Artist Biographies

Anni Albers (1899–1994) Germany, textile designer, printmaker. Albers studied atthe famous Bauhaus school of design. She met her husband, painter Josef Albers, at theBauhaus, and together they immigrated to the United States to teach at Black MountainCollege in North Carolina. Albers made functional textiles and wall hangings. She wovethem using a wide variety of materials to create abstract designs.Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) Italy, architect, art theorist. Alberti was one of theleading architects and art theorists of the Renaissance. He emphasized the intellectual,rational, and scientific aspects of all art, even works with religious importance. He wasalso an accomplished sculptor, playwright, painter, musician, mathematician, and athlete.Walter Anderson (1903–1965) United States, painter, printmaker. Anderson wasborn in New Orleans and later lived in Mississippi. He studied at the Parsons School ofDesign in New York and at the Pennsylvania Academy. Anderson believed in makinghigh-quality art available at an affordable price. Early in his career, he worked at aceramic studio. Later, he painted watercolors of landscapes and animals. He also madeprints featuring fairy tales and other images for children.Sofonisba Anguissola (1535–1625) Italy, painter. Anguissola was a popular Italianportrait painter who trained with Michelangelo. Her works seem more like affectionatefamily photographs than formal portraits. A widely recognized artist in her lifetime, shebecame court painter to King Philip II of Spain when still in her twenties. Anguissolaintroduced everyday activity into formal portraiture. Her self-portraits are among herbest-known works of art.Felipe Archuleta (1910–1991) United States, sculptor. Archuleta lived for most of hislife in Tesuque, New Mexico. He worked as a carpenter for 30 years before turning tosculpture. Archuleta’s sculptures are assemblages of animals that he makes with carvedscrap wood and found objects, joined with a mixture of glue and sawdust.Luis Joaquin Rodriquez Arias (1950–) Cuba, painter. Cuban painter Luis JoaquinRodriquez Arias lives in the village of Mella, near Santiago de Cuba. He is the leader of agroup of self-taught artists called Grupo Bayate. Arias’s brightly colored paintingstypically depict daily life in his town. Arias goes by the nickname of El Maestro todistinguish himself from his son Luis Joaquin Rodriguez Ricardo, who is also a painter.Kiawak Ashoona (1933–) Canada, sculptor. Canadian sculptor Ashoona comes from afamily of Inuit artists. His mother was the prominent Inuit printmaker Pitseolak Ashoona,and his brother and sister are artists as well. Ashoona carves in the Inuit tradition,rendering human, animal, and mythological figures. His work in bone, stone, and wood isknown for its dramatic power.Milton Avery (1885–1965) United States, painter. Avery attended art school for a fewyears but was largely self-taught. He developed an abstract style in which he outlinedsimple shapes and filled them in with flat areas of pale colors. His subject matter includedlandscapes, crowded beaches, and portraits of friends and family. Though it alwaysremained representational, Avery’s work became increasingly abstracted toward the endof his career.Xenobia Bailey (1958–) United States, fiber artist. Bailey was born in Seattle. Sheattended Pratt Institute in New York, where she now lives. Bailey works primarily in the

medium of crochet, using acrylic and cotton yarns in various vibrant colors as well asblack and white. She has created hats and other wearable textiles as well as abstractworks of art.Edward Bannister (1828–1901) Canada, painter. Bannister was born in Canada, butlater moved to the United States, eventually settling in Providence, Rhode Island.Bannister initially painted a wide range of subjects and explored solar photography. Helater focused on landscapes. Bannister won first prize at the Philadelphia CentennialExhibition in 1876, becoming the first African American artist to win a national awardfor his work.David Bates (1952–) United States, painter. Bates studied art at Southern MethodistUniversity in his hometown of Dallas, Texas. His work draws on diverse influences, fromSouthern folk art to German Expressionism. Bates paints landscapes, still lifes, andportraits. Though he has focused on painting for most of his career, Bates has worked insculpture in recent years.Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) Italy, architect, art theorist. Alberti was one of theleading architects and art theorists of the Renaissance. He emphasized the intellectual,rational, and scientific aspects of all art, even works with religious importance. He wasalso an accomplished sculptor, playwright, painter, musician, mathematician, and athlete.Romare Bearden (1914–1988) United States, painter. Bearden painted in oils andwatercolors for many years and first explored collage in the 1960s. He is internationallyrecognized for his lifelong work using themes from the African American experience andhis innovative collages, which combine drawings and painting with photographic images.Luis Benedit (1937–) Argentina, painter, sculptor, architect. Benedit created anumber of sculptures that served as habitats for live insects and animals, and he observedtheir behavior as a possible parallel to the way humans behave in their own society.Benedit, who was self-taught, also made colorful and imaginative paintings.Antonio Berni (1905–1981) Argentina, painter, sculptor, printmaker. Berni workedas an apprentice in a stained glass factory. He had his first exhibition at the age of 15. Afew years later, he won a scholarship to study in Paris, where he was influenced bysurrealism. After returning to Argentina, he started an art and literature group calledNuevo Realismo and began to focus on social realist subjects.Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902) Germany, painter. Bierstadt moved to America as ayoung child, but eventually returned to Germany to study painting. He is known for hismonumental landscapes, many of which document the American West. Bierstadtaccompanied several surveying expeditions to the Western states, creating detailedsketches that later, in his studio, he would translate into his romantic paintings.Willie Birch (1942–) United States, sculptor, painter. Born in New Orleans, Birchattended Southern University and the Maryland Institute in Baltimore, where he receivedtraining in a modernist painting style. In the 1970s, he began creating figurative work,both large gouache-on-paper paintings and life-size papier-mâché sculptures. Heprimarily depicts narrative scenes of African American life.Phyllis E. Blair (1923–) United States, painter. Blair was born in New York and nowlives in Pennsylvania. She studied art at the Art Students’ League in New York as well asat Skidmore College and Westminster College. Blair started her career working as atechnical illustrator at General Electric. She has worked in watercolor, oil paint, and hard-

edged acrylic, and has said “my main objective is to transmit a mood which in turndetermines the technique and medium.”Rosa Bonheur (1822–1889) France, painter, sculptor. The best-known works ofFrench painter and sculptor Bonheur are complex, action-filled paintings of horses andother animals. She sketched animals from life and studied their anatomy to ensure theaccuracy of every detail. Her realistic paintings and sensitive bronze sculptures wonmany awards during her lifetime.David Bradley (1954–) United States, painter. White Earth Ojibwe painter DavidBradley was born in 1954 in Minnesota. He paints figurative scenes in bright colors,referencing both contemporary and historical Native American life, and often injecting anote of humor into his work. Bradley founded the Center for the (Native AmericanIndian) Spirit in San Francisco, and was instrumental in the passage of a federal lawbanning the sale of inauthentic Indian artwork.Jan Brett (1949–) United States, illustrator. Brett attended the School at the BostonMuseum of Fine Arts, a museum she had explored as a child. Brett has written numerouschildren’s books featuring lush illustrations of the natural world. Her protagonists arewoodland creatures; Hedgie the Hedgehog plays a starring role in several of Brett’sbooks.Pieter Breugel (1525–1569) The Netherlands, painter. Flemish painter Pieter Breugelthe Elder worked as a painter’s apprentice in Antwerp. He is known for his many worksdepicting village scenes, with peasants engaged in everyday activities. He also paintedlandscapes and religious scenes. Breugel is considered one of the most importantNorthern European artists of the sixteenth century. His work went on to influence severalgenerations of artists.Calef Brown (1959–) United States, illustrator. Calef Brown studied at the Art CenterCollege of Design in Pasadena, California. Since that time, he has worked as a freelanceeditorial and advertising illustrator. He has written and illustrated a number of children’sbooks, including Polka-Bats and Octopus Slacks: 14 Stories, and shows his drawings andpaintings in galleries and museums.John George Brown (1831--->1913) Great Britain, painter. John George Brown, grewup in England and moved to the United States in the 1850s. He painted with bothwatercolors and oils, creating highly naturalistic genre scenes of children. His firstsubjects were rural children. Later, he depicted urban youth, focusing in particular onshoe-shine boys. Brown’s sentimental and idealized paintings of children were popularand earned him numerous patrons.Charles Bulfinch (1763–1844) United States, architect. Bulfinch studied mathematicsbut had no formal training in architecture. He learned about building through travel,research on Classical architecture, and consultations with masons and carpenters. Hedesigned buildings in the American Neoclassical style, including churches and publicbuildings. Bulfinch also served as one of the architects of the United States Capitol inWashington, D.C.Charles Burchfield (1893–1967) United States, painter. American artist Burchfieldbased his first paintings on his memories of childhood scenes and emotional events. Hislater paintings have a strong symbolic quality with elements of fantasy. Burchfield’sexpressive use of abstract design elements helps to convey the moods and energies heassociated with landscapes and with changes in the seasons and the weather.

