efficacy of water spray protection against butane jet ... · efficacy of water spray protection...

Efficacy of water spray protection against butane jet fires impinging on Liquefied

Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks

Prepared by Shell Global Solutions (UK)

for the Health and Safety Executive

CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT 298/2000

Efficacy of Water Spray Protection Against Butane Jet FiresImpinging on LPG Storage Tanks

LC Shirvill and JF BennettHSE Consultancy

Shell Global Solutions (UK)Cheshire Innovation Park

PO Box 1CHESTER

CH1 3SH

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays to protectthem in the event of a fire. In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken tostudy, at full-scale, the performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vesselunder conditions of jet fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results,reported in HSE report CRR 137/1997, showed that a typical water deluge system found on anLPG storage vessel cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vesselsurface in an impinging propane jet fire scenario.

The objective of the work described in this report (Contract No. 3985/R75.041) was to extendthe understanding to include butane jet fires. These were known to have somewhat differentcharacteristics and may result in different conclusions to those drawn from the earlier workwith propane.

A total of twenty butane tests are reported and these provide a direct comparison with thepropane study. The results were in fact similar in that the water deluge did not always preventdry patches appearing along the top of the vessel, although these were generally smaller thanwith the propane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar significant effect on the fire itself,reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in a lower rate of wall temperature rise at thedry patches, when compared with the un-deluged case. One of the tests was repeated and runfor a longer duration, 10 minutes, at which time the maximum temperature of the small drypatch had stabilised at 360oC. In the final test this was repeated again for more than twice thistime, but with one of the spray nozzles blocked to produce a larger dry patch. The maximumtemperature of this larger patch stabilised at 580oC. At this temperature the steel wall will beseverely weakened but may not necessarily fail.

The results of this study will be used by the HSE in assessing the risk of accidental fires onLPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents.

This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive. Itscontents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author(s) aloneand do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.

Crown copyright 2000 Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Copyright Unit, Her Majestys Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ First published 2000 ISBN 0 7176 1856 0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1

2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ................................................................................................1

3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT..................................................................................2

3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM ....................................................2

3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT..........................................................................2

3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES .....................................................4

3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ..............................4

3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM.........................................6

3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING ....................................................................8

3.7 DATA LOGGING ......................................................................................................8

3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO.................................................................................9

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................9

4.1 TESTS DEL0401 TO DEL0423 .................................................................................9

4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425 ............................................................................14

5. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................17

6. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................17

7. APPENDICIES A-T .......................................................................................................18

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1. INTRODUCTION

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays, referred toas water deluge, to protect them in the event of a fire. This protection has been shown to beeffective in a pool fire(1) but uncertainties remained regarding the degree of protection affordedin a jet fire resulting from a liquid or two-phase release of LPG. The essential differencebetween a pool fire and a jet fire is that the latter can result in higher velocities and in theextreme case of a high-pressure natural gas jet fire water deluge has been shown to be totallyineffective(2).

In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to study, at full-scale, theperformance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel under conditions of jetfire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results, reported in HSE reportCRR 137/1997(3), showed that a typical water deluge system found on an LPG storage vesselcannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel surface in an impingingpropane jet fire scenario. The results of this study have been used by the HSE in assessing therisk of accidental fires on LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents, but they are specificto propane fires only.

The objective of the work described in this report was to extend the understanding to includebutane jet fires, using the same equipment and a similar experimental plan to provide a directcomparison with the propane study. Butane jet fires were known to have somewhat differentcharacteristics and it was felt that this may result in different conclusions to those drawn fromthe earlier work with propane.

Section 2. of this report describes the experimental plan, developed in consultation with theHSE sponsor, and Section 3. describes the equipment used. Selected results are presented anddiscussed in Section 4. The complete sets of results for each of the twenty valid tests arecontained in Appendices A-T. Section 5. presents the conclusions drawn from the work,however it should be noted that the data gathered has only been analysed to the extent that itcould be accurately presented. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

The plan was to repeat the earlier propane study using butane to provide a direct comparison.The same hole sizes and distances, based on credible accident scenarios considered in the HSEmodel ALIBI (Assessment of LPG Installations leading to Bleve Incidents)(4), were used.

The butane jet fires, from 12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, were to impinge on a target vessel (anempty 13 tonne LPG tank) from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m. The parametric study was basedon this 3x3 test matrix and each set of conditions were to be carried out both with the waterdeluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay in initiating the deluge. It was decided that theshort duration tests without any water deluge, carried out in the propane study, would not berepeated as sufficient data on heat transfer without water could be obtained during the first 30 sof the delayed deluged tests.

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Our aim was to release butane under conditions closely similar to those that would occur if apipe were punctured or severed on an LPG installation. The 12.5 and 25 mm holes were to besharp-edged orifice plates on the end of a 50 mm pipe to achieve liquid releases ofapproximately 1 and 4 kg/s, respectively. The 50 mm release would be full-bore from the pipe,resulting in a liquid release of approximately 9 kg/s.

The tests were to be of longer duration than typically used in the earlier propane study, and iftime permitted one test would be repeated and run for at least 10 minutes.

3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

The equipment used was the same as in the earlier propane tests, but with some modificationsto more precisely control the discharge conditions, and more thermocouples on the target vesselto achieve better spatial resolution.

