effects of monsoon on glaciers - ::. welcome to...
TRANSCRIPT
Effects of Monsoon on Glaciers(A case study of Batura Glacier)
aShahid Iqbal, bMaryam Altaf, cShahid Parvez
aM.Phil (Space Science) Student, Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. <[email protected]>bM.Phil (Space Science) Student, Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. <[email protected]>
cAssistant Professor, Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore. <[email protected]>
12-14 Nov 2014, Islamabad
International Conference on Space (ICS-2014) Organized by SUPARCO, IST, and ISNET
www.pu.edu.pk
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Effects of monsoon on glaciers
3. Study objectives / area
4. Methodology
5. MeteoSat processing
6. LandSat processing
7. Variation in snow extents
8. Results and discussions
9. Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
• Pakistan being a glacier resource rich country and dominated by the monsoon
system of the world in the region of “South Asia” always requires proper
monitoring, mapping and estimation for better planning and decision making.
• Pakistan has been bestowed with a high number of glaciers, covering an area of
around 13,680 km2 (Shakir & Ehsan, 2010). These enormous reservoirs of fresh
water serve as a natural regulator of water supplies in the region.
• The water melted from these glaciers serves as an important resource to feed major
rivers in Pakistan. Monsoon rains also provide huge amount of water to these rivers.
EFFECTS OF MONSOON ON GLACIERS
• Melting of glaciers is mainly due to climate variability.
• Seasonal Monsoon is one of the most important dominating factors which affects
this melting process significantly.
• Monsoon is a process that occurs on annual basis but even then it’s not possible to
predict the timing of monsoon and the resulted rainfall amount.
• Monsoon rainfall provides way to decline the towering of glaciers. As much as
the low pressure system is highly intensified as the amount of rainfall increase.
• Higher amount of rainfall causes high melting ratio which cumulatively proves to
enrich the irrigation system of the country.
STUDY OBJECTIVES
• To study Glacier retreat and Monsoon variation in Pakistan
• To monitor the correlation between Glacier retreating due to
Monsoon in Pakistan.
• To explore the potential of remote sensing, image processing,
and GIS.
STUDY AREA• Batura Glacier
• 57 km long glacier
• One of the eight largest glaciers
outside the polar region in the
middle and low latitudes.
• Located at 36o30’N to 36o40’N
and 74o22’33’’E to 74o52’30” E
• 7,500m above sea level.
Batura Glacier
METHODOLOGY
Data
Processing
Results
DATA USED
• METEOSAT-7 geostationary
satellite images (2010-2011)
METEOSAT-7 image
Landsat ETM+ image
• Landsat TM and ETM+images (2009-2011)
METEOSAT PROCESSING
METEOSAT PROCESSING
• From METEOSAT, trajectories were drawn for all three bands visible,
infrared and water vapor using ArcGIS in context of low pressure system.
• The daily movements of monsoon depression (at 24 hours interval) for the
spell-1 in 2010 and spell-2 in 2011 were detected.
• The movement of monsoon spell in 2010 was quite complex as compared
to that in 2011.
• These trajectories provided a good prediction about seasonal monsoon
depression which caused severe rainfall in our country as a result of which
glaciers were affected and their melting rate was changed.
Trajectory of monsoon depression in Visible band for
July 2010 and July 2011
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-2011
2-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
1-7-2011
2-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-2011
2-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
Trajectory of monsoon depression in Infrared band for
July 2010 and July 2011
1-7-20112-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
Trajectory of monsoon depression in Water vapor band for
July 2010 and July 2011
5-7-2011
4-7-2011
3-7-2011
2-7-2011
1-7-2011
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-2011
2-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
Trajectory of monsoon depression in all three bands for July 2010
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-2010
2-7-2010
3-7-2010
4-7-2010
5-7-2010
6-7-2010
7-7-2010
1-7-20102-7-20103-7-20104-7-20105-7-20106-7-20107-7-2010
1-7-2011
2-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
1-7-2011
2-7-2011
3-7-2011
4-7-2011
5-7-2011
1-7-20112-7-20113-7-20114-7-20115-7-2011
Trajectory of monsoon depression in all three bands for July 2011
• Our observation concludes that yearly and bi-yearly variabilities of the monsoon
depressions at different scales are connected to tropospheric bi-yearly oscillations
(TBYO) and multi yearly variability to El Nino Southern Oscillation.
• The METEOSAT visible imagery clearly indicates that areal extent of the monsoon
depression dated 02-07-2011 is the biggest monsoonal activity that spreads across
the western coast of India to Combodia.
• Such big depression bears tremendous amount of rainfall that can cause natural and
agricultural disasters (e.g., floods, flash-floods, Land-slides, and Erosions, etc.).
• The precise tracking of monsoon depression and their velocities on daily basis can
help masses to minimize financial, anthropogenic and agricultural losses in the
region of monsoon belt.
• The consecutive floods in 2010 and 2011 are the worst examples in the history of
Pakistan that caused a wide spread damage to agricultural, infrastructure, and above
all human lives.
METEOSAT - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
LANDSAT PROCESSING
• From LANDSAT, we observed variations in snow extents of Batura Glacier
during different years on quarterly basis.
• Apply Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) on all images to
enhance glacier snow relative to other features.
NDSI = (Band 2 - Band 5) / (Band 2 + Band 5)
• Change in glacier area was calculated for all images using unsupervised
classification.
