efficient water management
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EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT for
SUFFICIENT CROP PRODUCTION
Prof. Pravat RoulAssociate Director of Research
Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar
Water is the ELIXIR of Life which makes wonders in earth if it is used
Properly, Efficiently, Economically, Environmentally, Optimally,Equitably, and Judiciously
Sir C. V. Raman
World Water Council 2000 …..envisages that “there is a water crisis
today. But the crisis is not about having
too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a
crisis of managing water so badly that
millions of people and environment
suffer”.
National Water Policy
“Efficiency of utilization in all the diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered”
… National Water Policy,2002
National Water Policy revised in 2002 lays emphasis on:
• Integrated water resource development & management- Integrated use
• Proper blending of traditional knowledge with recent technologies- ITK use
• Creation of well developed infrastructure system- Infrastructure development
• Water utilization and demand regulation with effective involvement of all stake holders- Participatory approach
World Water Day (22 March)… theme areasWorld Water Day (22 March)… theme areas
1995-Water- everyone’s responsibility1996- Water fore the thirsty1997-Is water resource of the world enough?1998-Ground water:the invisible resource1999-Flow of water:everyone’s life dependant upon2000- Water for 21st century2001- Water for health2002- Water for development2003- Water for future2004- Water and disaster2005-2015- Water for life
2003- International Year of Freshwater
2007- International Year of Water Productivity
2008- Year of Irrigation
Proportion of water use in the World
• Agriculture 69%
• Industrial 23%
• Domestic 08%
Projected demand of water in India (m ha m)
Projected demand of water in India (m ha m)
Purpose 2000 2010 2025 2050
Irrigation 54.1(85.3%) 68.8 (84.6) 91.0 (83.2) 107.2 (74.1)
Domestic 4.2(6.6) 5.6 (6.9) 7.3 (6.7) 10.2 (7.0)
Energy 0.2(0.3) 0.5 (0.6) 1.5 (1.4) 13.0 (9.0)
Industrial 0.8(1.3) 1.2 (1.5) 2.3 (2.1) 6.3 (4.4)
Others 4.1(6.5) 5.2 (6.4) 7.2 (6.6) 8.0 (5.5)
Total 63.4 81.3 109.3 144.7
Source: Agril. Res. Data Book 2006, ICARUrbanisation: 10.8% in 1991, 27.8% 2001, 41% 2030
Projected demand of water in Odisha (m ha m)
Purpose
2001 2051
Surface Ground Total Surface Ground Total
Domestic 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.12 0.18 0.30
Agriculture 1.80 0.47 2.27 4.00 0.94 4.94
Industry 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.18 0.02 0.20
Environment 2.10 0.84 2.94 2.10 0.84 2.94
Others 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04
Total 4.05 1.45 5.50 6.42 2.00 8.44
India’s position….
• Ranked 133rd among 180 Nations in terms of water availability
(Norway 81 383 m3/yr, Canada 76 551 m3 /yr, Brazil 31 891 m3 /yr, Australia, 14 850 m3 /yr)
• Ranked 120th in 122 countries in terms of water quality
Declining per capita availability of water
• India– 5177 m3 in 1951– 2500 m3 in 1990– 1820 m3 in 2001– 1341 m3 in 2025– 1144 m3 in 2050
• Odisha– 3359 m3 in 2001– 2218 m3 in 2051
Stress level - 1700 m3/year Scarcity level - 1000 m3/year Absolute scarcity level - < 500 m3/year
But by 2051: Rushikulya basin will experience a scarcity condition and basins like Budhabalanga and Bahuda will be close to scarcity condition
Domestic 100Institutional 20Industrial 30Fire extinction 15Other purpose 35Total 200
Water use in a farm (%)Water use in city(litre/day/head)
Irrigation 80Domestic 10Farm animals 05Waste 05Total 100%
Need for efficient management of water in agriculture
• Uses 85% fresh water
• Declining water availability for agril. use (85 to 74%)• Irrigated area has to increase to 140-150 mha to
produce 450-500 mt food grains to feed 162 crore people by 2050
• Efficiency of canal irrigation system is 40%( to 60%) ground water from 60% ( to 75%)
• Development of irrigation is a costly proposition
Objectives of efficient irrigation water
management
Objectives of efficient irrigation water
management• High yield of good quality
• High WUE
• Low irrigation cost
• Least damage to soil productivity/health
• High yield of good quality
• High WUE
• Low irrigation cost
• Least damage to soil productivity/health
SolidAir
Water
Volume composition of soil
Efficiency of irrigation methodsEfficiency of irrigation methodsEfficiency Surface Sprinkler Drip
Conveyance 60-70 100 100
Application 60-70 70-80 90
Ev from surface 30-40 30-40 15
Overall 60-65 80-85 85-90
WATER USE EFFICIENCY (WUE)
[Y/WR]
Factors affecting WUE (Y/WR)Factors affecting WUE (Y/WR)
• Climatic parameters
• Crops and varieties
• Agronomic practices
• Irrigation techniques
• Fertilizer management
• Pest control
• Climatic parameters
• Crops and varieties
• Agronomic practices
• Irrigation techniques
• Fertilizer management
• Pest control
Y WR
• Climatic parameters
• Mulching
• Wind break
• Antitranspirants
• Antievaporants
• Growth retardants
• Precised irrigation•In-situ moisture conservation
WUE of different field cropsWUE of different field cropsCrop WR
(mm)Yield
(kg/ha)WUE
(kg/ha-mm)
Rice 1200 4000 3.3Maize 500 4000 8.0Potato 500 20000 40.0Groundnut 480 2500 5.2Sunflower 400 2000 5.0Mustard 300 1400 4.7Sesame 250 1000 4.0Greengram 250 1000 4.0Jute 480 2800 5.8Sugarcane 1700 100000 58.8
Critical growth stages of cropsCritical growth stages of crops
Crop StageRice Tillering, PI, Fl, Milk
Wheat CRI, Tillering, Jointing, Fl, Milk, Dough
Maize Knee high, Tasseling, Silk
Pulses Fl, Pod devel.
