EGYPT

• What do you know?• Maps • http://www.kendall-

bioresearch.co.uk/egyptmap.htm

• http://www.all-about-egypt.com/egypt-tourist-attractions.h

HEADING(pg #1) - main ideas of the paragraph-main ideas-main ideasHEADING-main idea(pg. #2) main idea- “wadis”- a dry riverbed

Outlining

Introduction

(pg. 1) -Very hot in EgyptTHE RIVER BRINGS LIFE TO THE DESERT-four thousand miles long-2 branches- Blue Nile (mtns. of Ethiopia), White Nile(Lake Victoria)-Nile flows Northward-River provides food, transportation.(pg.2)-”The Gift of the Nile”NATURAL FEATURES SURROUND AND PROTECT THE NILE VALLEY-desert covers 96% of Egypt-”wadis”- dry riverbeds

- Natural geographical buffers = dry hot heat, huge sea, swamps in the north, rapids and waterfalls

- For 2000 years Egypt invaded only 3 times- *Buffers = major reason Egypt flourished WHY STUDY ANCIENT EGYPT?-Gave us basic ideas: geometry, mathematics, astronomy, -architecture ideas – columns, fortresses, drawbridges, -domestication of cats, honey bees, carrier pigeons, -tanning of leather, glass making, mosquito netting, canal and lake

construction, paper, study of human anatomy, solar calendar, scientific method of study

The Beginnings

• (5) The Earliest Nile Dwellers• Nomads• 5000-7000 years ago• -stone tools• -gatherers, hunters• Beginnings of Agriculture• Probably an accident• Farming led to settlements

Annual flood and the development of Agriculture

• Spring snows, mountain flooding – Ethiopia(6) Flooded once a year• Enriched soil****• Inundation- act of Gods• 3 months flooded then recedes led to Catch

basins , dams• Led to irrigation• Shaduf

The Black Land and the Red Land

• (7)-Black land= dark silt = fertile area- richest farm land in the world

• Kemi= silt• Red land= desert = sand and rock• Red land = Desret• *difference between life in Red land and Black

Land

Building with mud bricks

• -sun dried bricks- straw, mud, sand• Melts in the rain- repairThe Domestication of Animals--food, work, clothing, companionshipSheep, pigs, donkeys, cattle, geese, Bees, dogs- greyhound, cats (tufted ears)-used sheep, goats to trample seeds

(9)Major ProductsWheat, barley, flax- most importantOthers- grapes, cucumbers, dates, onions,

lettuce, chickpeas, figs….and small Popeye figures

• Writing chapter- see handouts• hieroglyphic project

• Religion chapter- see God chart handout• God Chart project

Hieroglyphics

Nick and Katelyn Kelly

Hmmm… What did you say?

• HRU • • WRUD 2DAY • • B HOME L8ER• G2G • • CALL ME 2NITE

Writing

• HRU (How are you?)• • WRUD 2DAY (What

are you doing today?)• • B HOME L8ER (Be

home later• G2G (Got to go.)• • CALL ME 2NITE (Call

me tonight.).)

• Where might you see these types of messages?

• What makes this type of communication different from the normal written word?

Communication and writing

• Why do people use this form of communication rather than writing complete words and sentences?

• What are the advantages of using this type of communication?

• What are disadvantages of texting?

• Do you think our ways of writing will continue to change with technology? Explain

What is a Hieroglyph Anyway?

Hieroglyphs are what the ancient egyptians used to write with.

They were pictures that meant words or sometimes they were two words combined.

How The Alphabet Works

• Hieroglyphs are signs, they are usually divide into 4 categories. They used 27 signs to represent over 700 possible words or meanings

• Alphabetic signs represent a single sound. But the Egyptians took most vowels for granted.

How Did People Learn To Write It?

• How you would learn to write it would be to attend a special school.

• At this school you would learn how to write and read them.

• If you learned how to write the langue you would be considered a “Scribe”.

What Are Scribes?

