egypt- chart printouts
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EGYPT-THE LAND OF THE NILE
Egypt, officially Arab Republic of Egypt is a country in north-
eastern Africa and south-western Asia. Its northern border is
the Mediterranean Sea, on the east lies Israel and the Red Sea,
Sudan is to its south, and on the west is Libya. The land of the
Nile River, Egypt is the cradle of one of the world’s greatestancient civilizations and has a recorded history that dates from
approximately 3200 BC.
Egyptians often consider their country to be a bridge between
the European West and the Arab East. Thus, business
practices may resemble European or Arab practices or
anything in between.
CLIMATE IN EGYPT
Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in)
per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of
the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1
in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's
mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as
Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria.
Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt.
Temperatures average between 80 °F (27 °C) and 90 °F
(32 °C) in summer, and up to 109 °F (43 °C) on the Red Sea
coast. Winter temperatures average between 55 °F (13 °C) and
70 °F (21 °C). A steady wind from the northwest helps lower
temperatures near the Mediterranean coast. The Khamaseen is
a wind that blows from the south in spring, bringing sand and
dust, and sometimes raises the temperature in the desert tomore than 100 °F (38 °C).
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EGYPTIAN CULTURE
The Culture of Egypt has five thousand years of recorded
history. For millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex
and stable culture that had a profound influence on later
cultures of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. After the
Pharonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of
Hellenism, for a time Christianity, and later, Arab and Islamic
culture.
With its ancient history, cosmopolitanism, strong Islamic
traditions, modern pan-Arab political and intellectual history
and relative freedom, Egypt is the cultural capital of Arab
world. The Arab television and cinema is dominated by the
Egyptian television and film industry, as is popular Arabic
music.
The Egyptian Ministry of Culture presides over a variety of
western-style cultural institutions such as the Cairo Opera
House, the National Puppet Theatre, the Pocket Theatre andthe National Symphony, as well as the country's many
museums.
Egypt has also been a fount of Arabic literature having
produced some of the greatest 20th century Arab writers from
Taha Hussein and Tawfiq Al Hakim to Nobel prize-winner
novelist Naguib Mahfouz. Egypt has also produced some of
the greatest modern artisans, including the brilliant jewellerydesigner Azza Fahmy and her equally gifted sister Randa
Fahmy, who single-handedly revived the art of Mamluki
metalwork.
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PEOPLE OF EGYPT
Egyptians are friendly, hospitable and modest. They also have
a sense of balance and moderation. Insha’Allah and Ma'lesh
are essential vocabulary for the visitor. A key to enjoying any
visit to Egypt is infinite patience. Egypt has its fair share of problems. More than 40% of its
men are illiterate (more for women); it is over populated and
poor. There is a large degree of mal-distribution of wealth.
With no class system in Egypt, and no titles, the only way to
climb up the social ladder is by acquiring more wealth.
Egyptians are proud and sensitive. Proud of their history but
sensitive of their present. This paradox explains why people
do not like foreign photographers poking their cameras into
their everyday life. Unless photographed at their best or in
situations they are proud of, Egyptians are more comfortable
away from the cameras.
Egyptians are, generally speaking, colour blind. Otherraces are regarded as equal and given the same
consideration.
The Arabic language has its mark on the Egyptian mind.
Classical Arabic is used by the media and in formal writing,
but the spoken Arabic is colloquial and varies from one region
to the next. The colloquial Arabic of Cairo is widely
understood throughout the Arab world, because of the culturalinfluence of films, songs and TV programs.
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EGYPTIAN FOOD
Although Egyptian eating habits may seem erratic, most
natives begin the day with a light breakfast of beans (or bean
cakes), eggs, and/or pickles, cheeses, and jams. Most families
eat their large, starchy lunch around 1400-1700 and follow it
with a siesta.
They may take a British-style tea at 1700 or 1800 and eat a
light supper (often leftovers from lunch) late in the evening.