Margaret Burroughs (1917–) United States, printmaker. American printmakerBurroughs was born in Louisiana and studied at the Art Institute of Chicago. Though shehas worked in a variety of media, Burroughs favors the straightforward medium oflinoleum-cut prints. Her prints show positive images of African Americans, rendered in apowerful graphic style. Burroughs is a leader in the African American community. Shefounded the DuSable Museum of African American history in Chicago. Burroughs hasalso illustrated a number of children’s books.Deborah Butterfield (1949–) United States, sculptor. American sculptor Butterfieldattended the University of California, Davis. Her work explores the form of the horse.Butterfield’s first horse sculptures used plaster over a steel armature. She has also usednatural materials, such as mud and sticks, and found materials, such as scrap metal. Morerecently, she has cast wooden horse sculptures in bronze that she treats with a patina tomimic the original wood surface. Many of Butterfield’s sculptures are larger than life-size.Santiago Calatrava (1951–) Spain, architect. Spanish architect Calatrava studiedarchitecture in Valencia, Spain, and civil engineering in Zurich, Switzerland. His workcombines his understanding of the technical aspects of engineering with a strong sense ofaesthetics. Calatrava first became known for his many bridge projects, which transformordinary infrastructure into enormous sculptures that look nearly weightless.Alexander Calder (1898–1976) United States, sculptor. The sculptures of Calderreflect his training as an engineer. Calder created an imaginative menagerie of animalsmade from wire that looked similar to three-dimensional drawings. He later carried thelight and airy feeling of these “space drawings” into hanging sculptures called mobilesand their stationary counterparts, stabiles. Though more abstract than his early animalsculptures, Calder’s mobiles and stabiles continued to suggest the forms of animals andbirds.Heinrich Campendonk (1889–1957) Germany, painter. Campendonk exhibited withDer Blaue Reiter, a group of German painters who believed in conveying a sense ofspirituality in their art. Campendonk’s work often portrayed animals and figures,combining his interest in spirituality with a solid sense of geometry. Campendonk madebold woodcuts and brightly colored paintings. Later in his career, he focused on makingstained glass.Mary Cassatt (1844–1926) United States, painter. Cassatt, was born in Pennsylvaniaand studied at the Pennsylvania Academy. She spent most of her life in Paris, where shestudied and exhibited with the Impressionists. She is renowned for her sensitiveportrayals of women performing daily tasks, such as caring for children. She also advisedmany American art collectors on their purchases of artworks.Fernando Castillo (1895–1940) Mexico, painter. Mexican artist Castillo studied at oneof the Open Air Schools of Painting established by Alfredo Ramos Martínez to createartistic opportunities for boys from poor families. Castillo became a successful painterbut still held a variety of odd jobs during his difficult life. Very few of his paintings stillexist.Elizabeth Catlett (1919–) United States, sculptor, painter, printmaker. Catlett wasborn in Washington, DC. She studied art in Mexico and eventually moved there. HerAfrican American heritage and the influences in her Mexican environment inspire much

of her work. In her lifestyle and her artwork, Catlett seeks to affirm human dignity andprotest against injustice.George Catlin (1796–1872) United States, painter. Catlin worked as a lawyer beforebecoming a portrait painter. He created hundreds of paintings of Native Americansduring study trips to the west. Catlin raised awareness about the threats that westwardexpansion posed to Native American culture by showing his paintings throughout theUnited States and Europe. Though his attempts to sell his paintings of Native Americansto the United States Congress were unsuccessful, the series now belongs to theSmithsonian Institution.Adriano Cecioni (1836–1886) Italy, painter, sculptor, caricaturist. Cecioni studied artin Florence. His naturalistic sculptures took mothers and children as their subject matter.Cecioni’s genre paintings, often focusing on children, are also rendered in a highlyrealistic style. In addition to producing his paintings and sculptures, Cecioni drewcaricatures for Vanity Fair magazine.Marc Chagall (1887–1985) Russia, painter. Chagall studied art in St. Petersburg, latermoving to Paris, where he lived for most of his life. Chagall’s fantastical, dreamlikepaintings often featured images from his native Russia and included his own personallanguage of symbols. Chagall founded an art school in his native Vitebsk (now part ofBelarus).William Christenberry (1936–) United States, photographer. Christenberry originallytook photographs to document buildings that he planned to depict in his paintings. Afterreading Walker Evans’ and James Agee’s book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, whichdocumented the rural South through photographs, Christenberry began to concentrate onhis own photography. Most of Christenberry’s work depicts buildings from his hometownin Alabama. He has also made sculptures of the buildings in his photographs.Chuck Close (1940–) United States, painter, printmaker, photographer. Closeattended the University of Washington and Yale University. He paints head-and-shoulderportraits from photographs, using a grid system to help him translate the photographs tocanvas. His early large-scale black-and-white portraits were in the PhotoRealist style,executed with an airbrush. Later color portraits are more abstract and painterly, thoughthey still use a grid. More recently, Close has worked in photography as a primarymedium, sometimes employing historical formats like the daguerreotype.John Constable (1776–1837) Great Britain, painter. British painter Constable and hiscontemporary J.M.W. Turner worked to establish landscape painting as a subject equal inimportance to historical painting. In addition to studying at the Royal Academy inLondon, Constable also trained informally, producing numerous sketches directly fromnature in addition to his finished paintings. Constable’s work reveals his interest in lightand color and it became increasingly expressionistic over the course of his career.George Cope (1855–1929) United States, painter. American painter Cope lived inPennsylvania. Similar to his contemporary William Michael Harnett, who greatlyinfluenced him, Cope was a still life painter who specialized in the highly realistic trompel’oeil painting style. His subject matter often included hunting equipment or game.Fisherman’s Accoutrements shows the equipment of a fly fisherman.John Rogers Cox (1915–1990) United States, painter. Cox was born in Terre Haute,Indiana, and later studied art at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He served as thefirst director of the Sheldon Swope Museum of Art in Terre Haute, where he acquired a

number of important American paintings for the museum. Cox was a Regionalist, orAmerican Scene painter, known for his depictions of the Midwest.Lucas Cranach (1472–1553) Germany, painter. Lucas Cranach The Elder was aNorthern Renaissance painter and architect. He worked in Wittenberg, Germany, wherehe and his sons, Hans and Lucas (the Younger), created dozens of works of art. Cranachpainted religious subjects, mythological stories, and a number of hunting scenes. He alsopainted several portraits of his friend Martin Luther, who was a leader of the ProtestantReformation.John Steuart Curry (1897–1946) United States, painter. American Regionalist painter,Curry attended art school in Kansas City and Chicago before working as a magazineillustrator. Later, he focused on rural themes from his native Midwest, even duringperiods when he lived elsewhere. He also painted murals, including a cycle of works forthe Kansas State House that he never finished. He spent the last several years of his lifeas artist in residence at the University of Wisconsin’s College of Agriculture.Stephen Czerkas (1951–) United States, paleo-artist. Paleo-artist Czerkas was born inCalifornia in 1951 and is a self-taught artist. He became interested in the field when hestudied with paleontologists who asked him to make models of dinosaurs. Czerkas worksin a variety of media, including oil-based clays, fiberglass, resin, and bronze, as well ascomputer graphics. He is the founder and director of The Dinosaur Museum in Blanding,Utah.Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) Italy, painter, sculptor, architect, inventor. da Vinciwas a painter, sculptor, architect, and inventor. Trained in Florence, he was one of thegreatest artists and thinkers of the Renaissance. He achieved subtle naturalism andexpressive gestures and poses in paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.Leonardo’s sketchbooks record his tireless quest for knowledge, his interest in the naturalworld, and his genius as an inventor.Giorgio de Chirico (1888–1978) Greece, painter. de Chirico was born in Greece andstudied art in Athens and Munich. He lived in France and Italy for most of his life. DeChirico practiced metaphysical painting, and was influenced by the writings of FriedrichNietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. He also designed theater sets and published severalbooks.André Derain (1880–1954) France, painter. Derain was a member of the Fauves, agroup of European painters who experimented with pure, unmixed color. He later went toEngland, where he painted landscapes and London street scenes in simplified forms withbright colors. He also created sculptures in granite and bronze of the human form.Luca della Robbia (1399 or 1400–1482) Italy, sculptor. Italian Renaissance sculptorLuca della Robbia came from a prominent family of artists. He is known for hisfigurative sculpture depicting religious themes in marble, terra-cotta, and bronze. DellaRobbia is thought to have collaborated and studied with famed sculptor Lorenzo Ghibertiin Florence.Niki de Saint Phalle (1930–2002) France, painter. de Saint Phalle was born in France.A self-taught artist, she began painting in the early 1950s. During a visit to Spain, sheencountered the work of Spanish architect Antonio Gaudí. Gaudí’s unique style, whichfeatures curving, organic shapes and surfaces decorated with mosaic, had a profoundinfluence on de Saint Phalle. Soon after, she began working in three dimensions, creatingassemblages, functional sculpture, and imaginative architectural forms. For more than

