effects of acid mine drainage (amd) on nesting tree swallows
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on
Nesting Tree Swallows
![Page 2: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Streams contaminated with AMD cause ecological and biological stresses by
• Low pH
• High metal concentrations
• Deposition of metal oxides
![Page 3: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ecological Effects of AMD
• Effects at all levels of food chain from periphyton and fungal communities upwards
• Effects on invertebrates include– Reduced abundance and biomass– Reduced species diversity– Shift in species composition from metal-
intolerant taxa to metal-tolerant taxa (mayflies shown to be more susceptible)
![Page 4: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Effects of AMD (cont’d)
Tree Swallows• Readily use nestboxes
• Feed near their nestboxes (< 400m)
• Primarily eat emergent aquatic insects
![Page 5: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Study Objectives
• Evaluate the relationships among metal concentrations detected in the water, benthic invertebrates and nesting tree swallows
• Evaluate the effect of streams contaminated with heavy metals on the nesting success of tree swallows
![Page 6: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Study Area
• Central Colorado near Keystone Ski Resort
• 9 sites selected along Snake River and two tributaries (St John’s Creek and Deer Creek)
• 10-30 nestboxes erected at sites May 2003
![Page 7: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Upper Snake River• Low pH• High metal concentrations
Deer Creek• Near neutral pH• Low metal concentrations
St John’s Creek• Near neutral pH• Low metal concentrations
![Page 8: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Methods
Samples collected at each site included:
• Water samples
• Benthic invertebrates
• Aerial invertebrates
• Tree swallow livers and diets
![Page 9: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Methods - Water Samples
• Collected in triplicates in 250ml Nalgene bottles on weekly basis during summer 2004
• Sampling dates are 6/17, 6/21, 6/28, 7/8, 7/15, 7/22, and 7/29
• Chemical analysis by USGS, Denver
- metal concentrations
- pH and conductivity
![Page 10: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Methods – Benthic Invertebrates
• Surber and Ekman grabs used
• Samples collected on 6/24, 7/1, 7/8, 7/15, 7/22 and 8/1 during 2004
• Number of samples varied from site to site
• Metal concentration analysis by USGS, Denver
![Page 11: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Methods – Aerial Invertebrates
• Assess food availability at each site
• Used aerial tow-nets that rotate in the wind
![Page 12: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Methods – Tree Swallow Monitoring/Sampling
• Part of a larger study conducted by Christine Custer (USGS, La Crosse, WI) to analyze effects of trace metals on tree swallows
• Nestboxes monitored on weekly basis from 1st week of June to last week in July (2003 and 2004)
• Progress of nest construction, number of eggs/young recorded
• Nestling liver and diet samples collected• Metal analysis done by USGS, Denver
![Page 14: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tree Swallow Nests
![Page 15: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Statistical Analysis
• Regressions between metal concentrations detected in the water, benthic invertebrates, nestling diets and livers
• Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also used to analyze metal concentrations in the water, benthic invertebrates, nestling diets and livers
![Page 16: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Water Quality Results
• pH lowest at MS
• Conductivity highest at MS
• MS had the highest Al, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations for most days
• US water chemistry more similar to those along Deer Creek than MS
![Page 17: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Water Results - pH
![Page 18: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water Results – Conductivity
![Page 19: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Al Concentrations
![Page 20: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Zn Concentrations
![Page 21: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Benthic Invertebrates Results
• Highest number of taxa caught along Deer Creek sites
![Page 22: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Number of taxa of invertebrates caught at each site by sampling day. No insects were caught at MS on 7/1/04.