Dinner parties, however, are scheduled late, often no earlier
than 2100, with the meal served an hour or two later. In
restaurants lunch is normally 1300-1600, dinner 2000-2400.
Egyptian food reflects the country's melting-pot history;
native cooks using local ingredients have modified Greek,
Turkish, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian traditions to suit
Egyptian budgets, customs, and tastes. The dishes are simple;
made with naturally ripened fruits and vegetables and
seasoned with fresh spices, they're good and hearty.Food in the south, closely linked to North African cuisine, is
zestier than that found in the north, but neither is especially
hot. The best cooking is often found in the smaller towns.
Although Egyptian cooking can be bland and oily when
poorly done, most of the cuisine is delicious. Egyptian cuisine
consists of local culinary traditions such as Ful
medames, Kushari and Molokhia.It also shares similarities with food found throughout the
eastern Mediterranean like kebab and falafel.
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EGYPTIAN CLOTHING
The ancient Egyptians made their own clothes from what their
environment and nature gave them. Egypt has mostly a hot
climate thus the use of clothes reflect material that is
lightweight to suit this type of climate. The ancient Egyptians
both men and women wore linen clothes all throughout the
hot weather. Linen is a fabric made from plant fibres. The
plant fibre comes from flax plants that grow abundantly along
the banks of the Nile.
The men wore short skirts around their waists called kilts,
while the women wore straight fitting dresses with straps on
their shoulders. The wealthy men wore pleated kilts, and the
older men wore a longer kilt. When doing hard work, men
wore a loin cloth, and women wore a short skirt. Children
usually ran around nude during the summer months.
The flax plants are plants having small leaves, blue flowers
and stems about two feet tall. Flax was pulled out of theground, not cut. This work was done mostly by men. Half-
ripe flax stems made the best thread. If the stems were too
ripe, they were used for mats and rope. Flax stems were
soaked for several days then fibres were separated. Then the
fibres were beaten until soft. The resulting fibres are then
spun into thread.
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EGYPTIAN JEWELLERY
When it comes to ancient jewellery Egyptians fine work of
ornaments is worth mentioning. The ancient Egyptians created
marvellous Egyptian themed jewels using different processes
of ornamenting metal. Egypt had skilful artisans who used to
make magnificent real as well as fake jewellery.
Men and women of that time used to wear beautiful
ornaments to adorn themselves. Egyptian jewellery was worn
as a status symbol and Egyptians used to wear jewels to
protect themselves from evil spirits.
Jewels were a part of their lives before and after death and the
deceased was always buried with their valuable possessions.
Gold and silver were mostly used to make intricate designs
and gemstones of carnelian, jasper, amethyst, turquoise, and
lapis lazuli. Enamel and glass were also used to add glamour
and charm.
Wide beaded necklaces, hoop, hinged, or beaded bracelets andrings were the typical Egyptian jewellery articles. Jewellery
motifs derived from religious symbols included; the scarab,
lotus, falcon, serpent, and eye.
The amazing amulets were religious jewels of Egyptians that
were used as a protection from evil eye. Egyptians
emphasized the colours of jewels rather than their designs and
they had attached different symbolic meanings to differentcolours and stones. Green coloured jewels symbolized
fertility.
Cartouches were good luck charms for Egyptians and were
believed to protect the wearer from evil spirits in life as well
as after death. The symbol of life was the ankh, which was
an important cultural and spiritual sign and this motif is
extensively seen in Egyptian rings and pendants.
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LITERATURE IN EGYPT
Ancient Egyptian literature dates back to the Old Kingdom, in
the third millennium BC. Religious literature is best known
for its hymns to various gods and its mortuary texts. The
oldest extant Egyptian literature is the Pyramid Texts: the
mythology and rituals carved around the tombs of rulers. The
later, secular literature of ancient Egypt includes the 'wisdom
texts', forms of philosophical instruction.