3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM

A schematic diagram of the butane supply, control and measurement system is shown inFigure 1. The LPG storage tank, containing commercial grade butane, was elevated to achievea positive liquid head at the discharge orifice. The objective was to maintain the liquid butaneat just above its vapour pressure at the point of discharge and to achieve this in a controlledmanner it was necessary to over-pressure the storage with nitrogen. During the tests, thenitrogen pressure was maintained using an Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller and Valtek pressurecontrol valve. Using this arrangement some nitrogen becomes dissolved in the butane. Sampleswere taken after two of the tests and analysed, the results are given in Section 4.

The butane was discharge from the tank through three independent valves into a common50 mm i.d. pipe into an existing supply line. This line was constructed from 149 mm i.d.stainless steel pipe and extended for about 25 metres between the storage tank and thedischarge platform. Several manual and remotely operated valves were located in the line,together with thermal pressure relief valves. At the discharge platform the line reduced to50 mm i.d. stainless steel and terminated in the final, remotely operated, valve used to initiatethe release. Spool pieces, also 50 mm internal diameter, were used beyond the final valve toachieve the three discharge distances of 1, 3 and 5 metres. Details of the discharge distancesare shown in Figure 2. The 12.5, 25.0 mm releases were through sharp-edged orifice plates andthe 50 mm release was full-bore.

3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT

The mass flow rate of the butane was measured using a Coriolis-force mass flow meter,mounted in the butane delivery line, approximately 8 m upstream of the final valve. This flowmeter comprised a Micro Motion flow sensor and a mass flow transmitter. The sensor wascalibrated by the manufacturer and is accurate to within 0.5% of the mass flow rate. The massflow transmitter relayed the output of the flow sensor to the data logging system, described inSection 3.7. The butane mass flow rate achieved was not controlled but governed by thediameter of the release orifice and the exit conditions.

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2 inch LPG discharge line

N

LPG storage tank

Water storage tanks

Water pump

Water recirculation

Buffer tank

6 inch LPG discharge line

Target vessel

Water supply

Nitrogen source

LPG:- mass flow rate, kg/s.

Water:- flow rate, l/min. pressure, barg.

Exit conditions:- pressure, barg., temperature, deg C.

Vapour pressure make-up

Tank liquid head conditions:- pressure, barg. temperature, deg C.

Tank vapour head conditions:- pressure, barg.

Figure 1Schematic diagram of fuel / water storage and release systems

10003000

5000

Figure 2Fuel discharge point locations

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3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

The static pressure and temperature of the butane was measured at a number of locations.Pressure and temperature at the exit of the storage tank, together with pressure and temperatureclose to the release point.

The storage tank liquid head pressure was measured using an Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd.PR3100 pressure transmitter located in the liquid discharge from the tank. The range of thisinstrument was 0-20 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, and a calibration wasperformed prior to installation. This instrument also served the Alfa Laval ECA-40 controllerto maintain the nitrogen pressure blanket on the storage tank.

A further Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd. PR3100 pressure transmitter, with a measuring range of 0-6 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, was used to measure the pressure at the exitmeasurement position, 0.2 m upstream of the release point. The transmitter was calibrated onsite, before and after the test series, using a Druck DPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.

The butane temperature was measured in the supply line and at the exit measurement position,using stainless steel sheathed mineral insulated type T thermocouples protruding inside thepipe. The thermocouple has an accuracy of 0.5C, and was connected via suitablecompensating cable to the data logger.

Data from the pressure transducers and temperature transmitters were recorded on the loggingsystem described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units by applying the relevantcalibration coefficients for each instrument.

3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

The target vessel was a redundant 13 tonne LPG storage bullet which had been modified forthese experiments. The cylindrical shell was 2.17 m dia. x 7.5 m long, and fitted withtorispherical end caps. The total surface area of the vessel was estimated to be 61.3 m2 (basedon the simplifying assumption of spherically dished end caps), 51.15 m2 over the developedcylindrical surface. To measure the temperature of the 12 mm thick wall of the shell, 85thermocouples were attached to the internal surface. These comprised the original locations, 1to 56 for tests prior to this series plus an extra 29 thermocouples, 57 to 85. These were placedin an area that could be subjected to hot spots and could therefore provide increasedresolution of the surface temperatures. The locations of these thermocouples are indicated anddefined in Figures 3 to 5.

At all locations the thermocouples were attached directly to the steel by capacitance dischargewelder. The welder, type TAU, was supplied by Cooperheat Ltd. Solid conductor, 0.7 mmdia., type 'K' thermocouple wire supplied by Omega was used. Each leg of the thermocouplewas welded separately to the steel, approximately 5 mm apart. Thus the steel becomes part ofthe thermocouple junction and the thermocouple accurately and unambiguously measures thesteel temperature. The thermocouple cable was extended out of and beyond the vessel into ajunction box. In this box type 'K' connector blocks were used to transfer the thermocoupleoutput signals into multicored type 'V' compensating cables and hence to the data collectionpoint.