24-Jun 1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug
# of taxa
# of sam.
# of taxa
# of sam.
# of taxa
# of sam.
# of taxa
# of sam.
# of taxa
# of sam.
# of taxa
# of sam.
Upper Deer 4 2 3 3 4 2 8 2 4 2 6 2
Middle Deer 6 1 7 2 11 1 7 1 5 1 8 2
Lower Deer 3 1 7 2 9 1 9 1 5 1 5 2
St John 4 1 6 4 6 2 6 3 7 3 8 5
Upper Snake 2 6 2 5 5 5 1 4 3 5 2 5
Middle Snake 3 5 NA NA 2 5 3 5 2 5 2 6
Montezuma 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 5 3 5 4 12
Denver Water 1 2 3 7 2 7 4 6 3 8 5 11
Keystone 2 5 6 7 2 8 2 7 3 7 4 8
![Page 23: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Number of individual invertebrates caught at each site by sampling day.
24-Jun 1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug
# of ind.
# of sam.
# of ind.
# of sam.
# of ind.
# of sam.
# of ind.
# of sam.
# of ind.
# of sam.
# of ind.
# of sam.
Upper Deer 5 2 13 3 23 2 27 2 56 2 23 2
Middle Deer 8 1 17 2 41 1 44 1 37 1 49 2
Lower Deer 13 1 41 2 39 1 46 1 56 1 26 2
St John 9 1 15 4 23 2 26 3 38 3 53 5Upper Snake 23 6 2 5 35 5 77 4 87 5 94 5Middle Snake 3 5 NA NA 49 5 79 5 80 5 67 6
Montezuma 20 2 11 3 25 3 25 5 20 5 14 12Denver Water 1 2 3 7 20 7 31 6 18 8 25 11
Keystone 2 5 16 7 3 8 11 7 30 7 27 8
![Page 24: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Metal Concentrations in BenthicInvertebrates
• For benthic invertebrates, most of the highest metal concentrations were detected at MD and MS
• Highest average Al, Co, Mn, Ni, and Pb, concentrations at MD
• Highest average Cd, Cr, Zn concentrations at MS
• Highest average Fe concentration at US• Huge contrast to water samples.
![Page 25: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fe Concentrations in Invertebrates
![Page 26: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Al, Mn, Zn concentrations
![Page 27: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cu and Pb Concentrations
![Page 28: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cd, Co, Cr and Ni concentrations
![Page 29: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Aerial Invertebrate Results
• Based on number of individuals caught, no significant difference among the sites
• Over 60% of invertebrates belonged to the Order Diptera
• Most invertebrates between 3-8mm; few Lepidoptera and Trichoptera
• Invertebrates with larger biomass such as Odonota, Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera were not caught at any sites
• Does not seem to be any difference in food availability for the tree swallows
![Page 30: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Nest Occupancy Rates
# of nests
available
2003 2004
Total Occupied
TS
MC
VG
MB
Percent Occupied
Total Occupied
TS
MC
VG
MB
Percent Occupied
Upper Deer 10 1 1 0 0 0 10 3 1 0 1 1 30
Middle Deer 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lower Deer 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 33
St John 13 1 1 0 0 0 8 4 1 3 0 0 31
Upper Snake 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 8
Middle Snake 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 10
Montezuma 18 4 3 1 0 0 22 8 3 4 1 0 44
Denver Water 14 2 2 0 0 0 14 1 1 0 0 0 7
Keystone 20 7 7 0 0 0 35 10 7 3 0 0 50
Overall 126 15 10 30 21
![Page 31: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Interaction between Water Quality, Benthic Invertebrates, and Tree
Swallows
• PCA of metal concentrations in water quality, invertebrates, and tree swallow livers
• Correlation between metal concentrations in water quality, invertebrates, tree swallow diets and nestlings
![Page 32: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Correlation Between Metals in Water and Bird Samples
Water and Liver Water and Diet
r2 values P-values r2 values P-values
Cd 0.46 0.07 0.05 0.60
Co 0.06 0.55 0.01 0.87
Cu 0.19 0.28 0.04 0.63
Fe 0.81 0.0022 0.00 0.92
Mn 0.47 0.06 0.13 0.14
Pb 0.19 0.29 0.07 0.52
Zn 0.28 0.17 0.20 0.26
![Page 33: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Correlation in Metals Between Water and Benthic Invertebrate
Samples
r2 values P-values
Al 0.04 0.61
Cd 0.10 0.40
Co 0.00 0.87
Fe 0.30 0.13
Mn 0.09 0.43
Pb 0.09 0.45
Zn 0.17 0.26
![Page 34: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Correlation Between Metals in Nestling Diets, Livers and Invertebrates
Diet and Liver (n=17)
Diet and Invertebrates (n=8)
r2 p-values r2 P-values
Al NA NA 0.00 0.98
Cd 0.00 1.00 0.08 0.49
Co 0.62 0.02 0.07 0.53
Cr 0.38 0.11 0.12 0.40
Cu 0.64 0.02 0.05 0.61
Fe 0.10 0.45 0.04 0.64
Mn 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.98
Pb 0.35 0.12 0.02 0.71
Zn 0.20 0.26 0.25 0.20
![Page 35: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Correlation in Metals Between Benthic Invertebrate and Liver
Samples
r2 P-values
Cd 0.77 0.004
Co 0.04 0.64
Cr 0.70 0.010
Cu 0.09 0.48
Fe 0.12 0.41
Pb 0.46 0.07
Zn 0.76 0.005
![Page 36: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
• Principal Component Analysis was used to analyze metal concentrations in the water, macroinvertebrate samples, nestling diets and livers.
