eia cement industry
TRANSCRIPT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
(2008)
FOR
MADHUVAN CEMENT INDUSTRIES Survey No. 24, Village Kansari
Taluka Una, District Junagadh
PREPARED BY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
VADODARA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT (2008)
FOR
MADHUVAN CEMENT INDUSTRIES
Survey No. 24, Village Kansari Taluka Una,
District Junagadh
PREPARED BY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environment Division
VADODARA
INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..1 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………4 2.1 Plant Location…………………………………………………………………..4 2.2 Process Description…………………………………………………………..4 2.2.1 Raw Materials…………………………………………………………………5 2.2.1.1 Raw Materials Consumption……………………………………….5 2.2.1.2 Raw Materials Handling………………………………………………5 2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Raw Materials and product………………….………………………………………………… ….6 2.2.3 Manufacturing Process………………………………………………...8 2.3 Employment……………………………………………………………………10 2.4 Electrical Energy Requirement……….……………………………..10 3. SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES…….11 3.1 Air Pollution…………………………………………………………………….11 3.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution……………………………………………….11 3.1.2 Emission of SO2, NOx and CO2 from Kiln.………….………12 3.1.3 Air Pollution Control Measures…………………………………….13 3.2 Water and Wastewater……………………………………………………15 4. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS………………………………………………..16 4.1 Meteorology…………………………………………………………………….16 4.1.1 Temperature…………………………………………………………………17 4.1.2 Relative Humidity…………………………………………………………17 4.1.3 Wind Velocity and Wind Direction……………………………….17 4.2 Present Air Quality in the Study Area….………………….…….18 4.3 Land Use Pattern…………………………………………………..……… 22 4.4 Noise Levels……………………………………..….…………………….….24 4.5 Biological Environment….………………….……….……………….…26 4.5.1. Terrestrial Environment………………………………………………26 4.5.1.1 Period of the Study and study Area………………………...26 4.5.1.2. Methodological……………………………………………………….…26 4.5.1.3 Terrestrial Floral and Faunal Components Of the Study Area……………………………..………………………27 4.5.1.4 Topography of the Study Area………………………………….28 4.5.1.5 Floral Diversity of the Study Area…………………………….28 5. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION…………………………………………………54 5.1 Aspects of the Environment…………………………………………..54 5.2 Activities………………………………………………………………………….54
6. PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT.. ….……………55 6.1 Impacts during Construction Phase……………………………….55 6.2 Impacts during Operation Phase……………………………………55 6.2.1 Impact on Air Quality……………………………………….…………55 6.2.2 Impacts on Soil……………………………………………………………57 6.2.3 Impacts on Noise Levels........................................57 6.2.4 Impacts on Ecology……………………………………………………..58 6.2.5. Impact on Water Environment…………………………………...61 6.2.5. Impact on Existing Landuse Pattern…………………………..61 7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN..………………………….….62 7.1 Air Pollution Control Management………………………………….62 7.2 Noise Control Management…………………………………………….62 7.3 Water Harvesting System……………………………………………….63 7.4 Greenbelt Development Plan……………………………………..….64 7.5 Solid Wastes Management………………………………………………70 7.6 Cleaner Production………………………………………………………….72 7.7 Socio-economic Development Activities…………………………72 8. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY….…………………………73 8.1 Hazard Identification………………………………………………………73 8.2 Exposure Limits.……………………………………………………………..74 8.3 First Air Measures…………………………………………………….…….74 8.4 Exposure Controls and Personal Protection………………….75 8.5 Other Safety Measures……………………………………………………76 9. RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES………………….77 9.1 Classification of the Hazards in the Cement Industry……77 9.2 Hazards, Risk and Safety Measures……………………………….78 9.2.1 Storage and Material Transportation Systems……………78 9.2.2 Crushing……………………………………………………………………….81 9.2.3 Milling Processes (Raw Mill and Cement Mill)…………….84 9.2.4 Kilns Operations…………………………………………………………..88 9.2.5 Silo Cleaning Operations……………………………………………..90 9.2.6 Operation and Maintenance of Bagfilters……………………95 9.2.7 Fuel Storage Area………………………………………………………..98 9.2.8 Environment, Work areas and Passageways………………………………………………………..……101
LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure : 1 : Wind Rose Diagram Annexure : 2 : The Gaussian Model Annexure : 3 : Compliance Status of TOR Annexure : 4 : Copy of Permission of Ground Water Withdrawal Annexure ; 5 : Letter from Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science Annexure : 6 : Copy of Terms of References
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Raw Materials Consumption…………………………………..5 Table 3.1 Details of Air Pollution Control Equipments…......13 Table 3.2 Details of Stacks……………………………………………………14 Table 4.1 Meteorological Parameters…………………….............16 Table 4.2 Stability Classification…….……………………………….…..17 Table 4.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations………………18 Table 4.4 Land use Pattern…………….…………………………………….23 Table 4.5 Noise Monitoring Results………………………………………25 Table 4.6 Noise Standards with Category of Area..…………….25 Table 4.7 List of Villages covered under the present baseline Study……………………………………………………………….…...27 Table 4.8 Dominant Tree Species in the Study Area…………..29 Table 4.9 Dominant Shrubs in the Study Area…………………….31 Table 4.10 Herbaceous Species Observed in the Area………...33 Table 4.11 Dominant Climbers in the Study…………………………34 Table 4.12 Medicinal Plants in the Study area and their medicinal uses……………………………………………………..37 Table 4.13 Threatened birds of the Study Area……………………44 Table 4.14 Systematic Lists of Birds in the Study Area with its Distribution and Migratory Status………………..…….44 Table 4.15 Butterflies in the Study Area……………………………….47 Table 4.16 Reptiles in the Study Area…………………………………..48 Table 4.17 Mammals Observed in the Core Zone…………………48 Table 4.18 Mammals from the Buffer Zone…………………………..49 Table 7.1 Sensitive Plants to Cement Dust…………….…………….65 Table 7.2 Tolerant Species-Poor Dust Collector……..………….…65 Table 7.3 Tolerant Species-Dust Collector……………….……………65 Table 7.4 Tolerant Species-Best Dust Collector…………………….66 Table 7.5 Recommended Plant Species for Green Belt Development…………………………………..…………………….68 Table 7.2 Details of Hazardous Wastes Generation and its Management……………………………..........................71 Table 8.1 Exposure Limits………..….……………………………………….74
LIST OF DRAWINGS
Drg. No. 1 : Layout Plan of Proposed Unit Drg. No. 2 : Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram Drg. No. 3 : Distance between Monitoring Stations and Site Drg. No. 4 : Land Use Pattern
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 1
1. INTRODUCTION Madhuvan Cement Industries is planning to set up cement plant at Village Kansari, Taluka Una, District Junagadh. The industry is proposing VSK technology based cement plant having capacity of 200 tones per day. As the proposed cement manufacturing unit is covered under new EIA notification September, 2006, the industry has to get environmental clearance from Forests and Environment Department, Gandhinagar. To obtain Environmental Clearance, the industry has to submit the Environmental Impact Assessment Report covering terms of reference issued by the State Level Expert Appraisal Committee. For preparing the Environmental Impact Assessment Report, the industry has appointed Industrial Hygiene Services, Baroda as their consultants. The accepted draft TOR and additional TOR issued by the committee are as under : ACCEPTED DRAFT TOR : PROJECT DESCRIPTION :
1. Detailed description of the project site. 2. Raw materials requirement and manufacturing process
details. 3. Land use pattern within10 Km radius of the project site
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES : Air Pollution :
1. Sources of fugitive dust emission and control measures. 2. Point sources of Air pollutants and control measures.
Water and Wastewater :
1. Water requirement and Source of water supply. 2. Domestic effluent generation, treatment and disposal.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 2
Hazardous Wastes Management :
1. Sources and Quantities of Hazardous wastes. 2. Handling, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACAT ASSESSMENT :
1. Ambient air quality monitoring 2. Modeling indicating the likely impact on ambient air
quality due to proposed activities. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN :
1. Air pollution control measures. 2. Water harvesting systems. 3. Risk assessment and detailed safety control measures
to mitigate the risk and hazards. 4. Occupation health and safety measures. 5. Socio economic development activities. 6. Green belt development plan. 7. Control measures for Noise pollution
ADDITIONAL TERMS OF REFERENCE :
1) The study area shall be 10 km radius from the project site.
2) Air quality monitoring at least eight stations as per the GPCB guidelines. The location shall be selected keeping in view the nearby habitation as well as the predominant wind direction.
3) All sources of the water and likely impact of the proposed construction on the nearby surface and groundwater sources shall be elaborated.
4) The wildlife parks or Sanctuaries and the wildlife habitats and corridor (lion movement), if any, within the 10 km from the site in question.
5) Existing landuse pattern, likely changes, impacts on the landuse of the nearby areas, etc.
6) Existing ecological system and the impacts on ecological aspects due to the proposed project.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 3
7) Likely generation of the all kind of wastes, its management including handling and disposal.
8) The details Environmental Management Plan including the Air Pollution Control Measures and vetting of the design of the same through an institute of repute such as the National Productivity Council, LD College of Engineering, MS University, DDTI etc.
As per the above TOR, Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared along with Environment Management Plan (EMP).
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 4
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION : 2.1 Plant Location : Madhuvan Cement Industries is planning to set up cement plant at survey no. 24, Kansari Village, Taluka Una, Junagadh District. The plot area for the proposed plant is 26305.0 sq.m. The details of the project site are as given in the following table. Sr.No. Particulars Details
1 Location a Site Kansari Village c Taluka Una d District Junagadh e State Gujarat f Latitude 20o 51’ 14.67” N g Longitude 70 o 3’ 14.95” E
2 Nearest Railway Station Una (SSW, 2.5 km) 5 National Part Gir Reserved Forest (N, 12.0 Km) 5 Nearest City Una (SSW, 2.0 Km,) 6 Nearest village Kansari (1.24 Km, N) 7 Nearest River River Macchundari (1.05 Km, WSW)
The maps showing the location of the proposed unit are as enclosed. The site lay-out plan is as shown in the Drg. No. 1. 2.2 Process Description : The industry is planning to manufacture 200 Tones per day ordinary Portland cement. Portland cement is a fine typically gray powder comprised of dicalcium silicate, tricalsium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite, with the addition of forms of calcium sulfate. The proposed plant is based on Saboo technology. The cement will be manufactured from lime stone, clay, coke breeze, silica and Gypsum. The raw materials requirement, physical and chemical properties of raw materials and product and manufacturing processes details are as given below :
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 5
2.2.1 Raw Materials 2.2.1.1 Raw Materials Consumption : In the manufacturing of ordinary portland cement raw materials lime stone, clay, coke breeze, silica and gypsum will be required. To manufacture 200 Tones per day of ordinary portland cement, the raw materials consumption per month will be as under : Table 2.1 Raw Materials Consumption
Sr. No.
Raw Materials Consumptions t/t of product
Consumption Tones/day
1 Silica 0.048 9.6 2 Lime stone 1.19 238.0 3 Coke breeze 0.124 24.8 4 Clay 0.095 19.0 5 Gypsum 0.03 6.0
2.2.1.2 Raw Materials Handling : The raw materials will be purchased from the external sources. The raw materials will be transported to the site by covered trucks. The unloading and storage of the raw materials will be done in the covered raw yards.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 6
2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Raw Materials and product Lime Stone (Raw Material) : Lime stone contains Silicon dioxide ( SiO2), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3), Mangesium Oxide (MgO), Calcium Oxide (CaO), Sodium Oxide (Na2O), Potassium Oxide (K2O) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Physical State : Solid Appearance : Angular gray/white particles of varying sizes Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : 0 Boiling point : Not applicable Specific Gravity (H2O = 1) : 2.60 - 2.8 Solubility in Water : Negligible Gypsum (Raw Material) : The gypsum contains Hydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium aluminum silicate ((Mg.Al) SiO3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). Physical State : Solid (powder) Appearance : White or off-white Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : > 1000 oC pH (in water) : 5.0 - 8.0 Specific Gravity, g/cm3 : 2.3 Solubility in Water : Negligible
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 7
Silica (Raw Material) : Physical State : Granular Solid Appearance : Light buff to white sand Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : > 1900 oC pH (in water) : Not applicable Specific Gravity, g/cm3 : 2.65 (quartz) Solubility in Water : Insoluble Coke Breeze (Raw Material) : It contains carbon, quarts, sulphur, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, alumina, iron oxide and manganese oxide. Physical State : Solid Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : Not applicable pH (in water) : Not applicable Specific Gravity, g/cm3 : 1.75 (water = 1) Sulfur : < 1% by weight Product Portland Cement : Portland cement is essentially hydraulic calcium silicates contained in a crystalline mass, not separable into individual components. Major compounds are tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2), dicalcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3), tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4Cao.Al2O3.Fe2O3) and calcium sulfate dehydrate (Gypsum : CaSO4.2H2O).
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 8
Physical State : Solid (powder) Appearance : Gray or white Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : > 1000 oC pH (in water) : 12.0 - 13.0 Specific Gravity,(H2O = 1) : 3.15 Solubility in Water : slightly soluble (0.1 % to 1.0 %) 2.2.3 Manufacturing Process : The plant will consists dump hopper, vibro feeder, jaw crusher, belt conveyor, hammer mill, bucket elevators, lime stone hopper, granulator, bucket elevator clay hopper, coke hopper, additive hopper, mill feed hopper, clinker crusher, vertical shaft kiln, kiln tower, screw conveyor, storage silos and packing machines. The cement will be manufactured by following steps :
1. Crushing 2. Grinding and milling 3. Pyroprocessing (vertical kiln technology) 4. Clinker crushing and storage 5. Finish milling 6. Packing and unloading
i. Crushing : The lime stone will be added in to the dump hopper and then taken in to the vibro feeder. Then lime stone will be crushed in jaw crusher which is primary crusher. Then the lime stone will be conveyed to hammer mill which is secondary crusher. The primary crusher will reduce the lime stone size to 0.1 to 0.25 meter in diameter and the secondary crusher will reduce the size to 0.01 to 0.05 meters in diameter. Then the crushed lime stone will be lifted by bucket elevator and stored in the lime stone hopper.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 9
ii. Grinding and Milling : The silica, coke breeze and clay will be added in to the respective hoppers. All the raw materials will be weighed as per the requirement and lifted by bucket elevator and added in to the raw mill feed hoppers. Then the raw materials will be fed into the raw mill and ground to a fine size range, and blended to obtain the correct composition for kiln feed. This material is commonly referred to as raw mix. The raw mix will be conveyed through screw conveyor and lifted by bucket elevator to add in the blending silos. The raw mix will be charged in to kiln for further process. iii. Pyroprocessing (Vertical Kiln Technology) : The raw mix will be charged in to vertical kiln. The raw materials will be fed from into the upper, cool end while fuels are normally fed into the lower, hot counter flow in kilns. Thus, the raw materials get progressively hotter as they travel down the length of the kiln to become clinker at the low, hot end. The chemical reaction inside the kiln leads to the fusion of the raw materials to produce clinker. iv. Clinker crushing and storage : The clinker from the kiln out let will be transported to the clinker crusher. The clinker will be crushed in the crusher. The crushed clinker will be elevated to suitable height by bucket elevator for cement mill operation. The clinker and gypsum will be fed to the cement mill. The gypsum serves to adjust the setting behaviour of the cement in order to obtain optimum workability of the product during concrete production. In the cement mill, the added materials will be ground to a fine powder. Then the fine product will be conveyed by screw conveyor elevated by bucket elevator and blend in the cement silos.