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A B C D E F G H I

Centre line of vessel

CA DADB

EAEB

FA

1000.0

2000.0

2375.0

2750.0

3125.0

3312.5

3500.0 to Centre Line

3687.5

3875.0

4250.0

4625.0

5000.0

6000.0

7000.0

Figure 3Thermocouple ring locations

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Ring A Ring B Ring C

Ring DB Ring E Ring EA

Ring G Ring H Ring I

FlameDirection

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Ring CA

Ring DA Ring EB

Ring F Ring FA

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67 64 6971 7274

7375

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38

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83

818584

82

Figure 4Thermocouple locations on the various rings

The type 'K' thermocouple wire used to measure the vessel temperatures was supplied totolerance class 2 (International Thermocouple Reference Tables: IEC 584-2:1882 and BS 4937Part 20:1983), giving a tolerance value of +/- 2.5C or 0.0075 x T, which ever is the greatest,

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within the limits of -40C to +1200C. Although suitable for lower temperatures, thesethermocouples may not meet the tolerance value below -40C.

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A B C D E F G H I

Rear

Top of vessel

Front

Bottom

O Water spraynozzleThermocouple+

Bottom

Bottom rear

Top rear

Top front

Bottom front

Figure 5Development of thermocouple locations

3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM

The deluge system was designed by Wormald Fire Systems to achieve a minimum applicationrate of 10.2 litres/min./m2 over the whole exposed surface of the vessel, in accordance withNFPA 15(5). This design was originally used in an investigation of the efficacy of water delugesystems used on offshore facilities(2) but it is identical to that commonly used to protect LPGstorage bullets, the design application rate being just above the minimum of 9.8 litres/min./m2specified in HSG 34(6).

Twenty four spray nozzles were used in sets of four around the vessel at an axial spacing of1475 mm, Figure 6. This Wormald design called for a total water flow rate into the system of1064 litres/min. delivered at 2.4 barg, and this was the nominal flow rate used in all of thetests. The vessel is 2.17 m dia. thus each set of four nozzles is spraying on an area of 10.06 m2.It is interesting to note that this results in an actual application rate of 17.6 litres/min./m2 onthe cylindrical shell of the vessel, some 73% excess over the design value. This large excess isapparently an inevitable consequence of incremental spray nozzle sizes, the minimum spacing

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required to ensure complete coverage and the hydraulic gradient required to achieve a minimumpressure of 1.4 barg at the most hydraulically remote nozzle, in this particular case.

Centre line of vessel

1475 147514751480 1480 2460

2460

Figure 6The target vessel indicating deluge nozzles

The spray nozzles were Wormald type MV21-110, manufactured from leaded-gunmetal withbrass diffuser plates.

Figure 7, shows a photograph of the deluge operating and it can be seen that a water film wasobtained over the whole surface of the vessel.

Figure 7The target vessel with deluge nozzles operating

The layout of the water supply system is included in Figure 1. Water for the deluge was storedin two large tanks in which the levels were balanced. A single outlet supplied water to a skidmounted water pump driven by a diesel engine. The speed of the pump could be varied

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manually. Water was discharged into a 150 mm nominal bore pipe leading to the delugesystem. Remotely operated valves enabled the water to be recirculated to the storage tanks.This arrangement permitted the pump engine to be brought up to operating temperature underworking conditions and also enabled water at the required rate to flow into the deluge system atthe desired instant during delayed deluge experiments.

Deluge water pressure was measured with a Druck series PTX500 static pressure transducer.This instrument operated within the range of 0 to 10 barg with a typical accuracy of +/-1.0% offull scale and was calibrated on site using a Druck TPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.The water flow rate was measured using a Krohne IFM1080 flow meter uprated to operatebetween 0 and 3000 litres/min. This instrument was supplied with a calibration produced bythe Dutch Office of Measures and Weights. An uncertainty of +/-1.0% is quoted by thesupplier.

3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING

Equipment was deployed to monitor the ambient weather conditions in the vicinity of the testfacility. The wind speed was monitored using four Vector Instruments A100 cup typeanemometers, located at heights of 1.2, 2.9, 6.0 and 6.4 m above the discharge axis on weathermast located to the west of the facility. The wind conditions were also measured using a GillInstruments, Solent logging ultrasonic anemometer, located at a height of 10.0 m above theground, equating to 8.2 m above the discharge axis. This instrument provided horizontal andvertical wind speed components together with the wind direction.

The cup type anemometers can measure wind speed in the range 0 to 25 m/s and the accuracyis quoted by the manufactures as 1%. The ultrasonic anemometer is capable of measuringhorizontal wind speeds in the range 0 to 60 m/s. The wind speed accuracy is 2.5% between 0and 30 m/s. The accuracy of the vertical component is within 5% of the horizontalcomponent. Wind direction is measured in meteorological format i.e. as the direction the windis coming from, measured clockwise from north, with an accuracy of 2% for wind speedsbetween 0 and 30 m/s.

The ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured using a Vaisala HMD 30YBtransmitter. This instrument was mounted on the control cabin roof. The atmospheric pressurewas also monitored using a Vaisala PTA427 transmitter. The accuracy of the measurements,quoted by the manufacturers, are 0.2C for the temperature, 2% for the relative humiditybetween 0 and 90% and 3% between 90 and 100%, and 0.2 mbar for the atmosphericpressure.

Data from all the ambient weather monitoring equipment was recorded on the logging systemdescribed in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units applying the relevant calibrationcoefficients for each instrument.