twenty years she worked on the culminating project of her career, a sculpture gardenlocated in Tuscany that is based on a deck of tarot cards.Maurice de Vlaminck (1876–1958) France, painter. French painter de Vlaminck taughthimself how to paint. He is best known for his still life and landscape paintings with thickpaint applied using energetic brushstrokes. His early paintings were dominated by brightcolors. His work is realistic but expressionistic in technique. De Vlaminck also worked asa writer, publishing both poems and novels.Bev Doolittle (1947–) United States, painter. American painter and printmaker,Doolittle attended the Art Center College of Design in Los Angeles. Doolittle makeshighly realistic and detailed images of the landscape and animals of the American West.She paints in watercolors after making dozens of preparatory sketches. She often hidessecondary images in her work, such as a group of rocks that form a face.William Doriani (1891–) Ukraine, painter. Doriani, a self-taught artist, was born in theUkraine and came to the United States as a child; his death date is unknown. He returnedto Europe to study opera and became interested in painting. His best known work, FlagDay, was inspired by the parade he saw on the day he returned to New York fromEurope.Ruth Duckworth (1919–) Germany. Born in Hamburg , artist Duckworth fled NaziGermany to settle in England, where she attended art school. She later moved to theUnited States, where she taught at the University of Chicago. Duckworth is known forher abstract ceramic sculptures. Some of these take the form of vessels while others arelarge-scale murals.Suzanne Duranceau (1952–) Canada, painter. Duranceau is an illustrator who focuseson ecological subjects. Her illustrations are featured in numerous children’s books as wellas 16 Canadian postage stamps. While some of her highly detailed works show individualorganisms, others depict the interrelationships of different animals within entireecosystems.Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) Germany, painter. Dürer was the leading artist of theGerman High Renaissance and the first European artist outside Italy to becomeinternationally famous. He saw himself as an artist rather than a craftsperson, and hesigned and dated his works, which was uncommon at the time. Dürer created detailedpaintings, drawings, and prints that emphasize line. His subjects included studies ofnature, human proportions, religious themes, and self-portraits.Lois Ehlert (1934–) United States, illustrator. Ehlert lives and works in her nativeWisconsin. From childhood, she experimented with making art from scrap materials suchas wood and fabrics. Ehlert has written numerous children’s books with illustrations thatshow her innovative use of collage. Her stories embrace the natural world, featuring awide variety of animals and plants.M.C. (Maurits Cornelius) Escher (1898–1972) The Netherlands, op art artist. Dutchgraphic artist M.C. Escher merged his interests in science and art. Almost all of Escher’sprints are designed as optical illusions with manipulated perspectives and negative-positive patterns. His thoroughly planned and mathematically precise work is surrealisticin that it makes the impossible appear to be real. It is also related to the style called OpArt, in which optical illusions are the major theme.Wharton Esherick (1887–1970) United States, sculptor, furniture maker. Americansculptor Esherick studied art in Philadelphia and lived in Pennsylvania for most of his

life. He began his career as a painter, but moved to woodworking in the 1920s. He isknown for his furniture that uses organic shapes, in the “free form” style, inspired bymodern art. Esherick’s furniture went on to have a strong influence on modern furnituredesign.Helen Frankenthaler (1928–) United States, painter. Frankenthaler, investigates colorcombinations in stain painting or Color Field painting, a technique in which she pourspaint onto unprimed canvas so that it soaks into the fabric. This method eliminatesevidence of brushstrokes and brings spontaneity to the work. Frankenthaler often titlesher paintings to suggest a mood, quality, or idea that she associates with the work.Viola Frey (1933–2004) United States, sculptor. Frey lived in California for most ofher life. She studied painting and ceramics at the California College of Arts and Craftsand Tulane University. Frey’s early sculptures were assemblages of found objects. In the1970s, she began to make the monumental ceramic figures that would become hersignature work. Frey belonged to the Bay Area ceramists, a group of artists known fortheir large-scale and often humorous figurative sculptures.Zeny Fuentes (1975–) Mexico, woodcarver. Fuentes is a fourth-generation woodcarverfrom Oaxaca, Mexico. He begins each animal sculpture by carving the form out of copalwood, which is indigenous to Oaxaca. He carves each piece of the animal’s bodyseparately and attaches the parts with small nails. After the wood dries, Fuentes paintstheir colorful and intricate patterns with acrylic paint.Carmen Lomas Garza (1948–) United States, painter. The paintings of Garza depicteveryday events and special occasions in the lives of Mexican Americans in South Texas.She has also written and illustrated several children’s books on the same subject. LomasGarza intends for her artwork to be a source of pride for Mexican Americans while alsoteaching others about Mexican American culture.Paul Gaugin (1848–1903) France, painter, printmaker. Gauguin initially worked as astockbroker. After losing his job, he devoted himself to painting. Gauguin started in anImpressionistic style influenced by the artists he met in Paris. After moving to Breton inthe 1880s, he developed his own personal style, which used bold, non-naturalistic colorsand showed his strong interest in symbolism. Later, he moved to Tahiti, where he madenumerous paintings, sculptures, and woodcarvings of the native people.Frank O. Gehry (1929–) Canada, architect, furniture designer. Gehry was born inToronto and now resides in California. He studied architecture at the University ofSouthern California. Gehry is known for his dynamic buildings that eschew thetraditional language of design and instead seem to embody music and movement. Manyof his buildings feature unusual materials such as titanium; most have become importantlandmarks in the cities where they were built. Gehry creates furniture that shares severalcharacteristics with his buildings. His furniture pieces favor curvilinear, organic forms,and demonstrate an unconventional use of materials. Easy Edges Side Chair comes froma series of furniture pieces made from corrugated cardboard.Susan J. Geissler (1953–) United States, illustrator, graphic designer, sculptor.Geissler studied fine arts before becoming an anatomical illustrator and graphic designer.She began working as an artist in 1984. Geissler’s life-size sculptures of human figuresare extremely realistic and show her deep understanding of human anatomy. Much of herwork is displayed outside as public sculpture.

Cass Gilbert (1859–1934) United States, architect. Gilbert studied at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, supplementing his education with sketching trips to Europe.Early in his career, he worked at the renowned architectural firm of McKim, Mead, andWhite. In addition to the Supreme Court building, which he modeled after the ParliamentBuilding in Vienna, Cass also designed the Minnesota State Capitol and the United StatesCustoms building in New York City.William Glackens (1870–1938) United States, painter. illustrator. Glackens began hiscareer as a newspaper illustrator. He later became a member of the Ashcan School, agroup of painters who portrayed the lives of poor and middle-income people in urbansettings. Many of his works transformed sometimes dreary, crowded urban environmentsinto colorful spectacles.Ralph Goings (1928–) United States, painter. Goings was born in California in 1928.One of the founders of the 1960s group known as Photo Realists or Super Realists,Goings makes oil paintings that show everyday objects in sharp focus with crisp detail.Pickup trucks and diner still lifes take center stage in many of his paintings. Goings hassaid, “My paintings are about light.”Natalie Goncharova (1881–1962) Russia, painter, illustrator, stage designer.Goncharova studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. Herearly paintings featured Russian peasants. Later, she painted in the non-objective style of“rayism,” depicting rays of light as they bounced off objects rather than the objectsthemselves. Goncharova designed sets and costumes for ballet companies in Moscow andthroughout Europe.Francisco Goya (1746–1828) Spain. The Spanish artist Fernando José de Goya yLucientes was the foremost practitioner of Romantic painting and printmaking in Europe.He became court painter to King Charles IV of Spain and was responsible for paintingthe official royal portraits. After a severe illness in 1792, the artist became totally deaf.Goya is known for works of great emotional power, such as Third of May, 1808, amonumental painting showing the slaughter of Spanish rebels by French troops.Hashiguchi Goyo (1880–1921) Japan, printmaker. Goyo studied both Japanese andwestern painting at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts. Before developing a strong interest inJapanese printmaking, he worked as a book designer and illustrator. Goyo madetechnically sophisticated woodcut prints, often with beautiful women as his subjectmatter. He worked in the “shin hanga,” or “new prints” style, which depicted traditionalsubjects using a modern design sensibility.John Gurche United States, painter, draftsman, sculptor. John Gurche is a paleo-artist. He studied paleontology and archaeology, combining these fields with his self-taught art skills to build a career rendering images of prehistoric life, focusing ondinosaurs and human origins. Gurche’s work has appeared on the cover of NationalGeographic, in the film Jurassic Park, and in several natural history museumsnationwide.Zaha Hadid (1950–) Iraq, architect. Born in Iraq and now a British citizen, Hadidstudied mathematics at the University of Beirut and attended the ArchitecturalAssociation in London. Hadid’s building designs are bold and daring, featuring sharpgeometric angles, flowing lines, and massed forms. Hadid pursued her architectural ideasthrough drawings and paintings before her first projects were built in Europe in 1990. In