VENT
VENT
BAG FILTER
LIME STONE BAG FILTER
BUCKET ELEVATOR
DUMP HOPPER CLAYRAW BREEZE COKEMATERIALS SILICA
HAMMER MILL HOPPERS VIBRO FEEDER
JAW CRUSHER VENT ELEVATOR GRANULATOR
BAG FILTER
VENT WEIGH BATCHER VENT
BLENDINGWATER SILOS MILL FEED BAG FILTER
WATER TANK BUCKET ELEVATOR HOPPER
SCRUBBER CYCLONESEPARATOR
MATERIALS FEEDER SILORECYCLED RAW MILL
BUCKET ELEVATOR VENTNODULIZER
STORAGE SILOSBAG FILTER
CYCLONESEPARATOR VENT
VERTICAL SHAFT KILN CEMENT BLENDING SILO
CEMENT MILL FEED HOPPERVENT
GYPSUM
CLINKER CEMENT GRINDING MILL BUCKET ELEVATOR SCREW
CONVEYORWEIGHING, PACKING
CLINER TO STORAGE YARD BUCKET ELEVATOR AND DISPATCHING
DRG. NO. 02
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 10
The manufactured cement from the silos will be conveyed to the automatic electronic packers where it will be packed in 50 kg polythene bags and dispatched in trucks. The manufacturing process flow diagram is as shown in figure 2. 2.3 Employment : The proposed cement plant will have great employment potential providing employment to approximately 50 full time persons. 2.4 Electrical Energy Requirement : The estimated power requirement for the proposed project will be 15000 units per day. Power supply to the proposed project will be sourced from the Paschim Gujarat Vij Co. Ltd.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 11
3. SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES The particulate emissions are among the most significant impacts of cement manufacturing. 3.1 Air Pollution 3.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution : Particulate Matters : There will be emission of particulate matter due to operation of crusher, hammer mill, raw mill, kiln and cement mill. The cement dusts are alkaline with size varying from 5 µm to 250 µm (Chemical Technology and Pollution Control by Martin B. Hocking). The fugitive dust emissions from the proposed plant would be significant and the sources will be as under :
1. Raw materials handling 2. Materials transfer points (bucket elevators, conveyor
belts) 3. Loading of raw materials 4. Packing of cement 5. Unloading of cement bags 6. Transportation of vehicles
Dust Emission Load : The exhaust gas volume, temperature of exhaust gases and their burden for different processes of proposed plant are taken from the IS : 12002 – 1987 “Code of Practice for Control of air pollution in cement plants” and presented as under :
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 12
1. Lime Stone Crushing :
a. Jaw Crusher : Dust burden : 20 – 75 g/Nm3 b. Hammer Mill Dust burden : 20 – 75 g/Nm3
2. Raw Mill :
Temperature of Exhaust gases : 90 to 100 oC Dust burden : 130 – 300 g/Nm3
3. Vertical Shaft Kiln :
Exhaust gas volume : 2–3 Nm3/kg of product Temperature of exhaust gases : 100 – 150 oC Dust burden : 0.1 – 0.5 g/Nm3 Dust emission load : 12.5 kg/hour
4. Cement Mill :
Exhaust gas volume : 0.2 – 0.4 Nm3/kg of product Temperature of exhaust gases : 100 oC Dust burden : 200 – 400 g/Nm3 Dust emission load : 1334 Kg/hour
3.1.2 Emission of SO2, NOx and CO2 from Kiln : Sulfur dioxide may generate due to the sulfur content in the coke breeze. However, the alkaline nature of the materials provides for direct absorption of SO2, thereby mitigating the quantity of SO2 emissions in the exhaust stream. Oxides of nitrogen are generated during fuel combustion by oxidation of chemically bound nitrogen in the fuel and by thermal fixation of nitrogen in the combustion air. The will be generation of CO2 due to calcining of lime stone. In the calcining process, CaCO2 thermally decomposes to CaO and CO2.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 13
3.1.3 Air Pollution Control Measures : The major sources of pollution are particulate matter from the proposed cement plant. The unit will install cyclone separators, bag filters and wet scrubber to control air pollutants. The details of proposed control equipments are presented in the following table. Table 3.1 : Details of Air Pollution Control Equipments :
Sr. No.
Sections Dust Control Equipments
1 Crushing and Raw Materials Silos
Cyclone Separator followed by reverse pulse jet type bag filter
2 Raw Mill and blending silo
Cyclone Separator followed by reverse pulse jet type bag filter
3 Noduliser Reverse Pulse Jet Type Bag filter 4 VSK Cyclone separator and Wet
Scrubber 5 Clinker Crusher
and cement mill feed hopper
Cyclone Separator followed by reverse pulse jet type bag filter
6 Cement mill Cyclone Separator followed by reverse pulse jet type bag filter
7 Cement blending silo and packing section
Reverse pulse jet type bag filter
The stacks will be attached to the air pollution control equipments to disperse the air pollutants to the satisfactory levels. The details of stacks are as under :
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 14
Table 3.2 : Details of Stacks :
Sr. No.
Stacks attached to
Stack Height
m
Stack Diameter
m
Exit gas velocity
m/s 1 Crushing section 15 0.5 6 2 Raw Mill – 1
Raw Mill – 2 30 1.0 9
3 VSK – 1 VSK – 2
30 1.0 9
4 Clinker Crusher section
15 0.5 6
5 Cement Mill – 1 Cement mill - 2
30 1.0 9
The emissions of particulate matters from all the stacks will be limited to 50 mg/Nm3. To control fugitive emissions, the following measures are proposed.
Raw materials loading and unloading will be done in the covered area.
Raw materials will be stored in the covered structure. All the conveyors will be provided with conveyor cover. The automatic bagging machine will be provided. The suction of bag filter will be provided at the packing section.
The sprinkling of water will be done along the internal roads in the plant in order to control the dust.
All the workers and officers working inside the plant will be provided with disposable dust masks.
Green belt will be developed around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.
Bag filters will be cleaned regularly. Maintenance of air pollution control equipments will be done regularly.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 15
3.2 Water and Wastewater : Water will be required in the process of nodules preparation, for domestic purpose, gardening and dust suppression. The break of water consumption will be as under :
Sr. No.
Water Use Water Consumption in cu.m/day
1 Industrial Purpose 15 cu.m/day 2 Domestic purpose 5 cu.m/day 3 Gardening and
others 10 cu.m/day
TOTAL 30 cu.m/day The total water consumption will be of 30 cu.m/day. The industry will get required water from its own bore well. The domestic wastewater will be generated of 3.0 cu.m/day. It will be treated through septic tank, and disposed off through Soak Well. There will be no any process wastewater generation source in the proposed plant.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 16
4. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS This chapter described the environmental status in the surrounding area. To represent the environmental setting, 10 km area around the site of the industry is considered as the study area. 4.1 Meteorology Meteorology of the area in which pollutants are generated and discharged plays a pivotal role in determining their dispersion and diffusion as well as transportation into the atmosphere. The fate of pollutants once discharged into atmosphere is governed by various meteorological factors like wind velocity, temperature, humidity, rainfall, cloud cover and solar radiation. The following table lists the meteorological data required for the analysis of air pollution impacts in the vicinity of the site. The Veraval airport is the nearest IMD station (about 70 km) to the project site. The meteorological data for the IMD station is collected for October 2007 and November 2007 from the Indian Meteorological Department, Ahmedabad. Table 4.1 : Meteorological Parameters
Meteorological Parameter
Importance
Wind speed Determines initial dispersion of air pollution Wind direction Determines downwind geometry Atmospheric Stability condition
Determines plume spread associated with turbulent motions in the atmosphere
Relative humidity High humidity is associated with (I) Lowered visibility for water vapor plumes (ii) Possible acid mist formation in case of SO2 emissions.
Surface temperature
Influences stability conditions and extent of dispersion of pollutants.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 17
4.1.1 Temperature : During the study period, the temperature is varying from 14.4 oC to 33.6 oC. 4.1.2 Relative Humidity : Relative humidity indicates the amount of moisture in the air. The presence of moisture in the atmosphere changes the nature and characteristics of pollutants. Moisture provides surface area for suspended particulate matter to coalesce and grow in size and settle under the influence of gravity. It also enhances chemical reactions of the gaseous pollutants by providing them an aqueous medium. Relative humidity observed during the study period is varying from 20% to 93 %. 4.1.3 Wind Velocity and Wind Direction : Wind velocity is a measure of wind speed and direction. It is one of the most important meteorological parameters and governs dispersion, diffusion and transportation of pollutants to the atmosphere. The wind rose diagrams are shown in Annexure – I. A review of the wind rose diagram shows that predominant winds are mostly from directions N, NNE and NE. The average wind speed during the study periods is 2.72 m/s in the study area. Table 4.2 : Stability classification
Day Night Incoming solar radiation
Surface wind speed (at 10 m)
m/sec Strong Moderate Slight
Thinly overcast / >4/8 low
cloud
< 3/8 cloud
<2 A A - B B 2 – 3 A – B B C E F 3 – 5 B B – C C D E 5 – 6 C C – D D D D >6 C D D D D
The neutral class, D, should be assumed for overcast conditions during day or night. Class A is the most unstable
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 18
and class F is the most stable, with class B moderately unstable and Class E slightly stable. During the study period all the stability conditions were observed. 4.2 Present Air Quality in the Study Area : The location of the proposed unit is in the Patapur village in Junagadh. The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at 5 numbers of stations with in 10 km radius of the proposed unit site. Each station was monitored for a period of 24 hours. The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out over duration of two months in the winter season of the year 2008. The monitoring stations are as shown in the Map. No. 01. The distance between the monitoring stations and the site of the proposed unit are presented in the Drg. No. 3. The details of the monitoring stations are presented in the following table. Table 4.3 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Station No.
Monitoring Stations Distance from the Proposed
Unit, Km 1 At Site of the Proposed Unit, Village Kansari 0.00 2 On the terrace of Mr. Balubhai Naranbhai
Vansh’s Home, Village Lamdhar 5.77
3 On the terrace of Mr. Kalubhai Kesubhai Baraiya’s Home, Village Varvada
4.0
4 On the terrace of Mr. Ranabhai R. Mevada’s Home, Village Ratad
7.14
5 On the terrace of Mr. Bhanubai Hamirbhai’s Home, Village Umej
3.4
6 On the terrace of Mr. Jodhabhai Bhanubhai’s Home, Village Siloj
6.8
7 On the terrace of Mr. Naranbhai Ramjibhai Katariya’s Home, Village Una
2.44
8 On the terrace of Mr. Valjibhai Haribhai Tavaliya’s Home, Village Kansari
1.32
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 19
The ambient air quality monitoring results are as shown in the following tables. Location 1 : At Site of the Proposed Unit, Village Kansari
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 02.10.2008 60 160 8 15 2 08.10.2008 55 159 5 19 3 11.11.2008 53 150 10 17
Location 2 : On the terrace of Mr. Balubhai Naranbhai Vansh’s Home, Village Lamdhar
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 05.10.2008 57 155 7 18 2 11.10.2008 68 165 11 13 3 14.11.2008 69 160 16 21
Location 3 : On the terrace of Mr. Kalubhai Kesubhai Baraiya’s Home, Village Varvada
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 03.10.2008 50 151 6 17 2 09.10.2008 67 160 10 15 3 12.11.2008 63 155 7 20
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 20
Location 4 : On the terrace of Mr. Ranabhai R. Mevada’s Home, Village Ratad
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 03.10.2008 54 150 6 12 2 09.10.2008 63 162 8 15 3 12.11.2008 52 165 10 13
Location 5 : On the terrace of Mr. Bhanubai Hamirbhai’s Home, Village Umej
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 04.10.2008 61 149 8 12 2 10.10.2008 69 164 9 15 3 13.11.2008 65 160 10 17
Location 6 : On the terrace of Mr. Jodhabhai Bhanubhai’s Home, Village Siloj
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 04.10.2008 52 155 6 12 2 10.10.2008 49 150 9 14 3 13.11.2008 72 165 7 17
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 21
Location 7 : On the terrace of Mr. Naranbhai Ramjibhai Katariya’s Home, Village Una
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 05.10.2008 70 165 6 19 2 11.10.2008 66 170 9 15 3 14.11.2008 59 178 7 17
Location 8 : On the terrace of Mr. Valjibhai Haribhai Tavaliya’s Home, Village Kansari
Sr. No.
Date RSPM µg/m3
SPM µg/m3
SO2
µg/m3 NOx
µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)
100 200 80 80
1 02.10.2008 54 155 5 20 2 08.10.2008 63 168 8 19 3 11.11.2008 59 160 9 12
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 22
4.3 Land use Pattern : The land use data have been presented from Census of India 2001, District Census Handbook (Junagadh district). The land use classified into forest land, land irrigated by different sources, unirrigated land, cultivable waste land including Gauchar and Groves and area not available for cultivation. The distribution of land in the study area (within 10 km radius from the proposed project site) is as given below :
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 23
Table 4.4 Land Use Pattern :
Land use in hectares Sr.
No.
Nam
e of Vill
age
Fore
st
Irrigat
ed b
y Sourc
e
Unirrigat
ed
Cultiv
able
Was
te
Land (
incl
udin
g
Gau
char
and
Gro
ves)
Are
a n
ot
avai
lable
for
cultiv
atio
n
TO
TAL
AREA
1 Dhokadva 0 689.6 243.2 209.8 35.1 1177.7 2 Mota Samadhiyala 0 422.5 342.2 120.2 97.6 982.5 3 Mahobatpara 0 221 231.1 76.8 65.7 594.6 4 Ambada 0 366.1 237 21.3 78 702.4 5 Nava Ugla 0 180.6 319.4 61.9 0 561.9 6 Khilavad 0 323.1 903.4 84.1 29 1339.6 7 Fatsar 0 403.5 546.2 221.1 109 1279.8 8 Vadviyala 0 620 496.2 168.6 42 1326.8 9 Jhudvadli 0 280.5 235.2 129.2 5.2 650.1 10 Gundala 0 179.4 130 35.1 47 391.5 11 Ugla 0 210 397.5 85.4 0 692.9 12 Vajdi 0 221 144.4 60.5 30.8 456.7 13 Padapadar 0 391.6 422.4 64.3 40.5 918.8 14 Pankhan 0 299.8 208.2 56.9 6.7 571.6 15 Nandrakh 0 145.9 110.3 50.5 18.1 324.8 16 Kandhi 0 497.7 438.3 44 100.2 1080.2 17 Bhacha 0 432.4 381.6 49.9 65.8 929.7 18 Bhadiyadar 0 517.4 215.5 123.4 24 880.3 19 Men 0 174.8 110.2 57.3 37.4 379.7 20 Khapat 0 360.8 235.6 122.8 59.9 779.1 21 Undari 0 445 50.1 104.3 74.6 674 22 Ratad 0 181.5 87.4 76 84.7 429.6 23 Chanchakvad 0 249 74.3 55.2 13.4 391.9 24 Patapur 0 170 10 3.9 2.9 186.8 25 Nesda 0 150.7 13.6 38.3 13 215.6 26 Paswala 0 325 221.4 52.4 21.1 619.9 27 Umej 0 531.5 313.3 79.8 57.6 982.2 28 Vavarda 0 456 364 89.4 36 945.4 29 Kansari 0 287.6 252.6 63.8 2.1 606.1 30 Varsingpur 0 157.4 287.5 51.3 53.1 549.3 31 Elampur 38.1 247.1 320 159.8 229.8 994.8 32 Damasa 0 187.4 122.1 101.9 153.9 565.3 33 Yajpur 0 210 133.4 54.8 23 421.2 34 Nethej 0 195.1 144.2 51.7 37.7 428.7 35 Samter 0 190 211.4 101.6 48.2 551.2 36 Rameshvar 0 36.2 71.1 27.2 10.1 144.6 37 Kanakbarda 0 116.5 277.3 36.6 59.6 490 38 Sultanpur 0 90.1 41.5 52.7 59.4 243.7 39 Siloj 0 150.8 39.4 84.1 98.1 372.4 40 Nathal 0 345.2 234.3 52.3 42.7 674.5 41 Mota Desar 0 344.4 260.2 78 31.3 713.9 42 Lamdhar 0 130.2 97.9 78.6 83.9 390.6 43 Kothari 0 133.7 99.2 2.3 7.8 243 44 Amodra 0 424.4 722.3 187.8 107.5 1442 45 Garal 0 161 528.8 84.8 49.9 824.5 46 Motha 0 257.7 199.3 81 18.6 556.6
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 24
Land use in hectares
Sr.
No.