3.7 DATA LOGGING

Data from all instruments were recorded using a PC based computer logging system. Thissystem is based on multiplexing of signals at remote locations using equipment manufacturedby Computer Instrumentation Limited. The concept of using this approach is based on limitingthe amount of cabling running between the computer and the instrumentation. Individual cablesfrom the instruments are fed into a multiplexer system located close to a group of instrumentsfrom which only one signal cable is returned to the computer. This system also has the addedadvantage that signals can be amplified by the multiplexer close to their source, thus avoidingthe transmission of small signal levels over long distances.

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Each instrument channel was sampled at once per second for the duration of each test.

3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO

A video and photographic record was made of each test.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Tests DEL0401 to DEL0423

To complete the 3x3x2 test matrix (12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m,with deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay) a total of 23 tests were carried out toachieve 18 valid tests. Tests DEL0401, DEL0406, DEL0407, DEL04014 and DEL04015 weredeemed invalid, due to sudden changes in the wind or failure to reach steady flow conditions,and are not reported. Table 1 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers forthe 18 valid tests, together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent datatables. Each test was run for at least 3 minutes and stopped when the vessel temperaturesappeared to have stabilised, or in one case just under 7 minutes was reached.

Table 1Series test numbers and averaging periods

Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.

Hole dia., mm Stand offdistance, m.

Test number Averagingperiod, s.


12.5 1 DEL0402 9 to 335 DEL0403 56 to 277

12.5 3 DEL0417 9 to 402 DEL0416 57 to 244

12.5 5 DEL0418 7 to 364 DEL0419 97 to 279

25.0 1 DEL0404 6 to 231 DEL0405 57 to 235

25.0 3 DEL0412 4 to 302 DEL0413 56 to 252

25.0 5 DEL0420 6 to 302 DEL0421 57 to 243

50.0 1 DEL0408 9 to 243 DEL0409 62 to 302

50.0 3 DEL0410 20 to 208 DEL0411 56 to 221

50.0 5 DEL0422 8 to 242 DEL0423 63 to 302

Table 2 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test. The averaged windspeeds of between 3 and 10 m/s were slightly higher than those encountered in the earlierpropane tests, 1.6-7.8 m/s. A south westerly co-flowing wind would have ensured that the jetfire was central on the target vessel, however, a cross wind generally from the quadrantbetween west and north was deemed acceptable.

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Table 2Series winds speeds and directions



Wind speed,m/s

Winddirection,

degs.

Wind speed, m/s Winddirection,

degs.12.5 1 2.98 8 2.49 314

12.5 3 3.87 271 4.27 271

12.5 5 6.40 260 8.64 261

25.0 1 3.09 276 3.11 280

25.0 3 3.78 262 3.60 266

25.0 5 10.06 264 7.70 264

50.0 1 2.83 284 2.86 289

50.0 3 2.92 250 3.03 249

50.0 5 9.23 265 9.23 267

Table 3 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test. The nitrogen used to over-pressurethe butane storage was just sufficient to achieve fully liquid releases. The exit temperature,measured just upstream of the hole, remained close to ambient, confirming that no flashing hadoccurred at that point and that fully liquid releases had been achieved.

Table 3Series discharge conditions


Hole dia.,mm

Stand offdistance,

m.

Mass flowrate, kg/s

Exittemperature,

deg C

Exitpressure,

barg.

Massflow

rate, kg/s

Exittemperature,

deg C

Exitpressure,

barg.12.5 1 1.00 10.1 1.3 1.01 8.9 1.3

12.5 3 1.02 7.6 1.4 1.03 7.6 1.4

12.5 5 1.01 7.1 1.4 0.90 6.5 1.4

25.0 1 3.87 6.6 1.2 3.86 6.6 1.2

25.0 3 3.77 8.1 1.5 3.63 8.0 1.6

25.0 5 4.02 8.0 1.4 3.88 8.8 1.4

50.0 1 9.40 5.6 1.0 8.71 4.5 1.0

50.0 3 8.94 5.5 1.2 8.54 T/C failed 1.3

50.0 5 9.61 8.3 1.1 9.10 7.8 1.1

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Liquid butane samples were taken from the storage tank part way through use of the first andsecond deliveries of commercial butane. The results are shown in Table 4. Both samplescontained some propane, which is not uncommon in commercial butane. As expected a smallamount of the nitrogen used to over-pressure the storage had dissolved in the butane

Table 4Analysis of butane samples

Component Sample 1% mole

Sample 2% mole

Propane 11.6 4.0

Isobutane 21.1 21.9

N-butane 65.2 70.7

Trans-2-butene 0.1 0.1

Isopentane 1.4 2.6

N-pentane 0.2 0.5

Nitrogen 0.3 0.2

The full results from each of the 18 tests are contained in Appendices A to R. Each appendixcontains:

a summary of the test conditions

Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test

Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test

Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperaturesduring the test

Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 safter ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .

Table 5 summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found ineach test. The 120oC criterion, also used in the earlier propane study, was chosen based on thework of Lev and Strachan(7) which showed that this temperature may be taken as "indicative ofhaving achieved critical conditions for failure of the water film".