• PCA reduces the dimensionality of a large set of data by transforming a number of correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables (principal components)
• Takes metal concentrations (correlated variables) in samples and transforms them into principal components
![Page 37: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
PCA – Metal Concentrations in Water Samples
PC1 PC2
Al 0.3565 -0.15
Cd 0.3503 -0.0836
Co 0.3712 -0.1742
Cu 0.3729 -0.1645
Fe 0.3247 -0.0774
Mn 0.3601 0.0931
Ni 0.3717 -0.1849
Pb 0.162 0.7578
Zn 0.2718 0.5386
![Page 38: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PCA – Metal Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates
PC1 PC2
Al -0.3355 0.3471
Cr -0.3055 -0.3009
Mn -0.3343 0.0574
Fe -0.1281 -0.4951
Co -0.3487 0.2092
Ni -0.3881 -0.0195
Cu -0.0695 0.6491
Zn -0.3463 -0.1579
Cd -0.3605 -0.2014
Pb -0.3727 0.0979
![Page 39: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PCA – Metal Concentrations in Nestling Diets
PC1 PC2
Al -0.1539 -0.6128
Cr -0.3271 0.1865
Mn -0.3685 -0.2803
Fe -0.3504 -0.2803
Co -0.3462 -0.1807
Ni -0.2741 -0.2577
Cu -0.2697 0.5051
Zn -0.3838 0.1091
Cd -0.3345 0.3353
Pb -0.2896 -0.1691
![Page 40: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
PCA – Invertebrate Composition
Subscripts 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 denotes sampling days 6/24, 7/1, 7/8, 7/15, 7/22 and 8/1 respectively
![Page 41: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Discussion – Water Samples
• Water samples are important for understanding overall water quality
• Poor indicator of nest occupancy rates• Poor correlation between metals in water
and in benthic invertebrates• Significant correlation between Fe
concentrations in water and nestling diet• Poor correlation between all metal
concentrations in water and nestling livers
![Page 42: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Discussion – Metal Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates
• Metal concentrations in benthic invertebrates are good predictors of nest occupancy rates for a site
• Significant correlation between Cd, Cr and Zn concentrations between benthic invertebrates and nestling livers
![Page 43: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Discussion
• Correlation may be affected by averaging metal concentrations in nestling livers, diets and invertebrates
• Unclear why metal concentrations in benthic invertebrates at MD is so high; sediment and *aufwuchs samples should be included in future studies
*aufwuchs - biotic and abiotic material accumulating on submerged surfaces
![Page 44: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Nesting Tree Swallows](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f185503460f94c2f01f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ConclusionAMD does have an effect on nesting
tree swallows:• tree swallows seem to be avoiding sites
where metal concentrations in benthic invertebrates are high
• high correlation between Cd, Cr and Zn concentrations between benthic invertebrates and nestling livers