The authors of the literature of the Old and Middle Kingdoms
(through to the middle of the second millennium BC) seem to
have been drawn from an elite administrative class, and were
celebrated and revered into the New Kingdom (to the end of
the second millennium). In time the Pyramid Texts became
Coffin Texts (perhaps after the end of the Old Kingdom), and
finally the mortuary literature produced its masterpiece, the
Book of the Dead, during the New Kingdom.
During the Greco-Roman period (332 BC – AD 639), Egyptianliterature was translated into other languages, and Greco-
Roman literature fused with native art into a new style of
writing. From this period comes the Rosetta Stone, which
became the key to unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian
writing to modern scholarship. Alexandria's centre of learning
also produced the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, the
Septuagint.
Among the modern talents of Egyptian literature, Naguib
Mahfouz is foremost. In 1988, he was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Literature. Other well-known Egyptian writers
include Nawal El Saadawi, who is well known for her
feminist works and activism, and Alifa Rifaat who is
conservative and writes about women and tradition.
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MONUMENTS IN EGYPT
1) THE OPEN AIR-MUSEUM OF MEMPHIS:
The local God of Memphis was called Ptah, who was the
God of creation and workmen, and he was worshiped with his
wife, the Goddess Sekhmet and their son, the God Nefer-
Tom. Nothing much remains from ancient Memphis, except
some monuments from the New Kingdom and later periods.
Nearby Sakkara was associated with Memphis, as it was thesite of one its many necropolises. Today, in Memphis, you
will see an open air Museum, which amongst other artefacts
exhibits a limestone colossus of King Ramses
2) THE HANGING CHURCH
The Hanging Church is considered the oldest church in thearea of Al-Fustat (Old Cairo). It is known as Al-Muallaka (the
hanging) because it was built on the ruins of two old towers
that remained from an old fortress called the Fortress of
Babylon. It was dedicated to The Virgin Mary and St.
Dimiana. There are 110 icons here, the oldest of which dates
back to the 8th Century, but most of them date to the 18th
Century. Nakhla Al- Baraty Bey gave some of them as gifts,in 1898 A.D, when he was the overseer of the church.
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3) THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
Among the major tourist sites, there is only one considered to
be “The major” and on top of any list - The Pyramids of Giza
There are three main Pyramids here, which were built in the
4th Dynasty (circa 2550 B.C). The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt
were built as tombs for Kings (and Queens), and it was the
exclusive privilege to have a Pyramid tomb. However, this
tradition only applied in the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
Today there are more than 93 Pyramids in Egypt; the most
famous ones are those at Giza.
4) SAQQARA PYRAMIDS
Saqqara is one of the most extensive archaeological sites in
Egypt! It was the cemetery for Memphis, the capital of
Ancient Egypt, yet it is still one of the virgin archaeological
sites, despite the fact that so much has already been found
here. Today it is considered as one of the oldest stone
structures built by man, and the first time the Ancient
Egyptians would attempt to use limestone. Zoser’s Pyramid isentirely built of limestone, small bricks of limestone, and not
of the best quality, and yet it has remained for more than 4700
years!
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5) THE KARNAK TEMPLE
The Temple of Karnak is the largest Temple in the World!
The complex contains a group of Temples such as the GreatTemple of Amon Ra, The Temple of Khonso, The Ipt Temple,
The Temple of Ptah, the Temple of Montho and the Temple of
the God Osiris. A 20m high, mud brick enclosure wall,
surrounded all of these buildings.
6) THE GREAT SPHINX OF GIZAThe Great Sphinx of Giza (or, commonly, the Sphinx) is
a statue of a reclining or couchant sphinx (a mythical
creature with a lion's body and a human head) that stands
on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza,
Egypt. It is the largest monolith statue in the world,
standing 73.5 metres (241 ft) long, 6 metres (20 ft) wide,and 20.22 m (66.34 ft) high.[1] It is the oldest known
monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed to
have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old
Kingdom in the reign of the pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558 –
2532 BC).
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FINE ARTS IN EGYPT
The Egyptians knew the plastic art of all its kinds since the
remote ages of ancient times. The statues of kings and the
elites as well as the illustrated and engraved paintings
reflected artistic concepts in the services of rituals of gods,
kings and the dead.