Table 5 shows that when starting with the deluge on, only the larger releases result in drypatches. The largest dry patch being in test DEL0422 (50 mm hole, 5 m distance) where 4thermocouples exceeded 120oC, also see Appendix Q, Figure Q18.

With the deluge delayed by 30 seconds dry patches are more readily formed but for the smallesthole size these do not persist. Again the largest dry patch occurred with the largest hole and thegreatest distance, test DEL0423, also see Appendix R, Figure R19.

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Table 5Series temperature regimes


Hole dia.,mm

Stand offdistance,

m.

Maximumtemp., deg

C

Numberof T/Csexceeding120 deg C

Numberof T/Csstaying inexcess of120 deg C

Maximumtemp., deg

C

Numberof T/Cs

exceeding120 deg C

Number ofT/Cs

staying inexcess of120 deg C

12.5 1 93 0 0 137 10 0

12.5 3 95 0 0 137 10 0

12.5 5 98 0 0 98 0 0

25.0 1 103 0 0 185 19 1

25.0 3 101 0 0 239 30 7

25.0 5 174 1 1 283 18 6

50.0 1 140 1 1 229 28 3

50.0 3 107 0 0 292 26 4

50.0 5 233 4 4 332 20 8

Figure 8 shows an example of some target vessel wall temperatures during test DEL0409(50 mm hole, 1 m distance, delayed deluge). The thermocouple responses plotted were chosento illustrate the different types of behaviour found in all of the tests. The last two digits of theidentifier give the thermocouple location, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4, thus TK-40925 isthermocouple 25 located at the top of the vessel in the centre.

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

Time from ignition, s.

Tem

pera

ture

, deg

C. TK-40925

TK-40963

TK-40964

TK-40966

TK-40969

120 degs

Figure 8Example of wall temperatures during test DEL0409

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The water deluge was initiated 30 seconds after ignition and the flow fully established by50 seconds. At some thermocouples locations, e.g. 63 and 64, a water film was quicklyestablished and the wall temperature never exceeded the 120oC criterion. At location 66 a waterfilm was established at 50 seconds even though the wall had initially exceeded 120oC. Atlocations 69 and 25 it is clear that once the water flow is fully established the rate oftemperature rise is reduced. After 90 seconds a water film is established at location 69 and thetemperature drops 120oC. At location 25, the temperature continues to rise at the reduced rate.

This reduced rate of temperature rise of dry patches was also seen in the earlier propane studyand results from the combustion process being affected by the water sprays. Less soot isformed in the flame resulting in less luminosity and a reduction in the heat transfer by radiationto the vessel surface. This is most clearly illustrated by reference to Figures 9 and 10. Thesephotographs were taken during test DEL0413, before and after establishment of the deluge.

Figure 9Test DEL0413 before deluge

Figure 10Test DEL0413 with deluge

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In all of the tests where this behaviour was observed (DEL0409, DEL0411, DEL0413 andDEL0423) we have estimated the reduction in the rate of temperature rise at dry patches bycomparing the essentially linear temperature rise before the water comes on, with thatimmediately after the deluge has become fully established. The results do not allow specificreductions in rate of temperature rise or heat transfer to be associated with particularconditions, but typically the reduction is a factor of between 2 and 5, similar to that found withpropane (between 1.5 and 5.8) (3).

Some releases from 1 m and 3 m resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel withlocal low temperatures on the vessel wall. Test DEL0409 is a good example, see Appendix F,Figures F18 and F19. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the ground after hitting thevessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.

4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425

Test DEL04024 was a repeat of test DEL0413 (25 mm hole, 3 m distance, delayed deluge) runfor 10 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch. TestDEL04025 was a further repeat of this test, but with one nozzle blocked to induce a larger drypatch, and run for more than 20 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by alarger dry patch.

Table 6 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for these two tests,together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data tables.

Table 6Long duration test numbers and averaging periods





25.0 3 DEL0424 59 to 611

25.0 3 DEL0425 57 to 1578

Table 7 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test.

Table 7Long duration tests wind speeds and directions



Wind speed,m/s

Winddirection,

degs.

Wind speed, m/s Winddirection,

degs.25.0 3 5.55 259

25.0 3 7.40 261

15

Table 8 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test.

Table 8Long duration tests discharge conditions


Hole dia.,mm

Stand offdistance,

m.

Mass flowrate, kg/s

Exittemperature,

deg C

Exitpressure,

barg.

Massflow

rate, kg/s

Exittemperatur

e, deg C

Exitpressure,

barg.25.0 3 4.31 7.7 1.5

25.0 3 4.57 6.9 1.5

The full results from both of the tests are contained in Appendices S and T. Each appendixcontains:

a summary of the test conditions

Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test

Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test

Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperaturesduring the test

Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 safter ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .Table 9summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in eachtest.

Table 9Long duration tests temperature regimes


Hole dia.,mm

Stand offdistance,

m.

Maximumtemp., deg

C

Numberof T/Csexceeding120 deg C

Numberof T/Csstaying inexcess of120 deg C

Maximumtemp., deg

C

Numberof T/Cs

exceeding120 deg C

Number ofT/Cs

staying inexcess of120 deg C

25.0 3 372 27 6

25.0 3 581 19 13

16

Figure 11 shows some of the dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425.

