effects of using it - bh

8/13/2019 Effects of Using IT - BH

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Effects of Using IT

Computers and the Law


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Knowledge and Understanding

SECTION 6 - The Effects of Using IT

a) describe what is meant by software copyright;

b) describe what is meant by hacking;

c) describe what a computer virusis;

d) explain the measures that must be taken in order to protect against hacking and viruses;.

e) describe the effects of information technology on patterns of employment, including

areas of work where there is increased unemployment;f) describe the effects of microprocessor-controlled devices in the home, including theireffects on leisure time, social interaction and the need to leave the home;

g) describe the capabilities and limitations of IT;

h) discuss issues relating to information found on the Internet, including unreliability,

undesirability and the security of data transfer;

i) describe the potential health problems related to the prolonged use of ICT equipment,

for example repetitive strain injury (RSI), back problems, eye problems and some simple

strategies for preventing these problems;

j) describe a range of safety issues related to using computers and measures for preventing

accidents


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CopyrightCopyrightis the name given to the protection of the rights of the

person(s) responsible for creating such things as text, a piece ofmusic, a painting or a computer program.

The Copyright, Designs and Patents

Act, 1989- a criminal offence to be

caught copying or stealing software.The Act also makes it an offence to:

copy or distribute software without

permission

run copyright software that has beenbought on two or more computers at the

same timeunless the software agreement

(licence) allows it

The Federation Against Software Theft (FAST)


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Copyright

The copying of software(and its packaging) to try tomake it look like a genuine product.

www.fast.org.uk

The use of softwareon more computers in a network

than the number of computers for which there are

software licenses.

Downloading copyrightsoftware from the Internet.

Because software can be downloaded from certain sites

does not mean that it is free or legal for you to download.

The copying and selling of recordable CD-ROMsthat

contain pirated software.

The main types of piracy are:


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HackingHackersare people who gain access to computer systems withoutpermissionand who then may detrimentally interfere with the programs and

data.

Computer Misuse Act, 1990

to gain unauthorized accessto computer material.

Deliberately plant computer virusesthat damage program files anddata.

Hackinto a computer with the intention of seeing or alteringinformation.

Use a computer to commit crimes(frauds):e.g. to create a fictitiousworker and get money paid into this non-existent person's bank account.

Use your employer's computer to carry out unauthorized work.

People found guilty under the Computer Misuse Act may receive a large

fine or a prison sentence.


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Hacking


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Viruses 1 A program that infects computer filesand makes them do

something unexpected or damaging.The virus is inserted into acomputer file, and when the file is loaded, other files becomeinfected.

In 1986, one known computer virus. Today, up to fifteen new virusesevery day.

A hoax virus- an e-mail that is intended to scare people about a

non-existent virus threat and make them delete files. Some viruses can destroy a computer's hard disk.In 1999, Melissa

virus resulted in many of the world's largest companies having to shutdown their e-mail systems

In the year 2000, millions of people opened an attachment to an e-mail

headed 'I love you' and thus infected their computers and spread thisvirus.


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Viruses 2

Those that infect program files.The virus code is attached toprogram files and when the program is loaded, the virus is also

loaded.

Macro viruses.These are written in a macro language with an

application such as Microsoft Word. The macro virus is executed

when the document is opened. Over half of the known viruses are

macro viruses spread by e-mail attachments.

Those that infect system/boot files- a small program that tells thecomputer how to load the rest of the operating system. By infecting

this boot (start-up) file, the virus is loaded into memory runs

whenever the computer is on.

There are three main types of virus:


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Keeping data about You

Information is kept about us in many places. People are always

asking us to fill out forms Purchases made

Political beliefs

Medical

details

Car and insurance

details

Exams passed

Criminalconvictions

Questionnaires

And surveys

Likes and

dislikes

Details

From e-mails

Records of

Phone calls


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Misuse of Computer-based Data

Easierto make a copy without being noticed

Quickerto make a copyattach a file to a disk

and email it to yourself

Harder to spotif it has been altered Easier to search through a computer fileto find

what you want

Networksgive a wider access to hackers


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Data ProtectionRules about what information can be kept about you.

Information held on one computer can easily be transferred to another. Some

companies make money out of selling personal information.

