boerl) stem extracts are strained and put into a spraying

bottle.

Testing

The researcher test the effectiveness of Makabuhay

(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract and the commercial pest

killer to eliminate American cockroaches.

Materials

Cheese cloth

Cheese cloth is used to filter and to squeeze the pounded

stem of Makabuhay to get extract.

Mortar and Pestle

Mortar and Pestle is used to pound the chopped Makabuhay

stems to get extract.

Container

Serve as an artificial habitat of the American cockroach.

Spraying bottle

Spraying bottle is the material used to spray the Makabuhay

stem extract to the American cockroaches.

Graduated Cylinder

This material is used to measure the amount of the Makabuhay

stem extract to be placed in the spraying bottle.

Procedures

Gather all the materials needed

Fulfill all the materials needed for the experiment such as

the spraying bottle, commercial pest killer, two containers where

the American cockroaches to be placed, mortar and pestle, and

cheese cloth.

Prepare the set-ups

The researcher will prepare the containers and place ten

American cockroaches in each container, and label A & B.

Prepare the Makabuhay stem and extract

The stem is chopped into smaller pieces and pounded with

mortar and pestle.

Get the Extract

The pounded stems of Makabuhay are squeezed and filtered

using the cheese cloth to get the extract. Then, put it in a

spraying bottle.

Observation

After a few seconds of spraying, the researcher started to

record their observations. In particular as to the number of

American cockroach (Periplanta Americana) died is recorded.

Procedural Design

Collection and Preparation of Makabuhay (Tinospora

rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract

Preparation of Materials

Getting of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)

Stem Extract

Testing of Set-ups

Observation

Preparation of Set-ups

Statistical Tool

The statistical tool that will use in this study is T Test:

Formula:

Where,

x1¯ = Mean of first set of values

x2¯ = Mean of second set of values

S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values

S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values

n1 = Total number of values in first set

n2 = Total number of values in second set.

The formula for standard deviation is given by:

Where,

x = Values given

x¯ = Mean

n = Total number of values.

Bibliography

Dr. Balotro (2012), Scientists validate effectiveness of

Makabuhay’s stem extract as anti-lice treatment

Farkaad A Kadiret. al. (2011), Effect of Tinospora crispa on

thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats

H. Defensoret. al. (2014) Effectiveness of Makabuhay

(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract in Killing Apple Snails

(Pomacea Canaliculata)

Li J.1 and Ho S.H.2 (2003) Pandan Leaves

(PandanusamaryllifoliusRoxb.) As A Natural Cockroach Repellent

Manilyn F. Diano (2012) EFFICACY OF Lantana (Lantana camara)

FLOWERS AND LEAVES EXTRACT ON COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana)

S.E. Sharawi, S.M. Abd-Allaet. al. (2013), Surface Contact

Toxicity of Clove and Rosemary Oils against American

Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

Usavadee Thavaraet. al. (2007) Repellent activity of Essential

oils against cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae,

and Blaberidae

Facilities

Cheese cloth

Commercialized Insecticide

Containers

Gloves

Graduated Cylinder

Makabuhay stems

Mortar and Pestle

Spraying bottle

Estimated Costs

Research Budget

Php 2500.00

Item Amount

Editing/editor - Php 500.00

Commercialized Insecticide - Php 300.00

Graduated Cylinder Php - 300.00

Mortar and Pestle - Php 300.00

Containers - Php 200.00

Spraying bottle - Php 80.00

Transportation - Php 200.00

Laboratory tests to determine the chemical contents of

Makabuhay stem - Php 500.00.

Statistical data analysis/statistician - Php 500.00

Miscellaneous expense - Php 200.00

Online Searching/Printing - Php 300.00

Source of Funding

Researchers’ fund

Travel Plan

The researcher will take part in conferences as they become

accessible throughout the progression of the research.

Confidentiality and Intellectual Property

This research will be done with confidentiality on the data

that will be collected. The duplication of the study will show

the best result. The researcher will present the research and its

approval will grant by the intellectual property of right given

to the researcher and to the Zarraga National High School.

Approvals

This research will use Insects and Plants as subject and so,

before starting the research, ethics authorization to agree to

the research including Insects and Plants as subject will be

pursued from the Insects and Plants Research Ethics Committee of

Zarraga National High School, Principal, Research adviser, and

the head teacher of the STE Department.

Submission of Research Proposal/ Details of Proposed

Research

There will be two copies of this research proposal that has

the details of this proposal that will be submitted to Zarraga

National High School.