LANDSAT PROCESSING
LANDSAT PROCESSING
Raw Image (Bands 125)
NDSI Image Classified Image
Clipped Image
May 2009
June 2010
May2011
Variation in Snow Extent from 2009 to 2011
47.5956
42.329 43.392
23.0241
28.2907 27.2277
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Snow covered area Snow free area
Sq
Mil
es
June-09May-10 May-11
Sq
Mil
es
47.5956
42.329
43.392
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
30-May-09 5-Jun-10 4-May-11
Snow covered area
July 2009
Aug 2011
Variation in Snow Extent from 2009 to 2011
July 2010
Sq
Mil
es
37.31334.329
27.7326
33.3068
28.2907
42.8871
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1-Jul-09 11-Jul-10 24-Aug-11
Snow covered area Snow free area
Monsoon
Sq
Mil
es
37.31334.329
27.7326
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1-Jul-09 11-Jul-10 24-Aug-11
Snow covered area
Variation in Snow Extent from 2009 to 2011
Sep 2009
Oct 2010
Nov 2011
Monsoon
Sq
Mil
es
33.313
28.0885
48.2913
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9-Sep-09 9-Oct-10 15-Nov-11
Snow covered area
Sq
Mil
es 33.313
28.0885
48.2913
37.3068
42.5313
22.3284
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9-Sep-09 9-Oct-10 15-Nov-11
Snow covered area Snow free area
• Based on the statistical analysis, it was deduced that there is a sinusoidal
variation trend in the Batura Glacier snow coverage as shown in Graph.
• Due to melting of Glacier in the summer season, huge amount of water is
available in the month of July.
• In 2010, there was very little snow extent due to high temperature in that
year and causes heavy flood destruction in the Hunza Valley. Because the
Hunza River is the main catchment of Batura Glacier due to which Attabad
Lake at Attabad is formed.
LANDSAT - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon
Temporal Changes of Snow Cover in Batura Glacier from 2009-2011
Sq
Mil
es
61.7695
47.5956
37.313
33.313
59.4726
42.32942.329
28.0885
43.392
27.7326
48.2913
8.85027
23.0241
33.3068
37.3068
11.1472
28.290728.2907
42.5313
27.2277
42.8871
22.3284
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1-M
ar-0
9
1-A
pr-
09
1-M
ay-0
9
1-J
un
-09
1-J
ul-
09
1-A
ug-
09
1-S
ep-0
9
1-O
ct-0
9
1-N
ov-
09
1-D
ec-
09
1-J
an-1
0
1-F
eb-1
0
1-M
ar-1
0
1-A
pr-
10
1-M
ay-1
0
1-J
un
-10
1-J
ul-
10
1-A
ug-
10
1-S
ep-1
0
1-O
ct-1
0
1-N
ov-
10
1-D
ec-
10
1-J
an-1
1
1-F
eb-1
1
1-M
ar-1
1
1-A
pr-
11
1-M
ay-1
1
1-J
un
-11
1-J
ul-
11
1-A
ug-
11
1-S
ep-1
1
1-O
ct-1
1
1-N
ov-
11
Snow covered area Snow free area
Snow Extent Variations in July
Sq
Mil
es
37.313
34.329
27.7326
33.3068
28.2907
42.8871
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1-Jul-09 11-Jul-10 24-Aug-11
Snow covered area Snow free area
CONCLUSIONS
• It was investigated that snow extent of Batura Glacier decreases
from Snow Falling Season (from Nov to Feb every year) to
Monsoon Season (from June to August every year) in Pakistan,
causing glacier melting.
• The consecutive floods in 2010 and 2011 were the worst examples
in the history of Pakistan due to heavy rains and glacier melting.
• Based on the processing and analysis of Landsat images of 2009-
2011, it was investigated that overall there was a fluctuating trend
in snow cover of the Batura Glacier.
• Remote Sensing and GIS technologies are highly helpful in
identification, mapping, estimation and exploitation of monsoon as
well as glaciers spread under the ambit of spatial and temporal
domains.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Availability and incorporation of ground based data including but
not limited to; water melting, discharge, velocity, snow falling,
and snow depth, etc would be helpful for such studies.
• Similarly microwave imaging data would also be useful for glacier
mapping during cloud and raining seasons.
1. Johnson, R., Khan, M. S., & Spencei, M. (1984). Batura Glacier in northwest Karakorlcm
Himalaya has received, 17, 119–126.
2. Jilani, R., & Naseer, A. (2008). Monitoring of Mountain Glacial Variations in Northern
Pakistan , and ALOS Data.
3. Miller, J. K. (2010). "The International Karakoram Project" (Volume-2), Proceeding of the
international conference held at the Royal Geographical Society London, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
4. Sara, H., Iqbal, S., Khan, H. U. A., Humza, M., Hassan, M., & Parvez, S. (2013). Poster on
Monitoring and Mapping Batura Glacier using Remote Sensing.
5. Shakir, A. S., & Ehsan, S. (2010). Climate Change Impact on River Flows in Chitral
Watershed, 7, 12–23
6. Potty.K.V.J.,&Mohanty, U.C. (2000).Numerical simulation of monsoon depressions.
7. Pant,G.B.,& Kumar, K.R. (1997). Climates of South Asia, John Wiley &Sons.ISBN 0-471-
94948-5.
8. Rasul, G. and Q. Z Chaudhry. Review of Advance in Research on Asian Summer Monsoon.
Pakistan journal of Meteorology., 6, 1-10(2010).
REFERENCES
Thank you