2003, Hadid’s first building in the United States, the Cincinnati Contemporary ArtCenter, opened its doors to great international acclaim.Trenton Doyle Hancock (1974–) United States. Hancock grew up in Oklahoma andTexas and studied art at Texas A&M and Temple University. His paintings and works onpaper tell the story of mythical half-plant, half-human hybrids called Mounds. In hiswork, Hancock casts the Mounds in narrative scenes, often based on stories from theBible.William Michael Harnett (1848–1892) United States, painter. American painterHarnett initially worked as a silver engraver before becoming a professional still lifepainter. He is known for his trompe l’oeil (literally: “fool the eye”) paintings rendered ina hyper-realistic style. In many of these paintings, Harnett showed his virtuosic skill byincluding two dimensional objects–a letter or a piece of sheet music–that look as thoughthey are actually curling off the flat surface.Martin Johnson Heade (1819–1904) United States, painter. American painter MartinJohnson Heade studied painting with Edward Hicks, who created the PeaceableKingdom. Heade began his career as a portrait painter, later moving to landscape and thento still lifes. He painted in a highly realistic style with no visible brushstrokes and aluminous use of color.Douglas Henderson (1949–) , illustrator. Henderson combined his lifelong love ofdinosaurs and his experience in drawing landscapes and natural scenes into a career. Hestudies with paleontologists and creates illustrations of dinosaurs and other prehistoricanimals. He describes his work as “imaginative imagery explaining scientific ideas.”Edward Hicks (1780–1849), painter. Hicks created dozens of versions of A PeaceableKingdom. The painting illustrates a passage from the book of Isaiah in the NewTestament, which reads in part, “And the wolf will dwell with the lamb.” In thebackground, Hicks shows William Penn, founder of Hicks’s home state of Pennsylvania,as he signs a treaty with Native Americans. A Quaker, Hicks devoted his career toconveying his religious beliefs through his art.Ando Hiroshige (1797–1858) Japan, printmaker. Japanese Artist Ando Hiroshige wasassociated with the ukiyo-e movement. Ukiyo-e is Japanese for "pictures of the floatingworld" and refers to subjects preferred by printmakers in Japan from the seventeenth tonineteenth century. These subjects included everyday customs as well as fashion, andscenes from travel or the theater. The strong flat design in the prints of Hiroshige and hiscontemporaries were admired by leading nineteenth-century European artists andinfluenced their work.David Hockney (1937–) Great Britain, painter, draftsman, photographer. Britishpainter, draftsman, and photographer, Hockney attended Bradford School of Art and theRoyal College of Art in London. Hockney has worked with a variety of styles, media, andsubjects. Portraits have been a mainstay of his art for many decades. He has also paintedimages of Los Angeles, where he lives, including a series of swimming pool paintings. Inthe 1980s he began creating large landscape photographs by gluing together dozens ofPolaroid pictures in a technique known as collage.Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849) Japan, printmaker. Japanese artist KatsushikaHokusai worked as a painter and printmaker during the ukiyo-e era (seventeenth tonineteenth centuries). Ukiyo-e means “pictures of the floating world” and refers to artists’preferences for subjects related to everyday life and special scenes in Japan. The informal

balance and flat patterns in works by Hokusai and other ukiyo-e printmakers influencednineteenth century artists in Europe to explore more abstract and symmetricalcompositions.Winslow Homer (1836–1910) United States, painter. Even at a young age, Homerknew he wanted to become an artist. Mostly self-taught, he began his professional careeras an illustrator. After the Civil War, he started to paint. Homer's paintings often depictyoung people, leisure activities, and life along the seacoast. He was also the firstAmerican artist to use watercolors to create finished works of art.Edward Hopper (1882–1967) United States, painter. Hopper initially worked as anillustrator before turning to painting. He painted interiors and landscapes in bothwatercolors and oils, focusing on New York City and Cape Cod for much of his subjectmatter. Hopper’s paintings can seem desolate. The figures, shown either singly or inpairs, are often expressionless. Hopper had a particular interest in representing Americanarchitecture in his work.William Morris Hunt (1824–1879) United States, painter. Hunt grew up in Vermontand attended Harvard College before spending several years studying art in Europe. Uponhis return, he settled in Boston, where he taught and became an advocate of Frenchmodern art. Hunt chose peasants at work as his early subject matter, later moving toportraiture, and then to landscape. He also worked on several public mural commissions.Trina Schart Hyman (1939–2004) United States, illustrator, author. Children’s bookauthor and illustrator. Hyman grew up in Pennsylvania, attending the PhiladelphiaMuseum College of Art and, later, the School of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. As achild, Hyman loved fairy tales and knew at a very young age that she wanted to tellstories with words and drawings. She has written and illustrated dozens of award-winningbooks.George Inness (1825–1894) United States, painter. Inness was born in Newburgh, NewYork. Largely self-taught, his early works show the influence of the Hudson RiverSchool, a group of American landscape painters. Later, after several trips to Europe, hispaintings began to reflect his interest in the work of the Barbizon School, a group ofFrench realist painters.Thomas Jefferson (1743–1836) United States, architect. Thomas Jefferson, the thirdpresident of the United States, was an amateur architect. He studied in Europe andbrought the organization, proportion and simplicity of the Classical Revival style to theUnited States. He designed the University of Virginia, the State Capitol at Richmond, andhis own home, Monticello, in Virginia.William H. Johnson (1901–1970) United States, painter. Johnson studied art in Europeand traveled or lived there intermittently. He explored several styles but retained a strongand direct compositional framework throughout his career. His late paintings focused onreligious themes, political history, and African American experiences. The NationalMuseum of American Art in Washington, DC, houses more than 1000 of his works.Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) Mexico, painter. Kahlo turned to painting as she recoveredfrom serious injuries sustained in an accident. She painted portraits and self-portraits,often with surrealist overtones. Kahlo and her husband Diego Rivera were leaders in theMexican modernism movement that combined elements of modern art and indigenous artwith nationalist politics. Kahlo often included symbols in her self-portraits as a way toconvey her emotions about difficulties she faced in her life.

Wassily Kandinsky (1886–1944) Russia, painter, musician. Russian-born Kandinskytrained as an artist and a musician, often using musical terminology to title his paintings.His early paintings include images from Russian folk art, but between 1910 and 1920, hegradually eliminated all representational images from his paintings. He is widely knownas the originator of nonobjective art and wrote extensively on the relationship of visualart to spiritual feelings.John Kane (1860–1934) Scotland, painter. Kane lived in Pennsylvania from 1879 untilhis death. He worked as a bricklayer, carpenter, and house painter for many years, andsketched as a hobby. He began painting in about 1910 and in 1927, when his work wasaccepted into the Carnegie International Exhibition, he became the first folk artist to berecognized by a major museum.Mori Kansai (1814–1894) Japan, painter. Japanese artist Mori Kansai created thishanging scroll painting in 1864, during the Edo period. The painting is executed on silk,primarily in dark ink, with some color added. Kansai worked in the style of theMaruyama School, which combined aspects of traditional Japanese and Chinese painting.The red cliff motif frequently occurred in both Japanese and Chinese painting and refersto a traditional Chinese poem of the same name.Dale Kennington (1935–) United States, painter. Born in Georgia, Kennington studiedart at the University of Alabama and has lived in Alabama for most of her life. She isknown for her realistic paintings of figures in interior scenes going about their daily lives.She has said, “I am profoundly interested in the mundane.” Kennington paints for eight toten hours every day.Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938) Germany, painter. German expressionist painterand printmaker Kirchner studied art in Dresden and Munich. He made numerouswoodcuts and paintings that show diverse influences. He was involved in Die Brücke, agroup of modern German artists who rendered the human condition in an Expressionistmanner. He also found inspiration in Oceanic, African, and Japanese art. Kirchner’sprints and paintings include angular figures, often in crowded urban settings.Toshiyuki Kita (1942–) Japan, furniture designer. Kita lives in Japan and Italy. He hasdesigned furniture, tableware, electronics, and other consumer products that featureorganic forms. He has said, “When I design I try to put feelings into the products. I don’tlike cold products. I like friendly, human products.” In 1981, the Museum of Modern Artadded the Wink Lounge Chair to the museum’s collection.Paul Klee (1879–1940) Switzerland, painter. The work of Swiss painter Klee does notfall into any clear category. Regarded as one of the most inventive artists of the twentiethcentury, his paintings and works on paper reflected his interests in music, poetry, anddreams. Klee’s art often shows his sense of humor and conveys an almost childlikeplayfulness. Klee taught at the Bauhaus, Germany’s renowned school of modern design.Gustav Klimt (1862–1918) Austria, painter. Austrian painter Klimt studied art inVienna. He was associated with the Vienna Secession, a group of artists who advocatedexperimentation in painting. Klimt’s subject matter included landscapes, portraits, andnudes that were considered to be scandalous at the time. Klimt’s paintings blendrepresentation and abstraction: realistic elements balance sections of intricate abstractpatterns. Many of Klimt’s paintings use gold and silver paint.Karl Knaths (1891–1971).

