egg production
DESCRIPTION
Egg Production. Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have for their entire life. At about age 10, the average girl starts puberty. This is when menstruation (period occurs). The Average Menstrual Cycle. Days 1-4 Menstrual flow leaves the body Body produces a hormone - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Egg Production
Females are born with all the eggs
they will ever have for their
entire life.
At about age 10, the average girl starts puberty.
This is when menstruation
(period occurs).
The Average Menstrual Cycle
• Days 1-4Menstrual flow leaves the
bodyBody produces a hormone
(FSH) that selects the
“egg of the month”
The Average Menstrual Cycle
• Days 5-12•Estrogen causes the lining of
the uterus to thicken•Ova (egg of the month) starts
to mature
The Average Menstrual Cycle
• Days 13-14Ovulation occurs---this means the
egg is released from the ovary
This means fertilization can occur
for about 1 week from now
The Average Menstrual Cycle
• Days 15-20Fertilization can occur
Your body starts to produceprogesterone to
preventadditional egg
releaseRemember this is still a fertile time
The Average Menstrual Cycle
• Days 21-28•The wall of the uterus is thickened
• If egg is not fertilized, it will begin to loosen and eventually shed itself and get ready for next month
The Average Menstrual Cycle
• Remember this is the “normal” cycle
• Not every female follows this cycle• Not every female has a 28 day
cycle• Not female ovulates in the middle
of their cycle• This is the average or normal cycle
but you cannot be sure how your body works
Sperm Production• Testes are where sperm are
produced
• Unlike females, men continue to produce sperm for the rest of their life. The average male produce 12 billion sperm per month
Sperm• Before intercourse, the penis fills
with blood causing the sperm to become erect (hard)
• Ejaculation occurs (semen filled with sperm are released)
• Sperm can live up to 72 hours---most live between 34 to 48 hours
Sperm• Think about this:
–The average ejaculate contains about 300 million sperm
–200 of those sperm will live long enough to enter the female body
– It only takes one of them to fertilize an egg
How is the sex determined?
This is an egg. It is always female. It has 22
chromosomes plus the X (female) chromosome for a total of 23 chromosomes.
How is the sex determined?
This is a sperm.There are male and female sperm.Each sperm has 22 chromosomes plus and X (female) or Y (male) for a total of 23
chromosomes
So how do multiple births occur?
• Fraternal twins are not
• identical. For some
• reason more than one
• egg is released and
• fertilized by different
• sperm. Each fertilized
• egg has it’s own sac.
• Now….how many chromosomes does a fertilized ovum have?
• Did you say 44? Wrong! Try again!
• Did you say 46? You are brilliant!– There are 22 from the egg– There are 22 from the sperm– There is 1 female from the egg– Either 1 male or female from the
spermSO THAT MAKES A TOTAL OF 46
Fraternal Twins• Each baby has it’s own amniotic
sac so they grow separately• Each baby has it’s own placenta
(gives baby nourishment)• Babies may be the same or
opposite sex• Babies may look similar because
they have the same parents• These babies may be the same or
different sexes.
Paternal Twins• These are also known as identical twins.• For some reason a fertilized egg splits.• These babies share a sac• and placenta
More than 2 babies…• The same concepts apply to any
multiple birth. For example, you can have triplets and 2 are identical and 1 fraternal
• You could have triplets that are all identical.
• It all depends on how fertilization occurs
Paternal Twins• These babies will share an
amniotic sac and placenta• They will always be the same sex
because it is one egg that split.• They will always look exactly the
same because it is one egg that split so all genes/chromosomes are the same.
How does the fertilized occur develop?
• Once an egg is fertilized it goes through 3 stages.
–Zygote–Embryo–Fetus
Zygote• This is the stage between
conception (egg and sperm uniting) and 2 weeks.
• Fertilized egg attaches to the wall of the uterus.
• Wall of the uterus thickens (blood and tissue)
• At end of this time it is the size of a pin head
• You may not even suspect you are pregnant at this time
Embryo• This is between 3-8 weeks.• Many things develop:
– Body systems (respiratory, circulatory….)– Amniotic fluid (surrounds & protects)– Placenta (attaches to wall of uterus to
filter food and oxygen to the baby)– Umbilical cord (connects placenta to belly
button of baby)
Fetus• 9 weeks until birth occurs (40 weeks)• Movement begins
– Starts immediately however mom doesn’t feel until 4-5 months
• Amniotic fluid increases• Uterus continues to grow• Organs begin to fully develop• Fetus grows rapidly
Genes, Chromosomes, Traits
What’s it all about?Physical traits are observable
characteristics determined by specific segments of DNA called genes. Multiple genes are grouped together to form chromosomes, which reside in the nucleus of the cell.
Every cell (except eggs and sperm) in an individual’s body contains two copies of each gene. This is due to the fact that both mother and father contribute a copy at the time of conception. This original genetic material is copied each time a cell divides so that all cells contain the same DNA. Genes store the information needed for the cell to assemble proteins, which eventually yield specific physical traits.
• Most genes have two or more variations, called alleles. For example, the gene for hairline shape has two alleles – widow’s peak or straight. An individual may inherit two identical or two different alleles from their parents. When two different alleles are present they interact in specific ways. For the traits included in this activity, the alleles interact in what is called a dominant or a recessive manner.
What that means…• The traits due to dominant
alleles are always observed, even when a recessive allele is present.
• Traits due to recessive alleles are only observed when two recessive alleles are present.
How traits are handed down
Although science knows a lot about traits and chromosomes,
there is still some disagreements about whether some of the following traits are dominant or recessive. There
may never be 100% agreement but the following is the most widely agreed upon.
For ExampleA widows peak is a dominate trait.