Dry spot temperatures

0

100

200

300

400

500

6000 60 120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

660

720

780

840

900

960

1020

1080

1140

1200

1260

1320

1380

1440

1500

1560


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg, C

.

TK-42517

TK-42560

TK-42561

TK-42562

TK-42566

TK-42567

120 degs

TK-42417

TK-42457

Figure 11Dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425

The maximum temperature reached by the small dry spot (thermocouple location 17) in testDEL0424 was 360oC after 10 minutes. See also Appendix S, Figure S19, for details of the dryspot.

The maximum temperature reached by the large dry spot (thermocouple location 62) in testDEL0425 was 580oC. It appears that thermocouple location 67 may be on the edge of the drypatch as the temperature was falling during the second half of the test. The gap in the dataaround 23 minutes was caused by the necessity to change disks in the data logging system. Seealso Appendix T, Figure T19, for details of the dry spot. The blocked water spray nozzle wasthe one above thermocouple location 24, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4.

At the maximum temperature of 580oC the steel wall will be severely weakened but may notnecessarily fail, resulting in a BLEVE if the vessel had contained LPG.

Figure 12Test DEL0425

17

5. CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are based on an analysis of the data sufficient only to allow it to beaccurately reported. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.

1. The results from the twenty tests reported show that a typical water deluge systemfound on an LPG storage tank cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over thewhole tank surface in an impinging butane jet fire scenario.

2. The results are similar to those found in the earlier propane work, although any drypatches were generally smaller with the butane jet fires. The deluge also had a similarsignificant effect on the fire itself, reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting ina lower rate of wall temperature rise at the dry patches, when compared with the un-deluged case, typically by a factor between 2 and 5.

3. The equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch was about 360oC after 10minutes, in one repeated test, run until an equilibrium temperature had been reached.

4. The equilibrium temperature reached by a larger dry patch, induced by blocking one ofthe spray nozzles, was 580oC after about 20 minutes.

5. Some releases resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with local lowtemperatures on the vessel wall. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto theground after hitting the vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.

6. REFERENCES

1. Billinge, K, Moodie, K and Beckett, H. The use of Water Sprays to Protect Fireengulfed Storage Tanks, 5th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and SafetyPromotion in Process Industries, 1986.

2. Shirvill, LC and White, GC. Effectiveness of Deluge Systems in Protecting Plant andEquipment Impacted by High-Velocity Natural Gas Jet Fires, ICHMT 1994International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Process IndustryAccidents, Rome 1994.

3. Bennett, JF, Shirvill, LC and Pritchard, MJ. Efficacy of Water Spray ProtectionAgainst Jet Fires Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks, HSE Contract Research Report137/1997.

4. Goose, MH. Recent Developments with ALIBI, a Model for Site Specific Prediction ofLPG Tank BLEVE Frequency, IChemE Symposium Series No. 139, Major HazardsOnshore and Offshore II, Manchester 1995.

5. NFPA 15, Water Spray Fixed Systems, National Fire Protection Association.

6. HSG 34, The Storage of LPG at fixed Installations, HMSO.

7. Lev, Y and Strachan, DC. A Study of Cooling Water Requirements for the Protectionof Metal Surfaces Against Thermal Radiation, Fire Technology, August 1989.

18

7. APPENDICIES A-T

19

Appendix A - DEL0402

Averaging period 9 - 335 seconds after ignition

Summary of Release Exit Conditions

Discharge hole diameter: 12.50 mmStand-off Distance: 1.00 mButane mass flow rate: 1.02 kg/sExit static pressure: 1.33 bargExit temperature 10.13 deg. C

Deluge Flow

Water sprays: Deluge onWater pressure 2.35 bargWater flow rate 1069.75 litres/min

Ambient Weather Conditions

Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.7 m/sWind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.8 m/sWind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 3.1 m/sWind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 3.2 m/sHorizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) No data m/sVertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) No data m/sWind direction 8.31 degrees clockwise from NorthRelative humidity 87.2 %Ambient temperature 12.2 deg CAtmospheric pressure 961.1 mbar

Thermocouples not operating properly

15, 79

20

Fuel flow 0402

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Mas

s fl

ow

, kg

/s&

Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

. Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,bargLiquid headpressure, bargDischargepressure, barg

Figure A1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0402

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

& F

low

m^3

/min

Water pressure,barg

Water flow rate,m^3/min

Figure A2 - Water deluge conditions

21

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40201

TK-40202

TK-40203

TK-40204

120 deg C.

Figure A3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40205

TK-40206

TK-40207

TK-40208

120 deg C.


22

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40209

TK-40210

TK-40211

TK-40212

TK-40213

TK-40214

TK-40215

TK-40216

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40257

TK-40258

TK-40259

TK-40260

TK-40261

120 deg C.


23

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40217

TK-40218

TK-40219

TK-40220

TK-40221

TK-40222

TK-40223

TK-40224

TK-40262

120 deg C.

Figure A7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40263

TK-40264

TK-40265

TK-40266

TK-40267

120 deg C.


24

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40268

TK-40269

TK-40270

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40225

TK-40226

TK-40227

TK-40228

TK-40229

TK-40230

TK-40231

TK-40232

TK-40271

120 deg C.


25

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40272

TK-40273

TK-40274

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40275

TK-40276

TK-40277

TK-40278

TK-40279

120 deg C.