The information held on you might be wrong - entered incorrectly, out of date,

been confused with someone elses!. It could state that you had been in trouble

with the police when you hadn't, or that you owed money when you didn't.

The 1998 Data Protection Actsets out in law the rules for processing personal

information. A Data Protection Commissioneris responsible for enforcing theAct. The Act applies to paper records, as well as computer.

data subjectspeople who have data held about them .

data controllersThe organizations and people who have the data.

Many people have their details held on other people's computers - your school,your doctor. Can lead to many problems and dangers.


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Data Protection ActYou have a legal right to find out what information is held about you on computer

You can write to the person or organization which holds the information. You are

not allowed to check information held on you concerning such things as nationalsecurity, crime prevention/detection, salaries and income tax

Data Protection Act, 1998: The eight rules:

1. Fairly and lawfully processed2. Processed for limited purposes

3. Adequate, relevant and not excessive

4. Accurate

5. Not kept longer than necessary

6. Processed in line with data subjects' rights7. Secure

8. Not transferred to countries without adequate

protection


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Information Systems

and SocietyICT revolution - changes in the workplace.

Offices use computer systems, connected by a LAN or WAN.

WP, databases and e-mail, mobile telephones

Videoconferencingvia WAN and Internet- meetings without participants

leaving offices

Millions of teleworkerswork at home or move using a PC and a modem to

communicate with employers and/or clients. The benefits:

time and money savedby not having to travel to and from a main office;

hours can be flexible; people can work togetherover a very large area

employers save moneynot having to run large offices.

Good for disabledpeople

However, teleworking is isolating, as one of the enjoyable aspects of a job in an

office is socializing with other people.


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Computers and the Workplace

1. Manual jobs replaced by robotse.g.car assembly

2. Manual jobs replaced by computer

systems

print workers replacedby DTP

3. Office jobs replaced by computersfiling clerks

4. Banking industry

JOBS BEING REPLACED BY COMPUTERS

Teleworking

Hot desking, work-centre shared by different companies

De-skilling- in some factories where 'new' jobs involve packing boxes

and sweeping up.


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Computers and the Workplace

JOBS BEING CREATED BY COMPUTERS

1. Jobs involving the design andmanufacture of computer hardware

2. Systems analysts and programmers

3. Network managers and technicians

4. computer design & animation

5. Internet changed commerceE-commerce

Pros:

More work done

Computers can do boring jobs

Cons:

Expensive to keep up with latesttechnology

Some job losses


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Is information technology a good thing?

Arguments in favour

jobs replaced by computers - mundane.People free to do more interesting tasks.

Higher productivity means fewer hours -same standard of living. More leisure timewill improve quality of life.

Other countries use IT. Our goods andservicesmust become competitive.

Many tasks - impossible without IT. Air-traffic control, credit cards, space travel and

medical research. New jobs created by the introduction of IT

e.g. programming, network managing.
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://chuck.forest.net/newDC/cardpull.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.forest.net/support/archives/emergency_maintenance/index.php&h=427&w=640&sz=40&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=9xqezSQ0Y50vfM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnetwork%2Bmanager%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DGhttp://arl.co.nz/images/44.jpg


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Is information technology a good

thing?

Arguments against

Life without IT is slower and less

stressful.

Computers are cheaper than people -

lead to higher unemployment. New jobs created by IT are highly

skilled

Storage of personal data on computer

has eroded people's privacy.

Gap widened between countries able toafford new technologies and those that

can't.


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Identity cards move a step closer

Driving licenses in credit card format aphotograph.

add a microchip to these cards, - a 'smartcard'.

details of endorsements for motoring

offences, whether the driver was willing to donate

organs

health details such as allergies.

National Insurance details,

Many people worried - they see it as apossible identity card

identity card help fight crime

Britain - only European country not to haveone.


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Social Effects - Good

Computer games developsproblem-solvingskills and encourage collaboration and

teamwork

More

leisure

time

Growth of

technology

at home

Living

in a

global village

Development

of problem

solving skills

More efficient ways of working- decrease inhours people work - more timeon leisure

Personal computers used at home,mobile

telephones and information system devices

Growth of telecommunications - Internet -

'global village'.More tolerant with different

cultures


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Social Effects - BadInformation Rich

AndInformation Poor

Computers are expensive

Two tier society

Development

Of internet

Email & home shopping make us less fit

Lose personal skills

Over-reliance

On Technology

ImpactOn Literacy

Faster Pace

Of Life

Children having mobile phones

Possibly another millennium bug danger

Too many computer games

less time reading Education standardswill drop

Too much stress

Changes in technologyall the time

The pace of computers means work harder


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Environmental Effects

the need to power millions of computers has increased theelectricity consumption but

Some saving on the use of paper(and therefore trees) as

data is communicated and stored digitally.

teleworkingfrom home- less travel to and from work - a

reduction in traffic pollution.