• Scribes are people who attended a 5 year school on how to read or write hieroglyphics.

• They were usually men but experts have found that there was women doctors and in order to be a doctor they had to be able to read hieroglyphics.

Scribes For a Thought

• Not all people could learn how to write, Most often it was the children of scribes.

• But many craftsmen were able to get there kids into the school. But, it was very rare

What Did They Write on and With?

They used a plant called papyrus and cut thin layers off the stem. Then laid it flat as in the picture. They then used a mallet. Finally they used a smoothing stone to smooth it out.

They wrote with reed pens which they dipped into ink.

They also carved, and painted on tombs and temple walls

Did They Use Colors?

Yes, Actually hieroglyphs were often written in red and black ink and on papyrus.

They used many colors to do tombs and temple.

How Were Hieroglyphs Found?

• By The Rosetta Stone• The Rosetta Stone was

found in a village called Rosetta (Rashid).

• The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799

About The Rosetta Stone

• They think the Rosetta Stone was made in 196 b.c.

• The Rosetta Stone was found by French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt.

• The Rosetta Stone was text written by the priests in Egypt to honor the Pharaohs. It would list all the good things the Pharaohs have done for the people and priests.

Compare and Contrast

Past• Use Pictures• Only a few people knew

how to write and read.• They had to use papyrus.• Use Reed Pens

Present• We don’t use pictures• Many people know how

to write and read our language.

• We use paper from trees.

• Use Pencils.• Higher level of

technology

Who owns the Rosetta Stone?

• There is a debate on who should “own” the Rosetta Stone.

• The British, French or Egypt-

• What do you think?• Check on the link to see

a ppt debate-

• http://www.yellow-springs.k12.oh.us/ys-mls/student4.htm

BibliographyMr.M. used the following sources

• http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/explore/school.html We used this for all about scribes and the Rosetta Stone.

• http://schools.mukilteo.wednet.edu/ex/Library/ancient%20egypt/ancient_egypt%20student.htm We used this whole site for everything

Writing project

• Get into your nomes and find the writing section in your nome booklet.

• Do the Hieroglyphic project as directed

Mummies• When you think of a mummy

what comes to mind? Most of us usually picture an Egyptian mummy wrapped in bandages and buried deep inside a pyramid.

• While the Egyptian ones are the most famous, mummies have been found in many places throughout the world, from Greenland to China to the Andes Mountains of South America.

Mummies• A mummy is the body of a

person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death..

• Mummies are made naturally or by embalming, which is any process that people use to help preserve a dead body.

• The ancient Egyptians believed that mummifying a person's body after death was essential to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.

HOW DO YOU MAKE MUMMIES?• Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and

expensive process. From start to finish, it took about seventy days to embalm a body.

• Since the Egyptians believed that mummification was essential for passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and buried as well as they could possibly afford. High-ranking officials, priests and other nobles who had served the pharaoh and his queen had fairly elaborate burials.

• The pharaohs, who were believed to become gods when they died, had the most magnificent burials of all. In the case of a royal or noble burial, the embalmers set up workshops near the tomb of the mummy.

Steps of mummification• The art of Egyptian mummification consisted of many steps.• First, the body was washed and ritually purified. • The next step was to remove the deceased person's inner

organs. A slit was cut into the left side of the body so that the embalmers could remove the intestines, the liver, the stomach and the lungs.

• Each of these organs was embalmed using natron, which served to dry out the organs and discourage bacteria from decaying the tissues.

• The organs were then individually wrapped using long strips of linen and placed in canopic jars. The lids of these jars were fashioned after the four sons of Horus, who were each suppose to protect a particular organ.

Canopic Jars

• Qebehsenuef, the falcon head -- intestinesDuamutef, the jackal head -- stomachHapy, the baboon head -- lungsImsety, the human head -- liver

Don’t need that brain

• After the removal of the inner organs, the body cavity was stuffed with natron. The brain was then removed through the nose using long hooks. Since the ancient Egyptians considered the brain unimportant, it was probably thrown away.

