effects of chemical industry on energy and environment … · 2008-11-02 · processing materials...

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ENG5510-4510Sustainable Futures 1

Sustainability and the Chemical Industry

November 04, 2008

David R. Shonnard

Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering

Michigan Technological University

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Presentation Outline

� Effects of Chemical Industry on Energy

and Environment

� American Chemistry Council

» Responsible Care program

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Values are in quadrillion (1015)BTUs ( British Thermal Units)

Annual Energy Review 2002, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(2002)

U.S. Energy Flows, 2002

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US Energy Flows: Outputs

Values are in quadrillion (1015) BTUs ( British Thermal Units)


U.S. Energy Flows, 2002

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U.S. industry manufacturing energy use


SIC Code 1015 BTUs/yr

29 Petroleum/Coal Products 7.32

28 Chemicals / Allied Products 6.06

26 Paper 2.75

33 Primary Metals Industries 2.56

20 Food / Beverages 1.15

32 Nonmetallic Mineral Products 0.94

24 Wood Products 0.51

Numbers represent roughly the % of US annual energy consumption

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Stratospheric ozone depletion

Chemical

Processing

EnergyMaterials

Products

ozone depleting

substances

CFCs, HCFCs

ozone layer loss

increase in uv

human mortality

or life adjustments

ecosystem damage

Cause and Effect Chain

From Ozone FAQ - see http://www.unep.org/ozone/faq.shtml

meth

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1. O1. O33 ++ hhνν →→ O + OO + O221. O1. O33 ++ hhνν →→ O + OO + O22

Principal ingredients for ozone loss:UV radiation & a free radical (e.g., X = OH, NO, Cl, Br)

Net: 2••••O3 + hνννν →→→→ 3••••O2

2 O2 O332 O2 O33 3 O3 O223 O3 O22

2. O2. O33 ++ XX →→ XXO + OO + O222. O2. O33 ++ XX →→ XXO + OO + O22

3. O +3. O + XXOO →→ XX + O+ O223. O +3. O + XXOO →→ XX + O+ O22

Catalytic ozone destruction

Dr. Paul A. NewmanNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

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Production trends of ozone depleting substances (Fig. 1.4-3)

(x1

00

0 )

CFC-12

CFC-11

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Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.)Figure 1.4-4

ττττ = 120 yr

ττττ = 60 yr

ττττ = tropospheric reaction half-life

Slow

recovery

Faster

recovery

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CFC mole balance: Atmosphere response to CFC phase-out

1. Troposphere (0 - 10 km) is well-mixed

2. Annual CFC production is emitted to atmosphere (assumed)

d yCFC

dt=

ECFC( t)

MCFC mATM

−1

τ

yCFC

I.C. t =0, yCFC = yCFC ,o

yCFC = mole fraction of CFC in the troposphere

ECFC (t) = emission rate of CFC (g/yr) = ECFCo e-at(AFEAS web site)

MCFC = molecular weight of CFC (g/mole)

mATM = atmosphere content (1.5x1020 moles) (Wallace/Hobbs, 1977, pg6)

τ = CFC residence time in the troposphere (yr)

yCFC,o = mole fraction of CFC in 1988 (Figure 1.4-3)

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Year

CFC-12

CFC-11

CFC-11. ECFCo = 3.14x1011 g/yr, a = 0.1796 yr-1, MCFC = 137.4 g/moleCFC-12. ECFCo = 3.93x1011 g/yr, a = 0.1250 yr-1, MCFC = 120.9 g/mole

ppt = yCFC x 1012

CFC mole balance model prediction

yCRC

=yCRCo

e−

t

τ+

ECFCo

MCFC

mATM

(1/ τ −a)(e

−at−e

−t

τ )

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Effects of chemical properties on ozone depletion

Summary of Environmental Properties/Behavior

� CFCs, HCFCs, Halons partition to atmosphere nearly

100%

� Water solubility (v. low), Sorption to natural organic

matter (v. low), vapor pressure and Henry’s constant

(v. high)

� Persistence in the atmosphere is v. high (v. small

hydroxyl radical (•OH) rate constant)

� Reactivity increases with addition of Hydrogen to

molecule, e.g. HCFCs

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Smog formation and related impacts

Chemical

Processing

EnergyMaterialsProducts

NOx and volatile

organic substances

photochemical

oxidation reactions

human/ecological

damage from O3

and other oxidants


NOx VOCs

12 3

4

5

6

7

1

2

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6 7

1 - Chemical & Allied Processing

2 - Petroleum & Related Industries

3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes

5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation

7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling

VOCs

NOx 1997

1997

National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf

Fuel Combustion

Industrial Processes

Transportation

Miscellaneous

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Acid rain / Acid deposition

Chemical

Processing


SO2 and NOx

emission to air

Acidification rxns.