The ancient Egyptian arts, such as sculpture, drawing and
inscriptions were closely associated with the architectural
engineering.
This ancient Egyptian civilization provided the world withvaried and unique architectural forms of royal tombs, temples,
dams and others. The multi-purpose civil architecture also
flourished in the Greek era, most outstanding of its products is
Alexandria lighthouse, the third of the Seven Wonders of
the World.
The Coptic civilization also focused only on two definite
kinds of sculpture. The first is the tomb witness, which is alimestone board where its top part is often of a triangle form
containing drawings. The second kind is sculpture decoration
at the top or below walls. Glass crafts and Arabesque became
common and flourished during this era.
Among these artists were Mahmoud Said, Mahmoud
Mokhtar, Yousif Kamel, Ragheb Ayyad, Mohammed Nagi
and others.Several groups of plastic art successively appeared. In 1928,
“The Imagination Group” headed by the sculptor MahmoudMokhtar was established. It was followed by “Fine Arts
Amateurs Group” which came to the scene in Alexandria in
1929. In 1932, the “Egyptian Complex of Fine Arts” was
founded by Mohammed Sedqi Al-Gabadangi.
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MUSIC & SINGING IN EGYPT
Ancient Egyptian musicians are known to have played harps
and flutes circa 4000 BC, and double clarinets and lyres from
around 3500 BC.
Percussion instruments were added to orchestras by 2000 BC.
It is probable that no system of musical notation existed at the
time, as none have survived. The music of ancient Egypt has
not been documented, but some musicologists believe that the
liturgical music of the Coptic Church is directly descended
from ancient Egyptian music.
Like African music, Arabic and Egyptian music has strong
improvisatory and rhythmic components. The base rhythm of
Arabic music is the maqamat, which is formed by dum
(downbeats), tak (upbeats) and rests. Arabic music uses
microtones, or notes not present in the formal musical scale
(half-flats and half-sharps). Arabic tones are divided into
thirds, which makes their sound inherently different frommost other musical traditions.
A type of flute called the Nay is commonly played at
mulids. Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous,
Arabic, African and Western influences. As early as 4000 BC,
ancient Egyptians were playing harps and flutes, as well as
two indigenous instruments: the Nay and the Oud.
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FOLKLORE IN EGYPT
The Egyptian’s beliefs are reflected in the extended inevitable
relationship between their worldly and heavenly lives.
However, if mythologies constitute the formal religious
substance, as they are closely associated with belief, on the
one hand, and with the Pharonic government system, on the
other, it is this folkloric substance that still lives with people.
The folkloric substance of a certain people determines their
identity and personality as much as it determines the degree of
their culture.
Folklore usually arises from a belief in the power of the word,
and from the ability to move it along various levels: symbolic,
connotative, and social. Ancient Egyptians used to believe in
the power, magic and ability to move the minds. This can be
illustrated by the following extract: "Man dies and becomes a
rotten corpse, and so does his offspring, but his books
commemorate him.”
Thus, one book is more useful than afurnished home or an exquisite palace or even a memorial in a
temple."
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EGYPTIAN FESTIVALS
Egyptian festivals include both the ancient Egyptian
celebrations as well as the Islamic and certain Christian
festivals. Presently, the Islamic culture, being the dominant
religion, all recognized public holidays and celebrations are
sanctioned according to the Islamic holidays. Moreover, Islam
is the state religion of Egypt. Though Christian festivals are
inclusive of the public holidays, they are far limited.
These festivals of Egypt are now either abandoned or
observed by minority. It has been observed that the ancient
festivals of Egypt are celebrated throughout the year. This
marks the prosperous condition of Egypt in those times. The
Egyptian calendar starts from the month of June and ends in
the month of July.