Jeff Koons (1955–) United States, sculptor. Koons attended the Maryland InstituteCollege of Art and worked as a stockbroker before becoming an artist. He is known forhis sculpture in a variety of media that makes an ironic and often humorous commentaryon contemporary society. Similar to the Pop artists a few generations earlier, Koons oftenuses images from popular culture in his work.Isoda Koryusai Japan, printmaker. Koryusai worked during the Edo period(1600–1868), probably in the mid to late 1700s. He was a ukiyo-e artist, creating“pictures of the floating world,” or images of life’s pleasurable aspects. Koryusaimastered nishikie printing, which used different colors to mimic woven cloth. Many ofhis prints featured birds and flowers.Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1798–1861), printmaker. Japanese artist Utagawa Kuniyoshiworked in the medium of polychrome woodblock prints. He created ukiyo-e prints, or“pictures of the floating world,” including images of actors, beautiful women, andwarriors. Utagawa produced some of his prints as diptychs or triptychs. He also workedas a book illustrator.Norman Laliberté (1925–) United States, painter, printmaker, mixed media artist.American artist Laliberté was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1925, and spent hischildhood in Montreal, Canada. After returning to the United States, he studied at theUniversity of Notre Dame and the Illinois Institute of Technology. Laliberté createspaintings, prints, and mixed-media works that include found objects. For the first majorproject of his career, he created a series of eighty-eight banners for a pavilion at the 1964World’s Fair in New York.Ahmad Ma’mar Lahori. India, architect. Built in Agra, India, between 1631 and 1648,the Taj Mahal was built by Ahmad Ma’mar Lahori, commissioned by Mughal EmperorShah Jehan as a monument for his wife Arjuman Banu Bagum. A complex of severalstructures, the Taj Mahal combines elements of Persian, Turkish, Indian, and Islamicarchitecture. Considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, the Taj Mahal is aUNESCO World Heritage site.Edwin Landseer (1802–1873) Great Britain, painter. British painter Landseer painteddramatic animal scenes, often imbuing the animals with almost human qualities. Dogsand deer—and deer-hunting scenes—featured prominently in his work. Queen Victoriaadmired Landseer’s work and commissioned a number of paintings from him, includingportraits of the royal family.Ellen Lanyon (1926–) United States, painter, printmaker. American painter andprintmaker Lanyon studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and the University of Iowa.She started working as an artist at age 15, making mechanical drawings for a Chicagocompany. Lanyon’s works draws on Surrealism as well as her interest in ecology and thenatural world.Jacob Lawrence (1917–2000) United States, painter. Lawrence belonged to the SocialRealist movement in America, a group of artists who focused their work on ordinarypeople and the many injustices imposed on them by an uncaring society. Lawrencecreated several series of multi-panel narrative paintings that depicted important events inAfrican American history. He developed a distinct abstract style by applying flat areas ofpaint to pencil drawings.Gini Lawson (1954–) United States, painter. Lawson studied at Ohio State University.Primarily a figure painter, Lawson has created an ongoing series called “Are You My

Mother?” This series explores relationships and memories. Lawson bases many of herpaintings on family snapshots. Ellie was the pet beagle of one of Lawson’s close friends.Doris Lee (1905–1983) United States, painter, printmaker, illustrator. Lee attendedRockford College in her native Illinois. After studying art in Europe, she adopted anabstract style. Later, after returning to the United States and settling in New York, shebegan to make paintings and prints of everyday life. In the 1930s, Lee painted a numberof murals for public buildings such as post offices.Judith Leyster (1609–1660) painter. Leyster was the only prominent woman painterworking in the Netherlands at the time. She was thought to have worked in the workshopof Frans Hals, and created genre paintings, portraits, and still-lifes. Leyster is noted forincluding a strong light source in her paintings and masterfully depicting the contrastsbetween light and dark.Arthur Lismer (1885–1969) Canada, painter. Lismer belonged to the Group of Seven,the Canadian painters who depicted their country’s landscape in their work. Lismer had along career as a teacher, and was particularly interested in teaching art to children.Though he painted across Canada, he had a particular affinity for the landscape ofGeorgian Bay, Ontario.Gladys Lutz (1909–2007) United States, painter. Lutz grew up in rural Pennsylvaniaand lived there her entire life. She graduated from Kutztown University and worked as ateacher for more than 35 years. Lutz and her sister Alice both made acrylic paintings onplywood. Their subject matter was the everyday life on Pennsylvania Dutch (Amish andMennonite) farms, with a particular emphasis on traditional cooking methods and recipes.David Macaulay (1946–) England, illustrator. David Macaulay was born in England in1946, but lives and works in the United States. He has written and illustrated many booksthat explain the planning and construction processes for various inventions, machines,and various types of structures, including cathedrals, castles, and skyscrapers.Lo_s Mailou Jones (1905–1998) United States, painter. American painter Lo_s MailouJones grew up in Boston and attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts. Later, shetaught at Howard University in Washington, DC for more than forty years. Jones’s oilpaintings and watercolors depict African and African American life, particularly inHarlem. An avid traveler, Jones also painted images of Paris, Haiti, and numerousAfrican locations.Kasimir Malevich (1878–1935) Russia, painter. Malevich studied art in Moscow. Hisearly works showed the influence of Impressionism. In 1915 he developed the term“suprematism” to describe his new style of art. Suprematism advocated pure geometricabstraction, with a particular emphasis on the square. Malevich believed that paintingshould be completely divorced from all political, social, or cultural meaning, and shouldrather focus only on basic form and color.Édouard Manet (1832–1883), painter, graphic artist. Édouard Manet is consideredone of the most important influences on modern art. His work is marked by a direct,unidealized approach to his subjects and an obvious use of brushstrokes to define shapesand color contrasts. The Impressionists looked to his work as a source of inspiration.Although Manet did not exhibit with the Impressionists, his later work, which is lighterand freer, reflects his association with them.Franz Marc (1880–1916) Germany, painter. German painter Marc established thegroup of painters known as Der Blaue Reiter, along with Wassily Kandinsky. Blaue

Reiter artists advocated a bold use of symbolic color to express spirituality in art. Marcconcentrated on paintings of animals, particularly horses. He strove to capture the energyand spirit of horses rather than a literal likeness.Maria Martinez (1887–1980) United States. Native American potter Maria Martinezlived in the San Ildefonso Pueblo in New Mexico. She learned traditional potterytechniques from her relatives as women of the pueblo had for centuries. Martinez formedthe pots and her husband painted them. For their signature black-on-black pottery, Mariaand Julian developed a glazing technique that contrasted matte and glossy surfaces tocreate a design. After Julian’s death, Martinez continued to collaborate with othermembers of her family.Master of the Legend of Magdalene, Philip the Fair (1483–1530) (1478–1506),Flemish, painter. The anonymous Flemish artist known as the Master of the Legend ofMagdalene painted in Brussels from around 1483 to 1530 and is named for an altarpiecehe painted showing scenes from the life of Mary Magdalene. Philip the Fair (1478–1506),later recognized as Philip I of Spain, was the son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian Iand the father of Charles V.Henri Matisse (1869–1954) France, painter, sculpture. French painter and sculptorHenri Matisse is widely recognized as one of the most influential artists of the twentiethcentury. His work emphasized the flatness of the picture space (rather than the illusion ofdepth and form). He developed line, pattern, and color as abstract and decorativeelements in his work. Late in life, he worked in collage using hand-painted papers andcutting free-form shapes.Gerald McDermott (1941–) United States, illustrator. Born in Detroit and now livingin California, McDermott attended the Pratt Institute of Design. McDermott writes andillustrates stories of folklore and mythology from around the world, many featuring“trickster” animals such as the coyote. Among his award-winning children’s books areAnansi the Spider, an African folktale; Arrow to the Sun, a Pueblo myth; and Raven, aPacific Northwest Native American tale about the birth of the sun.Sarah McEneaney (1955–) Germany, painter. Born in Germany, McEneaney nowlives in Philadelphia. She studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and thePhiladelphia College of Art. She refers to her highly detailed paintings as“autobiographical narratives.” In addition to cityscapes such as Callowhill Neighborhood,McEneaney paints portraits and scenes of people engaged in everyday tasks.Jim McNeill (1967–) United States, illustrator, animator. McNeill is an animator andillustrator who lives in Arizona. After graduating from the School of Visual Arts in NewYork City, he became a freelance graphic artist whose clients included magazines andretail stores. His artwork has been exhibited internationally.Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) Germany, engraver, painter. Merian studied underher stepfather, who was a painter of flowers. Merian was known for her hand-coloredengravings and watercolor paintings of plants and insects in Europe and South America.Together with her husband and fellow botanical illustrator, she produced a number ofscientific books. Many of Merian’s watercolors were purchased by Peter the Great ofRussia.Melissa Miller (1951–) United States, painter. Miller grew up on a Texas ranch and hasfocused on animals in landscapes as a major theme for her artwork. Some works have a