Steps continued

• The body was then placed on a slanted embalming table and completely covered with natron. This allowed fluids to drip away as the body slowly dried out.

• This part of the process took about forty days, after which the natron was removed, inside and out, to reveal a dried, shrunken body.

• After another cleaning, the body was rubbed with unguents to aid in preserving the mummy's skin. The head and body cavity were stuffed with packing.

Steps continued• The mummy was then prepared for bandaging. First, the

embalming cut in the side of the body was sewn up and covered with a patching depicting the protective eye of Horus. The body was adorned with gold, jewels and protective amulets. Fingers and toes were covered with protective gold caps and individually wrapped with long, narrow strips of linen. Arms and legs were also wrapped, then the entire body was wrapped to a depth of about twenty layers.

• The embalmers used resin to glue the layers of wrappings together. The wrapped head was covered with a mummy mask. Finally, the last layer of bandages went on and was given one last coating of resin. The mummy was the ready for burial.

Finally

• Once the mummy was finally prepared, it was time for the funeral. The mummy and its canopic jars were transported by sled from the embalming tent to the tomb.

• People were hired to demonstrate their grief by crying and throwing dust on their hair.

• At the site of the tomb, religious ceremonies were held to prepare the dead for the afterlife.

• In particular, the Opening of the Mouth ceremony was believed to allow the mummy to see, hear, eat and drink in the spirit world.

THE AFTERLIFE• The Egyptians believed that every

person was composed of three essential elements: body, Ba, and ka.

• The body is the physical body and is unique to each individual. As a person gets older, so the body ages and changes - the Egyptians' expressed the idea of growing up as a process of "making changes" - and death is the last change.

• Each person also has a Ba. In this sense, Ba is very similar to what we call "personality,” "character," or “soul.” In the afterlife, the Ba is represented as a bird with a human head

The Ba or Soul of a dead person

Ka and reunification

• Each person also has what is called a ka, or life-force, and it is the ka which is the difference between being alive and being dead. Unlike the Ba, the ka is not individual, but common to all living people and the gods: in the beginning, the creator made ka, and ka enters each person's body at birth.

• In the next world, or underworld, the goal is to live with ones ka. In order for this to happen, the ka needs to be summoned back to the body and recognize it. But since the body is bound in its wrappings, it must rely on its Ba to seek out its ka.

Becoming one again

• In seeking a union with the ka, the Ba must overcome many potential dangers in the underworld.

• But if it does succeed, it will reunite with the ka and form what is called akh.

• The Egyptian's believed that there are only three kinds of beings that live in the next world: the dead, the gods, and akhs.

• Akhs are those who have successfully made the transition to new life in the next world, where they live with the gods.

• The dead are those who have failed to make the transition. It is said that they have "died again," with no hope of renewed life.

The Underworld

• The Underworld was apart from this world. One could not see it or get to it by normal means, though.

• The Underworld could be reached only through your imagination, and through your knowledge of the path of the sun.

The Underworld• The Underworld was a strange and

mysterious place. • mummies were said to sink into this

place which was endless, dark, and chaotic.

• It was believed that the Underworld was separated from the real world by a wide stream, and that a great river also flowed through it.

• There was water, plants and trees in the Underworld as well, where the dead, once they achieved resurrection, would grow crops to live on.

• This region of the Underworld is sometimes called the Ealu-fields.

From the tomb of Sen-Nedjem (20th Dynasty, 1186-1070 BC), showing Sen-Nedjem and his wife in the fields of Ealu.

From the tomb of Sen-Nedjem (20th Dynasty, 1186-1070 BC), showing Sen-Nedjem and his wife in the fields of Ealu.

The Dangerous Journey• According to the book of Amduat,

the Underworld was divided into twelve departments, or hours, and twelve portals that represent the twelve hours of night between the time that the sun sets in the west, and the time it comes up again in the east.

• But time in the Underworld is not the same as time on Earth. Each hour in the Underworld represents an entire lifetime.