One of the most important Egyptian festivals is the Leylet en
Nuktah. This day is fixed as the day of rising of the waters in
river Nile, prior to the flooding of the banks. The flood waswelcomed in ancient Egypt, as it would leave behind fertile
soil for successful agriculture. The rule was that if the floods
delayed, then young women would be sacrificed in the Nile
River till the waters were seen to rise.
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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS:
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of beliefs
and rituals which were an integral part of ancient
Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interactionwith a multitude of deities who were believed to be present in,
and in control of, the forces and elements of nature. The
myths about these gods were meant to explain the origins and
behaviour of the forces they represented, and the practices of
Egyptian religion were efforts to provide for the gods and gain
their favour.
Formal religious practice cantered on the pharaoh, the king of
Egypt. Although he was a human, the pharaoh was believed to
be descended from the gods. He acted as the intermediary
between his people and the gods, and was obligated to sustain
the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could
maintain order in the universe. Individuals could also interact
with the gods for their own purposes, appealing for their help
through prayer or compelling them to act through magic.
Another important aspect of the religion was the belief in the
afterlife and funerary practices. The Egyptians made great
efforts to ensure the survival of their souls after death,
providing tombs, grave goods, and offerings to preserve the
bodies and spirits of the deceased.
At various times certain gods became preeminent over theothers, including the sun god Ra, the creator god Amun, and
the mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the aberrant
theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single
god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon of.
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DIVINE PHARAOH
Egyptologists have long debated the degree to which the
pharaoh was considered a god. It seems most likely that the
Egyptians viewed royal authority itself as a divine force.
Therefore, although the Egyptians recognized that the pharaoh
was human and subject to human weakness, they
simultaneously viewed him as a god, because the divine
power of kingship was incarnate in him.
He therefore acted as intermediary between Egypt's people
and the gods. He was key to upholding maat, both by
maintaining justice and harmony in human society and by
sustaining the gods with temples and offerings.
The king was also associated with many specific deities. He
was identified directly with Horus, who represented kingship
itself, and he was seen as the son of Ra, who ruled and
regulated nature as the pharaoh ruled and regulated society.
By the New Kingdom he was also associated with Amun, thesupreme force in the cosmos. Upon his death, the king became
fully deified. In this state, he was directly identified with Ra,
and was also associated with Osiris, god of death and rebirth
and the mythological father of Horus. Many mortuary temples
were dedicated to the worship of deceased pharaohs as gods.
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AFTERLIFE
The Egyptians had elaborate beliefs about death and the
afterlife. They believed that humans possessed a ka, or life-
force, which left the body at the point of death. In life, the ka
received its sustenance from food and drink, so it was
believed that, to endure after death, the ka must continue to
receive offerings of food, whose spiritual essence it could still
consume.
Each person also had a ba, the set of spiritual characteristics
unique to each individual. Unlike the ka, the ba remained
attached to the body after death. Egyptian funeral rituals were
intended to release the ba from the body so that it could move
freely, and to rejoin it with the ka so that it could live on as
an akh. However, it was also important that the body of the
deceased be preserved, as the Egyptians believed that the ba
returned to its body each night to receive new life, before
emerging in the morning as an akh.
Originally, however, the Egyptians believed that only the
pharaoh had a ba, and only he could become one with the
gods; dead commoners passed into a dark, bleak realm that
represented the opposite of life. The nobles received tombs
and the resources for their upkeep as gifts from the king, and
their ability to enter the afterlife was believed to be dependent
on these royal favours. In early times the deceased pharaoh
was believed to ascend to the sky and dwell among the stars.
Over the course of the Old Kingdom, however, he came to be
more closely associated with the daily rebirth of the sun god
Ra and with the underworld ruler Osiris as those deities grew
more important.
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RITUAL AND MAGICAL TEXTS
The procedures for religious rituals were frequently written on
papyri, which were used as instructions for those performing
the ritual. These ritual texts were kept mainly in the temple
libraries. Temples themselves are also inscribed with such
texts, often accompanied by illustrations.