2 dominant traits = = 1 dominant +1
recessive
2 recessive traits =
Ear Lobes
• Attached ear lobes are recessive
Detached ear lobes are dominant
Tongue• Rolled tongue is a• dominant trait.
This is a recessive
trait.
Look at the handout about dominant and
recessive traits.
Cleft Chin•
• This is a
• dominate
• trait.
Dimples
Dimples are a dominant trait.
Roman Nose
This is an
example of
a roman
nose.
HandednessRight handedness is a dominant
trait while left handedness is recessive.
Freckles• These are dominant
Hair• Curly hair is dominant
• Straight hair is recessive
Hand Clasping
• Clasp your hands
• together.
• If your right thumb
• is on top, that is
• dominant---left is
• recessive.
Today’s Summarizer
Think about your family. Choose three traits that you see in your
family that you have. Using the paper, tell whether they are
dominant or recessive.
Today’s Bell Ringer11/6/12
• Define the following words and write a sentence using the word.
• Infertility• Invitro Fertilization
Partner ActivityDraw a Venn Diagram
Artificial Insemination
Invitro Fertilization
Prenatal Testing• What does prenatal mean?
– It refers to the time before birth
– These test can be done to determine specific birth defects
– No test is 100% safe or accurate
Ultrasound
http://youtu.be/cK0_eC7PIgY
3D Ultrasound
Ultra Sound• This test is used for the following:
verify due datesex of baby’development is on scheduleskeletal or organ defects
Risks are unknown but considered relatively safe for both mom and
baby
Amniocentesis• Withdraw of a sample of amniotic
fluid that surrounds the newborn
.• This can detect specific birth
defects and or health problems
Amniocentesis• http://youtu.be/bZcGpjyOXt0
• This will show how an amniocentesis is done and give you additional information about the procedure. Please take notes. This is not a “live demo” so hopefully no one will get squeamish.
Check Yourself• At what time period is this
procedure done?• Is this procedure for everyone?• What are some reasons it is done?
• What might be some dangers of this procedure?
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
http://youtu.be/sxEf_ddmpZk
• Again, please take some notes. This is also a demo so don’t be
scared!
CVS• How is this different from
Amniocentesis?
• Why would someone choose this test over Amnio?
• Why would this procedure be more dangerous?
Prenatal Nutrition• During pregnancy, it is very
important to eat a healthy diet. • Each of the three trimesters of
pregnancy requires an increase in food intake
• It is important to eat good foods along with taking supplements from doctor
• Do not over eat
GRAINS• Start with 6 oz and increase to 9 oz
daily (1st trimester-3 rd trimester)
• Remember to eat whole grains as well as refined grains
• Whole grains provide fiber in your diet
Good Choices for Grains• Fortified ready-to-eat cereals• Fortified cooked cereals• When buying ready-to-eat and
cooked cereals, choose those made from whole grains most often. Look for cereals that are fortified with iron and folic acid
VEGETABLES• Start with 2 ½ cups and increase
to 3 ½ cups daily• Eat a variety of vegetables (not the
same thing every day)• Eat a rainbow of vegetables (lots of
different colors)• The darker the veggie, the more
nutrients it contains
Good Choices of Vegetables
• Carrots• Sweet potatoes• Pumpkin• Spinach• Cooked greens (such as kale, collards, turnip
greens, and beet greens)• Winter squash• Tomatoes and tomato sauces• Red sweet peppers• These vegetables all have both vitamin A and
potassium. When choosing canned vegetables, look for "low-sodium" or "no-salt-added" on the label.
FRUITS• 2 cups a day through the entire
pregnancy
• Fruits are a naturally sweet food
• Fruits contain a lot of fiber
Good Choices for Fruits• Cantaloupe• Honeydew melon• Mangoes• Prunes• Bananas• Apricots• Oranges• Red or pink grapefruit• 100% prune juice or orange juice• These fruits all provide potassium, and many
also provide vitamin A. When choosing canned fruit, look for those canned in 100% fruit juice or water instead of syrup.
MILK• Continue to drink at least 3 cups a
day throughout the pregnancy• The calcium helps baby’s bones
and teeth to develop and strengthen
• Choose lower fat whenever possible
• Try a variety of dairy foods
Good Choices for Dairy• Fat-free or low-fat yogurt• Fat-free milk (skim milk)• Low-fat milk (1% milk)• Calcium-fortified soymilk (soy
beverage)• • These all provide the calcium and
potassium you need. Make sure that your choices are fortified with vitamins A and D.
MEAT AND BEANS• Start with 5 ½ oz and increase to 6
½ ounces daily
• Choose items low in fat or lean pieces of meat (chicken and fish)
• Try nuts, beans and seeds as a suppliment to meat
Good Choices for Meat• Beans and peas (such as pinto beans,
soybeans, white beans, lentils, kidney beans, chickpeas)
• Nuts and seeds (such as sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, peanuts, and peanut butter)
• Lean beef, lamb, and pork • Oysters, mussels, crab• Salmon, trout, herring, sardines, and pollock• NOTE: Do not eat shark, swordfish, king
mackerel, or tilefish when you are pregnant or breastfeeding. They contain high levels of mercury. Limit white (albacore) tuna to no more than 6 ounces per week.
Dietary Needs and Supplements
• Prenatal Vitamins—it is important to take these as directed by the doctor
• Folic Acid---this is a B vitamin. It helps to prevent serious birth defects. Pregnant woman need to make sure they are taking a sufficient amount of this.
Dietary Needs and Supplements
• Iron—this is a mineral. It is important during pregnancy because it helps blood carry necessary oxygen to your cells.
• Too little iron causes anemia which makes you even more tired and can harm the baby
• Sodium (salt) – remember a little is good but a lot is really bad. Eat in moderation