EIA REPORT

RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNISATION OF NAGAPATTINAM FISHING HARBOUR

(World Bank Aided ETRP)

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Report

September 2010

Submitted by: Dept. of Fisheries, GOT

In Consultation with: SMEC International LTD Australia

SMEC

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No EIA Structure Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 13

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 28

4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND

MITIGATION MEASURES

51

5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 62

6 ADDITIONAL STUDIES – RISK ASSESSMENT,

PUBLIC CONSULTATION, SOCIAL IMPACT,

PROJECT BENEFITS & COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

65

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 71 APPENDIX 87

Executive Summary

Background As a major step in revitalisation along the Tsunami affected coast of Tamilnadu, the World Bank has committed to revitalise the coastal resources along the coast of Tamilnadu. Government of Tamilnadu has decided to reconstruct 4 fishery harbors at Pazhayar, Nagapattinam, Mallipatinam and Chinnamuttom with modern facilities under World Bank Assistance. Moreover, the existing Fishing Harbour area is under the control of the Nagapattinam Port and now the Port Authorities intend to use this area for Port expansion programmes. Thus, construction of new harbor facilities becomes a necessity. For determining the Environmental Impact during any construction/ up-gradation / reclamation project in these coastal areas, it warrants an ‘Environmental Impact Assessment study’ prior, during and after stages of the project and thereby necessitating this study at Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour (FH) . The present fish catch at Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour is estimated to be 18,600 TPA, and also it has dredging component in the proposed project, thereby it requires prior Environmental Clearance from both State and Central level. Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour This District lies on the shores of the Bay of Bengal between Northern Latitude 10° 46’ degrees and 79° 51’ Eastern Longitude an area of 2715.83 Square kilometers in its fold, on the eastern coast, 350 kilometers down south from the State capital 'Chennai' and 145 kilometers east, from Tiruchirappalli, a central place of the state. This FH is located in Ward No 2 , Block No 2 and Survey Nos: 281-288, 292, 28,29 & 1 of Vadakkupoigainallur Village (Kaduvaiyar River side) and 24, 26, 29, 30, 35, 36, 1711 & 1712 of Nagapattinam Municipality (Uppanar River Side). For this fishing harbour, approach to the sea is through a channel north of the harbour. There are 530 mechanized fishing boats of 15 mts size that operate in the Nagapattinam FH. The total fish landings from this harbor is 18,600 MT. Project profile Landside Structures Auction hall – 3nos, Net mending Shed - 2nos, Gear Locker Shed, Admin Building , UG Sump Fresh Water, UG Sump Saline Water , Gen Set Room, Security Cabin, Toilets - 2 nos, Drainage Network, Solid Waste Management, Sewage Treatment Plant, Road & lightings, Compound Wall and Parking area.

Seaside structures The Proposed sea side activities are:

1 Wharf (810 m), Out of which 530 m lies on the banks of Kaduvaiyar river and 280 m on the Upannar river side,

2 Retaining wall (683 m ), of which 333m lies on the Kaduvaiyar river and , 350 m on the Upannar river side,

3 Dredging (- 3.0 m depth; Quantity of dredging 4,03,645 m3).

These proposed harbour elements are to be constructed at a cost of Rs 31.52 Crores. Numerical Model Studies Numerical model studies (using SWAN and RMA 2) shows that, tidal currents in the main channel of the Kaduvaiyar River will need to be maintained at 0.35 m/s to maintain channel depth. From the study it is evident that maximum velocities in the vicinity of the fishing harbour can exceed 1 m/s and can be more than twice the magnitude of velocity due to tidal currents alone. The maximum velocity zones in the river system include at the river entrance, at the confluence of the two river branches upstream of the fishing harbour and through the bridge immediately upstream of the fishing harbour. For a maximum tidal velocity of 0.5 m/s, the maximum sediment transport rate through area of the Nagapattinam fishing harbour is very low, of the order of around 1 m3/hour for a channel width of 100 m and thus the annual sedimentation rate is ~ 20,000 m3. Small flood events bring sediment from the catchment upstream into the fishing harbour area, and this sediment is deposited around the fishing harbour as tidal currents alone are insufficient to scour away this sediment. Periodic (maintenance) dredging of the river channel is therefore required to maintain channel depths.