Nam
e of Vill
age
Fore
st
Irrigat
ed b
y Sourc
e
Unirrigat
ed
Cultiv
able
Was
te
Land (
incl
udin
g
Gau
char
and
Gro
ves)
Are
a not
avai
lable
for
cu
ltiv
atio
n
TO
TAL
AREA
47 Sanjavapur 0 90.3 20.8 9.2 18.3 138.6 48 Anjar 0 170.7 112.5 60.4 2.3 345.9 49 Shahdesar 0 265.5 105.1 40.8 6.5 417.9 50 Delwada 0 730.7 329.2 145 357.2 1562.1 51 Khan 0 100.7 92.6 19.4 29.3 242 52 Dandi 30.5 19 266.4 84.8 56.3 457 53 Khajudra 16.8 249 112.6 104.6 202.7 685.7 54 Rajput 80.9 39 308 152 22.1 602 55 Kalapan 0 60.4 44.3 15.1 28.8 148.6 56 Rampara 18.3 184.5 28.1 64.5 28.1 323.5
TOTAL 184.6 15021 12944.1 4388.5 3063.6 35601.8 The majority of the land is used for agriculture purpose and 36.40 % of the land is agriculture land without irrigation facility in the study area. About 42.19 % of the agricultural land is irrigated by various means i.e. by government canal, private canal, well with/without electricity, tube well with / without electricity and by tank. Culturable waste (including grazing land & groves) possesses about 12.33 % of study area and area not available for cultivation possesses about 8.6 % of study area. There is forest land of 0.51 % in the study area. 4.4 Noise Levels : The noise levels were monitored at 5 locations in the study area. The noise levels were recorded continuously for 24 hours at an interval of every 1 hour. The noise results in the study area are shown in Table 4.5.
DRG.NO. 04
AREA NOT AVAILABLE FOR CULTIVATION, 8.60%
IRRIGATED BY SOURCE, 42.19%
FOREST, 0.51%CULTIVABLE WASTE LAND (INCLUDING
GAUCHAR AND GROVES), 12.33%
UNIRRIGATED, 36.40%
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 25
Table 4.5 : Noise Monitoring Results
Date Source Average Noise
levels in dB
(Day)
Average Noise
levels in dB
(Night) 05.10.2008 At Site of the Proposed
Unit, Village Kansari 52.0 44.0
27.10.2008 At Mr. Valjibhai Haribhai Tavaliya’s Home, Village Kansari
51.0 43.0
23.10.2008 At Mr.Naranbhai RamjibhaiKatariya’s Home, Village Una
54.5 45.0
The analysis results are compared with the noise level standards as given in table no. 4.6. Table 4.6 : Noise standards with category of area
Limits in dB Sr. No.
Noise Standards
Category of Area
Day Time 6.00 a.m.- 9.00
p.m.
Night Time 9.00 p.m.- 6.00
a.m. 1 Industrial Area 75 70 2 Commercial Area 65 55 3 Residential Area 55 45 4 Silence Zone 50 40
Noise levels at majority of the stations in the industrial and residential areas are within their respective limits.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
26
4.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT:
4.5.1 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT:
Environmental impact assessments have become an integral part of development
projects to formulate policies and guidelines for environmentally sound economic
development. Proper assessment of biological environment and compilation of its
taxonomical data is essential for the impact prediction.
Biodiversity performs two very important functions. First, stability of the
biosphere depend on it , which in turn leads to the stability of climate and, water regime,
soil fertility, quality of air, and overall health of life support systems on earth. Second ,
biodiversity is the source, from which , the human race derives , food, fodder, fuel, fiber,
shelter, medicine, and raw materials for industry, for human kind’s ever changing, ever
increasing, needs and aspirations (Pushpangathan & Nair,(2006)
4.5.1.1 Period of the study and Study area:
The baseline study, for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the
terrestrial environment with in 10 km from the project site, located in Kansari village, in
Una Taluka of Junagadh District was conducted during November, 2008.
4.5.1.2 Methodology:
The methodology adopted for the evaluation of biodiversity status of the study
region is as given below. The sampling plots for the survey were selected randomly in the
suitable habitats with in the core zone and the buffer zone of the study area.
Tree 10 meter radius circular plot Shrubs 10 meter radius circular plot
Plants
Herbs 1meterx1meter square plot Terrestrial Point centered quadrate in 10 meter radius
Birds Aquatic Total count and Folk count Terrestrial/ Aquatic
10 meter radius circular plot Herpetofauna
Indirect evidence
Survey in the villages with the help of pictorial representation
Direct count Line transect and Road transect/ Mammals Indirect
evidence Survey in the villages with the help of pictorial representation
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
27
4.5.1.3 TERRESTRIAL FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMPONENTS OF THE
STUDY AREA:
The villages covered for the present baseline study are given in the table #1. All
together 31 villages were covered for the present biological baseline study. 6 villages
were selected in the core zone (project location and surrounding villages in 5km radius)
and 25 villages were selected in the buffer zone (villages located more than 5km radius
but with in 10 km radius of the project site).
Table 4.7 List of Villages covered under the present baseline study
# Village Name Core zone
1-1 Project site 2-2 Kansari village
3-3 Vavarda village 4-4 Umej 5-5 Khanpat 6-6 Chachakvad
Buffer zone 7-1 Mahabatpara 8-2 Mota Samadhiyala 9-3 Padapadar
10-4 Nana samadhiyala 11-5 Kandhi 12-6 Patapur 13-7 Nandrakh 14-8 Nesda 15-9 Paswala 16-10 Samtel 17-11 Kanak barda 18-12 Sultanpur
19- 13 Nathel 20-14 Yajpur 21-15 Elampur 22-16 Varsingpur 23-17 Damasa 24-18 Ratad 25-19 Dron 26-20 Bhadiyadar 27-21 Men 28-22 Kodiya 29-23 Gundala 30-24 Ambada 31-25 Ugla
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
28
4.5.1.4 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA:
The area of the present investigation is located in the southern part of Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Topography of the area is characterized by dominating plain area and few hillocks. Two non perennial rivers; Machundari River and Ravar River drain through the study area and join the Arabian Sea. The large portion of the available landscape is devoted for the agricultural practices are the striking feature of this area. Even though, the study area is situated in the semi- arid region, almost entire area was characterized by large tree population either planted or naturally growing. Shrubs and herb community of this area is mainly consisting of either xerophytes or short-lived annuals. No natural forest area as such was observed with in the 10 km radius from Kansari
village. While, Ugla village, Ambada, situated at the boundary of the study area (10 km
radius) was characterized by few hillocks, but with out much vegetation.
Topography of the project site:
Project site is located in out skirt of Kansari village. The project site is almost
barren with out any tree cover, few shrubs were observed in the project site which were
dominated by Zizyphus nummularia , Prosopis juliflora. , and Cassia auriculata (Plate #
1)
4.5.1.5 FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA:
The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship
and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in
different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following account of floral
diversity, based on the field survey conducted for a short duration in the November, 2008,
is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation
of this region during the study period as a baseline data. The vegetation of this area can be
classified on the basis of habitats as; open fallow lands, areas under cultivations, hedge
vegetation and ravines vegetation .The dominant tree species, herbs and shrubs and
major crops, were documented during this base line study. The list of floral species
documented in the study area is enlisted in table# 2-5
Vegetation of the area surveyed, (in the core zone and buffer zone) can be classified as the deciduous and scrub type vegetation.. The dominant trees growing in this area were Acacia nilotica, Pithecellobium dulce, Mangifera indica ,Hyphaene dichotoma, Cocos nucifera, Cordia dichotoma, Azadirachta indica, Ficus benghalensis, and F. religiosa,. The tree species observed in the study area is enlisted in the table #2
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
29
Shrubs are the dominant perennials of this area, represented mainly by, Prosopis
juliflora, Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, Zizyphus nummularia, Agave
Americana, Tecoma stans, Cassia auriculata, Ipomoea fistulosa and Capparis decidua.
The shrub species observed in the study area are documented in the table #3
Hedge vegetation was mainly consisted of various climbers and shrubs like Balanites
aegyptiaca, Lawsonia interims ,Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia nivulia, Aerva persica,
Zizyphus nummularia, Capparis decidua, Ipomoea obscura, and Prosopis juliflora and
Climbers like; Ipomea cairica, I. obscura, Pentatropis spiralis and Mucuna prurita. Few
trees like Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica were also observed as the hedge vegetation.
Road side ditches and other water logged region was occupied by Ipomea aquatica,
Ipomea fistulosa, and Hygrophila auriculata.
Trees: Tree species enlisted from the study area is given in the table 4.8. 64 trees belong to 25 families were enlisted from the study area.
TABLE 4.8 DOMINANT TREE SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA Family & Scientific name Vernacular Name 1 Alangiaceae 1/1 Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang Ankol 2 Anacardiaceae 2/1 Mangifera indica L. Ambo 3 Annonaceae 3/1 Polyalthia longifolia Asopalav 3 Apocynaceae 4/1 Plumeria obtuse L Chambo 5/2 Plumeria rubra -- 4 Arecaceae 6/1 Borassus flabellifer L 7/2 Cocos nucifera L Narial 8/3 Hyphaene dichotoma Bece. Ravantad 9/4 Phoenix sylvertris (L.)Roxb Khajuri 5 Balanitaceae 10/1 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)Del. Ingorio 6 Bignoniaceae 11/1 Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Roydo 12/2 Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) Merr Tabudiyo 7 Caesalpiniaceae 13/1 Bauhinia purpurea L Kanchnar 14/2 Delonix regia(Boj) Gulmohar 15/3 Parkinsonia aculeata L Rambaval 16/4 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer Sonmukhi
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
30
ex Heyne 17/5 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo 18/6 Senna siamea Lam. Kasida 19/7 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali 8 Casuarinaceae 20/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu 9 Caricaceae 21/1 Carica papaya L Papaya 10 Combretaceae 22/1 Terminalia catappa L. Badam 23/2 Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. Dhamado 11 Ebenaceae 24/1 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Dheki 12 Ehretiaceae 25/1 Cordia dichotoma Forst. Mota Gunda 26/2 Cordia gharaf (Forsk.) E. & A. Nani Gundi 13 Meliaceae 27/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limbado 28/2 Melia azedarach Bakan limdo 14 Mimosaceae 29/1 Acacia auriculiformis L Austrialanbaval 30/2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica
(Bth.) Brenan Baval
31/3 Acacia senegal ( Willd.) Gobita 32/4 Acacia chundra (Roxb.ex.Rottl. Kair 33/5 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb) Hermobhaval 34/6 Albizia lebbeck L. Sirid 35/7 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Pardesi Baval 36/8 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo 37/9 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC Gadobaval 38/10 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli 15 Moraceae 39/1 Ficus amplissima Sm Payer 40/2 Ficus bengalensis L Vad 41/3 Ficus benjamina L Krishnae Vad 42/4 Ficus drupacea Thunb. Var. pubescens
(Roth) Corner Pipli
43/5 Ficus hispida L.f. Dhedh Umardo 44/6 Ficus racemosa L. Umaro 45/7 Ficus religiosa L Piplo 16 Moringaceae 46/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo 17 Myrtaceae 47/1 Callistemon cistrinus L Bottle brush 48/2 Eucalyptus citriodora Hk. Nilgari 49/3 Syzygium cumini ( L) Jambu 18 Papilionaceae 50/1 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub Khakaro 51/2 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb Sisam
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
31
52/3 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb Motosisam 53/4 Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre Karanji 54/5 Sesbania sesban (L.)Merr. Shevari 19 Rhamnaceae 55/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth Bor 56/2 Zizyphus mauritiana Lam Bordi 20 Rutaceae 57/1 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr Bili 21 Salvadoraceae 58/1 Salvadora persica L. Piludo 59/2 Salvadora oleoides Decne Piludi 22 Sapotaceae 60/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Rayan 61/2 Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. Mahuvo 23 Simaroubaceae 62/1 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Aurdso 24 Ulmaceae 63/1 Haloptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Kanjo 25 Verbenaceae 64/1 Tectona grandis L. Sag
Shrubs:
Shrubs encountered during the present survey are given in the Table#3. 34 shrubs belong to 23 families were enumerated from the study area, Most dominant shrubs in the core zone and buffer zone were Prosopis juliflora, Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cassia auriculata and Balanites aegyptiaca.
TABLE 4.9 : DOMINANT SHRUBS IN THE STUDY AREA
Family & Scientific name Vernacular name
1 Amaryllidaceae 1/1 Agave americana L 2/2 Yucca gloriosa 2 Apocynaceae 3/1 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pili karan 4/2 Nerium indicum Mill Lalkaren 3 Asclepiadaceae 5/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado 6/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado 4
Asteraceae
5/1 Xanthium strumarium L.
Gokhru
5 Bignoniaceae
6/1 Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol 6 Balanitaceae 7/1 Balanites aegyptiaca L. Ingorio, Angario 7 Cactaceae
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
32
8/1 Opuntia elatior Mill. Fafdo Thor 8 Caesalpiniaceae 9/1 Cassia auriculata L Aval 9 Capparaceae 10/1 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew Kerdo 11/2 Capparis sepiaria L. Kanthar 10 Convolvulaceae 12/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy Nasarmo 11 Compositae 13/1 Parthenium hysterophorus L Congrass grass 12 Ebenaceae 14/1 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb Dheki 13 Euphorbiaceae 15/1 Euphorbia nivulia Buch. – Ham. Thor 16/2 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot 17/3 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Paerdesi divalo 18/4 Ricinus communis L. Divel 14 Liliaceae 19/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill Kunvarppato 15 Lythraceae 20/1 Lawsonia inermis Mendhi 16 Malvaceae 21/1 Abelmoschus manihot L. Jungli Bindi 22/2 Gossypium herbaceum L. Kapas 23/3 Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Jasund 17 Mimosaceae 24/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gando baval 18 Nyctaginaceae 25/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvel 19 Papilionaceae 26/1 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shevari 20 Rhamnaceae 27/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor 28/2 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Ro Bor 21 Rubiaceae 29/1 Ixora brachiata (L) Garbale 22 Solanaceae 30/1 Solanum incanum L Ubhi ringan 31/2 Solanum melongena L. Ringana 32/3 Datura metel L Daturo 23 Verbenaceae 33/1 Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O.Ktze Arni 34/2 Lantana camara var. aculeata
Herbs: The herbaceous cover observed in this region is given in the table#4. 61 herbaceous species belong to 22 families were recorded from the study area. In this list of herbs, many other herbaceous species are not included which had
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
33
been dried out and which were with out flowers during the monitoring time of November 2008
Table 4.10 : HERBACEOUS SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE AREA
Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Acanthaceae 1/1 Barleria sp. --- 2/2 Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Kanatashelio,Akaro 2 Amaranthaceae 3/1 Achyranthes aspera L. Anghedi, Anghedo 4/2 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)Juss. Bur,Gorakhganjo 3 Asteraceae 5/1 Blumea eriantha DC. Kalhar 6/2 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio 7/3 Eclipta prostrata (L.) Bhangro 8/4 Lacunae procumbens (Roxb) .Moti Bhonpatri 9/5 Parthenium hysterophorus L -- 10/6 Tridax procumbens L Pardesi Bhangro 11/7 Vernonia cinerea Less Sadedi 4 Asclepiadaceae 12/1 Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. Chamber Dudheli 5 Boraginaceae 13/1 Trichodesma indicum R. Br. Undha Fuli 6 Cucurbitaceae 14/1 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Ghiloda 15/2 Cucumis callosus Cogn Kothimdu 7 Convolvulaceae 16/1 Cressa cretica L. Palio, Rudanti 17/2 Ipomoea pes-caprae (L) Dariani vel 18/3 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.. Nalini bhaji 19/4 Ipomoea obscura Ker Vad fudradi 8 Commelinaceae 20/1 Commelina sp -- 9 Cyperaceae 21/1 Cyperus difformis L. -- 22/2 Cyperus rotundus L. -- 23/3 Cyperus sp. -- 24/4 Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl. -- 25/5 Fimbristylis sp. -- 10 Euphorbiaceae 26/1 Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. -- 27/2 Euphorbia hirta L. -- 11 Gentianaceae 28/1 Nymphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini 29/2 N. parvifolium (Griseb.) -- 12 Liliaceae 30/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato 13 Lamiaceae 31/1 Leucas sps. -- 32/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
34
33/3 O. canum Sims Ramtulsi 34/4 O .basilicum L. Damro 14 Malvaceae 35/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat,Dabaliar 36/2 Sida sp. -- 15 Nyctaginaceae 37/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi 38/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce -- 16 Papilionaceae 39/1 Cajanus cajan (L) Tuvar 40/2 Crotalaria burhia Bach. – Ham. Kharshan 41/3 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. -- 42/4 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. -- 43/5 Tephrosia sps. -- 17 Papaveraceae 44/1 Argemone mexicana L. Darudi 18 Poaceae 45/1 Aleuropus lagopoides (L) -- 46/2 Aristida sp. -- 47/3 Cynodon barberi Rang. -- 48/4 Cynodon dactylon (L.) -- 49/5 Oryza sativa L. Chokha 50/6 Phragmites kara (Retz.) -- 51/7 Triticum aestivum L. Ghau 52/8 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar 53/9 Zea mays Makai 19 Solanaceae 54/2 Solanum indicum L. Ringni 55/3 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi 56/4 Solanum surattense Brum. Bhoringni 57/5 Solanum trilobatum L. 20 Typhaceae 58/1 Typha angustata Bory & Chaub Ramban,Ghabajariu 21 Tiliaceae 59/1 Corchorus depressus Stocks -- 22 Zygophyllaceae 60/1 Fagonia cretica L. -- 61/2 Tribulus terrestris L. Mithu Gokhru Climbers and Twiners:
The climbers and twiners observed along the agricultural hedges and road side
hedges of the study area is given in the table#5.17 climbers belongs to 6 families were
recorded from the area.