Unlike the ritual papyri, these inscriptions were not intended
as instructions, but were meant to symbolically perpetuate the
rituals even if, in reality, people ceased to perform
them. Magical texts likewise describe rituals, although these
rituals were part of the spells used for specific goals in
everyday life. Despite their mundane purpose, many of these
texts also originated in temple libraries and later became
disseminated among the general populace.
ORACLES
The Egyptians used oracles to ask the gods for knowledge or
guidance. Egyptian oracles are known mainly from the New
Kingdom and afterward, though they probably appeared much
earlier. People of all classes, including the king, asked
questions of oracles, and, especially in the late New Kingdom
their answers could be used to settle legal disputes or inform
royal decisions.
The most common means of consulting an oracle was to pose
a question to the divine image while it was being carried in a
festival procession, and interpret an answer from the barque's
movements. Other methods included interpreting the
behaviour of cult animals, drawing lots, or consulting statues
through which a priest apparently spoke. The means of
discerning the god's will gave great influence to the priests
who spoke and interpreted the god's message
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FUNERAL PRACTICES
In the Early Dynastic Period, however, they began using
tombs for greater protection, and the body was insulated from
the desiccating effect of the sand and was subject to natural
decay. Thus the Egyptians developed their
elaborate embalming practices, in which the corpse was
artificially desiccated and wrapped to be placed in its coffin.
Once the mummification process was complete, the mummy
was carried from the deceased person's house to the tomb in a
funeral procession that included his or her friends and
relatives, along with a variety of priests. Before the burial,
these priests performed several rituals, including the Opening
of the mouth ceremony intended to restore the dead person's
senses and give him or her, the ability to receive offerings.
Then the mummy was buried and the tomb sealed. Afterward,
relatives or hired priests gave food offerings to the deceased
in a nearby mortuary chapel at regular intervals.
The first Egyptian tombs were mastabas, rectangular brick
structures where kings and nobles were entombed. Each of
them contained a subterranean burial chamber and a separate,
aboveground chapel for mortuary rituals. In the Old Kingdom
the mastaba developed into the pyramid, which symbolized
the primeval mound of Egyptian myth. Pyramids were
reserved for royalty, and were accompanied by large mortuary
temples sitting at their base.
Tombs could contain a great variety of other items, including
statues of the deceased to serve as substitutes for the body in
case it was damaged. Because it was believed that the
deceased would have to do work in the afterlife, just as in life,
burials often included small models of humans to do work in
place of the deceased.
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The tombs of wealthier individuals could also contain
furniture, clothing, and other everyday objects intended for
use in the afterlife, along with amulets and other items
intended to provide magical protection against the hazards of the spirit world. Further protection was provided by funerary
texts included in the burial. The tomb walls also bore artwork,
including images of the deceased eating food which were
believed to allow him or her to magically receive sustenance
even after the mortuary offerings had ceased.
INSTRUCTIONS HOW TO PRACTICE BUSINESS
ETIQUETTE IN EGYPT When in Rome, do as the Romans do. That is an old saying
that can be applied to any country even today. When doing
business with an Egyptian, be prepared to do certain things
slightly differently than you're used to, but some things willremain the same. Here is some information on doing business
with associates in Egypt.
INSTRUCTIONS:
While it is not necessary to dress in the Egyptian style, it
is necessary to pay attention to Egyptian norms of
modesty when choosing business attire, especially forwomen. Men should wear a jacket and tie. Shorts are not
acceptable in public for men or women.
Ideas of "personal space" among Egyptians are different
than in Western cultures. People of the same sex tend to
stand much closer, while those of the opposite sex will
stand farther apart. Resist the urge to move away, which
may offend your associate.
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Learn the names of the people you will be meeting ahead
of time, as names can be confusing. Make sure you
understand the full names and know how to address each
associate by the time you meet. Greet with a handshake for men. A man, however,
should not extend his hand to an Egyptian woman. Wait
for her cue. If she extends her hand, a handshake is
appropriate. This works in reverse for westernized
women. Do not extend your hand to an Egyptian man,
but shake if a hand is offered.