• The sun god, Ra, travels in his boat on the great river, bringing order and life to each department in turn.

• Along the way his boat may come across the sandbank of Apophis, a monster of chaos in the shape of a giant serpent and the enemy of Ra, who attempts to wreck Ra's boat.

Ra in the Underworld• But Ra is defended by several

gods and goddesses who ride with him and do battle with Apophis.

• As Ra comes to the door of each department, the gates open automatically for him.

• When he enters he shines sunlight on the darkness and speaks magic words from the Book of Gates and all the mummies throw off their protective wrappings and begin a new life.

Ra’s power• The resurrected live an

entire life as long as Ra remains in their department.

• When Ra goes on to the next department, the mummies re-wrap themselves in their bandages and return to their tombs, darkness returns, and they begin the wait for Ra's next return.

• O gods who are in the Underworld,who are behind the ruler of the West,who are stretched n their side,who are sleeping on their supports,raise your flesh,pull together your bones,collect your limbs,unite your flesh.May there be sweet breath to your noses.Loosing for your mummy wrappings.May your head-masks be uncovered.May there be light for your divine eyesin order that you may see the light by means of them.Stand up from your weariness.

The Book of the Dead

• Among the obstacles that could stand in the way of reunion of Ba and ka, and resurrection, the most important was the Judgment of the Dead.

• We know of the Judgment mostly from one of the latest and most popular collections of spells known as the Book of the Dead.

Judgment of the Dead• A scene from the Book of

the Dead depicts the Judgment of the Dead. Anubis watches the scales; on the right, Thoth records the results; The Devourer next to Anubis, waits to eat sinful hearts.

• In the scales are shown the deceased's heart on left, and the feather of Maat on the right.

The weighing of the heart

The heart

• The heart of the deceased was placed on one side of a balance. The heart was special to the ancient Egyptians: it was considered the center of a person's personality, and it provided a link between one's life in this world and the next.

• It would assure memory of ones earthly identity in the afterlife. So important was it that the Egyptians took special care that the heart be left in the body of the deceased, along with a spell from the Book of the Dead to give the heart back to the dead in the afterlife. (This unlike the brain, which was extracted and discarded.)

• On the other side of the balance was placed a feather, symbol of Maat, goddess of truth, justice and order.

The confessionThe deceased then would begin immediately reciting a

formula that dealt with confessing and proving their truthfulness.

As the dead person recited these things the scales would start to balance.

• The scales of the balance would either stay balanced, indicating that his heart was not heavy and he thus told the truth,

• Or they would tip, indicating that his heart was made heavy with lies.

• Anubis would be present to verify the results and bring the scales in balance,. Thoth, the god of the written word, would record the results.

Yea!

• Assuming all went well, as it usually did if one made it to the Hall of Two Truths, a general verdict would be given in which the truthfulness of the judged is verified.

• He is allowed to receive offerings and take bread with Osiris, confirming his transfer to the order of the afterlife, and is given a parcel of land on which to live eternally.

The Appealing nature of this world

• The appealing thing about his idea for most Egyptians was that you could realize your dreams in the next world.

• Poor people, crippled people etc could be reborn into a better way of life for themselves.

Famous Mummies

• There are many “famous” mummies that have been discovered throughout the world.

• Some of the most famous are King Tut, Hathshepsut, the ice-Incas, and Ramses

The famous “death mask” of King Tut

Mummification process continued-• To mummify a body,

embalmers had to remove the internal organs first. To preserve the skin, they rubbed it with palm oil and dried it in a special kind of salt called 'natron'. Afterwards, the body was unwrapped and sealed, getting ready for the tomb.

• Preserving the face was important but difficult, because they had to remove the brain. So, instead of cutting the head open to remove it, they inserted hooks through the nose.