Existing Environmental Status

Air Environment

Ambient air monitoring studies for PM10 PM2.5 , NO2 and SO2) were conducted (as per the latest MoEF notification issued on 16th November, 2009) in the Nagapattinam FH for

24 hours. The observed values for Particulate Matter were 11.6 and 42.9 g/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10 respectively. The maximum observed values for SO2 and NO2 were 21.6

and 31.3 g/m3 respectively. The results show that, the concentrations of ambient parameters in the Nagapattinam FH were within the permissible MoEF Standards. Noise Levels Fishing harbour projects can involve short-term impacts during construction and long-term impacts during operation due to increased noise levels. The noise levels observed at the project site was well within the permissible limits of the CPCB standards, with the day time observation of 51 and night time of 38 dB (A).

Water Environment Surface (S), mid (M) and bottom (B) level water samples were collected (during the month of February 2008) in and around Nagapattinam Fishing harbour and analysed.

The mean surface water temperature in the project area was observed to be 29.5 ◦C and found to be decreasing towards the bottom. Though the response of different marine fauna to reduction in DO level varies, DO levels of less than 2 mg l-1 is highly injurious and the DO levels observed in the present study were > 4 mg/L and are higher than that prescribed National Standards for harbor waters, thereby support marine life. The analytical results of the present study indicate that the Nagapattinam marine waters are moderately rich in nutrients. The metals concentrations recorded in the Nagapattinam waters do not indicate any alarming pollution by toxic metals.

Sediment Environment Mud content (silt+clay: 55%) exceeds the content of sand in most sediments collected and analysed at Nagapattinam FH. The high mud content in these stations may be attributed to the sediment input from the distributaries draining the Cauvery delta. The present study at Nagapattinam sediments indicates that the metal concentrations in this FH are comparably similar (and lesser in most of the metal concentration) to (published results on) other locations in the East Coast. The study indicates that there is no alarming contamination in the sediments of the study area. Marine Biota Plankton is used as one of the indicators of water quality. Benthic macro invertebrates are animals inhabiting the substratum of lakes, streams, estuaries and marine waters. The present study on marine living organisms shows diversified abundance of various organisms indicating lesser degree of pollution or disturbance from the existing Fishing Harbour.

Overall Environmental Impact

No endangered species or mangroves are present in the proposed project site

All the biological changes are temporary, previous condition will be recovered after construction.

The marine structures relating to the fishing harbour itself will provide a substrate for the development of diverse attached community. This algal and invertebrate community in turn will be potential food resource for many fish species.

Benthic invertebrate communities are subject to direct mortality or burial during dredging, however, these organisms usually recover from disturbances in a relatively short time.

Direct impact and disturbances are usually confined to within a few hundred meters of

the dredging equipment while in operation. Also, dissolved oxygen levels may improve considerably following cessation of dredging due to the removal of organic sediments from the system.

Proper disposal of harbour waste will inturn improve the hygiene inside the Fishing Harbour Complex.

The present baseline study does not show any alarming concentration of pollutants in water, air and land environments; and their concentrations are well below the permissible limits as per the CPCB norms. Hence, project is unlikely to cause any adverse impact in the surrounding environment.

Public Consultation and Social Impact

The public, including the fishermen have reported that due to Tsunami, siltation and accumulation of sand caused detrimental to the fishing activity and requested for dredging the harbour basin and approach channel. The stakeholders were consulted through two meetings (on 5/12/2007 and 27/11/2009) at various stages of designing the harbour elements. The stake holders during the interaction explained in detail about the need for additional facilities in the new fishing harbour and hence the project proposals have taken into account the inputs from the stakeholders. It is asserted that the project involving social benefits to the fisherfolk affected by the Tsunami is bound to have positive impact in terms of employment and income generation. The project proposals apart from meeting the demands of the fisherman also would create facilities for ancillary industries like value added fish and fishery products, attract small scale service mechanics for repair of marine diesel engines and out board motors to put up service centers within the harbor part apart from mitigating the problem of space within the harbor.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP):