Make small talk before doing business, and keep to safe
subjects such as sports (anything from soccer to boxing
to horse racing) and positive Egyptian citizens and
accomplishments. Personal relationships are important in
this culture, and business proceedings are unlikely to be
effective unless your associates know and like you.
Be patient with interruptions while meeting. It is verycommon for Egyptians to take phone calls or visitors
during appointments, and it should not be considered a
slight.
Use hand gestures sparingly, preferably not at all, to
avoid inadvertently offending. A thumbs up sign, for
example, is considered offensive in the Arab world.
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Mission They are international town builders. Prime locations are
spotted and long-term commitments are developed. Their
geographical aims are unconventional and their undertakingsare creatively inspired. They work to provide the best value
with a guaranteed Orascom mark of quality. They are not
simply developers, they are community creators.
Social Responsibility
They are major town developer in several countries around
the globe, they recognize the significant impact they exert on
areas in which they operate. They are committed to
sustainable environmental practices, not only as a responsible
organization but also to protect their sites that are, by their
very nature, long-term projects. Therefore, they work hard to
help preserve the natural treasures on which their success is
built.
This proactive stance towards environmental issues dates back
to the 2002 launch of the Green Gouna initiative, a project
aimed to position El Gouna as an environmentally friendly
destination. The Green Gouna initiative has evolved to
become what is today known as the Green Star Hotel
Initiative. AGEG Consultants and Orascom Hotels &
Development (Orascom Development's Egyptian subsidiary)have joined forces within the scope of the Public Private
Partnership (PPP) program of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH to improve
standards by implementing an environmentally and
economically sustainable management system in the hotel
industry in Egypt.
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FACTS & FIGURES
Capital: Cairo.
Area: 1,001,450 sq km, Egypt is the world's 38th-largestcountry.
Government: Egypt has been a republic since June 18, 1953.
Population: Egypt is the most populated country in the
Middle East and the third most populous on the African
continent, with an estimated 75 million people (as of mid-
2008).
Time Zone: Egypt is 2 hours ahead of GMT.
Official languages: Arabic is the official language although
English is widely used.
Religion: In Egypt controls many aspects of social life and is
endorsed by law. Egypt is predominantly Muslim, with
Muslims comprising about 90% of a population of around 80
million Egyptians. Most of the non-Muslims in Egypt areChristians.
Geography: Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, Sudan to
the south, and by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's
important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position:
a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the
Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, which in turn is
traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal) thatconnects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean via the
Red Sea.
Climate: Temperatures average between 80 °F (27 °C) and
90 °F (32 °C) in summer, and up to 109 °F (43 °C) on the Red
Sea coast. Temperatures average between 55 °F (13 °C) and
70 °F (21 °C) in winter.
Currency: Egyptian pound (EGP) el-Gineih el-Miṣri
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Exchange Rate: EGP 5.5 to EGP 5.29 agent U.S Dollar
Country Dialling Code: + (2)
Telecommunications: Egypt has a healthy
telecommunications industry with three Telecom operators -
Mobinil, Vodafone and the new entrant Etisalat providers
offer comprehensive services that include mobile, broadband
and pay TV.
Culture: Egyptian culture has five thousand years of recorded
history. Ancient Egypt was among the
earliest civilizations and for millennia, Egypt maintained a
strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later
cultures of Europe, the Middle East and other African
countries.
Sports: Football (soccer) is the national sport of Egypt.
Egyptian Soccer clubs El Ahly, Petrojet, ENPPI, Haras El
Hodood, Police Union, Army’s Vanguards, Ismaily, El
Zamalek and El Masry are the most popular teams and enjoythe reputation of long-time regional champions. Egypt is rich
in soccer history as soccer has been around for over 100 years.
The country is home to many African championships such as
the Africa Cup of Nations. While, Egypt's national team has
not qualified for the FIFA World Cup since 1990, the
Egyptian team won the Africa Cup of Nations an
unprecedented six times, including two times in a row in 1957
and 1959 and again in 2006 and 2008, setting a world record.