& acid deposition

human/ecological

damage from H+

and heavy metals


National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf

SO2

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23

5 7

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1 - Chemical & Allied Processing2 - Petroleum & Related Industries3 - Metals Processing4 - Other Industrial Processes5 - Solvent Utilization6 - Storage & Transportation7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling

1997

Fuel Combustion

Industrial Processes

Transportation

Miscellaneous

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Human health toxicity

Chemical

Processing


Toxic releases to

air, water, and soil

Transport, fate,

exposure pathways

& routes

Human health

damage; carcino-

genic & non...

Petroleum Refining

9%

Chemical / Allied

Products51%

Transport-ation

Equipment7%

All Other Industries

16%

Primary Metals

8%

Electronic Equipment

9%

Chemical and Allied Products

27%

Primary Metals22%

All Other Industries

23%

Paper and Allied

Products5%

Petroleum Refining

3%

Rubber and Miscel-

laneous Plastics

3%

Transport-ation5%

Fabricated Metals

6%

Electronic Equipment

6%

RCRA HazardousWaste

EPCRAToxicWaste

Allen and Rosselot, 1997

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Guidance to the Chemical Industry from the National Academy of Sciences, 2005

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Grand Challenges for a Sustainable Chemical Industry (GC=Grand Challenge; RN=Research Needs)

1. Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering

• GC: Discover new green chemical transformation

• RN: Formulate sustainable products/processes

2. Life Cycle Analysis

• GC: Develop life cycle tools for chemical products

• RN: Data, impact methods, interpretations, uncertainty

3. Toxicology

• GC: Understand toxicological fate and effects of chemicals

• RN: Develop chemical structure-function relationships

4. Renewable Chemical Feedstocks

• GC: Develop chemicals from biomass

• RN: Improve biomass processing, develop new chemistries

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Grand Challenges for a Sustainable Chemical Industry (GC=Grand Challenge; RN=Research Needs)

5. Renewable Fuels

• GC: Lead development of renewable fuels/energy

• RN: Innovations in solar technology, biomass conversions

6. Energy Intensity of Chemical Processing

• GC: Continue development of energy efficient processes

• RN: energy efficient separations and reactions

7. Separation, Sequestration and Use of Carbon Dioxide

• GC: Develop more effective carbon management technologies

• RN: Separation, sequestration and new chemistries for CO2

8. Sustainability Education

• GC: Improve sustainability science literacy at all society levels

• RN: Develop educational materials, lecture/lab modules, texts

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What is the Chemical Industry Doing About Environmental and Sustainability Challenges?

Measuring Properties of Chemicals

• High Production Volume (HPV) chemical program

Responsible Care Program

• Responsible Care Codes of management practice

• Environmental management systems program

Applications of Eco-Efficiency Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment

• BASF Eco-efficiency Analysis

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High Production Volume Chemicals Program

What is a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical?

• Produced or imported in > 1,000,000 lb/yr.

What is the HPV Program?

• A voluntary testing program for 2,800 chemicals

• An international effort

What properties are tested for?

• Physical-chemical data, including environmental properties• Ecotoxicity, including LC50, EC50 and NOEC• Toxocity to humans, including acute exposure, genetic, reproductive, developmental toxicities

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American Chemistry Council

A Trade Association of US Chemical Companies

• Represent companies in this industry

• Established in 1872

• Participation in political process

• Commitment to sustainable development

• Work with global chemical producers

• Responsible Care program to manage risk of chemicals

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ACC: Responsible Care Program

A Global Chemical Industry Reporting Initiative• Environmental impacts

• Employee, product and process safety

• Energy

• Chemical industry security

• Product stewardship: managing product safety

• Accountability through management system certification

• Contribution to the Economy

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Environmental impacts

www.americanchemistry.com/responsiblecare/

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Employee, product and process safety


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Energy


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Chemical industry security:Facility, cyber, and transportation


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Product stewardship


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Economy: US employment by suppliers to chemical industry (Thousands)


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Economy: US employment by chemical consumers(Thousands)

Definition: Industry Dependent on Chemical Industry if…

• > 10% of inputs to that industry are chemicals.


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Economy: US economic impact

For each direct chemical industry job, 5.8 additional jobs are created,

due to the “ripple effect” of the industry in the economy.


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Economy: US economic productivity

Definition of Productivity: (Value of industry output – value of

intermediate inputs) ÷ number of direct industry employees.


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Economy: Investment in research


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Chemical Industry Summary

Most large companies have some programs in sustainability

• Adopt goals like Millenium Goals of the UN

• Energy efficiency programs

• Reductions of targeted pollutants

• Establish reduction targets for pollutants

either absolute numbers or / product output

effects of chemical industry on energy and environment … · 2008-11-02 · processing materials...

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