Queen HathshepsutHatshepsut, who ruled for 21 years from 1479 to 1458 BC, was one of the most powerful female monarchs of the ancient world, who declared herself pharaoh after the death of her husband-brother, Tuthmosis II

“Ginger”Ginger, the naturally-preserved, pre-dynastic mummy. His well-known photograph is often included in books about Egyptian mummies. He (named for his red hair) is surrounded by burial goods, including the tools he worked with during his life, as well as pottery vessels that were once filled with food to accompany him to this afterlife.

Inca mummiesFamous high-altitude archaelogist, Johan Reinhard makes his most exciting discovery yet, three perfectly preserved Inca mummies at the top of the 22,000 foot peak of Argentina`s Mount Lullaillaco volcano.

Famous mummies of our nightmares

A Hollywood mummy

Tomb of the Unknown Mummy

• http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Games/InteractiveAdventures/Tomb-unknown-mummy?source=sem_G2209&kwid=mummies|2681126987&gclid=CLS_zZK_lZ4CFQifnAodryiIrQ

Check out that link for a cool game on mummies.

Interactive map of Egypt

• http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/egyptmap.htm

Mummified Chicken project

Instructions• 1. Weigh your chicken.• 2. Wearing gloves, students will remove entrails from the chicken (Optional: These can be preserved in

smaller baggies and put in baby food jars. Later, students can decorate the baby food jars with clay heads, turning them into canopic jars.)

• 3. At a sink, thoroughly rinse both inside and outside of chicken. Do this until the liquid runs clear.• 4. Using paper towels (many will be needed), dry the chicken thoroughly inside and out, especially under

the legs and wings. This is critical, since any moisture can create problems with the mummification process.

• 5. Rub the 1/2 cup of spices all over the chicken (inside and out). Any mixture of sweet-smelling (and cheap) spices will do. The purpose is to mask the odor of the decay which is about to take place.

• 6. Rub salt over the entire chicken, making sure that every inch is covered (and very dry).• 7. Fill the cavity with salt.• 8. Place the chicken in a Zip-loc bag. Seal the bag and place in a plastic tub (or bowl) in case the bag begins

to leak. (As the process occurs, liquid will drain from the carcass).• 9. Once a week for 4 or 5 weeks, open the bag and remove the chicken (be sure to wear gloves!). Weigh

the chicken each time and record the weight. The chicken must be re-spiced, re-salted (inside the cavity and out), and replaced in a clean bag.

9. Repeat this process each week until no more liquid accumulates in the bag.10. When the chicken is done, remove it from the bag. Weigh it one last time. Then wrap it in gauze strips or ripped muslin strips. Decorate with handmade "authentic" Egyptian amulets, medallions, jewels, etc.11. Create a sarcophagus for the mummy using shoe boxes. Spray box with gravel paint. Decorate with hieroglyphics and pictures of Egyptian gods.12. Students can bury the sarcophagus (with mummy inside) and dig it up later in the year.13. Students can keep a journal of the process.

Mummified chicken project

Weight loss chart• Name: • 1 pound (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz.)• 1. How many ounces did your chicken way at the beginning? • 2. How many ounces did your chicken weigh at the end of the

mummification process?• 3. How many total ounces did the chicken lose during the

mummification process?• 4. Weight Loss fraction _______• Weight loss percentage _______• Weight loss decimal _______

Mummy project

• unitedstreaming: Mummies

• Done in Egypt groups• In class internet

research• Maximum of 3 slides• Group presentation

• Use the handout for this project.

Due

Group Mummy project on Internet

• Group study• Use assigned topic• Use assigned websites• Oral presentation• Can make up to 3 slides

for presentation

• Think outside the box• Don’t read your slides• Use them as aids

review chapter. VI- Mummies and Burial- identify and be able to talk about these key

terms• KA and BA• Mastaba• Steps of Mummification• Natron, Amulet,

Shawbatis• Sarcophagus• Book of the Dead

– Journey to the Underworld

• Anubis, Thoth, The Devourer, Weighing of the Heart – other key “players”

• Ceremony of the Touching of the Mouth

• Mortuary Temples

Tombs and Pyramidschapter VII and video

• Mastaba to Pyramid• Djoser (Old Kingdom)• Imhotep

-Step Pyramid-over 200 feet

high-beginning of pyramid era

Imhotep’s Step Pyramid• The large complex at Saqqara is

about 15 kilometers south of Giza and is most famous as the site of Djoser’s large step pyramid and various well preserved tombs and other structures.

