effects of viewing geometry on combination of disparity and texture gradient information michael s....
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Effects of Viewing Geometry on Combination of Disparity and Texture Gradient Information
Michael S. Landy
Martin S. Banks
James M. Hillis
Outline
• Background: Optimal cue combination
• Methods: slant discrimination
• Single-cue results
• Two-cue results: perceived slant
• Two-cue results: JNDs
• Conclusions
Outline
• Background: Optimal cue combination
• Methods: slant discrimination
• Single-cue results
• Two-cue results: perceived slant
• Two-cue results: JNDs
• Conclusions
Sources of Depth Information
• Motion Parallax
• Occlusion
• Stereo Disparity
• Shading
• Texture
• Linear Perspective
• Etc.
Depth Cues
• Motion Parallax
• Occlusion
• Stereo Disparity
• Shading
• Texture
• Linear Perspective
• Etc.
Optimal Cue Combination:Statistical Approach
If the goal is to produce an estimate with minimal variance, and the cues are uncorrelated, then the optimal estimate is a weighted average
where
ˆ ˆ ˆ ,t t d dS w S w S
2 2
2 2 2 2
1/ 1/and .
1/ 1/ 1/ 1/t d
t dt d t d
w w
Optimal Cue Combination:Bayesian Inference Approach
From the Bayesian standpoint, the measurements D and T each result in a likelihood function
( | ) and ( | ).p T S p D S
These are combined with a prior distribution
( ).p S
Optimal Cue Combination:Bayesian Inference Approach
( | , ) ( | ) ( | ) ( ).p S T D p T S p D S p S
From Bayes rule, and assuming conditional independence of the cues, the posterior distribution satisfies:
Optimal Cue Combination:Bayesian Inference Approach
ˆ ˆ ˆ ,t t d d p pS w S w S w S
where p stands for the prior which acts as if it were an additional cue, and the weights are again proportional to inverse variance.
Finally, assuming Gaussian likelihoods and prior, it turns out that the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate satisfies:
Previous Qualitative Tests that Cue Weights Depend on Reliability
• Young, Landy & Maloney (1993)
• Johnston, Cumming & Landy (1994)
• Rogers and Bradshaw (1995)
• Frisby, Buckley & Horsman (1995)
• Backus and Banks (1999)
• etc. etc.
Previous Quantitative Tests that Cue Weights Depend on Reliability
• Landy & Kojima (2001) – texture cues to location
• Ernst & Banks (2002) – visual and haptic cues to size
• Gepshtein & Banks (2003) – visual and haptic cues to size
• Knill & Saunders (2003) – texture and disparity cues to slant
The Current Study
• Texture and disparity cues to slant
• Vary reliability by varying base slant (as in Knill & Saunders, 2003) and distance
• Measure single-cue reliability
• Compare two-cue weights to predictions
• Compare two-cue reliability to predictions
Outline
• Background: Optimal cue combination
• Methods: slant discrimination
• Single-cue results
• Two-cue results: perceived slant
• Two-cue results: JNDs
• Conclusions
Types of Stimuli
• Disparity-only: sparse random dots
• Texture: Voronoi textures viewed monocularly
• Two-cue stimuli: Voronoi texture stereograms, both conflict and no-conflict
Stimuli – Disparity-only
Stimuli – Voronoi textures
Cue Conflict Stimuli
Methods
• Task: 2IFC slant discrimination• Single-cue and two-cue blocks• Opposite-sign slants mixed across trials in a
block to avoid slant adaptation• One stimulus fixed, other varied by
staircase; several interleaved staircases• Analysis: fit psychometric function to
estimate PSE and JND
Outline
• Background: Optimal cue combination
• Methods: slant discrimination
• Single-cue results
• Two-cue results: perceived slant
• Two-cue results: JNDs
• Conclusions
Single-cue JNDs: Texture
Single-cue JNDs: Disparity
Single-cue JNDs: Disparity
Predicted Cue Weights
Outline
• Background: Optimal cue combination
• Methods: slant discrimination
• Single-cue results
• Two-cue results: perceived slant
• Two-cue results: JNDs
• Conclusions
Cue Conflict Paradigm
Determination of PSEs
Determination of Weights
Full Two-Cue Dataset
ACH JMH
Effect of Viewing Distance
Effect of Base Slant
Outline
• Background: Optimal cue combination
• Methods: slant discrimination
• Single-cue results
• Two-cue results: perceived slant
• Two-cue results: JNDs
• Conclusions
Improvement in Reliability with Cue Combination
If the optimal weights are used:
then the resulting variance
is lower than that achieved by either cue alone.
2 2
2 2t d
t d
2 2
2 2 2 2
1/ 1/and
1/ 1/ 1/ 1/t d
t dt d t d
w w
Improvement in JND with 2 Cues
Conclusion
• The data are consistent with optimal cue combination
• Texture weight is increased with increasing distance and increasing base slant, as predicted
• Two cue JNDs are generally lower than the constituent single-cue JNDs
• Thus, weights are determined trial-by-trial, based on the current stimulus information and, in particular, the two single-cue slant estimates
Are Cue Weights Chosen Locally?
Are Cue Weights Chosen Locally?