26

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40233

TK-40234

TK-40235

TK-40236

TK-40237

TK-40238

TK-40239

TK-40240

TK-40280

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40281

TK-40282

TK-40283

TK-40284

TK-40285

120 deg C.


27

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40241

TK-40242

TK-40243

TK-40244

TK-40245

TK-40246

TK-40247

TK-40248

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40249

TK-40250

TK-40251

TK-40252

120 deg C.


28

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40253

TK-40254

TK-40255

TK-40256

120 deg C.


29

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure A18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 335s after ignition.

30

Appendix B - DEL0403


Summary of Release Conditions


Deluge Flow

Water sprays: Delayed by 30 secsWater pressure 2.35 bargWater flow rate 1069.38 litres/min


Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.0 m/sWind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.0 m/sWind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 2.2 m/sWind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 2.3 m/sHorizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 2.49 m/sVertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/sWind direction 314.29 degrees clockwise from NorthRelative humidity 88.7 %Ambient temperature 12.0 deg CAtmospheric pressure 961.6 mbar


15, 53, 54, 55, 79

31

Fuel flow 0403

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Mas

s fl

ow

, kg

/s&

Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

. Mass flow , kg/s


Figure B1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0403

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

& F

low

m^3

/min

Water pressure,barg


Figure B2 - Water deluge conditions

32

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40301

TK-40302

TK-40303

TK-40304

120 deg C.

Figure B3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40305

TK-40306

TK-40307

TK-40308

120 deg C.


33

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40309

TK-40310

TK-40311

TK-40312

TK-40313

TK-40314

TK-40315

TK-40316

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40357

TK-40358

TK-40359

TK-40360

TK-40361

120 deg C.


34

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40317

TK-40318

TK-40319

TK-40320

TK-40321

TK-40322

TK-40323

TK-40324

TK-40362

120 deg C.

Figure B7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40363

TK-40364

TK-40365

TK-40366

TK-40367

120 deg C.


35

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40368

TK-40369

TK-40370

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40325

TK-40326

TK-40327

TK-40328

TK-40329

TK-40330

TK-40331

TK-40332

TK-40371

120 deg C.


36

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40372

TK-40373

TK-40374

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40375

TK-40376

TK-40377

TK-40378

TK-40379

120 deg C.


37

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40333

TK-40334

TK-40335

TK-40336

TK-40337

TK-40338

TK-40339

TK-40340

TK-40380

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40381

TK-40382

TK-40383

TK-40384

TK-40385

120 deg C.


38

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40341

TK-40342

TK-40343

TK-40344

TK-40345

TK-40346

TK-40347

TK-40348

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40349

TK-40350

TK-40351

TK-40352

120 deg C.


39

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40353

TK-40354

TK-40355

TK-40356

120 deg C.


40

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

40

80

120

Figure B18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure B19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 277s after ignition.

41

Appendix C - DEL0404




Deluge Flow





15, 79

42

Fuel flow 0404

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Mas

s fl

ow

, kg

/s&

Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

. Mass flow , kg/s


Figure C1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0404

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

& F

low

m^3

/min

Water pressure,barg


Figure C2 - Water deluge conditions

43

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40401

TK-40402

TK-40403

TK-40404

120 deg C.

Figure C3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40405

TK-40406

TK-40407

TK-40408

120 deg C.


44

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40409

TK-40410

TK-40411

TK-40412

TK-40413

TK-40414

TK-40415

TK-40416

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40457

TK-40458

TK-40459

TK-40460

TK-40461

120 deg C.

Figure C6 - Temperature - thermocouples 57 - 61

45

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40417

TK-40418

TK-40419

TK-40420

TK-40421

TK-40422

TK-40423

TK-40424

TK-40462

120 deg C.

Figure C7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40463

TK-40464

TK-40465

TK-40466

TK-40467

120 deg C.


46

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40468

TK-40469

TK-40470

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40425

TK-40426

TK-40427

TK-40428

TK-40429

TK-40430

TK-40431

TK-40432

TK-40471

120 deg C.

Figure C10 - Temperature - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71

47

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40472

TK-40473

TK-40474

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40475

TK-40476

TK-40477

TK-40478

TK-40479

120 deg C.


48

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40433

TK-40434

TK-40435

TK-40436

TK-40437

TK-40438

TK-40439

TK-40440

TK-40480

120 deg C.

Figure C13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80

Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40481

TK-40482

TK-40483

TK-40484

TK-40485

120 deg C.


49

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40441

TK-40442

TK-40443

TK-40444

TK-40445

TK-40446

TK-40447

TK-40448

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40449

TK-40450

TK-40451

TK-40452

120 deg C.


50

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40453

TK-40454

TK-40455

TK-40456

120 deg C.


51

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure C18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 231s after ignition.

52

Appendix D - DEL0405




Deluge Flow





15, 79

53

Fuel flow 0405

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Mas

s fl

ow

, kg

/s&

Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

. Mass flow , kg/s


Figure D1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0405

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

& F

low

m^3

/min

Water pressure,barg


Figure D2 - Water deluge conditions

54

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40501

TK-40502

TK-40503

TK-40504

120 deg C.

Figure D3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40505

TK-40506

TK-40507

TK-40508

120 deg C.