• This step pyramid is the oldest surviving large-scale stone structure in the world. It was designed by Imhotep, the most famous architect in all of Egyptian history, who stacked six traditional stone platforms on top of each other.

Step Pyramid

The Bent Pyramid• The Bent Pyramid was the

first attempt to build a true pyramid and it still retains more of its limestone casing than any other pyramid in the country.

• However it appears that the builders started at too steep an angle and had to change their plans part-way through construction.

Bent Pyramid

Pyramids at Giza

The Great Pyramids

• The great pyramids of Giza are located just south of present day Cairo. The three pyramids were built during the 4th dynasty of Egypt. The pyramids were those of Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), and Menkure (Mycerinus).

• They were constructed over 4,500 years ago in the Old Kingdom.

• Each had a mortuary temple and causeway.

Layout of Giza Pyramids

Khufu’s pyramid

• The pharaoh Khufu reigned for 23 years from 2789 to 2767 BC, and it is the accepted orthodox view that he constructed the Great Pyramid as his personal tomb.

• However, the pharaoh's body was not found within it, nor any treasure, or anything remotely related to a funeral.

• No mummy has ever been found in a pyramid in Egypt. Mummies have always come from mastabas or tombs in the Valley of the Kings.

How long it took• Estimates range from

300,000 to 10,000 men were required to built the great pyramids

• Herodotus said it took 300,000

• The accepted values by Egyptologists bear out the following result: 2,400,000 stones used ÷ 20 years ÷ 365 days per year ÷ 10 work hours per day ÷ 60 minutes per hour = 0.55 stones laid per minute.

• Thus no matter how many workers were used or in what configuration, 1.1 blocks on average would have to be put in place every 2 minutes, ten hours a day, 365 days a year for twenty years to complete the Great Pyramid within this time frame.

• This equation, however, does not take into account among other things the designing, planning, surveying, and leveling the 13 acre site the Great Pyramid sits on.

Khufu’s (Cheops) pyramid

• Khufu is also known as “Cheops” by the Greeks.

• On the Giza plateau near Saqqara

• 20 years to complete• Base 775 feet on each

side• Covers 13 acres

• 481 feet high• @40 stories• 2.5 million blocks• Avg wt. 2.5 tons• Largest = 15 tons• Most of work done

during the Inundation each year

Khufu (Cheops) Pyramid

Khafre Pyramid

Built on higher ground than his dad’s to look bigger. It also has a little of the limestone cap remaining.

Aerial view of Khafre pyramid from his dad’s pyramid

The Sphinx

• The Great Sphinx was carved out of limestone near the valley temple of the Khafre ( Chefren) pyramid.

• The Sphinx was believed to be a form of the sun god, and was worshipped in ancient days. The Sphinx is 240 feet long.

Though there has been some debate, most believe the face of the Sphinx was carved after an image of King Khafre

Who Killed Tutankamen Project

• -done by nomes• - 3 class times• -computer time • Use the following link:http://www.pekin.net/pekin108/wash/webquest/

•

Science and Math- 99-104

• Like to see shapes in the stars (constellations)

• Studied the planets, stars

• Sirius- “dog star”-foretells “Innundation”

• 1st Solar Calendar based on the timing of the appearance of Sirius and the Innundation

• Calendar Year:-three seasons-

Innundation- floodingReemergence- plantingDrought- Dry started about our July 20

at beginning of Innundation

Solar calendar

• Divided the year into• 12 months (30 days)• Made a myth up to help

add five days every once in a while to make up for Sirius not matching up with the Innundation.