The baseline study shows that the air and water pollutants are well within the standards prescribed by CPCB. The critical environmental parameters are to be regularly monitored (as given in the ‘environmental monitoring programme’ of this report) at each stage of the project. However, care will be taken for regular maintenance of machinery and vehicles during the construction phase. This project proposes a modern fishing harbour at Nagapattinam with all essentials to maintain hygiene inside the harbour like: proper slope provided to collect all the waste water from Auction hall and the wharf area, disinfectant pit with Sodium Hypochlorite solution (for fisherman to have a dip of their fish baskets base and their legs) provided in the Auction hall entrance, Sewage Treatment Plant (STP);Skimmer to collect the oil spill near the quays; RO plant for waste water recycling; waste collection bins recyclable and no-recyclable types of waste and a organic waste converter.

Conclusion: The present baseline study does not show any alarming concentration of

pollutants in water, air and land environments; and their concentrations are well below the permissible limits as per the CPCB norms. Hence, project is unlikely to cause any adverse impact in the surrounding environment. This report also discusses different prevention, protection and control measures for air and water pollution. Finally this report is evolving an appropriate EMP for the proposed new Fishing harbour at Nagapattinam.

INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the report:

For determining the Environmental Impact during any reconstruction/ up-gradation / reclamation project in these coastal areas, it warrants an Environmental Impact Assessment study prior, during and after stages of the project and thereby necessitating this study . By incorporating environmental considerations in the planning stage itself, environmental problems can be foreseen at an early stage and appropriate solutions can be found out. Community objections can also be minimised by publicizing the positive impacts, which would enhance the proponent’s image as well as people will get aware about the pros and cons of the project.

1.2 Identification of the Project and the Project proponent:

As a major step in revitalisation along the Tsunami impacted coast of Tamilnadu, the World Bank has committed to revitalise the coastal resources along the coast of Tamilnadu. Government of Tamilnadu (Department of Fisheries) has decided to ‘reconstruct and modernise’ the 4 fishing harbors at Pazhayar, Nagapattinam, Mallipatinam and Chinnamuttom with modern facilities under World Bank Assistance, and one among them is the present project on Nagapattinam.

1.3 Nature, Size and Location of the Project and its importance to the Region and

Country:

Coastal environment plays a vital role in nation's economy by virtue of the resources, productive habitats and rich biodiversity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms and TamilNadu has a coastal length of about 1076 kms constituting about 15% of the total coastal length of India and stretches along the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The unique topography of Tamil Nadu with the Gulf of Manaar and Kaniyakumari in the south, and Coromandel Coast in the north has resulted in an abundance of fish species and a large number of high value potential resources. Nagapattinam is a coastal city and a municipality in Nagapattinam District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (Fig 1). It is the administrative headquarters of Nagapattinam District, it was carved out by bifurcating the composite Thanjavur district on October 18, 1991. Other names of the town are Naganadu, Cholakula Vallippatinam and Shiva Rajadhani. The main occupation of Nagapattinam is fishing in the waters of Bay of Bengal and selling them in the town's fish market.

Figure 1.Nagapattinam location Map

NAGAPATTINAM

This District lies on the shores of the Bay of Bengal between Northern Latitude 10° 46’ degrees and 79° 51’ Eastern Longitude and area of 2715.83 Square kilometers in its fold. The District capital, 'Nagapattinam' lies on the eastern coast , 350 kilometers down south from the State capital 'Chennai' and 145 kilometers east, from Tiruchirappalli, a central place of the state. The Coleroon River forms the northern boundary of the district, whereas Arasalar, Tirumalairajanar, Vettar and Vennar Rivers drain into other parts of the district. All these rivers are tributaries and branches of the River Cauvery. The Nagapattinam–Poompuhar coastline consists of long, narrow and low sandy beaches. The nearshore bathymetry is relatively steep, straight and parallel to the coast.