story element, but many are composed to suggest humorous, mysterious, or puzzlingrelationships between animals, their environments, and people.Joan Miró (1893–1983) Spain, painter. Spanish painter Miró is known as a leader ofthe Surrealist style. He believed that artists should allow themselves to workspontaneously and let unconscious ideas control the creative process. Many of thesymbols in his work combine elements of remembered events, imaginary landscapes, andinvented shapes.Piet Mondrian (1872–1944) Netherlands, painter. Early in his career, Dutch artist andtheorist Piet Mondrian painted landscapes and still lifes. Around 1920, he developed thespare geometric style that would make him one of the founders of modern art. His best-known paintings feature black lines that divide the canvas into squares and rectangles thatthe artist filled with primary colors.Claude Monet (1840–1926) France, painter. Monet painted the work that gaveImpressionism its name, Impression Sunrise, which shows the misty atmospheric effectsof the sun rising over water. Monet painted directly from nature to capture the immediatevisual effects of color and light. He often created a series of paintings based on a singlesubject as seen at different times of day or seasons of the year.Franz Morgner (1891–1917), painter. Morgner attended an art school directed by theartist Georg Tappert. Morgner’s early career focused on dark paintings of laborers in thelandscape. After encountering the work of Vincent van Gogh, Morgner developed aninterest in color and his work became more expressionistic. Later, he painted in anabstract style, reflecting an interest in the spirituality of art.Berthe Morisot (1841–1895) French, painter. French painter Morisot worked andexhibited with the Impressionists, but she developed her own style. She often posed forher friends and painted many of them in return. Morisot's works are known for flatpatches of color and strong compositions. They are also more solid looking than theunposed works of many Impressionist artists.William Morris (1834–1896) Great Britain, architect, painter, furniture design.British designer and writer William Morris trained as an architect and painter beforeopening a design firm that created furniture, textiles, wallpaper, and stained glass. Hebelieved that art should be accessible to all people and integrated into their daily lives.Morris is best known for his intricately patterned organic designs on textiles andwallpaper. In the last several years of his life, Morris operated a printing press anddesigned numerous books.Anna Mary Moses (1860–1961) United States, painter. American folk art painterGrandma Moses (born Anna Mary Robinson) began painting at age 76. Though she hadno formal training, her work became popular immediately, earning her an internationalreputation. Grandma Moses painted from memory, creating detailed, colorfulrepresentations of farm life in rural New York, where she lived. Many of her worksdepict the changing of the seasons.Laurent Mourguet (1769–1844) France, puppeteer. French puppeteer LaurentMourguet started the tradition of the “Guignol” puppet show in Lyons in the beginning ofthe 19th century. Similar to the British “Punch and Judy” show that was replicatedaround Europe, Guignol shows featured short, satirical vignettes that were used as a kindof social commentary. Other characters include Guignol’s wife Madelon (the equivalent

of “Judy”), and his best friend Gnafron. Guignol plays are still performed in Francetoday.Blair Muhlestein (1936–) United States, sculptor. Muhlestein studied mechanicalengineering at Utah State University. Muhlestein is a self-taught artist. He begansculpting by carving wooden neckerchief slides for his Boy Scout troop, later working inbronze. He is known for his sculptures of children engaged in playful activities.Gerald Murphy (1888–1964) United States, painter. American Gerald Murphy spentmost of his life working in his family’s retail business. He began painting when he andhis wife Sara joined a group of American expatriate artists and writers living in Paris inthe mid-1920s. Murphy painted still lifes, rendering consumer products, advertisinglabels, and machine parts in a spare geometric style. His artistic career lasted less than adecade, ending after his son’s illness required the family to move back to the UnitedStates.Alice Neel (1900–1984) United States, painter. Neel was born in Pennsylvania andattended the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. She is known for her boldportraits which exhibit the influence of German Expressionism. Neel painted portraits ofneighbors and friends. In the 1960s, she painted portraits of several prominent artists andintellectuals.Louise Nevelson (1899–1988) Russia, sculptor. Russian born Nevelson grew up inMaine and attended the Art Students' League in New York. She is best known forassemblages that consist of series of stacked boxes, each filled with wooden objects,including recognizable objects like finials and chair slats. These sculptures are painted insolid colors. She has also created aluminum, steel, and Plexiglas architecture.Craig Nutt (1950–) United States, woodworker. Woodworker Craig Nutt was born inIowa in 1950. He graduated from the University of Alabama and now resides inTennessee. Nutt creates wood sculptures and furniture that shows his sense of humor.Many of his pieces combine enormous wooden fruits and vegetables with moretraditional furniture elements. Nutt has said, “I am interested in contrasts andjuxtapositions of the familiar and the unexpected.”Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986) United States, painter. O’Keeffe based her work on thenatural appearances of objects, but she is known as one of the first artists in the UnitedStates to work in an abstract style. Her paintings portray softened and simplified objectsor enlarged elements of those objects, which fill the canvas. Her subjects, which she oftenpainted in series, included flowers, bones, mountains, clouds, and sky.Panamarenko (1940–) Belgium, sculptor. Belgian conceptual artist and sculptorPanamarenko (born Henri van Herwegen in 1940) describes himself as an artist, engineer,poet, physicist, and inventor. He attended the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and adoptedhis pseudonym when he began his artistic career. His fanciful sculptures take the form ofcars, airplanes, submarines, flying objects, and birds, and they explore concepts of spaceand movement.William Parsons United States, scientific illustrator. William Parsons is a scientificillustrator whose first project was a series of etchings of fossils. Since then, he hascreated numerous illustrations in the fields of geology, anthropology, and zoology. Heworks with scientists at the Buffalo Museum of Science and other museums, and he hascontributed images to numerous magazines, newspapers, and television shows. Parsonsalso conducts field research in archaeology and paleontology.

Amado Peña (1943–) United States, printmaker. Texas printmaker Amado Peña wasborn in 1943 in Laredo, Texas. He studied art at Texas A&M University, and has taughtart for many years. Peña creates works that celebrate his Mexican and Yaqui Indianheritage. He depicts the landscape and people of Arizona and New Mexico, focusingparticularly on sites with important Native American cultural history. Peña’s work isnoted for its bold colors and composition.Lisa D. Peterson (1964–) United States, sculptor. Peterson makes papier-mâchésculptures, inspired by the art projects she made as a child, as well as her many years ofteaching art in Oregon. Peterson uses a variety of recycled materials in her fancifulsculptures of animals and in her functional objects, such as bowls. After she constructsthe forms, she paints the surfaces and often adds elements of collage.Marjorie Phillips (1894–1985) United States, painter. Phillips attended the ArtStudents League in New York. In 1921, she and her husband Duncan founded the firstmodern art museum in America, the Phillips Memorial Gallery in Washington, DC (nowthe Phillips Collection). During art collecting trips to Europe, Phillips drew on theinfluence of the impressionists for her own work. Describing her chosen subject matter,Phillips said, “I decided to paint the celebration of the wonder of the world.”Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) Spain, painter, sculptor, printmaker. Picasso lived in Parisand experimented with many art styles and media during his long life. He developedCubism, with its complex division of form and space. His paintings represent most of thetwentieth-century movements in art, from realistic to abstract. His sculpture is innovativeand frequently humorous.Chris Plowman (1952–) Great Britain, sculptor, printmaker. Plowman studied bothart and technology in his native Britain. He makes prints, sculptures, sculptural reliefs,and furniture. Many of his works are public art commissions. Plowman makes hissculptures primarily of welded steel, which he favors for its strength. His work oftenfeatures a playful treatment of the human face and body.Beatrix Potter (1866–1943) England, painter, writer. Potter had a life-long fascinationwith the natural world. She studied plants, animals, fossils, and antiquities, observingthem carefully as she made watercolors of them. Potter’s beloved stories, such as TheAdventures of Peter Rabbit, have become classics of children’s literature.Edward Potthast United States, painter. Potthast studied art in Cincinnati and inEurope before moving to New York. He worked for a time as a magazine illustrator.Potthast’s best-known work consists of a series of beach scenes. These paintings,executed in a style influenced by Impressionism, show families at play and adeptlycapture the warm summer light.Maurice Prendergast (1858–1924) United States, painter. Prendergast belonged to agroup of American modernists called “The Eight.” He spent his early life in Boston andlater traveled to Europe, where he encountered the work of the Post-Impressionists. Hiswatercolors and oil paintings focus primarily on scenes of people at leisure. Prendergast’sAmerican Impressionist style rejected highly realistic representation in favor of looselypainted scenes that conveyed a strong sense of light and color.Cai Guo Qiang (1957–) China, photographer. Guo Qiang was born in China. Heearned a degree in stage design at Shanghai Drama Institute. In his work, Cai has usedgunpowder to explore the concept of spontaneity and to symbolize his opposition to