Groundnut Fl, Pegging, Pod devel.
Sunflower 4-5 leaf stage, Buttoning, Fl, Seed devel.
Sugarcane Germination, Tillering, Grand growth
Potato Stolonisation, Tuberisation, Tuber devel.
Brinjal, Chilli, Okra
Seedling, early growth, Fl., Fruit devel.
Effect of moisture stress on maizeEffect of moisture stress on maize
Stress at Grain yield (t/ha)
% ↓ WR (cm)
WUE (kg/ha-
cm)
No stress 6.32 - 43 148
Seedling 3.76 41 33 99
Early growth 4.31 32 37 118
Tasseling 3.13 51 35 88
Milk 3.16 50 33 93
Tasseling to Milk
2.20 65 32 67
Critical growth stages of sweet potato
Stage Yield, t/ha
Stress during tuber initiation 4.4
Stress during tuber development 12.4
Stress during tuber maturity 6.2
Non stress 8.6
CD 5% 3.7
Effect of land levelling on WUETreatmen
tWR, mm WUE, kg/m3 water
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat
LLRB - 264 - 1.90
TLRB - 334 - 1.38
LLFB 695 353 0.91 1.31
TLFB 915 527 0.55 0.82RB; raised bed, FB: flat bed, TL: tradional levelling, LL: laser levelling
Gill, 2006, Nat Symp. Conservation Agril, ISA, Varanasi
Effect of puddling on water expense in riceEffect of puddling on water expense in riceTreatment BD ,
g/ccWater
expense, mmWater
saving, %Yield, t/ha
Unpuddled 1.55 310 - 5.91
Compaction with tractor wheel 1.70 270 13 5.68
Puddling with country plough 1.63 229 26 5.92
Puddling with disc harrow 1.65 229 26 5.97
Puddling with rotavator 1.69 210 32 5.59
Puddling with puddler 1.59 230 26 5.93
Alternate furrow irrigation in maizeAlternate furrow irrigation in maize
Method Yield (t/ha)
IR (cm)
Water saving (%)
WUE (kg/ha-cm)
Each furrow 4.36 26.8 - 1.63
Alternate furrow 4.09 20.4 24 2.00
Paired row 3.83 20.6 23 1.86
Water saving due to alternate furrow irrigation
Crop Water saving, %
Maize 27-29
Sugarcane 45
Sunflower 12
Cotton 27
Tomato 16
Importance of WM in rice
• Much higher WR (1 cm/each day duration)• Most inefficient user of water (3.7 kg/ha mm)• In India- 52% is irrigated but consumes 40% of all
irrigation water resources• In Odisha 43% is irrigated-but consumes 65% of all
irrigation water resources• 60-83% of total water applied to rice field is lost as
deep percolation• 3000-4000 litre water is sufficient to produce 1 kg rice,
but– In India it is about 15 000 litres– Even in Japan it is about 6000 litres
Water saving techniques in rice
Proper land leveling and puddling (saves 10%), Laser leveling improves WUE & FUE by 20-30%
· Growing rice in a compact rather than in isolated patches.
· Continuous shallow sub. (5+2 cm) than deep sub. saves 10-50% irrigation water
· Saturation throughout is optimum in shallow WT (20-30 cm in rabi and 20-45 cm in kharif)
· Bed planting saves 26-42% water as compared to conventional planting.
· SRI & Aerobic rice cultivation are other water saving options
RWUE of cropping systems in rainfed uplandSystem RWUE (kg/ha-mm)
Sole Rice 2.17
Rice+Arhar (4:1) 3.80
Rice+Biri (4:1) 4.64
Rice+G.nut (4:1) 3.75
G.nut+Arhar, 4:1 6.59
G.nut+Biri, 4:1 5.48
G.nut+Mung, 4:1 6.13
G.nut+Cowpea, 4:1 4.82
Maize-HG 6.73
Maize-Sesame 6.27
Rice based cropping system
System REY (t/ha)
WUE, (kg/ha-
mm)
Net return (Rs. ha-1)
B:C
Rice-mustard-rice 10.84 9.00 16749 1.43
Rice-potato-rice 20.00 16.00 30473 1.47
Rice-potato-okra 17.96 19.48 22816 1.33
Rice-cauliflower-rice 17.84 15.38 27960 1.44
Rice-cabbage-rice 19.54 15.89 39045 1.64
Rice-rice 8.98 9.62 12197 1.30
On Farm study in Hirakud Command (mean of 5 years)
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
Sunken and raised bed system Sunken and raised bed system
Rice, fish and vegetable farming
Productivity of water 8.96 Rs/m3
Net Return 1.2 lakh/ haB:C ratio 4.78
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