Table 1. Fisherman population in Nagapattinam

Fishing Hamlets Population

Samanathanpettai 1507

Nambiarnagar 4075

Nagai Aryanattu Street 2634

Keechankuppam 3758

Akkaraipettai 6601

Kallar 1022

Total 19597

Source: 1) Tamilnadu Marine Fisher folk Census (2000) – Fisheries Dept 2) Marine Fisheries Census (2005) - CMFRI

There are 530 mechanized fishing boats of 15 mts size that operate in the Nagapattinam FH .The total fish landings from this harbor is 18,600 MT. The main fishing season is in the months of June and July and the moderate season is in the months of Feburary and March. The other months of the year are considered as off-season fishery. Trawlnets and Gillnets are the major fishing gears operated in this harbour. However, a few of the fishing hamlets use shoreseine (Nambiyar nagar) and longline for fishing operations. The fishing harbour at Nagapattinam is currently meeting the berthing requirement and also fish trade related activities of the following six fishing hamlets in the district (Table 1). There are 3862 fishermen families with average family size of 5.07 persons per family. Akkaraipettai village has the largest number of families which is 1256. Keechankuppam village records the largest family size of 5.3 followed by Akkaraipettai and Nambiarnagar villages.

1.4 Scope of the Study:

Environmental issues in Fishing Harbour construction and operation primarily include: Dredged materials management, Air emissions, General waste reception, Wastewater, Solid waste management, oil management , Noise and Biota. The Scope of the present EIA-EMP exercise is to evaluate the beneficial and/or the adverse effects of the proposed reconstruction and modernisation activity of the Fishing Harbour on the surrounding environment. The present fish catch is estimated to be 18,600 TPA, and also it has dredging component in the proposed project, thereby it requires prior Environmental Clearance from both State and Central level (notification :19th Januray, 2009). Besides fulfilling the legal requirement for getting environmental clearance from statutory authorities, the specific objectives of the EIA-EMP are as follows; To review the current status of the environmental quality of the project site and its

surroundings. To assess the pollution that would occur during construction and operation stages of the project and its impact on the surroundings.

To suggest an EMP including adequate pollution control methods. To ensure the pollutant released, if any is within the limits prescribed by State

Pollution Control Board as well as Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). To minimize adverse environmental impact, if any. To recommend a post-project monitoring programme to verify the anticipated

environmental effects and take corrective and preventive measures.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Need of the Project:

The recent Tsunami which occurred on 26 December 2004 caused extensive damage to the shore and foreshore area of the Tamil Nadu coastal system, resulting in greater physical damage, particularly at Nagapattinam. Apart from the loss of human life among the fishermen, fishing boats, fishing nets and fish landing centers have been extensively damaged during Tsunami. This made the policy planners and administrators to look deep into the problems concerning the fisheries sector in a holistic manner by providing suitable infrastructure support right at the landing sites/Fishing harbours. Moreover the existing Fishing Harbour area is under the control of the Nagapattinam Port and now the Port Authorities intend to use this area for Port expansion programmes. So the fisherman will not be able to use the existing harbor facilities including the Auction Hall. Thus, construction of new harbor facilities becomes a necessity. Figure 1a. Satellite Imagery of Nagapattinam Fishing harbour

2.2 Location: This proposed FH is located in the estuarine area of the Kaduviyar river (Fig 1a) in Ward No 2, Block No 2 and Survey Nos: 281-288, 292, 28, 29 & 1 of Vadakkupoigainallur Village (Kaduvaiyar River side) and 24, 26, 29, 30, 35, 36, 1711 & 1712 of Nagapattinam Municipality (Uppanar River Side). The proposed FH is ~ 8.5 km away from Karaikal (Pondicherry State) Boundary. This fishing harbour is connected by a new bridge with adequate headroom to enable fishing boats to crossover to the upstream of kaduvaiyar river. Peak measured discharge values through the Vadugacheri 91/7 M regulator on the Kaduvaiyar River were available, with a peak measured value of 2905 cubic feet per second (82.3 m3/s) measured during a flood event in 1983.

2.3 Existing Structures/Facilities at Nagapattinam FH: 1 Fish landing and berthing centre – Fish landing and berthing centre is located on the bank of Kaduvaiyar River. 3. Auction Hall 4. The Nagapattinam fishing harbor has sea opening for boat navigation from the

northern direction. 5. The Harbor has a diesel bunk, which provides diesel to the fishermen at

subsidized rates. 6. There are no cold storage facilities in the present existing fishing harbour

Apart from a dilapidated wharf of about 125 m on the (western side of the River-over-Bridge) banks of the Upanaar River (for FRP boat berthing), all the above said facilities are located in the eastern side of the new River Over bridge (ROB). This area is under the control of the Nagapattinam Port and now the Port Authorities intend to use this area for Port expansion programmes. So the fisherman will not be able to use the existing harbor facilities including the Auction Hall. Thus, construction of new harbor facilities including Auction halls becomes a necessity.