artists’ oppression in China in the 1980s and 1990s. Cai works in a variety of media,including drawing, sculpture, and staged events that often feature explosives.Joseph Raffael (1933–) United States, realist painter, printmaker. Joseph Raffaelgrew up in New York. He studied at the Cooper Union School of Art and at Yale beforeworking as a textile designer. Raffael paints in watercolors, oils, and acrylics. He beganin an abstract style before he adopted the method of working from photographs. Raffael’ssubjects include animals, plants, waterscapes, and portraits.Bill Reid (1920–1998) Canada, sculptor. Reid created art that celebrated his HaidaIndian culture from the Pacific Northwest Coast area of British Columbia. He began hiscareer as a metalsmith working in gold and silver as his grandfather had done. Later, hemade larger sculptures in bronze or cedar that featured images and symbols fromtraditional Haida folklore. Reid studied older Haida works in museums and shared hisknowledge through teaching, writing, and films. Reid began carving after visiting hisgrandfather, also a carver, in the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia. Reid usedhis work to continue the traditions of Haida art. His sculptures often featured animalfigures with particular significance to the Haida, including the raven, bear, eagle, wolf,whale, and frog.Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) France, painter, sculptor, printmaker. Pierre-Auguste Renoir studied at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris and is known as one of theleaders of Impressionism. While he shared a loose application of brushstrokes with hisfellow Impressionists, he focused on portraiture and figure painting rather thanlandscapes. He usually painted women and girls, depicting dancers, actors, and bathers.Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964) Netherlands, architect. Similar to many of his fellowEuropean architects, Rietveld was influenced by Americans and the new ideas theybrought to architecture. Born in The Netherlands, Rietveld combined the influence ofAmerican architects with the ideas of Futuristic visual artists to create a distinctivemodern look. He used crisp lines and multiple surfaces to mimic the look of a Futuristicpainting in three dimensions.Faith Ringgold (1934–) United States, painter, sculptor. African-American painter andsculptor Ringgold attended City College of New York. Throughout her career, she hasused her work to call attention to political and social issues that affect AfricanAmericans, particularly women. Ringgold’s signature work uses fabric or quilts as thesurface for her painting. She has also written and illustrated several children’s books.Diego Rivera (1886–1957) Mexico, muralist. Rivera was influenced by avant-gardeartists in Paris, but ultimately achieved his own personal expression. He revived thefresco technique and brought it back to Mexico where he created public murals to sharehis political beliefs with others. Rivera's freedom of expression developed into a nationalstyle that typified the spirit of the Mexican revolution.Henriette Ronner-Knip (1821–1909), painter. Dutch painter Ronner-Knip learned howto paint from her father. Her subject matter consisted of scenes of dogs and cats, usuallyin highly detailed settings. After 1870, she painted cats and kittens exclusively. Duringher lifetime, she was internationally known for these paintings.Henri Rousseau (1844–1910) France, painter. Rousseau filled his dreamlike oilpaintings with enchanted forests, tropical jungles, exotic flowers, wild animals, andsometimes human figures. He painted in an imagined perspective with flattened colors.The artist had no formal training, and his paintings seem innocent and naïve. Though not

initially well received, Henri’s work was later admired by Post-Impressionist artists asthey explored new directions for art.Betye Saar United States, painter, printmaker. Artist Betye Saar uses a wide variety ofmedia, including painting, printmaking, and assemblage, to create works that explore herprimary subjects of spirituality and African American history. Saar studied at theUniversity of California and California State. She began as a printmaker before beginningto make assemblages with found objects and photographs. Much of Saar’s workaddresses and redefines stereotypically racist images of African Americans.Jack Savitsky (1910–1991) United States, painter. Self-taught artist Savitsky lived hisentire life near Allentown, Pennsylvania. Known as “Coal Miner Jack,” Savitsky workedin the coal mines for more than 35 years. He began making art after he retired, working inoil paints and also making drawings. His main subjects were the people and places of themining towns in Pennsylvania. He also created religious images, such as Adam and Evein the Garden of Eden.Godfried Schalcken (1643–1706), painter. Dutch artist Schalcken learned to paint byworking as an apprentice to an established artist. His work primarily consists of genrepainting, or scenes of everyday life, usually rendered with highly realistic detail. He isalso known for his skill at subtly capturing the effects of light. Schalcken also worked asa portrait painter.Barbara Schulman, weaver. Barbara Schulman has created embroidered, woven, andmixed-media textiles for more than 30 years. She has lectured on contemporary textilesthroughout the United States and in England, Scotland, and Ecuador. Her work has beenpublished in the Surface Design Journal and Fiberarts Magazine, in six volumes of theFiberarts Design Books, and in 500 Baskets, and has been exhibited nationally andinternationally. She holds an MFA degree from Kent State University in Ohio and iscurrently head of the Fiberart program at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania.Maurice Sendak (1928–) United States, illustrator. Born in New York, Sendak decidedto become an illustrator after seeing Walt Disney’s Fantasia as a boy. Sendak has writtenand illustrated numerous children’s books that appeal to both young readers and theirparents. He has also produced operas and ballets.Ben Shahn (1898–1969) Lithuania, painter, printmaker, photographer, calligrapher.Born in Lithuania, Ben Shahn came to the United States in 1906. He worked as a painter,printmaker, photographer, and calligrapher. Shahn’s paintings addressed social concernsand included satirical caricatures. He worked with Diego Rivera and also painted muralsof his own. His later work continued a straightforward exploration of social issues andsometimes included written commentaries.Sandy Skoglund (1946–) United States, photographer. Born in Massachusetts,conceptual installation artist and photographer Sandy Skoglund graduated from SmithCollege and the University of Iowa. She began her career as a printmaker, later taking upphotography. Skoglund’s work combines her interests in conceptual art and photography.She creates elaborate sculptural tableaux, often featuring animal sculptures, and thenphotographs them.Michael Skrepnick (1957–) Canada, illustrator. Canadian paleo-artist Skrepnick, hasbeen interested in dinosaurs since childhood. After volunteering with paleontologists atAlberta’s Royal Tyrrel Museum, he became more deeply involved in researching fossils.

This led to his career as an artist who illustrates and reconstructs dinosaurs and otherprehistoric vertebrates. Skrepnick works in pencil, pen and ink, and acrylic.Gertrude Graham “Gay” Smith (1953–) United States, potter . Gertrude Graham“Gay” Smith studied at Harvard College and now lives and works in North Carolina. Shemakes wheel-thrown porcelain pots which she then alters. Her work explores the tactilenature of clay, and she makes pots that she says “look alive.” She scales her pieces to thehuman hand and intends for them to be functional.Sieglinde Schoen Smith (1904–) Germany, quilt maker. Quilt maker Sieglinde SchoenSmith was born in Germany and came to the United States in 194.. Though she hascreated needlework since her grandmother taught her how to embroider when she was ayoung girl, Smith only began making quilts a few years ago. In 2006, her quilt MotherEarth and Her Children won the “Best in Show” award at the International QuiltAssociation’s annual exhibition. This quilt is based on her favorite children’s story, the1908 German book Root Children by Sibylle Offer.Joan Snyder (1940–) United States, painter. American painter Joan Snyder was born inNew Jersey in 1940 and studied art at Rutgers University. Her early work consisted of“stroke paintings,” in which she traced vivid, dripping brushstrokes across the canvas.Later, she moved to narrative, autobiographical style that depicted images from herfamily life as well as subjects related to history, politics, and her passionate interest infeminism.Hajime Sorayama (1947–) Japan, illustrator, robot designer. Sorayama attended artschool and began his career as an illustrator. In 1978, he drew his first robot. In additionto illustration, Sorayama’s work has included projects for television, movies, andmagazines, and he has written several books. He is best known for his design of Sony’sAIBO robot.Jacques-Germain Soufflot (1713–1780) France, architect. French architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot studied architecture in Rome and adopted the Neoclassical style. Inaddition to a number of residences, Soufflot designed several public buildings in Lyon.He worked on his most significant project, the church dedicated to Paris’s patron saintGeneviève, for 25 years. During the French Revolution, the function of the buildingshifted and it became a mausoleum called the Panthéon des Grands Hommes (GreatMen).Everett Franklin Spruce (1908–2002) United States, painter. American painter andprintmaker Franklin Spruce moved to Dallas from his native Arkansas to study at theDallas Art Institute. He became a member of the “Lone Star Regionalists,” a group ofTexas artists devoted to painting images of the Southwest. Spruce taught at the Universityof Texas at Austin for nearly 35 years.Richard Steele (1950–) Newfoundland, painter. Steele paints images of his hometown,St. John’s, Newfoundland. His images capture the essence of everyday life in St. John’s,showing families enjoying their leisure time. Steele’s art often reflects the changingseasons. Steele worked as a teacher for more than twenty-five years before becoming apainter.Saul Steinberg (1914–1999) Romania, architect, cartoonist. Steinberg trained as anarchitect. He is best known for his drawings, in which he combined calligraphy andhumor. Collage elements, such as graph paper and sheet music, often appear in hisdrawings. He was a cartoonist for The New Yorker for almost sixty years.