55

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40509

TK-40510

TK-40511

TK-40512

TK-40513

TK-40514

TK-40515

TK-40516

120 deg C.

Figure D5 - Temperature - thermocouples 9 - 16

Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40557

TK-40558

TK-40559

TK-40560

TK-40561

120 deg C.


56

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40517

TK-40518

TK-40519

TK-40520

TK-40521

TK-40522

TK-40523

TK-40524

TK-40562

120 deg C.

Figure D7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40563

TK-40564

TK-40565

TK-40566

TK-40567

120 deg C.


57

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40568

TK-40569

TK-40570

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40525

TK-40526

TK-40527

TK-40528

TK-40529

TK-40530

TK-40531

TK-40532

TK-40571

120 deg C.


58

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40572

TK-40573

TK-40574

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40575

TK-40576

TK-40577

TK-40578

TK-40579

120 deg C.


59

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40533

TK-40534

TK-40535

TK-40536

TK-40537

TK-40538

TK-40539

TK-40540

TK-40580

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40581

TK-40582

TK-40583

TK-40584

TK-40585

120 deg C.


60

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40541

TK-40542

TK-40543

TK-40544

TK-40545

TK-40546

TK-40547

TK-40548

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40549

TK-40550

TK-40551

TK-40552

120 deg C.


61

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40553

TK-40554

TK-40555

TK-40556

120 deg C.


62

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

40

80

120

Figure D18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure D19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 235s after ignition.

63

Appendix E - DEL0408




Deluge Flow





15, 79

64

Fuel flow 0408

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Mas

s fl

ow

, kg

/s&

Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

. Mass flow , kg/s


Figure E1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0408

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

& F

low

m^3

/min

Water pressure,barg


Figure E2 - Water deluge conditions

65

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40801

TK-40802

TK-40803

TK-40804

120 deg C.

Figure E3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40805

TK-40806

TK-40807

TK-40808

120 deg C.


66

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40809

TK-40810

TK-40811

TK-40812

TK-40813

TK-40814

TK-40815

TK-40816

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40857

TK-40858

TK-40859

TK-40860

TK-40861

120 deg C.


67

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40817

TK-40818

TK-40819

TK-40820

TK-40821

TK-40822

TK-40823

TK-40824

TK-40862

120 deg C.

Figure E7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40863

TK-40864

TK-40865

TK-40866

TK-40867

120 deg C.


68

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40868

TK-40869

TK-40870

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40825

TK-40826

TK-40827

TK-40828

TK-40829

TK-40830

TK-40831

TK-40832

TK-40871

120 deg C.


69

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40872

TK-40873

TK-40874

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40875

TK-40876

TK-40877

TK-40878

TK-40879

120 deg C.


70

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40833

TK-40834

TK-40835

TK-40836

TK-40837

TK-40838

TK-40839

TK-40840

TK-40880

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40881

TK-40882

TK-40883

TK-40884

TK-40885

120 deg C.


71

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40841

TK-40842

TK-40843

TK-40844

TK-40845

TK-40846

TK-40847

TK-40848

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40849

TK-40850

TK-40851

TK-40852

120 deg C.


72

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40853

TK-40854

TK-40855

TK-40856

120 deg C.


73

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM


BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure E18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 243s after ignition.

74

Appendix F - DEL0409



Discharge hole diameter: 50.0 mmStand-off Distance: 1.00 mButane mass flow rate: 8.71 kg/sExit static pressure 1.05 bargExit temperature 4.51 deg. C

Deluge Flow





15, 79

75

Fuel flow 0409

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Mas

s fl

ow

, kg

/s&

Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

. Mass flow , kg/s


Figure F1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0409

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Pre

ssu

re, b

arg

& F

low

m^3

/min

Water pressure,barg

Water flow rate,l/min

Figure F2 - Water deluge conditions

76

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40901

TK-40902

TK-40903

TK-40904

120 deg C.

Figure F3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40905

TK-40906

TK-40907

TK-40908

120 deg C.


77

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40909

TK-40910

TK-40911

TK-40912

TK-40913

TK-40914

TK-40915

TK-40916

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40957

TK-40958

TK-40959

TK-40960

TK-40961

120 deg C.


78

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40917

TK-40918

TK-40919

TK-40920

TK-40921

TK-40922

TK-40923

TK-40924

TK-40962

120 deg C.

Figure F7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40963

TK-40964

TK-40965

TK-40966

TK-40967

120 deg C.


79

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40968

TK-40969

TK-40970

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40925

TK-40926

TK-40927

TK-40928

TK-40929

TK-40930

TK-40931

TK-40932

TK-40971

120 deg C.

Figure F10 - Temperature - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71

80

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40972

TK-40973

TK-40974

120 deg C.

Figure F 11 - Temperature - thermocouples 72 - 74

Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

. TK-40975

TK-40976

TK-40977

TK-40978

TK-40979

120 deg C.

Figure F12 - Temperature - thermocouples 75 - 79

81

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 30 60 90 120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Tem

per

atu

re, d

eg C

.

TK-40933

TK-40934

TK-40935

TK-40936

TK-40937

TK-40938

TK-40939

TK-40940

TK-40980

efficacy of water spray protection against butane jet ... · efficacy of water spray protection...

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