egyptian pyramids - ms. ford's...
TRANSCRIPT
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Egyptian Pyramids
Ancient Egyptian Art:
Day 2
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The Old Kingdom:
• Most people associate pyramids with the
great Old Kingdom pyramids at Giza.
• The gigantic stone pyramids were actually
built over the course of three generations:
• Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure.
• Egypt has over 90 royal pyramids which span
a period of a thousand years, plus over 180
pyramids which were built in Nubia over the
course of another thousand years.
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• The primal archetype of the Egyptian obelisk
and pyramid was the sacred Ben-Ben stone in
the temple of Heliopolis, the oldest center of
the sun cult.
• The original stone at Heliopolis, symbolizing
the primeval mound, was believed to have
been the point at which the rays of the rising
sun first fell.
• The gilded capstone of the pyramid, which
would sit at the apex, or the tip of an obelisk
was known as a ben-benet.
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Old Kingdom Pyramid Complexes
• The Age of the Pyramids was one of the
most glorious in human history.
• Known as the Old Kingdom
• 2650 to 2150 B.C.
• Third through Sixth dynasties
• During these five centuries:
• Egyptians created their famous pyramids—the
world's most abstract building form
• Defined once and for all the essence of their
civilization's art.
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• At the center of Egyptian art are the human figure
and the animals and plants of the Nile Valley.
• Artists of the Old Kingdom created a limited
number of conventions to depict this rich
environment; the resulting artistic canon governed
Egyptian art for the next three thousand years.
• Predominantly youthful and vigorous, Old Kingdom
images exude an air of utter confidence in human
achievement. At the same time, gentle gestures
express the intimate relationships between:
• king and deity
• man and wife
• mother and child.
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• The primary medium of Old Kingdom art was
stone, a material whose durability best served the
culture's all-encompassing goal of defeating
death.
• Most works of art were created for temples
attached to the royal pyramids and for the
surrounding tombs of officials and their families.
• Some sculptures have been discovered in middle-
class tombs of administrators, scribes, and
craftsmen.
• The peasants and servants of Old Kingdom society
have left almost nothing of themselves to
posterity, but their lives are depicted in the reliefs
and small sculptures of elite tombs.
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The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara
3rd Dynasty
• The first pyramid
funerary complex was
designed and built by
Imhotep.
• Developed from the
mastaba tombs, the step
pyramid was gradually
extended until it became
a superstructure.
• Basically adding smaller
mastaba to larger
mastaba.
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The Pyramids of Snefru - 4th Dynasty
The Bent Pyramid of Dahshur
• Probably the first
pyramid to be
conceived as a "true"
pyramid.
• This pyramid owes its
characteristic bend due
to the marked change
of angle part way up
the profile.
• The explanation for the
shape of this pyramid
is uncertain.
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The Red Pyramid of Dahshur.
• The first successful
"true" pyramid of
Snefru was constructed
with a constant angle.
• The Red pyramid (or
northern pyramid) was
known as "Snefru
appears in glory".
• It was probably in this
northern pyramid that
Snefru was buried.
• With such resources
available to him, Snefru
was able to leave a
strong inheritance to
his son Khufu.
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Pyramids of Giza - 4th Dynasty.
• Snefru's son Khufu took his father's
achievements to the extreme of pyramid
building by the construction of the Great
Pyramid complex at Giza.
• It stands alongside the smaller pyramids of
Khafre and Menkaure, and the three
pyramids of Khufu's queens.
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Graphic of Giza
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Temple of Isis Graphic
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• In purely architectural terms, pyramids can
be divided into two broad types:
• the step pyramid
• The first step pyramids appear to have evolved and
developed from the royal and private mastaba tombs of
the early Dynastic Period.
• the true pyramid
• by the early 4th Dynasty the first true smooth sided
pyramid had been built by Snefru at Dahshur.
• The full scale pyramid complex consisted of:
• a true pyramid with mortuary
• valley temples
• a causeway between the two
• usually a number of smaller subsidiary pyramids
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The Middle Kingdom Pyramids
• During the First Intermediate Period,
pyramid building had practically stopped.
• The form of the pyramid complex was revived
during the Middle Kingdom by the 12th
Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhet I (1991-1962
BC).
• Pyramids tended to be built with mudbrick
inner cores and then faced with limestone.
• Once completed the effect would look similar
to the Old Kingdom stone pyramids.
• If this outer casing of limestone was
removed, the pyramid was "unprotected" and
would deteriorate badly.
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Middle
Kingdom
map
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Middle Kingdom Pyramids of Senwosret I (top) and
Amenemhet I (bottom)
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The Nubian Pyramids
• The kingdom of Kush, as Nubia was known to
the Ancient Egyptians, grew from a trading
post established on Egypt's periphery around
the time of the Middle Kingdom.
• During the early New Kingdom, Nubia
became a province of Egypt.
• During the Third Intermediate Period, a
Kushite dynasty emerged from Thebes, led by
a ruler called Kashta, from Napata in Nubia.
• Kashta's successor Piye (Piankhi) led a
campaign and claimed kingship of Upper and
Lower Egypt.
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• The first Nubian pyramids were built at
the site of el-Kurru, downstream from
the Temple of Amun at Jebel Barkal.
• The site at el-Kurru contains the tombs
of Kashta and his son Piye (Piankhi),
five earlier generations, together with
Piye's successors Shabako, Shabatko
and Tanutamun, and fourteen pyramids
of the queens.
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• The re-emergence of the pyramid after
such a significant interval shows the
transfer of an architectural idea from
one region and culture to another.
• The Nubian pyramids are:
• much smaller
• far more numerous
• considerably more standardized than
those of Egypt's classic pyramid age.
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Temple of Karnak