TABLE 4.11 : DOMINANT CLIMBERS IN THE STUDY AREA
Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Asclepiadaceae 1/1 Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne Shingroti 2/2 Pergularia daemia (Forsl.) Chiov. Chamar dudheli
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
35
2 Convolvulaceae 3/1 Ipomea cairica (L.) 4/2 Ipomoea obscura L. 5/3 Ipomea pulchella Roth 6/4 Ipomea aquatica Forsk. Nadanivel 3 Cucurbitaceae 7/1 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Indravarna 8/2 Coccinia grandis Ghiloda 9/3 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku 10/4 L. acutangula (L) Jungli turia 11/5 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.jeffrey Shivelangi 12/6 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. Chanakchibhdi 4
Cuscutaceae
13/7 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Amarvel 5 Menispermaceae 14/1 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi 15/2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Galo 6 Papilionaceae 16/1 Mucuna prurita Hk.f. Kavach, Koyli 17/2 Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi
CULTIVATED PLANTS IN THE STUDY AREA:
It was observed that, the different parts of the study area were practicing different
crop pattern based on the season and availability of irrigation facility. The major
agricultural crops, practiced in this area during November, 2008 were, Castor (Ricinus
communis), Sugar cane ((Saccharum officinarum) and Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum).
Agricultural practices in the study area commence with the early monsoon shower. Most
of the farmers prefer, Ground nut as their first crop. The second crop after the ground nut
harvesting, entirely depends up on the availability of the ground water. Bajra
(Pennisetum typhoides ) and Jowar (Sorghum vulgare) were also generally cultivated
immediately after monsoon.
Major Crops: Major crops in the study area during the study period (November) were
Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), Castor (Ricinus communis), and Sugar cane
((Saccharum officinarum) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) was the other major crop of
this region.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
36
Minor crops:
Minor crops practiced in this region after monsoon were Jeeru ( Cuminum cyminum), and
Mirchi,(Capsicum annuum)
Pulses: The pulses cultivated in this region were Mag (Vigna aconitifolia ), Tuver
(Cajanus cajan)
Vegetables: Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) Brinjal, Ringana (Solanum melongena),
are the vegetables reported to be grown in the study area during monsoon.
HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES AND FRUITS GROWN:
Many orchards of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Chikku (Achras zapota) were
observed in the study area. The “Kesar” variety of Mango from Junagadh region is highly
delicious and attracts a special attention in the national and international markets.
Coconut plantation is very popular in this area. Coconut farms were observed at few
places of the study area. While majority of the Coconut trees-Narial (Cocoas nucifera L)
were observed in between the agricultural fields and village surroundings.
Other fruit yielding varieties observed in the villages were Sitafal (Annona
squamosa L.), Tadfali (Borassus flabellifer L), papaya (Carica papaya L),. Gunda
(Cordia dichotoma Forst), Rayan (Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.)Dub), Khajoor (Phoenix
dactylifera L), Amala (Phyllantus embelica), Gorasamali (Pithelellobium dulce
(Roxb.)Bth), Jamfal (Psidium guajava L),Amali (Tamarindus indicum L), Bor ( Zizyphus
glabrata Heyne ex Roth)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
37
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE STUDY AREA:
Plants are known for their therapeutic value and uses since ancient period. The
reference of curative properties of the some herbs in “Rigveda” (3500-1800 BC) though
in brief, seems to be the earliest records of use of plants in medicine. With the time more
and more plants have been added to the native medicine. Out of the 17000 known
flowering plant species in India, about 7,500 wild plants species are reported to be used
for medicinal purpose. Some important work on Indian medicinal plants are from, Watt
(1889-1893), Ymoch et.al. (1890), Basu and Kirtikar (1918), Nandkarni (1954), Chopra
et.al. (1956) Jain and De Filipps (1991).
The medicinally important plants observed growing in the study area and their
usage is given in the table 4.12.
Table 4.12 : Medicinal plants in the study area and their medicinal uses
Scientific Name Vernacular Name
Useful parts Medicinal uses
leaves Antidote, cough, digestive disorder, rheumatism, swellings
Abrus precatorius
Chanothi
Roots Asthma, Cough, analgesic, peptic ulcers Leaves Acne, antidote, boils, cough, rheumatism,
ulcers Seeds Antidote, boils, cough
Abutilon indicum Dabali, Kansaki
Roots Antidote, cough, fever ,ulcers Bark Astringent, biliousness, bronchitis,
cough, diarrhea, dysentery, lecuoderma, piles, skin diseases
Flowers Astringent Fruits Backache, eye complaints Gum Sexual disorder Leaves Diarrhea, gonorrhea Seeds Diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers
Acacia nilotica
Baval
Whole plant Astringent, constipation, Bark Asthma, astringent, bronchitis, diarrhea,
dysentery, fever, skin disease Ailanthus excelsa
Aurdso
Leaves Tonic Leaves Boils and digestive disorder, and injury Aloe vera Kumarpathu Whole plant Constipation, fever, liver trouble, piles Leaves Boils, Roots Coolant, jaundice,
Argemone mexicana .
Darudi
Whole plant Inflammations, skin diseases Bark Antiseptic, blood purifier, boils, fever,
tumors, ulcers, wounds. Azadirachta indica
Limdo Flowers Antiseptic, blood purifier, ulcers,
wounds
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
38
Fruits Anthelmintic, antipyretic ,coolant, malaria, urinary diseases
Leaves Anthelmintic antipyretic, antiseptic Bark Anthelmintic, purgative, skin diseases, Fruits Anthelmintic , purgative, Seeds Blood purifier, coolant, cough, injury Root barks Boils
Balanites aegyptiaca
Ingorio
seeds Dysentery, fracture, liver disorder, night blindness, piles, ulcers
Flowers Analgesic, Anthelmintic, astringent, expectorant
Leaves Malaria fever, wounds Roots Dental problem, rheumatism, stomach
disorder Root bark Asthma, diaphoretic, jaundice, syphilis
Calotropis gigantea
Akado
Whole plant Anthelmintic, joint pain, leprosy, lecuoderma, piles, purgative, swelling, tooth ache, tumors, ulcers
Flowers Analgesic, astringent, Anthelmintic, digestive disorders, expectorant,
Latex Analgesic, gout, rheumatism, skin diseases
Leaves Sun stroke, wounds Roots Boils, piles Root bark Antidote, asthma, diaphoretic, syphilis
Calotropis procera
Akado
Whole plant Anthelmintic, joint pain, leprosy, lecuoderma, piles, purgative, swelling, tooth ache, tumors, ulcers
Bark Asthma, Cough, inflammations, piles, ulcers,
Flower Astringent, Kidney diseases
Capparis decidua
Kerdo
Wood Skin diseases Fruit Abortifacient , bleeding piles, skin
diseases Carica papaya Papaya
Seeds Abortifacient , bleeding piles, skin diseases
Leaves Asthma, fracture, swelling, leprosy, Roots Asthma, fracture, swelling, leprosy,
urinary discharge Root bark Digestive disorder, intestinal diseases Stem bark Asthma, astringent, leprosy
Cassia auriculata
Aval
Whole plant Anemia, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, lecuoderma, purgative, rheumatism, schizophrenic
Leaves Diarrhea , wounds Commelina benghalensis
--- Whole plant Leprosy
Cordia dichotoma Gunadamoto Fruits Coolant, urinary complaints Fruits Urinary complaints Cordia gharaf Nani Gundi Whole plant Cough, Diabetes, ulcers, wound Seeds Diuretic, fever, opthalmia, sedative Cuscuta reflexa Akashvel Whole plant Aphrodisiac, astringent , contraceptive ,
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
39
eye diseases Fruits Lung and chest diseases Leaves Asthma, analgesic, swelling
Datura metel Dhatura
Seeds Anthelmintic, asthma, bronchitis, earache, jaundice, lecuoderma, tumors, tonic
Roots Astringent, rhematisum Dichrostachys cinerea
Mordhundiyu Stem bark Digestive disorder Leaves Acidity, diuretic, joint pain,piles Roots Gynecological complaints, sexual
disorder
Euphorbia nivulia Thor
Whole plant Antidote, carminative, skin diseases syphilis
Aerial roots Aphrodisiac, appetizer Bark Astringent, diarrhea, dysentery Latex Coolant, sexual disorder Leaves Abscesses Roots Fracture, piles
Ficus bengalensis
Vad
Seeds Coolant Bark Astringent, skin diseases Flower Aphrodisiac, purgative, vomiting Fruits Coolant and laxative Leaves Purgative, antidote Roots Jaundice
Ficus religiosa
Paipal
Root bark Aphrodisiac, lumbago Buds Cough, fever Hibiscus rosa
sinensis Jasund
Flowers Cough, fever, gonorrhea, gynecological disorder
Leaves Hydrophobia Indigofera tinctoria
Gali Whole plant Cough, epilepsy, rheumatism
Ipomoea fistulosa Nasarmo Whole plant Anti fungal, antibiotic Leaves Skin diseases Ipomea cairica -- seeds Constipation, laxative, purgative
Ipomea. aquatica Nalini Bhaji Whole plant Bronchitis, fever, jaundice, liver complaints
Fruits Skin diseases Leaves Boils and ulcers
Ipomea. obscura Vad-Fudradi
Roots Swelling Leaves Skin diseases, fever, rheumatism Lantana camara Gandhatata Whole plant Malaria, rheumatism Leaves Chest and Lung diseases
Lawsonia interims Mendhi
Whole plant Bronchitis, burns, growth of hair, headache, jaundice, skin diseases
Bark Biliousness, coolant, diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, ulcers.
Flowers Leaves
Cancer
Mangifera indica
Am
Gum Antidote
Leaves bronchitis, cathartic, expectorant, ring worm, stimulant
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
40
Roots Malaria. Seeds Demulcent
Ocimum sanctum Tulsi
Whole plant Bronchitis, cough, ear ache, flatulence Stem Analgesic, boils and wounds
Opuntia eletior Katar Whole plant Asthma, cough, heart inflammation,
ophthalmia, Fruits Ulcer in mouth Leaves Purgative Roots Dental problem
Salvadora oleoides
Piludi
Whole plant cough, bronchitis, piles, rheumatism Roots Analgesic
Salvadora persica Pilu, Kharijal Whole plant Biliousness, inflammations,
lecuoderma, piles, skin diseases, tonic to the liver
Fruits Dental problem Roots Acidity, Anthelmintic, asthma,
bronchitis, carminative, cathartic, cough, expectorant, fever
Solanum indicum
Ubhairingni
Stem Dental problem Fruits Asthma, Diarrhea, dysentery, thirst,
tonic Bark Asthma, dysentery, giddiness
Syzygium cumini
Jambu
Seeds Diabetes Fruits Digestive disorder, inflammation,
laxative. Leaves Analgesic, fever, skin diseases
Tamarindus indica
Emli
Seeds Antidote, intestinal diseases Fruits Intestinal diseases , analgesic roots Sex disorder, tonic, urinary complaints
Tribulus terrestris
Nana gokhru
Whole plant Asthma, blood purifies, cough, diuretic, leprosy, tonic
Xanthium strumarium
Gokhru Leaves Ear complaints , skin diseases
Zizyphus glabrata -- Leaves Blood purifier Bark Asthma, astringent, blood purifier,
diarrhea, fever, Fruits Asthma, blood purifier, dysentery,
fever, vomiting
Zizyphus mauritiana Bor, Bordi
Whole plant Tonic Fruits Astringent, joint pain Leaves Boils, joint pain
Zizyphus nummularia
Chanibor
Roots Intestinal diseases vomiting Sources: GEER foundation (2005) Medicinal plants of Gujarat Ministry of Agriculture ( 2002) Inventory of traditional veterinary medicinal practices in India
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
41
ETHANOBOTANICLAL IMPORTANT PLANTS AND PRACTICES, PREVAILING IN THE AREA
Man depended on plants since time immemorial. Our knowledge of the intimate
relationship between early man and plants is mainly due to the surviving tradition. This
relation ship now forms the base of the interdisciplinary science known as Ethanobotany.
J.W. Harshberger coned the term “Ethanobotany“ first in 1895. Plotkin (1995) defined
Ethanobotany as the study of tribal people and their utilization of plants.
Abutilon indicum L. Sw. (Malvaceae) Dabali, Kansaki
Bark of this tree is used in vomiting, urinary complaints; decoction of the leaves is used
in bronchitis and fever
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. indica (Bth.) Brenan (Mimosaceae) – Desibaval.
Gum of this tree is edible and considered to be the energetic, bark decoction is given
orally for bone fracture healing. Gum is also used in pharmaceutical industry, the seeds
yield fatty oil which can be used in soap industry. Seeds and pods are used as cattle
fodder. Wood is used as timber and for manufacturing agricultural implements.
Ailanthus excelsa ( Simaroubaceae) Arduso
Used in skin diseases, wood is used for preparing small boats, knife handle, toys, and
match sticks.. Leaves and shoots are used as fodder
Albizia lebbeck (Mimosaceae) Onkla, shirish
Used as a timber in construction, manufacturing agricultural implements. Bark is used
for tanning fishing nets
Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Liliaceae) - Satavari
Roots are crushed and juice is given to lactating mothers for inducing a flow of milk.
Dried roots are also occasionally sold but do not seem to be regular practice. Roots paste
is applied on maggot wounds, used as veterinary medicine.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) - Limdo
Rural people use leaves of this plant to fumigate the surroundings as an insects and
mosquitoes repellent. Leaf extract in water is sprinkled on crops to kill pests. Leaves are
spread on the beds of child suffering with viral infections like chicken pox, etc.
Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Del. (Balanitaceae ) - Ingorio
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
42
Fruits are used as soap to wash clothes. Seeds levitated with water and applied on
skin. Seed’s fatty oil is used in soap making. Wood is used as walking stick and shoe
maker’s boards.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntz. Syn.: B: Frondosa ( Papilionaceae) Khakara
Dried leaves are used in bidi and for making plates and cups. These are widely used in
the village functions. Seeds exudates are used in herbal medicine.
Calotropis gigantia (L.) R. Br. & C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae ) - Akado
For local people, both the species are Akdo. Leaves are smeared with castor oil and
mildly roasted on burning cinders. The lukewarm castor smear is applied on the abdomen
of a child for relief against pain due to constipation. Used extensively in the herbal
medicine.
Capparis decidua (Forsk.)Edgew. (Capparaceae) Kerdo, Kari,
Fruits are used for making pickle.
Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae ) – Aval
Leaves crushed, boiled and used as poultice on painful joints, barks are used in tanneries
Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) - Piplo
Young buds and leaves are dried, powdered and given 1 gm twice a day with
water as tonic. Leaves make fodder of choice for camels. Fruits are eaten by birds
Solanum surattense Burm. f. (Solanaceae ) - Bhoyrigini
Whole plant is dried, powdered and stored. About 1 gm of powder mixed in equal
quantity of black pepper powder is given with sugar or honey to relieve asthma.
Typha angustata Bory &Chaub (Typhaceae) - Ghabajariu
Leaves are used to thatch huts. Dried inflorescence is used as wound dressing to
stop bleeding. The Typha cotton may be used directly or burnt and ashes are applied over
the wound.
RARE AND ENDANGERED FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global
conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the
extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
43
species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is
recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.