• Myth – Thoth, dice, Moon

• Extra days- party!!• Calendar still messed up

because we know – 365 1/4 days in a year

• Priests just add a day when needed.

• Egyptian solar calendar used by Roman Empire and base for ours today

Nilometer• There were many Nilometers in

Egypt, but the most important ones were near the first cataract up river.

• The Nilometer was important as it measured the rise of the floodwaters of the Nile.

• If the Nile did not rise enough, the land would experience famine conditions. If the Nile rose too high it would flood villages and cause damage.

Nilometers

Every temple in Egypt had a Nilometer because it was a symbol of life.

Using Astronomy with building

How did they find North on construction sites like the Great Pyramid?

• Tall circle of stones at base of building site

• Priest notes where certain star rises and sets than marks ½ way point as North

• Shadow Clock- like sundial

• Water Clock- measured water level as hours in a day

Water clock

• The container is filled and water seeps out a small hole on the bottom. There are lines on the inside that measure the hours as the water line recedes.

How to measure

• Land needed to be measured for tax and ownership purposes.

• Used lines with knots• “rope stretchers”-• Geometry-

– Area, degrees all used by Egyptians.*Everything had a purpose

Measurements

• Number system based on 10 – digits, fingers, toes

• Pg. 102 • Cubits- length of forearm

(changes to standard size eventually)

• Palm, hand (widths)- 4 fingers = 1 palm

• Foot- heel to toe

Weights

• Balances used• Deben- fixed weight in

gold, silver or copper• *closest thing they

came to having a standard currency like us.

Human Anatomy

• Advanced biologists• But superstitions

limited true study of the human body

• Doctors did follow scientific method while treating a patient

• Knowledge helped create modern medicine today.

What could they do?

• Set bones• Skull surgery to relieve

pain• Used bandages,

compresses• Understood infections

but did not have antibiotics

• Understood good hygiene, bed rest

• Dentists--pull teeth, treat

infections, fix cavities, make false teeth

Everyday life(pgs-106-115)

• Look at modern Egypt to see signs of the old Egypt-

• Farming still a main industry• Many farming tools still

used- water wheels, shadufs, wooden plows

• Mud brick houses • Rural Egypt very similar to

ancient times• Tomb paintings, writings

have much to say

Every day life- common homes

• Mud brick houses• Mud Columns made by

using papyrus reeds as a frame

• Crowded narrow streets• Sleeping on roof tops• Cooking done outside• Courtyard for storage

and for keeping animals

Every day life- furniture

• Wood was rare- mostly imported

• furniture was simple• Bed- wood frame with

rush mate and footboard

• Woven linen covers• Wooden headrests

Every day life- Homes of nobles

• More room, more room, more room!

• Imported trees for shade and food

• Ornamental ponds, • Exotic pets• Raised floors • Decorated walls

• Wooden tables and furnishings

• Indoor toilets in some homes

• Outside stables, servant quarters, workshops

Every day life- Obelisks• This is the largest obelisk discovered,

but it was never finished for unknown reasons. Had it been completed, the weight of this obelisk is estimated to be at 1200 tons (the next largest obelisk weighs 300 tons).

• In order to transport the obelisks, four boats were strapped together, and three obelisks were laid crosswise. The Egyptians then waited for the flooding waters to carry the boats away.

• Hatshepsut recorded that work on one of her obelisks took 7 months.

Egypt (3000 B.C.E.)review

• Only civilization to continue to today• 2700-2100 Old Kingdom:Great Pyramids &

Sphinx are built• 2100-1800 Middle Kingdom: Irrigation &

canals built; conquered by invaders• 1600-1100 New Kingdom: conquered many

lands, became a great empire, begins to decline

Egypt review• Made paper from papyrus• Invented the calendar• Built Great Pyramids• Invented shaduf ( a crane-like device)• Used a loom to weave cloth• Invented hieroglyphics

Legacy Project

• See handout

Chapters 8,9, and 10 (end of book)

To review see handout and file on website