Consumption of electricity reduced as computers carefully

control air-conditioning and heating systems


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Social and Legal

How far should the law go ingiving the police access to

personal data, or e-mails, in

order to fight crime or to

defend national security?

Hacking and the pirating(stealing) of software


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Health and Safety

RSI - Repetitive Strain Injury('mouse arm)caused by long

periods of typing or using the mouse. Also caused by poorworkstation set-up. Can be extremely painful. Tens of thousands

of people suffer from it.

What can be done to stop RSI?

Regular breaks or changes in activity. 5-10 minutes every hour

Mouse immediately to the left or right of the keyboard.

Hold mouse loosely - don't use continuously for long periods.

Use wrist and/or arm rests.

Keyboards should be easy to use, tilted and separate from thescreen.

Sufficient space in front of the keyboard to rest hands or arms.

Stretch and move your hands, wrist and neck as a form of

exercise.


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Web 2.0 technologies

changing trends in the use of the internet

and web designcreativity,

communications, collaboration

dot-com collapse marked some kind of

turning point for the web a set of principles and practices that tie

together many

Interaction is the hallmark of Web 2.0. A

plethora of web based communities and

hosted services like weblogs, wikis, podcasts
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Web_2.0_elements.pnghttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Web_1.0_elements.png


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Blogs

commentary on a topic On-line diaries

combines text, images, and links to other

blogs readers can leave comments in an

interactive format


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Digital media uploading (YouTube)

Image and video sharing websites allow users to upload

and share their pictures and video.

Broadband internet, larger hard drives and faster CPUs

allow more individuals to work with digital video files.

Websites such as YouTube provide user interfaces that

include support for text-based special-interest discussion

groups as well as video blogs


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Wikis

Wiki is a piece of server software that allows users to

create and edit Web pages - Wiki Design Principles

Create group communication and collaboration across the internet

project work

Sound text, pictures, video

Groups form around specific topics

higher education

authoritative but possible bias

Need monitoringheavy in personnel

Occasionally need authorised use

http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdf

Pride of ownership
http://c2.com/cgi/fullSearchhttp://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdfhttp://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdfhttp://c2.com/cgi/fullSearch


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Health and SafetyBack problemscaused by incorrectly set furniture or equipment.

Eyestrainlinked to using computer screens for long periods, to poorlighting, glare and being too close to, or too far from, the screen. Size of

fonts and colours used in software can all affect the eyes.

What can be done to stop back problems? Chairs - adjustable height, swivel, tilting backrest, correct height to use

keyboard and screen.

Sit in a comfortable position (posture).

frequent short breaks, stand up, walk around.

What can be done to stop eye problems?

Computer screens should: Not flicker

Allow brightness and contrast settings to be easily changed

Tilt and swivel

positioned to avoid glare and reflections from lights or windows, and

be fitted with glare-reduction filters.


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Health and Safety

Pregnancy

There are concerns that pregnant women's unborn babies may be

affected by electromagnetic radiation from the computer screens

used by these women. Computer manufacturers now produce low-

emission screens to combat this.


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Health and Safety

SafetyEmployers responsibilities

Computers are powered by electricity, so the following measures must be taken inall workplaces.

Electric sockets are not to be overloaded with lots of plugs or long extension

leads.

No cables are to be left on the floor for anyone to trip over or damage.

Cables should not be coiledthe heat generated could start a fire.

Computer equipment is to be regularly tested for safety.

CO 2 fire extinguishers are to be available in case of fire.

Food and drink are not to be consumed around a computer in case of spillage.

Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974on general health and safety issues.

Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations, 1992 Morespecific legal standards for computer safety . For people who use computer

screens continuously as part of their work - do not apply to students.

Compaq has an excellent website dealing with health and safety issues and

computers. http://www.compaq.com/comfortguide

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