Out of 17000 species of higher plants known to occur in India, nearly 614 higher
plant species were evaluated by IUCN. Among them 247 species are under threatened
category (IUCN, 2007).
Hyphaene dichotoma were reported to be rare in Gujarat. IUCN (2008) had
assigned Low risk / near threatened (ver 2.3 ) status to Hyphaene dichotoma.
ENDEMIC PLANTS OF THE STUDY AREA:
De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an
area of a taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or
habitat, isolated from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal
barriers.
Out of 17000 species of known flowering plants of India nearly 5000 species are
said to be endemic. Nearly 58 genera and 1932 taxa are found to be endemic to peninsular
India (Ahmedulla & Nayar, 1987).
Among recorded plant species only Hyphaene dichotoma can be assigned the
status of endemic plant of this region. But this palm is quite common in the coastal belt of
Gujarat especially at Diu, Una, in Saurashtra and Ubharat in South Gujarat.
FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA
For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to
birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted.
All together 31 villages were covered for the present biological baseline study. 6 villages
were selected in the core zone (project location and surrounding villages in 5km radius)
and 25 villages were selected in the buffer zone (villages located more than 5km radius
but with in 10 km radius of the project site). This report is based on a short duration
study. The following lists are obviously incomplete. It does not include many other
species which might occur in this part of Ahmedabad District, either as resident or as
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
44
migrant in the other seasons of the year. This data is based on the survey conducted
during November, 2008.
Birds of the study area:
List of threatened species (IUCN evaluated) is given in the Table#7. Systematic
account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the table
4.13.
TABLE 4.13 : THREATENED BIRDS OF THE STUDY AREA
Zone Species Habitat Threat status IUCN
Core zone
Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala
Shallow water bodies Near threatened B-11
Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala
Shallow water bodies Near threatened B-11
Black headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus
Near water bodies and
agriculture fields
Near Threatened
B10/8
Buffer
Zone Oriental Darter
Anhinga melanogaster Shallow
Water Bodies Near threatened
B-13
Source: IUCN Red list 2007 and Bird life international
TABLE 4.14 : SYSTEMATIC LISTS OF BIRDS IN THE STUDY AREA WITH ITS
DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATORY STATUS
I ORDER: APODIFORMES Family: Apodidae (swifts) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R House swift Little Swift Apus affinis R II ORDER: CICONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R Sparrow-hawk Eurasian Sparrow-hawk Accipiter nisus R Family: Anhingidae
Darter or Snake Birds Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster A.rufa R
Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R
Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Egretta intermedia R
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
45
Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R Family: Laridae (Tern, Gull, Jaeger, Skua , Skimmer and Noody) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name River Tern River Tern Sterna aurantia R Family: Phalacrocoracidae ( Cormorant) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Indian Shag Indian CormoraWnt Phalacrocorax fuscicollis R Little Cormorant Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R Family: Pteroclidae (Sandgrouse) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Indian Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied
sandgrouse Pterocles exustus R
Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis) Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R III ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R I V : ORDER: CORACIFORMES Family: Alcedinidae (King fisher) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Small Blue King Fisher Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. White breasted Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R Family: Coraciidae (Roller) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Blue Jay or Roller Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis R Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti R
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus Merops superciliosus R
Blue-tailed Bee-eater Blue-tailed Bee-eater
Merops philippinus R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, M= Migrant
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
46
V. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R Family: Cuculidae (cuckoo, Koel) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Koel Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R Indian Drongo Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R Cuckoo Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus R VI. ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl , Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl, Monal, ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R ORDER: GRUIFORMES Family: Rallidae ( Waterhen, coot, crake water cock, Moorhen, Rail,) White-breasted Waterhen White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus R Coot Common Coot Fulica atra RW VII. ORDER: PASSERIFORMES Family: Paridae (Tit ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Corvidae Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist.
Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike Coracina macei Coracina novaehollandiae R
Raven Common Raven Corvus corax R House Crow House Crow Corvus splendens R Black drongo- King Crow Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus
Dicrurus adsimilis R Family: Laniidae (shrike) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Rufous backed Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R Grey Shrike Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor R Family: Muscicapidae ( Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R Pied Bushchat Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R Family: Nectariniidae ( Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, M= Migrant
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
47
Family: Passeridae ( Avadavat,Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snowfinch, sparrow, weaver ,Accentor) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul, ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Bank Myna Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R Family: Sylviidae ( Warbler, Browning, Fulvetta ,Babbler, Laughing thrash, Tailor birds, Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Common Babbler Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R Jungle Babbler Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R Tailorbird Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R VIII. ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES Family: Psittacidae (Parrot and Parakeet) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Rose-ringed Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, M= Migrant
Butterflies from the study area: Butterflies in the study area (Core zone and Buffer zone) are restricted to few
places where Lantana camara and Calotropis procera were growing. Butterflies
observed during the present study are documented in the Table 4.15. TABLE 4.15. BUTTERFLIES IN THE STUDY AREA
Scientific name & family Common name Family Papilionidae
Papilio polytes Linnaeus Common Mormon Family Pieridae
Eurema hecabe Linnaeus Common Grass yellow Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Common Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Mottled Emigrant Delias eucharis Drury Common Jezebel Cerpora nerissa Fabricius Common Gull
Family: Nymphalidae Melanitis leda Linnaeus Common evening Brown Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger Danaus genutia Cramer Stripped Tiger Hypolimanas misippus Danaid egg fly Mycalesis perseus Common bush brown
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
48
Herpetofauna :
. Reptiles observed in the study area are given in the table 4.16.
TABLE 4.16 : REPTILES IN THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin) 2 Indian Cobra Naja naja (Linn.) 3 Russell’s Viper Daboia russelii ( Shaw and Nodder) 4 Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus ( Schneider) 5 Common rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) 6 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis ( Schneider) 7 Brahminy skink Mabuya carinata (Schneider) 8 House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell)
Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers ,during the
interaction with them with pictorial presentation.
Mammals:
Core zone:
The wild mammals observed other than the domesticated ones in the core zone is
given in the table 4.17.
TABLE 4.17 : MAMMALS OBSERVED IN THE CORE ZONE
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific name
1 Three striped Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus)
2 Common House Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)
3 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)
Buffer Zone
The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from the
buffer zone of the study area is documented in the table#12, The cattle kill by
the Lions straying out from the Gir WLS were reported from the villages located
at boundary of the study area ( 10km radius) especially in Ambada village, Ugla
village.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
49
TABLE 4.18 : MAMMALS FROM THE BUFFER ZONE
Sr. No Common Name Scientific name
1. Three striped Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus)
2. Common House Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)
3. Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)
4. Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas)
5. Hare Lepus nigricollis F. Cuvier
6. Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus
7. Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw)
8. Indian Lion Panthera leo persica ( Linnaeus)
9. Leopard Panthera pardus ( Linnaeus)
Not sighted in the study area, but included as per the information provided by the villagers
RARE AND ENDANGERED FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global
conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the
extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all
species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is
recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. IUCN,
(2007) has evaluated 1976 animal species from India, among them 313 have in
recognized as threatened species.. Among them one species is considered as extinct
,while 44 species are in critically endangered( CR) catogery,88 is in endangered
category(EN), while 181 is considered as vulnerable (VU).
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act
to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters
connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the
ecological and environmental security of the country..
Some of the sighted fauna was given protection by the Indian Wild Life
(Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
50
study area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection
Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV.
Among the reptiles, Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis), Indian Cobra
(Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per
Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)
Among mammals; Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Lion (Panthera leo persica )are
included in schedule-I of the Wild life Protection act -1972. Common Mongoose
(Herpestes edwardsi) and Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are a schedule –II animals
Nilghai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is protected as Schedule-III animal and all Hares are
included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.
ENDEMIC FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA
None of the sighted animal species can be assigned endemic species category of the study
area.
MIGRATORY BIRDS & WINTER VISITORS IN THE STUDY AREA:
No migratory birds were observed in the study area during the survey conducted during
November,2008.
STATUS OF THE FOREST, THEIR CATEGORY IN THE STUDY AREA :
No natural forest area was observed in the core zone and in the buffer zone , except .
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
51
1
2
Plate#1 The project site Plate #2 Machundari River in the study area during the survey period
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
52
3
4
Plate # 3 Ravar river he study area during study period Plate# 4 Cotton major crop in the study area
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
53
5
5. Rare palm Hyphaene Dichotoma growing in large number in the study area
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
54
5. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION The environmental consequences are identified in this chapter. Due to the proposed project various environmental aspects may damage or disturbed. All environmental aspects, which are likely to be affected due to various activities during construction phase and operational phase, are identified and short-listed. 5.1 Aspects of the Environment The environmental factors which may be affected due to the proposed project are as given below:
1. Noise levels 2. Air pollution levels 3. Soil environment 4. Socio-economic environment
5.2 Activities The activities and their potential environmental impacts are as under :
CONSTRUCTION PHASE Type of activity Potential Environmental Impacts Construction Activities
Noise levels Dust emissions Socio-economic
OPERATION PHASE Type of activity Potential Environmental Impacts Operation of the proposed plant
Increase in noise levels Impact on air quality due to dust
emissions New employment Soil Environment
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
55
6. PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT 6.1 Impacts during construction phase Impacts on Air Quality : During construction phase, dust will be the main pollutant, which would be generated due to construction activities and vehicular movement on the road. The impact of such activities would be confined within the project boundary and restricted to the construction phase. To mitigate these impacts, regular sprinkling of water will be done at the construction site. 6.2 Impacts during operational phase 6.2.1 Impact on Air Quality The Gaussian model is used to predict the centerline ground level concentrations of suspended particulate matter in the study area. The details of the Gaussian model are as presented in Annexure – II. The prediction is done in relation to the source strength and meteorological conditions for the study period. The input data for the prediction of centerline ground level concentrations are as given below : Raw Mill Stack : Input Data : Vent Height : 30.0 m Vent Diameter : 1.0 m Particulate Matter Concentration : 50 mg/Nm3 Exit stack gas velocity : 9.0 m/s Exit gas temperature : 50 oC Ambient temperature : 27 oC PM emission load : 1.27 kg/h
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
56
VSK stack : Input Data : Vent Height : 30.0 m Vent Diameter : 1.0 m Particulate Matter Concentration : 50 mg/Nm3 Exit stack gas velocity : 9.0 m/s Exit gas temperature : 80 oC Ambient temperature : 27 oC PM emission load : 1.27 kg/h Cement Mill Stack : Input Data : Vent Height : 30.0 m Vent Diameter : 1.0 m Particulate Matter Concentration : 50 mg/Nm3 Exit stack gas velocity : 9.0 m/s Exit gas temperature : 50 oC Ambient temperature : 27 oC PM emission load : 1.27 kg/h The centerline ground level concentrations of SPM due to all the stacks for all the stability conditions are calculated for the maximum particulate matter emission loads. For, the calculations, average wind speed during the study period is considered. The isopleths for all the stability conditions are presented. The predicted maximum centerline ground level concentration of SPM is 19.8 µg/cu.m @ 200 m from the unit during condition A. After implementation of the proposed project, these concentrations are found to be well below the permissible NAAQS norms for rural/residential zone and Industrial zone. Therefore, the proposed activity is not likely to have any significant adverse impact on the air environment.
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc
CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION - A
WIND DIRECTION SE to
NW
E to W
ENE to
WSW
ESE to
WNW
NE to SW
NNE to
SSW
NNW to
SSE
N to S
NW to SE
S to N
SSE to
NNW
SSW to
NNE
SW to NE
W to E
WNW to
ESE
WSW to
ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38
DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 5.1 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.9 5.3 4.9 5.1 200 11.4 19.8 13.3 10.9 15.9 17.6 16.5 17.6 16.3 15.1 13.7 15.7 19.5 14.0 10.7 18.2 300 7.2 14.4 8.6 6.8 10.7 12.2 11.2 12.2 11.0 10.0 8.9 10.5 14.1 9.1 6.7 12.8 400 3.9 8.2 4.7 3.7 6.0 6.9 6.3 6.9 6.1 5.6 4.9 5.9 8.0 5.0 3.7 7.2 500 2.3 4.8 2.7 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.4 4.7 2.9 2.1 4.2 600 1.4 3.0 1.7 1.3 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.9 1.8 1.3 2.6 700 0.9 2.0 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.7 800 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.2 900 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.9 1000 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.7 1500 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 2000 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 2500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc
CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION - B WIND DIRECTION SE
to NW
E to W
ENE to
WSW
ESE to
WNW
NE to SW
NNE to
SSW
NNW to
SSE
N to S
NW to SE
S to N
SSE to
NNW
SSW to
NNE
SW to NE
W to E
WNW to
ESE
WSW to
ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38
DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 200 10.3 14.8 11.6 9.9 13.2 14.0 13.5 14.0 13.4 12.7 0.0 13.1 14.7 12.0 9.8 14.3 300 10.5 18.8 12.3 10.0 14.9 16.6 15.4 16.6 15.2 14.1 0.0 14.7 18.5 13.0 9.9 17.2 400 8.0 15.5 9.6 7.6 11.8 13.4 12.3 13.3 12.1 11.1 0.0 11.6 15.2 10.1 7.5 13.9 500 5.9 11.9 7.1 5.6 8.9 10.1 9.3 10.1 9.1 8.3 0.0 8.7 11.6 7.5 5.5 10.6 600 4.4 9.1 5.3 4.2 6.7 7.7 7.0 7.7 6.9 6.2 0.0 6.6 8.9 5.7 4.1 8.0 700 3.4 7.1 4.1 3.2 5.2 5.9 5.4 5.9 5.3 4.8 0.0 5.1 6.9 4.4 3.2 6.2 800 2.7 5.6 3.2 2.5 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.2 3.8 0.0 4.0 5.5 3.4 2.5 4.9 900 2.2 4.5 2.6 2.0 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.1 0.0 3.2 4.4 2.8 2.0 4.0 1000 1.8 3.7 2.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.5 0.0 2.6 3.6 2.3 1.6 3.3 1500 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.0 1.2 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.5 2000 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.9 2500 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 3000 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 3500 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 4000 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 4500 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 5000 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 6000 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 7000 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 8000 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 9000 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc
CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION - C WIND DIRECTION SE
to NW
E to W
ENE to
WSW
ESE to
WNW
NE to SW
NNE to
SSW
NNW to
SSE
N to S
NW to SE
S to N
SSE to
NNW
SSW to
NNE
SW to NE
W to E
WNW to
ESE
WSW to
ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38
DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 200 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.5 0.0 5.6 5.4 5.5 4.9 5.6 300 10.7 16.3 12.2 10.3 14.1 15.2 14.5 15.1 14.3 15.0 0.0 14.0 16.2 12.7 10.2 15.5 400 11.1 19.3 13.0 10.6 15.5 17.2 16.1 17.2 15.9 17.3 0.0 15.3 19.1 13.6 10.4 17.8 500 9.7 18.1 11.5 9.2 14.0 15.7 14.6 15.7 14.4 15.9 0.0 13.8 17.8 12.1 9.1 16.4 600 8.1 15.7 9.7 7.7 11.9 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.2 13.7 0.0 11.7 15.4 10.2 7.6 14.1 700 6.7 13.4 8.1 6.4 10.0 11.4 10.5 11.4 10.3 11.6 0.0 9.9 13.1 8.6 6.3 11.9 800 5.6 11.4 6.8 5.4 8.5 9.7 8.8 9.6 8.7 9.8 0.0 8.3 11.1 7.2 5.3 10.1 900 4.8 9.7 5.7 4.5 7.2 8.2 7.5 8.2 7.4 8.4 0.0 7.1 9.5 6.1 4.4 8.6 1000 4.1 8.4 4.9 3.9 6.2 7.1 6.4 7.0 6.3 7.2 0.0 6.0 8.2 5.2 3.8 7.4 1500 2.1 4.4 2.6 2.0 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.8 0.0 3.2 4.3 2.7 2.0 3.9 2000 1.3 2.7 1.6 1.2 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.3 0.0 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.2 2.4 2500 0.9 1.9 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 0.0 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.8 1.6 3000 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.0 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.2 3500 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.9 4000 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 4500 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 5000 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 6000 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 7000 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 8000 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 9000 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 10000 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc
CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION-D WIND DIRECTION SE
to NW
E to W
ENE to
WSW
ESE to
WNW
NE to SW
NNE to
SSW
NNW to
SSE
N to S
NW to SE
S to N
SSE to
NNW
SSW to
NNE
SW to NE
W to E
WNW to
ESE
WSW to
ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38
DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 200 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 300 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 0.0 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 400 6.1 8.0 6.8 6.0 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.3 0.0 7.5 8.0 7.0 5.9 7.9 500 8.4 12.6 9.6 8.1 11.0 11.8 11.3 11.8 11.2 10.6 0.0 10.9 12.5 9.9 8.0 12.0 600 9.3 15.2 10.7 8.9 12.6 13.8 13.0 13.8 12.8 12.0 0.0 12.4 15.0 11.2 8.7 14.2 700 9.3 16.1 10.8 8.9 12.9 14.3 13.4 14.3 13.2 12.3 0.0 12.8 15.8 11.4 8.7 14.8 800 8.9 16.0 10.4 8.5 12.6 14.1 13.1 14.0 12.9 11.9 0.0 12.4 15.7 11.0 8.3 14.6 900 8.3 15.3 9.8 7.9 11.9 13.4 12.4 13.4 12.2 11.2 0.0 11.7 15.1 10.3 7.8 13.9 1000 7.7 14.5 9.1 7.3 11.1 12.6 11.6 12.5 11.4 10.5 0.0 11.0 14.2 9.6 7.2 13.1 1500 5.1 10.1 6.1 4.8 7.6 8.6 7.9 8.6 7.8 7.1 0.0 7.5 9.9 6.5 4.8 9.0 2000 3.6 7.3 4.3 3.4 5.4 6.2 5.7 6.2 5.6 5.0 0.0 5.3 7.2 4.6 3.3 6.5 2500 2.7 5.5 3.2 2.5 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.2 3.8 0.0 4.0 5.4 3.4 2.5 4.9 3000 2.1 4.4 2.5 2.0 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.0 0.0 3.1 4.3 2.7 2.0 3.8 3500 1.7 3.6 2.1 1.6 2.6 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.4 0.0 2.5 3.5 2.2 1.6 3.1 4000 1.4 3.0 1.7 1.3 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 0.0 2.1 2.9 1.8 1.3 2.6 4500 1.2 2.5 1.5 1.1 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 0.0 1.8 2.5 1.5 1.1 2.2 5000 1.0 2.2 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 0.0 1.6 2.1 1.3 1.0 1.9 6000 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.0 1.2 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.5 7000 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.0 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.2 8000 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.0 9000 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.8 10000 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc
CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION-E WIND DIRECTION SE
to NW
E to W
ENE to
WSW
ESE to
WNW
NE to SW
NNE to
SSW
NNW to
SSE
N to S
NW to SE
S to N
SSE to
NNW
SSW to
NNE
SW to NE
W to E
WNW to
ESE
WSW to
ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38
DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 300 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 400 2.8 3.6 3.1 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 0.0 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.7 3.5 500 4.7 6.8 5.3 4.5 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.1 5.8 0.0 6.0 6.7 5.5 4.5 6.5 600 6.1 9.5 7.0 5.9 8.1 8.8 8.4 8.8 8.3 7.8 0.0 8.0 9.5 7.3 5.8 9.0 700 7.0 11.5 8.1 6.7 9.5 10.4 9.8 10.4 9.7 9.1 0.0 9.4 11.4 8.4 6.6 10.7 800 7.4 12.7 8.6 7.1 10.2 11.3 10.6 11.3 10.5 9.7 0.0 10.1 12.5 9.0 7.0 11.7 900 7.5 13.2 8.7 7.1 10.5 11.7 10.9 11.7 10.7 9.9 0.0 10.4 13.0 9.2 7.0 12.1 1000 7.3 13.3 8.6 7.0 10.5 11.7 10.9 11.7 10.7 9.9 0.0 10.3 13.1 9.1 6.9 12.1 1500 5.8 11.4 7.0 5.6 8.6 9.8 9.0 9.7 8.8 8.1 0.0 8.5 11.1 7.4 5.5 10.2 2000 4.5 8.9 5.3 4.2 6.6 7.6 6.9 7.6 6.8 6.2 0.0 6.5 8.7 5.7 4.2 7.9 2500 3.5 7.1 4.2 3.3 5.2 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.4 4.9 0.0 5.2 6.9 4.5 3.3 6.3 3000 2.8 5.8 3.4 2.7 4.3 4.9 4.5 4.9 4.4 4.0 0.0 4.2 5.7 3.6 2.6 5.1 3500 2.3 4.8 2.8 2.2 3.6 4.1 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.3 0.0 3.5 4.7 3.0 2.2 4.3 4000 2.0 4.1 2.4 1.9 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.1 2.8 0.0 3.0 4.0 2.6 1.9 3.6 4500 1.7 3.6 2.1 1.6 2.6 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.4 0.0 2.6 3.5 2.2 1.6 3.2 5000 1.5 3.1 1.8 1.4 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.1 0.0 2.3 3.1 1.9 1.4 2.8 6000 1.2 2.5 1.4 1.1 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 0.0 1.8 2.4 1.5 1.1 2.2 7000 1.0 2.1 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 0.0 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.9 1.8 8000 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.0 1.2 1.7 1.1 0.8 1.5 9000 0.7 1.5 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.0 1.1 1.5 0.9 0.7 1.3 10000 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.2
D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc
CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION-F
WIND DIRECTION SE to
NW
E to W
ENE to
WSW
ESE to
WNW
NE to SW
NNE to
SSW
NNW to
SSE
N to S
NW to SE
S to N
SSE to
NNW
SSW to
NNE
SW to NE
W to E
WNW to
ESE
WSW to
ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38
DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 300 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 400 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 500 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 600 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 700 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.1 800 1.6 2.1 1.8 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.5 2.1 900 2.4 3.4 2.7 2.3 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 0.0 3.0 3.4 2.8 2.3 3.3 1000 3.1 4.8 3.5 3.0 4.1 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.2 3.9 0.0 4.0 4.7 3.7 2.9 4.5 1500 5.0 8.9 5.9 4.8 7.1 7.9 7.4 7.9 7.2 6.7 0.0 7.0 8.8 6.2 4.7 8.2 2000 5.0 9.3 5.9 4.7 7.2 8.1 7.5 8.1 7.4 6.8 0.0 7.1 9.2 6.2 4.7 8.4 2500 4.5 8.7 5.4 4.3 6.6 7.5 6.9 7.5 6.8 6.2 0.0 6.5 8.5 5.7 4.2 7.8 3000 4.0 7.8 4.8 3.8 5.9 6.7 6.2 6.7 6.1 5.5 0.0 5.8 7.7 5.0 3.7 7.0 3500 3.5 7.0 4.2 3.4 5.3 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.4 4.9 0.0 5.2 6.9 4.5 3.3 6.2 4000 3.1 6.3 3.8 3.0 4.7 5.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.4 0.0 4.6 6.2 4.0 2.9 5.6 4500 2.8 5.7 3.4 2.7 4.2 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.0 0.0 4.2 5.6 3.6 2.6 5.1 5000 2.6 5.2 3.1 2.4 3.8 4.4 4.0 4.4 3.9 3.6 0.0 3.8 5.1 3.3 2.4 4.6 6000 2.1 4.4 2.6 2.0 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.0 0.0 3.2 4.3 2.7 2.0 3.8 7000 1.8 3.7 2.2 1.7 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.6 0.0 2.7 3.7 2.3 1.7 3.3 8000 1.6 3.3 1.9 1.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.2 0.0 2.3 3.2 2.0 1.5 2.9 9000 1.4 2.9 1.7 1.3 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.0 0.0 2.1 2.8 1.8 1.3 2.5 10000 1.2 2.6 1.5 1.2 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.8 0.0 1.9 2.5 1.6 1.2 2.3
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
57
Fugitive Emissions : The unit will install air pollution control equipments to control particulate matter emissions. Fugitive emissions from the proposed plant would be significant as there will be air pollution due to activities like raw materials handling, crushing, transfer points of materials, packing of product and movement of vehicles. The raw materials will be transported in covered trucks; hence fugitive dust is not envisaged. The suctions of bag filter will be provided at all transfer points, silo top, packing section and at the crusher. Hence, the impact due to fugitive emissions would be insignificant. The proposed greenbelt and regular water sprinkling will further reduce fugitive emissions. 6.2.2 Impact on Soil Dust generated by the cement manufacturing plant consists primarily of alkaline particulates from the raw and finished material. Accumulation of alkaline dust in soil may decrease microbial biomass. Dust collected from air pollution control equipment will be 100% recycled in process. Hence, the proposed activities will not likely to have any significant adverse impact on the soil environment. 6.2.3 Impact on Noise levels The proposed industrial operations will generate noise in the premises and noise levels in the immediate surrounding will be slightly increased. The industry will develop green belt around the plant. Adequate protective measures in the form of ear plugs will be provided to the workers working in high noise areas.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
58
6.2.4 Impact on Ecology
Checklist for the evaluation of Eco-sensitivity of the study area and Prediction of Biological Stress with in the impact zone of the proposed project
Biological Criteria
1
Phase
2
Assessment of Significance of criteria based on Magnitude, Prevalence, frequency, Risk, and mitigation of the impact due to the project activity
3
Degree of impact envisaged
4
Mitigatory measures
5 State of terrestrial vegetation in the impact zone of 10km radius
Topography of the region was characterized by mainly agricultural fields. Tree cover was also very less and restricted to road side plantation and at the boundary of the agriculture fields .No natural forest area was observed in the core zone and in the buffer zone ,
No impact
State of terrestrial vegetation at Project site
. Project site is located closer to the High way in the outskirt of Kansari village The project site is almost barren with out any tree cover , few shrubs were observed in the project site which were dominated by Cassia auriculata and , Prosopis juliflora.
No impact
Construction phase
Not much vegetation , especially trees in the project site, hence not much disturbances to the existing vegetation.
No impact Vegetation destroyed or disturbed due to the project activity (deforestation, tree cutting, shrinkage of habitat)
Operation phase
Not much impact is envisaged on the terrestrial vegetation due to the proposed project, Clinker grinding Units. . Whatever impact generated due to the project will be due to the dust emission and it will be localized and can be maintained by the development of proper green belt in the factory premises
Localized negative impact
Proper green belt should be developed in the premises to reduce the impact of dust generated
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
59
Construction phase
No animal community in the project premises No impact Animal behavior disturbed due to the project activity
Operation phase
No animal community in the project premises No impact
Wild life importance
The Gir WLS is located far away from the project site. Even though certain scattered incident of Cattle killing by Lions, which were straying out from the protected area of Gir WLS were reported in Ambada and Ugala villages located in the boundary of the study area
As the project site is located far away from the GIR WLS , no impact due to the proposed project on Wild life is envisaged
Floral endemicity
From the data generated for the floral diversity of this region, Hyphaene dichotoma is an endemic plant observed in this region
No impact
Faunal endemicity No endemic fauna was sighted No impact Endangered fauna No endangered fauna in the core zone. Certain incident of
Lions straying out from GIR WLS was reported from the villages; Ambada and Ugala in the buffer zone of the project site
As the project site is located far away from the GIR WLS , no impact due to the proposed project on Wild life is envisaged
Endangered flora No endangered flora No impact
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
60
1 2 3 4 5
Significant habitats in the study area critical to the conservation of threatened and endangered species
No habitats critical for the conservation of threatened and endangered species
Breeding ground of migratory and residential birds
No breeding ground No impact
Direct of indirect impact on the avian fauna
No impact is envisaged No impact
Legal status (National park, Wild life sanctuary, Reserve forest)
The existing Protected areas Gir WLS is located far away from the 10 km boundary from the project site. No significant impact due to the proposed project is envisaged on this protected area and its occupants.
No impact
Agricultural lands
The dominant landscape of the study area is agricultural lands. But no agricultural land located in a close proximity to factory premises. As the proposed project is only the Clinker Grinding units not much impact is envisaged on the agricultural crops. More over the properly developed green belts in and around the project sites will remove the limited emission in the ambient before it reach the agriculture fields.
No impact
Proper green belt has to be developed
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
61
6.2.5 Impact on Water Environment Construction Phase : The unit has got the permission for ground water withdrawal from Central Ground Water Authority. The copy of the same is as enclosed. During construction phase groundwater will be used. In the region groundwater is adequate hence tapping of ground water for construction will not have any impact on ground water resources. Operation Phase : During operation phase maximum water requirement will be 30 cu.m/day. The ground water will be used during operation phase. The unit is proposing to develop rain water harvesting systems at project site area to recharge ground water. Hence during operation phase, withdrawal of groundwater will not have nay impact on groundwater resources. Wastewater will not generate from the proposed unit and there will no impact on groundwater and any other water environment with in study area. 6.2.5 Impact on Existing Landuse Pattern : Within the project area, relatively large land areas are devoted for Agriculture purpose. The nearest village is around 1.24 km in North direction. The proposed project is mini cement plant and the acquired land is non agriculture of area 26305 sq.m. The project will not alter the general land use characteristics in the project area and does not affect the land use pattern.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
62
7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The industry will take adequate pollution control measures to abate the pollution due to the proposed production activities.
7.1 Air Pollution Control Management
Air pollution control equipments will be installed to control dust emissions.
Raw materials loading and unloading will be done in the covered area.
Raw materials will be stored in the covered structure. All the conveyors will be provided with conveyer cover. The automatic bagging machine will be installed for packing.
The sprinkling of water will be done along the internal roads in the plant in order to control the dust.
All the workers working inside the plant will be provided with disposable dust masks.
Green belt will be developed around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.
Bag filter will be cleaned regularly. Maintenance of air pollution control equipments will be done regularly.
Dust removal efficiency of air pollution control equipments will be checked regularly.
The stacks of adequate height will be attached to the air pollution control equipments to disperse the air pollutant to the satisfactory levels. The vent will be regularly monitored for SPM.
7.2 Noise Control Management
The greenbelt proposed around the boundary of the plan will attenuate the noise emitted by the various sources in the plant.
The rotating machinery will be lubricated and provided with enclosures as far as possible to reduce noise transmission.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
63
Earplugs will be provided for the personnel working close to the noise generating units as a part of the safety policy.
