efflorescence in the skin

1 | P a g e “ OLiVEr 1439 (^L^) @copyright by DAnke ’10 –sPecial Sense”

EFFLORESCENCE IN THE SKIN

PRIMARY LESIONS

MORPHOLOGY NOTE EXTRA NOTE

MACULE A macule is a change in surface color, without elevation or depression and, therefore, no palpable, well or ill-defined, variously sized, but generally considered less than either 5 or 10mm in diameter at the widest point.

flat circumscribed area of discoloration < 1 cm Skin colour changes w.o elevation/depression

HYPERPIGMENTATION

HIPOPIGMENTATION PATCH A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or

10mm, depending on one's definition of a macule. Patches may have some subtle surface change, such as a fine scale or wrinkling, but although the consistency of the surface is changed, the lesion itself is not palpable.

A large macules ≥ 1 cm in diameter DISEASE

Melasma

Hypopig post inflammation

Pityriasis versicolor

Pityriasis alba

Erythematous macule

HYPERPIGMENTION


PAPULE A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to either less than 5 or 10mm in diameter at the widest point.

Circumscribed, solid elevation, no visible fluid Variously in size

from pinhead to 1 cm Ø DISEASE – Acne vulgaris - Roseacea PAPULES MILIER

PAPULES LENTIKULER

PLAQUE A plaque has been described as a broad papule, or confluence of papules equal to or greater than 1 cm, or alternatively as an elevated, plateau-like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in its depth.

A broad papules (confluence of papule) ≥ 1 cm in

diameter

NODULE A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule, but is greater than either 5 or 10mm in both width and depth, and most frequently centered in the dermis or subcutaneous fat. The depth of involvement is what differentiates a nodule from a papule.

Morphologically similar papule > 1 cm in diameter

Circumscribed palpable mass


VESICLE A vesicle is a circumscribed, fluid-containing, epidermal elevation generally considered less than either 5 or 10mm in diameter at the widest point.

Vesikel milier Vesikel lentikuler

Variously, circumscribed Fluid-filled lesion (blister), < 0,5

cmØ

Maybe pale or yellow serous exudate or Red from serum

mixed wirh blood

BULLA A bulla is a large vesicle described as a rounded or irregularly shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid, equal to or greater than either 5 or 10mm, depending on one's definition of a vesicle.

Variously, circumscribed Fluid-filled lesion > 0.5 Ø.

DIASEASE - varicella,herpes zoster

Flaccid bullae in pemphigus vulgaris

Tense bullae in pemphigoid bullous

PUSTULE A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells. These can be either white or red.

Vesicel with pus inside.DIASEASE- Furuncle


TUMOR ALL THINGS WITH GROWTH : EPIDERMAL, DERMAL/SUBCUTAN &

MELANOSIT

Soft or firm & freely moveable/fixed mass of various size &

shape(>2 cm Ø)

- Veruca vulgaris -Keratosis seboroik

ENLARGEMENT WITH ELEVATION IN THE SKIN SURFACE

CYST A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity containing liquid, semi-solid, or solid material.

EROSION Erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.

ULCER An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat.

FISSURE A fissure is a crack in the skin that is usually narrow but deep.

WHEAL A wheal is a rounded or flat-topped, pale red papule or plaque that is characteristically evanescent, disappearing within 24 to 48 hour.

TELANGIECTASIA A telangiectasia represents an enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible.

BURROW A burrow appears as a slightly elevated, grayish, tortuous line in the skin, and is caused by burrowing organisms.

SECONDARY LESION

MORPHOLOGY NOTE EXTRA NOTE

SCALE Dry or greasy laminated masses of keratin that represent thickened stratum corneum.

Str corneum release from the skin

Pityriasiform (soft n small)

Psoriasiform (layers)

Ichtyiosiform (fish scale)

Culiculer (thin)

Lamelar (sheets) -A dry, horny build-up of dead skin cells that often flakes off the surface of the skin. Diseases that promote scale include fungal infections, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and iktiosis vulgaris.


CRUST Dried serum, pus, or blood usually mixed with epithelial and sometimes bacterial debris.

Collection of dried exudate consisting of serum, debris & pus cells

FISSURA Thin linear scracth in the dermis. Example diasease tinea pedis

LICHENIFICATION Epidermal thickening characterized by visible and palpable

thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings. Rough, thick epidermis with exaggerated skin

lines.

This is often a characteristic of scratch dermatitis

and atopic dermatitis.

EXCORIATION A punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means (often scratching), usually involving only the epidermis but not uncommonly reaching the papillary dermis.

The traumatic deeper until the point of papil

Shows serum and blood (bleedy)


EROTION Serum release from the skin, the process just in.The stratum

basal so not bleedy.

ULCER Loss of epidermis and part of dermis. Example diasease

Basalioma

INDURATION Dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer.

ATROPHY Refers to a loss of tissue, and can be epidermal, dermal, or subcutaneous. With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin, translucent, and wrinkled. Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression of the skin

An area of skin that has become very thin and wrinkled.

Normally seen in older individuals and people who are using very strong topical corticosteroid medication.

SCAR Collagenous tissues that permanently replace injured dermis

Scars appear over healed wounds and surgical incisions.

Typically irregular, they may be thick or thin and hypertrophic or atrophic. Red, blue, white, and silver are common

colors for scars


Mechanisms of formation of rashes

efflorescence in the skin

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