Frank Stella (1936–) Italy, color field painter. Stella is an advocate of the shapedcanvas. His geometric designs use the unframed edges of the canvas as part of thepainting. Unlike other Color Field painters, Stella uses colors that are extremely varied,sometimes combining fluorescent paints and metallic colors that are visually jarring. Thecolors are carefully chosen to create visual movement.Louis Sullivan (1856–1924), architect. Sullivan pioneered the Chicago Style ofarchitecture and built one of the first modern skyscrapers, merging steel frames withterra-cotta surface decoration. Born in Boston, Sullivan studied at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology and then in Paris before settling in Chicago. In addition to hisbuildings, Sullivan also created interior designs and wrote extensively on architecturaltheory.Evan Summer (1948–) United States, printmaker, photographer. Summer studied artat the State University of New York, Buffalo, and at Yale. He is known primarily for histechnically accomplished prints that depict imaginary urban structures that look as thoughthey have been abandoned. In the past few years, Summer has explored insects in prints,drawings, and photographs.Natalie Surving (1938–), ceramic artist. Ceramic artist Surving, began her career as anart teacher. Her work in ceramics started with animal sculptures and pots featuring animaldesigns. Surving now focuses on bas-relief tiles with images of fish, reptiles, andamphibians. Surving and her husband, Richard, who is also a ceramic artist, divide theirtime between New York and Mexico.Bunch_ Tani (1763–1841), painter, printmaker, illustrator. Tani was born into awealthy family in Edo (now Tokyo). He worked as an apprentice to a painter andincorporated several different influences into his own work, including elements ofChinese and Western painting. Bunch_ received numerous commissions from the shogun,the supreme military officer in Japan, to create illustrated books and scrolls.Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859–1937) United States, painter. American painter HenryOssawa Tanner studied art in the United States and Europe, where he was influenced bythe style of the Impressionists and first became well-known. Most of his works center onreligious subjects or bring spiritual and religious meanings to subject matter showing theeveryday life of African Americans.Harriet Peck Taylor (1954–) United States, painter. Taylor was born in Illinois. Shemoved to Boulder, Colorado to attend college, and has lived there ever since. Taylorworks in batik and oil pastels. Her subject matter is the wildlife that she sees around herhome. Taylor has written and illustrated several children’s books about animals.Maggie Taylor (1961–) United States. Born in Ohio, Taylor studied at Yale and theUniversity of Florida. She initially took traditional photographs with a camera and film.In 1996, she began creating digital collages. She makes her work by combining foundimages and historical photographs, placing them directly on a flatbed scanner. The inkjetprints that result from this process share some characteristics with photography, yet herunexpected juxtapositions give them an otherworldly quality.Wayne Thiebaud (1920–) United States, painter, cartoonist. Thiebaud began hiscareer as a cartoonist and advertising art director in New York. His style is related to PopArt and usually depicts everyday food items such as cakes, pastries, and cafeteriaselections; he has also shown animals and people in his work. Thiebaud’s style featureslush brushstrokes, strong colors, and stylized images set on a plain background.

Tom Thomson (1877–1917) Canada, painter. Thomson is known as one of the firstCanadians to concentrate on painting outdoors in the Canadian wilderness, attempting tocapture the distinct character and color of the land. His spontaneous use of colors andbrushstrokes and his devotion to Canadian themes inspired the Group of Seven. TheseToronto-based Canadian landscape painters continued Thomson’s ideas after his death.John Henry Twachtman (1853–1902), painter. Twachtman studied art in the UnitedStates and in Munich, and traveled to Europe repeatedly during his life. There, heassimilated several different influences into his work, including aspects ofImpressionism. Twachtman’s romantic landscapes convey a sense of the spirituality ofnature. He belonged to the group of American Impressionist painters known as “TheTen.”Doris Ulmann (1882–1934) United States, photographer. Ulmann was born in NewYork City and attended Columbia University, where she studied with prominentphotographer Clarence H. White. She later joined the Pictorialist Photographers ofAmerica, a group whose soft-focus photography borrowed from the aesthetics ofpainting. Ulmann is best known for her sensitive portraits of rural people, taken primarilyin the American South.Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) Netherlands, painter. van Gogh began painting whenhe was twenty-seven and became the first great Dutch painter since the seventeenthcentury. His expressive works are known for bright colors and swirling strokes of thickpaint. The artist lived a troubled life that ended tragically. Van Gogh sold only onepainting in his lifetime, but today he is considered one of the world's major artists.Jan Vermeer (1632–1675), painter. Vermeer earned a reputation as one of the greatestDutch painters. He is known for his serene compositions and realistic depictions ofeveryday scenes. His paintings are small and in photographs they appear to have asmooth texture. The actual paintings have vibrant textures and translucent colors thathave been aptly compared to “crushed pearls, melted together.”Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1755–1842) France, painter. Vigée-Lebrunworked as a court painter in France, specializing in portraits of Marie Antoinette andother members of the French court. During the French Revolution and Napoleonicregime, she traveled throughout Europe and continued to work for wealthy patrons. Herportraits were flattering, elegant, and characteristic of the luxuriant sentiment in muchRococo art.Erica Wade (1953–) United States, painter. Wade is an accomplished American painterand fiber artist. She has created some weavings with stained painterly qualities and hasrecently created woven surfaces in which colored yarns are interlocked with strips ofpainted paper.Abraham Walkowitz (1878–1965) United States, painter. Walkowitz studied art inNew York and later moved to Paris, where he met a number of modern artists who wouldinfluence his work. His subjects ranged from colorful abstracted landscapes to cityscapesand to figures. For many years he painted the choreographer and dancer Isadora Duncan,rendering the movement of her body in as few strokes as possible.Thomas U. Walter (1804–1887) United States, architect. Philadelphian Walter workedas a mason and an apprentice to architect William Strickland. He also studied the relatedfields of physics and fine art. Walter designed a number of buildings in the United

States–primarily in Pennsylvania and Virginia–in the Greek Revival style, borrowingelements of Greek temple architecture.Andy Warhol (1928–1987) United States, painter, graphic designer, filmmaker.Warhol was a painter, graphic designer, and filmmaker. Pop Art incorporated popularimages and symbols, breaking down boundaries between commercial art and fine art;Warhol emphasized this by calling his studio “The Factory.” Warhol’s best-known worksare brightly colored silk-screened or painted images of consumer products and celebrities.He famously said, “In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes.”Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684–1721), painter. Watteau is associated with Rococo, astyle of art that used light colors and fine brushstrokes to portray playful scenes.Watteau’s preferred subject matter included the theater, military life, and courting scenes.He was known to combine elements of numerous small sketches in the creation of apainting.Tom Wesselman (1931–2004), collage artist. Wesselman belonged to the Pop Artmovement that began in the 1960s and appropriated images and symbols from popularculture. Most of his large-scale works are assemblages or collages in which he combineda painted surface with product labels, images cut from billboards, reproductions of otherartists’ work, and found objects.James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903) United States, painter. American painter JamesMcNeill Whistler lived in London for most of his life. He was a proponent of theAesthetic movement, whose members advocated for pure beauty in art. His work alsoshows the influence of Japonisme, a style which adopted elements of Japanese design.Whistler often titled his portraits and landscapes with terms relating to music and color.He used a tiny picture of a butterfly as his signature.Hale A. Woodruff (1900–1980) United States, painter. During his long career, artistand educator, Woodruff established educational and exhibition opportunities for AfricanAmerican artists at Atlanta University. He also began Spiral, a forum for exhibitions anddiscussions of African American works. His paintings were influenced by Abstract andAfrican art.Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959) United States, architect. One of the twentiethcentury’s most important architects, American Frank Lloyd Wright had a career thatspanned 70 years. He designed hundreds of buildings, including homes, hotels, museums,churches, and businesses. He is known for “breaking up the box” (as he put it) anddeveloping open, free-flowing spaces in buildings. Wright also made technicalimprovements in construction and imaginatively combined materials.Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892)Japan. Japanese artist Tsukioka Yoshitoshi isconsidered the last great artist of the ukiyo-e tradition. He made woodcuts that showedthe traditional subjects of actors and warriors. Some of his subject matter wasunconventional, such as macabre scenes of violence. Yoshitoshi also worked for anewspaper, illustrating stories about current events.Isaiah Zagar (1939–) United States, muralist. Philadelphia-based muralist Zagar grewup in New York and attended the Pratt Institute. He works primarily in tile and glassmosaic, creating large-scale murals on buildings in Philadelphia’s South Streetneighborhood. He has created more than 70 murals, working with teams of communityvolunteers. Zagar transformed his home and studio into “The Magic Garden,” an

elaborate sculptural and architectural environment built mostly from cast-off items andfound objects.Malcah Zeldis (1931–) United States, painter. American painter Malcah Zeldis lived inIsrael for several years. She graduated from college when she was in her forties andbegan to paint seriously soon after. Self-taught as an artist, Zeldis’s works featurefamilies engaged in both everyday activities and special celebrations. She also paintedportraits of prominent figures from American history, including Abraham Lincoln andMartin Luther King, Jr.