7.3 Water Harvesting System In scientific terms, water harvesting refers to collection and storage of rainwater and also other activities aimed at harvesting surface and groundwater, prevention of losses through evaporation and seepage and all other hydrological studies and engineering interventions, aimed at conservation and efficient utilization of the limited water endowment of physiographic unit such as a watershed. In general, water harvesting is the activity of direct collection of rainwater. The rainwater at the site will be harvested for direct use (rooftop harvesting system) in the industry and groundwater recharge as well. The details are as below : Rooftop Harvesting System: The total area of catchment is around 8348 sq.m. The rainwater from the catchment areas will flow in drains and finally collected in the storage tank. The flush valve will be installed before storage tank to flush out first spell of rain. Calculation of Maximum Rainfall that can be Harvested : Total Area of Catchment : 8348 sq.m Average annual rainfall : 1.0 m Runoff coefficient : 0.85 Annual water harvesting potential : 8348 x 1.0 x 0.85 : 7096 cu.m The industry will construct the tank of 50 cu.m volume to collect the harvested rain water. The unit will construct a borewell to recharge the rooftop runoff. Rainwater collected on the rooftop of the building will be diverted by drainpipes to
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
64
a settlement or filtration tank, from which it will flow into the recharge well. 7.4 Greenbelt Development Plan: The location of the industry is in Junagadh district in north Saurashtra of Gujarat State. The industry will develop such trees which can grow at the site and can tolerate the cement dust. The industry will develop Green Belt in the 7600 sq.m area. The proposed greenbelt area is as shown in the Layout plan. Greenbelts are an effective mode of control of air pollution, where green plants form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants and forming a sink of pollutants. Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, sorbs pollutants on their surface, thus effectively reduce pollutant concentration in the ambient air. Often the adsorbed pollutants are incorporated in the metabolic pathway and the air is purified. Plants grown to function as pollution sink are collectively referred as greenbelts. An important aspect of a greenbelt is that the plants are living organism with their varied tolerance limit towards the air pollutants. A green belt is effective as a pollutant sink only within the tolerance limit of constituent plants. Planting few, known pollutant sensitive species along with the tolerant species within a green belt however, do carry out an important function of indicator species Apart from function as pollution sink, greenbelt would provide other benefit like aesthetic improvement of the area and providing suitable habitats for birds and animals. Sensitive and tolerant plant species to Cement dust: CPCB, (March, 2000) compiled the earlier conducted research reports on the tolerant and sensitive species with reference to cement dust. The documented sensitive plants to the cement dust is given in the Table 7.1 , and Tolerant species to cement dust is given in the Table 7.2- 7.4.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
65
Table 7.1 : Sensitive Plants to Cement dust Plants species References
Zea mays Sree Rangaswamy, et.al., (1973)
Syzygium cumini Jarif et.al., (1979) Triticum aestivum Singh and Rao ( 1980,a) Calotropis procera Yusaf and Vyas, (1982) Cassia fistula “ Dalbergia sissoo “ Withania somnifera “ Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000,
Table 7.2 : Tolerant species- Poor Dust collector Plants species
References
Erythrina indica
Shety and Chaphekar (1980
Cassia fistula Das et al. ( 1981 Poinciana regia
Das et al. ( 1981
Sesbania sp. Das et al. ( 1981 Azadirachta indica
Pandey and Mishra (1974)
Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000,
Table 7.3 : Tolerant species- Dust collector Plants species References
Mangifera indica Shety and Chaphekar (1980) Das et al. ( 1981)
Thespesia populnea
Shety and Chaphekar (1980
Polylathia longifolia
Das et al. ( 1981)
Ficus bengalensis
Das et al. ( 1981)
Ficus infectoria Das et al. ( 1981) Ficus religiosa Das et al. ( 1981) Tectona grandis Das et al. ( 1981) Shorea robusta Das et al. ( 1981) Terminalia Das et al. ( 1981)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
66
arjuna Nerium indicum Das et al. ( 1981) Thevetia neriifolia
Das et al. ( 1981)
Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000,
Table 7.4 : Tolerant species –Best Dust collector Plants species References
Pithecellobium dulce
Rao (1971)
Argyrea speciosa Rao (1971) Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000, Selection of plants for Green Belts : The main limitation for plants to function as scavenger of pollutants are, plant’s interaction to air pollutants, sensitivity to pollutants, climatic conditions and soil characteristics. While making choice of plants species for cultivation in green belts, due consideration has to be given to the natural factor of bio- climate. Xerophytes plants are not necessarily good for greenbelts; they with their sunken stomata can withstand pollution by avoidance but are poor absorber of pollutants. Character of plants mainly considered for affecting absorption of pollutant gases and removal of dust particle are as follows. For absorption of Gases:
1) Tolerance towards pollutants in question , at concentration , that are not too high to be instantaneously lethal
2) Longer duration of foliage 3) Freely exposed foliage 4) Adequate height of crown 5) Openness of foliage in canopy 6) Big leaves( long and broad laminar surface) 7) Large number of stomatal apertures
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
67
For Removal of Suspended Particular matter
1. Height and spread of crown. 2. Leaves supported on firm petiole 3. Abundance of surface on bark and foliage 4. Roughness of bark 5. Abundance of axillary hairs 6. Hairs or scales on laminar surface 7. Protected Stomata
Plantation along road sides: Automobiles are the source of pollution of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Component of green belt on road side hence should be with both absorbers of gases as well as of dust particles. The choice of plants for road side should include shrubs of height 1 to 1.5 meter and trees of 3-5 meter height. Medium sized trees, alternating with shrubs are ideal for sorption of particulates and gases.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
68
Table 7.5 : Recommended Plant Species for Green Belt Development Plant species
Habit Tolerance limit
Stomatal index
Mode of Regeneration
Acacia auriculiformis
Tree Tolerant 10.9 Seeds
Acacia catechu tree 8.24 seeds Acacia leucocephala ( Hari baval)
Shrub T 12.01 seeds
Ailanthus excelsa
tree T 13.01 Seeds, shoot, root cuttings
Albizia lebbeck
Tree T 19.72 Seeds
Albizia procera
tree T 20.21 seeds
Alstonia scholaris ( Devil- tree)
Tree T 15.23 Seeds
Annona squamosa (Seetaphal)
Small tree
T 26.19 Seeds, Grafting
Anogeissus latifolia (Dhavdo)
Tree T 18.72 Seeds
Azadirachta indica
Tree T 29.2 Seeds
Bauhinia purpurea
Tree T 23.58 Seeds
Bauhinia racemosa (Aasundro)
Small tree
T 25.68 seeds
Bougainvillea spectabilis
Shrub T 32.53 Cutting
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (White gold mohur)
Tree T 29.09 Seeds and Cuttings
Calotropis gigantea
Shrub T 9.93 Seeds
Calotropis procera
Shrub T 10.32 Seeds
Cassia fistula Tree T 20.4 Seeds and suckers
Cassia siamea Tree T 21.2 Seeds Cordia dichotoma
Tree T N.A Seeds/ stem cuttings
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
69
(Gunda) Delonix regia ( Gulmohur)
Tree Sensitive 14.38 Seeds /stem cutting
Emblica officinalis( Amli)
Tree T 11.62 Seeds /stem cutting
Euphorbia tirucalli
Shrib T NA Cuttings
Ficus bengalensis (Vad)
Tree T 21.72 Seeds /stem cutting
Ficus hispida Tree T 17.21 Seeds /stem cutting
Ficus religiosa (papal)
Tree T 18.70 Seeds /stem cutting
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Small tree
T 23.32 stem cutting
Ixora arborea Small tree
T 17.3 stem cutting
Ixora rosea Small tree
T 20.30 Stem cutting
Jatropha curcas
Shrub T NA
Lantana camara
Shrub T 12.13 Seeds /stem cutting
Lawsonia inermis (Mendi)
Shrub T 17.0 Seeds /stem cutting
Mangifera indica ( Am)
Tree T 30.77 Seeds/ grafting/ budding/
Manilkara zapota (Chikoo)
Tree T 25.78 Grafting
Melia azadirachta
Tree T Seeds /stem cutting
Nerium indicum
Shrub T 15.7 Cutting
Peltophorum pterocarpum
Tree T 16.68 Seeds
Polylathia longifolia
Tree T 22.27 Seeds
Sesbania sesban (
Shrub T 19.2 Seeds
Tamarindus indica
Tree T 18.4 Seeds
Tectona grandis
Tree T 23.48 Seeds
Terminalia alata Tree T NA Seeds /stem cutting
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
70
Thespesia populnea
Tree T 29.81 Seeds /stem cutting
Thevetia peruviana
Shrub T 27.8 Seeds /stem cutting
Zizyphus mauritiana (Bordi)
Tree T 12.4 Seeds /stem cutting
T: Tolerant, NA =Not available Highlighted species are most suitable for this locality, considering its terrain and other existing vegetative cover in the study area Sources: CPCB (March ,2000) PROBES/75/1999-2000 7.5 Solid Wastes Management : Dust collected from air pollution control equipment will be 100% recycled in the process. Other solid wastes will be used/spent oil and discarded drums and bags. The sources of solid wastes, generation and its management are as given in the following table.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
71
Table 7.6 : Details of Hazardous Wastes Generation & its Management
Waste Management details Sr. No.
Type of Hazardous waste
Source Category as per Haz.
Waste Rules, 2003
Quantity, MT/ month
Physical form
Collection Storage Reuse/ Recycle
Disposal
1 Used/spent Oil
Prime Movers
5.1 500
lit/month Liquid
HDPE Drums
Wastes Storage
area
Reuse in plant for lubrication
Selling to authorised recyclers
2 Discarded Drums
Storages 33.3 200
nos./year Solid -
Wastes storage
area -
Returned to raw materials suppliers
3 Discarded Bags
Storages 33.3 10,000
nos./year Solid Bags
Wastes Storage
area -
Returned to raw materials suppliers
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
72
7.6 Cleaner Production : The unit will take following steps to implement the cleaner production in the proposed plant.
1. The proposed unit will install air pollution control equipments to control dust emissions. The collected dust will be 100 % recycled.
2. The proposed unit will implement good housekeeping. 3. Water harvesting systems will be set up at the plant. 4. Maintenance of air pollution control equipments will be
done regularly. 5. Efficiency of air pollution control equipments will be
checked regularly. 6. Green Belt will be developed in the industrial premise.
The unit will procure Fly Ash and Gypsum from companies where it is generated as a waste. Hazardous Waste Co – incineration : The unit will use high calorific substances such as Rubber waste/dust, Shredded tyre chips/scraps and used oil. 7.7 Socio-economic Development Activities : The industry is committed to support socio-economic development activities in surrounding villages under the study area. The unit will support water and soil conservation activities in these areas by providing cement from company at no profit no loss basis for check dam construction and other relevant activities. Another major activity will be environment education in school children and youth of the surrounding villages. Under this, the industry will held seminars, workshops, essay writing competition, exposure trips, film show etc.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
73
8. SAFETY MEASURES The raw materials silica, gypsum, lime stone, coke breeze, clinker and product cement will be handled in the proposed unit. 8.1 Hazard Identification : Potential Health Effects : Eye Contact : Airborn dust may cause immediate or delayed irritation or inflammation. Eye contact with large amounts of clinker dust and dry cement powder can cause moderate eye irritation, chemical burns and blindness. Eye contact with large amounts of gypsum can cause moderate eye irritation, redness, and abrasions. Eye exposures require immediate first aid and medical attention to prevent significant damage to the eye. Skin Contact : Dust of clinker, gypsum and cement may cause dry skin, discomfort, irritation, severe burns and dermatitis. Clinker dust and cement dust are capable of causing dermatitis by irritation. Skin affected by dermatitis may include symptoms such as, redness, itching, rash, scaling and cracking. Irritant dermatitis is caused by the physical properties of clinker dust including alkalinity and abrasion. Inhalation (Acute) : Breathing dust may cause nose, throat or lung irritation, including choking, depending on the degree of exposure. Inhalation of high levels of dust can cause chemical burns to the nose, throat and lungs. Inhalation (Chronic) : Risk of injury depends on duration and level of exposure. This product contains crystalline silica. Prolonged or repeated
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
74
inhalation of respirable crystalline silica from this product can cause silicosis, a seriously disabling and fatal lung disease. Some studies show that exposure to respirable crystalline silica (without silicosis) or that the disease silicosis may be associated with the increased incidence of several autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma (thickening of the skin), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and diseases affecting the kidneys. Silicosis increases the risk of tuberculosis. Ingestion : Internal discomfort or ill effects are possible if large quantities are swallowed. 8.2 Exposure Limits : The exposure limits for Portland cement, gypsum, crystalline silica and calcium carbonate are as given in the following table. Table 8.1 Exposure Limits Sr.No. Chemicals ACGIH TLV-TWA
(mg/m3) 1 Portland Cement 10 mg total dust/m3 2 Calcium Sulfate dehydrate
(gypsum) 10 mg total dust/m3
3 Crystalline Silica 0.05 mg respirable quartz/m3
4 Calcium carbonate 10 mg total dust/m3 8.3 First Aid Measures Eye Contact : Rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, including under lids, to remove all particles. Seek medical attention for abrasions and burns.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
75
Skin Contact : Wash with cool water and a pH neutral soap or a milk skin detergent. Seek medical attention for rash, burns, irritation, and dermatitis. Inhalation : Move person to fresh air. Seek medical attention for discomfort or if coughing or other symptoms. Ingestion : Do not induce vomiting. If conscious, have person drink plenty of water. Seek medical attention. 8.4 Exposure Controls and Personal Protection Exposure Controls :
Control of dust through implementation of good housekeeping and maintenance;
The bag filters will be installed to control dust emission. Use of PPE, as appropriate (e.g. masks and respirators) Use of mobile vacuum cleaning systems to prevent dust buildup on paved areas;
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) :
Respiratory Protection : When the dust level is beyond exposure limits or when dust causes irritation or discomfort use Respirator
Eye Protection : Wear Safety goggles to avoid dust contact with the eyes. Contact lenses should not be worn when handling the materials.
Skin Protection : Wear impervious abrasion and alkali resistant gloves, boots, long sleeved shirt, long pants or other protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
76
8.5 Other Safety Measures
Safety training to the workers will be given. PPE will be provided to the workers. The maintenance and cleaning of bag filters will be carried out regularly.
The dust removal efficiency of bag filters will be check regularly.
Work place environment monitoring will be carried out regularly and records will be maintained as per Form No. 37 of GFR. The monitoring of cement dust and silica in the work place will be carried out.
Good house keeping will be implemented in the plant. First aid box will be provided. The industry will provide adequate lighting facility inside the plant premises.
General dilution ventilation will be provided to control dust levels below applicable exposure limits.
Fire extinguishers will be provided to withstand the fire or explosion condition.
Pre-employment and periodical medical examination of workers will be done by government approved medical practitioners and the details will be recorded as per the Form no. 32 of Gujarat Factory Regulations.
The industry will prepare on-site emergency plan. In case any emergency, arrangement of ambulance van will be done from Junagadh.
Two main gates will be provided for entry and exit of the workers.
Work place environment monitoring for cement dust and silica will be carried out as per the Gujarat Factories Rules.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
77
9. RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES : 9.1 Classification of the Hazards in the Cement Industry The hazards in the proposed cement plant can be classified as under : A. Routine and general hazards such as:
• Safe behavior • Environment, work and passage areas • Work equipment • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Manual load handling
B. Special hazards during the cement production phases such as:
• Crushing • Clinker production • Milling processes at raw mill, cement mill • Material transport • Storage • Loading and delivery of final products • Fuel storage activities • Use of hazardous material • Generating units
C. Special hazards as a result of the work environment:
• Dust • Noise • Fire • Emergency response
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
78
9.2 Hazards, Risk and Safety Measures 9.2.1 Storage and Material Transportation Systems A. Hazards and Protection Measures : The main hazards during the transportation and storing of material are:
The airborne dust created during the storage of material The conveyor belts during their normal operation as well as during their maintenance
In order to reduce the risk from airborne dust:
To use dust suction systems To implement the necessary procedures for the routine cleaning of the settled dust
In material transport systems there are moving parts that are a constant source of hazard for any person working near these conveyors during normal operation or during the maintenance activities. For the safe operation of material transportation systems all the necessary guards are applied to isolate the moving parts. Additionally where personnel is working at a short distance from the guards, emergency stops are provided within short distance of these operators. During the normal operation of the transportation systems:
The removal of guards by unauthorized personnel must be prevented.
Any maintenance work during the operation of the transportation systems must be avoided.
Removing material during the operation of the conveyors must be avoided.
The cleaning of overflows during operation must be avoided unless the cleaning is done by the conveyor operative.
The use of unauthorized passageways either over or under the transportation systems must be avoided
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
79
because there is the risk of personnel getting trapped by the conveyor or overflowing material can fall from height.
The overhead bridges must be clean in order to minimize the possibility of the tripping and falling of the personnel performing the checks on the conveyor belts.
Any intervention on the conveyor belt overload systems must be done by authorized personnel.
During the maintenance activities of the material conveyor belts it is necessary:
For the transportation systems to be secured so that accidental start ups are eliminated.
To check that all guards have been put in place prior to commissioning and
To check that the maintenance work is completed and that all maintenance personnel have left the vicinity of the equipment.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
80
B. Risk assessment and Safety Measures :
(1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5) Specific
Hazard Area Hazard
Description Person Harm Safety
measures Material storage and material transportation systems 1 Airborne dust Airborne dust in
the storage area Operatives Breathing
problems PPEs, Dust suction systems
2 Conveyor moving parts
Contact with moving parts, the risk of entrapment
Operatives Serious injury
Guarding,
3 Cleaning of overflows
Contact with moving parts, the risk of entrapment
Operatives Serious injury
Side guarding,
4 Use of unauthorised passages
Use of unauthorised passages. Travelling over and under of the transportation system
Operatives Serious injury , death
Restricted entry. Use of appropriate safety signage
5 Maintenance during operation
Risk when carried out by unauthorised personnel
Operatives, technicians
Serious injury , death
Use of authorised personnel. Supervision
6 Motor overloading systems
Unauthorised tampering
Operatives, technicians
Serious injury , death
Use of authorised personnel. Supervision
7 Supervision platforms
Unclean platforms can cause staggering and falls
Operatives, technicians
Fall from height, Serious injury , death
Implementation of the dust cleaning schedule
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
81
9.2.2 Crushing A. Hazards in crushing operations The hazards in the Crushing sections focus on:
The rotational movement and the movement of the parts of the crusher.
The exposure to noise and dust of the personnel responsible for the continuous control of the crusher.
The maintenance activities of crushing machinery The electrical problems The activities inside the hopper due to:
o The operation of the feeder o The possible crushing of material o The approach of heavy goods vehicles for
unloading material
The movement of heavy goods vehicles:
o Reversing of the vehicle into the hopper o Accident on personnel
The inappropriate loading of material onto the heavy goods vehicles with the result that material is hurled from the vehicle as the material is transported.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
82
B. Risk assessment and Safety Measures :
(1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5) Specific
Hazard Area Hazard
Description Person Harm Safety
measures Crusher 1 Crusher
moving parts The moving parts of the crusher to come into contact with people
Operators, Maintenance technicians
Serious injury, Death
Use of Guards. Use of securing procedures so that all personnel is removed from the area
2 Electricity During the maintenance of the electrical parts there is a hazard from the electric cables
Maintenance technicians
Serious injury, Death
Authorized personnel
3 Exposure to Noise
During the operation of the crushers
Operators Gradual hearing impairment
Use of PPE
4 Maintenance While machinery is in operation
Necessary interaction with the machinery Authorized personnel
Maintenance technicians
Serious injury, Death
Authorized personnel
5 Inappropriate loading of material on heavy vehicle
Inappropriate loading can cause the shifting of the load with the result that rocks and material is flung in the area of the hopper
Operators Serious injury, Death
Training of Personnel. Construction of a Control room made from concrete to withstand possible crushing
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
83
6 Movement of heavy goods vehicles
The vehicle can hit an operative while reversing or making him fall in the hopper
Operators Serious injury, Death
Guards at the back of the vehicle. Training of personnel
7 Excessive dust
During unloading dust is flung in the air
Operators Breathing problems
Use of PPE
8 Work inside the hopper
Necessary work in the hopper for the purpose of unblocking the mouth of the hopper
Operators Serious injury
Training of Personnel. Presence of an Observer, Check the stability of rocks inside the hopper. Adequate light
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
84
9.2.3 Milling Processes (Raw Mill and Cement Mill) A. Hazards and protection measures in milling operations The main hazards during normal operation of the mills mainly concern:
The movement parts of machinery The falling of material from height in case the protection ducting is blocked
The hurling of mill parts The exposure to noise The exposure to dust
For the safe operation of the mills all the necessary guards must be in place in order to isolate the mechanical movement from contact with the operators. Additionally where operatives need to be near moving parts of machinery the necessary emergency buttons must exist in case there is a need for to stop the machinery. For the purpose of supervising the mills the operators have to walk on specific platforms equipped with protective railing so that falls from height are prevented. Due to the excess kinetic energy of material as it rotates and the continuous pounding of the material inside the mill there is a serious hazard from the frequent hurling of mill nuts. In order to minimize the risk of accidents it is necessary to wear the appropriate helmet as well as the periodic tightening of the of the nuts. Within the milling area and the blowers homogenizing area – storage, the employees are exposed to noise and dust. The sound level must be assessed and if in doubt it must be measured. The resulting corrective action first of all must involve the reduction of noise at source, then the isolation of noise and if then this is not possible to use the necessary and appropriate PPEs. Due to the nature of work there is risk of dust being released to the atmosphere and if the dust stays airborne for a long time it creates short and long term breathing problems to the employees. A dust collection system must be used and employees must use the appropriate PPEs.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
85
Maintenance Activities : The maintenance activities in the inside of the mills include:
The maintenance of mill linings The replacement of the milling balls
As a result of the above activities a number of serious hazards are created for the workers at least as follows:
Falls from height (from the mill platforms) Hurling of metallic fragments from the mills’ shell Work in confined spaces with insufficient ventilation Exposure to dust Exposure to High temperatures
Due to the nature of the hazards involved such high risk operations must necessarily be planned so that all the following preventive measures are adhered to:
Securing of the plant in a place where there is easy access of the maintenance technician into the mill.
The maintenance activity must be conducted by authorised personnel.
The work must be carried out under continuous supervision.
Adherence to documented operating preventive procedures.
Assure the necessary ventilation of the work space. Assure the reduction of temperature prior to access to the space.
The use of the appropriate PPEs that must include:
o Special helmet equipped with eye protector o Safety belt connected to a tying rope o Special work ware and foot ware able to withstand
thermal load o Heat retarding gloves o Special mask equipped with ventilating fun or
connected to a central ventilation system o Portable torchlight
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
86
B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures
(1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5) Specific
Hazard Area Hazard
Description Person Harm Safety
measures Risk Assessment in milling operations – Raw material and cement mills 1 Airborne dust Airborne dust in
the milling area Operators Breathing
problems PPEs, Dust suction systems
2 Mechanical moving parts of mills
Contact with moving parts
Operators Serious injury
Proper guarding, PPEs.
3 Falling material
During transportation there a risk from falling material
Operators Serious injury
Proper guarding, PPEs.
4 Operators falling from height
Operatives falling from height by not using approved passageways
Operators , Maintenance Technicians
Serious injury , Death
Proper guarding, Safety signage PPEs.
5 Maintenance/ cleaning activity on operating machinery
Increased risk if carried out by unauthorised personnel
Operators , Maintenance Technicians
Serious injury , Death
Proper guarding, PPEs, Supervised work
6 Exposed to excessive noise levels
Exposed to excessive noise levels in the milling areas due to the crushing of material inside the mill and due to the operation of the homogenisation blowers
Operators , Maintenance Technicians
Gradual hearing impairment
Minimise noise at source or isolate noise. PPEs. Secure the doors of the homogenization rooms
7 Work in confined spaces
Work in confined spaces during the repair of the mill inner walls or the replacement of the milling balls
Operators , Maintenance Technicians
Serious injury , Death
PPEs, Supervised work
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
87
8 Back firing Hot gases returning back due to insufficient respiration of the furnace
Operators , Maintenance Technicians
Serious injury from burns, Death
Use of an automatic fuel interruption system (fusible link)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
88
9.2.4 Kilns Operation : A. Hazards and protection measures The main hazards are focused on the following :
Contact with superheated material Exposure to heat Exposure to noise Fall from height Mechanical hazards
During the maintenance in the kiln, the hazard will be as under :
Falling of material Insufficient ventilation Working in a confined space Thermal load Saturation of space with dust Moving part of transport machinery Use of high pressure pumps
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
89
B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures
(1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5) Specific
Hazard Area
Hazard Description
Person Harm Safety measures
Clinker production 1 Falling of
operatives Falling of operatives during gaining access inside the furnace
Technicians Serious injury, death
PPEs, Checked lifting devices
2 Work in confined spaces
Work in confined spaces inside the furnace and the preheater
Technicians Serious injury, death
PPEs, Supervision
3 Airborne dust
Airborne dust inside the clinker furnace, the preheater and the cooler
Technicians Breathing problems
PPEs, Dust suction system Ventilation system
4 Falling of material
Falling of material Technicians Serious injury
PPEs, Supervision
5 Falling of the inner lining
Falling of the inner lining
Technicians Serious injury
PPEs, Supervision
6 Use of manual work equipment
Use of manual work equipment
Technicians Serious injury
PPEs, Supervision
7 Exposure to noise
Exposure to noise in the furnace area
Operators Technicians
Gradual hearing impairment
PPEs
8 Use of high pressure equipment
Use of the high pressure water pump to clean the linings (WOMA)
Operators Technicians
Serious injury
Maintenance and check of the high pressure line. Use of PPEs
9 Exposure to thermal load
Exposure to thermal load in the clinker furnace area
Operators Technicians
Thermal stress
PPEs, Supervision
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
90
9.2.5 Silo Cleaning Operations A. Hazards and Preventive Safety Measures Hazards : The internal cleaning of silos is high risk and relatively frequent operation in the cement industry and for this reason all necessary preventive measures must be taken. The cleaning of the silo takes place whenever there is a problem in the extraction of material due to the blocking of the outlets from solidified material. In addition this happens when there is a problem with the ventilators and a result there is insufficient ventilation or homogenization of the material in the Blending Sib. The main hazards are focused in the following:
Work in confined spaces Falling of personnel from the working platform Falling of material Exposure to dust Use of lifting equipment
Preventive Safety Measures : For such a high risk operation there must be a responsible supervisor for the silo cleaning. He is responsible to ensure that the following steps are followed:
Firstly he must notify the silo operatives about the impending cleaning and to make sure that the feeding of material to the silo is stopped. This is done by decommissioning the relevant electrical motors, closing the silo inlet valves and by placing blind flanges for additional safety.
Before the start of any cleaning activity the silo must be inspected from above using Portable torch light which is lowered gradually downwards in order to observe:
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
91
o If there are conglomerated masses of material on the silo walls and at what height
o The quantity and distribution of material o To identify whether the level of material is over or
under the silo side door
Afterwards the cleaning of the walls from above is carried out
The next step is to open carefully the side door. The door and the area around the door is cleaned using a dust suction system and with the use of aluminium piping with the operatives staying out side the silo.
Once the supervisor has inspected and made sure that he has seen the bottom of the silo near the door and that no material masses are hang from the silo walls, then he gives the necessary instructions to start the Filter funs.
All personnel entering the silo must be equipped with the following:
o Dust mask due to the small size of dust particles
inside the silo o Safety shoes o Safety glasses o Helmet o Safety belt and harness connected to an
appropriate rope leading outside of the silo. There must be at least two operatives outside the silo who in case of emergency will pool out the operative inside the silo. The supervisor is always nearby throughout the cleaning activity
The cleaning of the silo is done either manually or using the suction system. In both cases the cleaning is done peripherally in a downward spiral direction using the work platform
The operator inside the silo must pay constant attention to the fact that he must step only on the clean bottom surface
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
92
If the cleaning operation takes more than one day then it is the responsibility of the supervisor to inform daily the silo operators about the start and finish times.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
93
B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measure (1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5)
Specific Hazard Area
Hazard Descripti
on
Person Harm Safety measures
Cleaning of storage silos 1 Falling of
personnel Falling of operatives during accessing the work area or when using the lifting platform
Operators/ cleaners
Serious injury, death
PPEs, Approved and tested lifting device (platform)
2 Work in confined spaces
Work in confined spaces inside the silo
Operators/ cleaners
Serious injury, death
PPEs,, Supervision
3 Airborne dust
Airborne dust inside the silo
Operators/ cleaners
Breathing problems
PPEs, Dust suction system
4 Falling of material
Falling of material during the cleaning of the silo walls
Operators/ cleaners
Serious injury
PPEs. Cleaning from top to bottom
5 Falling of material
Falling of material during the cleaning of the silo walls due to Insufficient securing of the safety devices
Operators/ cleaners
Serious injury
PPEs, Approved and tested lifting device (platform)
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
94
6 Use of hand held work equipment
Use of hand held work equipment during the cleaning operation
Operators/ cleaners
Serious injury
PPEs
7 Exposure to noise
Inside the silo due to the use of the work equipment
Operators/cleaners
Gradual hearing impairment
PPEs
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
95
9.2.6 Operation and Maintenance of Bagfilters In the cement industry filters used for the collection of the dust produced are the bag filters. A. Hazards and Protection Measures During the normal operation the main hazards associated with filters are:
Falling of material on operatives due to blockage of the transportation system
Operatives falling from height Exposure to dust Explosion due to the existence of increased concentration of CO in the case of coal dust
The main protective measures are:
Never remove all the necessary safety devises such as barriers, guards, security of access doors etc.
The use of authorized personnel To follow the special operating instructions given for a particular type of work
To with the safety instruction available at the work place To use the appropriate PPEs assigned to each operative
Hazards and Protection Measures during Filter Maintenance : During the maintenance activities of the filter the following additional risks must be added such as:
Dusty environment Accumulated material Insufficient ventilation High temperature Staggering and falling of operators
The main preventive measures necessary include:
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
96
The removal all the accumulated material from the filter prior to entry
The cleaning of the filter in a well ventilated environment
The interruption of the compressed air supply (bag filters)
The isolation of the mechanical movement of the filter as well as the material transportation system
The use the appropriate PPEs.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
97
B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures (1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5)
Specific Hazard Area
Hazard Description
Person Harm Safety measures
Filter Plant 1 Falling of
material Falling of material on operatives
Operatives Serious injury
Guarding, Barriers, and other collective safety measures.
2 Falling of operatives from height
Falling of operatives from height during maintenance and operation
Operatives, Technicians
Serious injury
Guarding, Barriers, and other collective safety measures. Operating procedures
3 Exposure to dust
Exposure to dust during normal operation and maintenance
Operatives, Technicians
Serious injury
Adequate securing of the filters prior to any maintenance work. Use of PPEs.
4 Work in confined space
Work in confined space inside the electrostatic filters
Operatives, Technicians
Breathing problems asphyxiation
Adequate securing of the filters. Use of PPEs , authorised and trained personnel
5 Static electricity
Static electricity can be created if the filter is not earthed properly, can be a source of ignition
Operatives, Technicians
Serious injury
Adequate securing of the filters. Authorised and trained personnel
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
98
9.2.7 Fuel Storage Area During the production of cement, the coke breeze or coal is used to manufacture clinker. For combustion (fire) to take place there is a need for three conditions to coexist:
• Presence of fuel • Presence of oxygen • Presence of thermal energy (heat)
If any one of the above three conditions is absent then the combustion does not take place The start up of an unwanted fire may be due to employees not adhering to the company’s operating procedures, or due to the inappropriate maintenance of the fuel storage facilities. The main hazards associated with the storage and use of fuel are:
• Explosion • Fire • Asphyxiation • Creation of toxic waste (eg VOCs)
The basic sources of ignition are:
• The use of open flames near the storage areas • The creation of hot spots during operation or
maintenance of the tanks • The electrical discharge (thunderbolt, electrostatic
charges, short circuits) The basic preventive and protective measures for the reduction risks associated with the above are aimed towards the isolation or quick reduction of one of the three sources that create or cause the combustion namely the fuel quantity or oxygen or the presence of heat.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
99
For this reason it is necessary :
To adhere to the special safety operational instructions that specify that no smoking is allowed, nor the use of open flames near that fuel tanks and the distribution facilities.
To comply with the safety signage To make sure that the supply of electricity is switched off prior to any maintenance work.
To make sure that the conditions for creating an explosive is removed prior to entering an empty tank or storage silo that previously contained fuel
To routinely maintain all the storage facility’s health and safety equipment such as high pressure relief valves, the control valves, the equipment for protection against atmospheric discharge, the earthing equipment, the fire fighting and/ or neutralization as well as the pipe isolation valves.
To always use the appropriate PPEs
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
100
B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures (1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5)
Specific Hazard Area
Hazard Description
Person Harm Safety measures
Fuel Storage 1 Hot spots Hot spots are
created during the maintenance activities which can be a source of ignition
All personnel
Multiple deaths
Hot working operating instructions
2 Hurling of hot particles
Hurling of hot particles from an other fire source in the area
All personnel
Multiple deaths
Hot working operating Instructions Emergency response plan in case of another fire source in the area
3 Electrical spark
Electrical spark during maintenance work on the coal dust piping system
All personnel
Multiple deaths
Authorisation procedures for working on the coal transportation system
4 High temperatures
High temperatures created within the coal storage stock piles
All personnel
Multiple deaths
Coal storage inspection procedures
5 Atmospheric discharge
Atmospheric discharge during unstable weather
All personnel
Multiple deaths
Maintenance and control procedures of the antidischarge facilities.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh
101
9.2.8 Environment, Work Areas and Passageways The work areas must be constructed and adjusted according to the following parameters:
The provision of adequate space for the activities carried out and the existence of entrances and exits
The operational, ergonomic and safe positioning of work places and equipment
The environmental conditions (Ventilation, air conditioning and light)
• The protection against physicochemical agents such as Noise, Dust, etc.
The safe keeping of the work place contributes greatly towards the prevention of accidents and work diseases For this to be achieved there is a need to:
Keep the passageways, floors and emergency exits free of any obstacles. To remove presently any material spilt on floors and escalators. If this is not possible the spillage area must be correctly labeled and protected.
To remove and sharp corners or edges present either as a result of the building or the equipment and furniture.
To close any permanent or temporary floor openings. To replace any barriers or guards when removed. To place the manual equipment and hand tools in safe place and out of the way.