The old ROB has been already demolished (removed). The Port authorities have floated a tender to clear the remaining structures of the foundation level of the old ROB. This work will not hamper the Fishing Harbour (FH) construction in anyway, since the FH is on the otherside of the bridge. The State Government has provided housing to fishermen near the erstwhile Nagapattinam Fishing Jetty. The sewage lines are connected to the Municipal sewage lines. As such these human settlements would not have any interference in the proposed new fishing harbour. The entrance channel for both Port and Fishing Harbour is common and is maintained by the Port Department. The draft requirement for Port is nearly 7 m and that if fishing boats is around 4m, it is sufficient for easy movement for the fishing boats in the

entrance channel. The Tsunami that struck the coast on 26.12.2004 and its impact made the policy planners and administrators to look deep into the problems concerning this sector in a holistic manner by providing suitable infrastructure support right at the landing sites/Fishing harbours. These call for measures that take care of changes in understanding the transformation process, ensuring access to technological changes (capture, landing, handling, processing, storage, transport and marketing), provision of onboard facilities, shore based facilities, onshore processing facilities, transport, storage and marketing facilities. SMEC International Limited has been awarded the consultancy by the Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of TamilNadu, Chennai for preparing the requisite detailed project report in this regard. Apart from reconstruction work on the Tsunami damaged existing structures, keeping the increase in fishcatch due to multi day multi gear fishing, the following land and water side structures are proposed as a part of modernization work of this project (Figure 2a, 2b)

2.4 Proposed Waterside Structures/Activities :

1. Diaphram wall (810 m), Out of which 530 m lies on the banks of Kaduviyar river and 280

m on the Upannar river side,

2. Retaining wall (683 m ), of which 333m lies on the Kaduviyar river and , 350 m on the

Upannar river side,

3. Dredging (- 3.0 m depth; Quantity of dredging 4,03,645 m3)

2.5 Proposed Shoreside Harbour Elements

1. Auction hall – 3nos

2. Net mending Shed - 2nos

3. Gear Locker Shed

4. Admin Building

5. UG Sump Fresh Water

6. UG Sump Saline Water

7. Gen Set Room

8. Security Cabin

9. Toilets - 2 nos

10. Drainage Network

11. Solid Waste Management/Organic waste converter

12. Sewage Treatment Plant

13. Road & lightings

14. Compound Wall

15. Parking area

FIG 2a KEY PLAN – PROPOSED HARBOUR ELEMENTS

FIG 2b KEY PLAN – PROPOSED DREDGING AND DUMPING AREAS

2.6 DETAILS OF PROPOSED HARBOUR ELEMENTS

Fish Auction Hall Three Auction halls are proposed in the present project – Two on Kaduvaiyar River side and one on the Upanaar side. The proposed auction hall is to be a sheltered building covered from all sides with insect screens. The hall will be provided with facilities for cleaning, sorting/grading, weighing, auctioning, icing, packing and loading of fish landed by boats. The width of the auction hall has been suggested as 8 m, in order to provide adequate elbow space for the auctioneers to conduct their business. Moreover, the flooring of the Auction hall will be made up of semi-polished granite slabs with adequate slope to avoid stagnation of water in the Auction hall. Central drainage has also been provided with a slope of 1:30, for ensuring free flow of waste water, and it is connected to the main drain outside the auction hall. Raised platforms of size 9 x 5 m, I m height is provided in the auction hall to facilitate easy auctioning. Fishing Gear Locker Shed The traditional fishermen do not have adequate facility to store the net in their fishing crafts. They usually carry on their shoulders for storing them on houses. In ordered to facilitate to storing of nets and gears within the fishing harbor a Gear locker shed (20x10m) is provided. Net Mending Shed There is no provision for net mending shed in the existing FH, as on date. So two new net mending shed (20x10m) is proposed along with pavement area (20 x 20 m) on both sides to cater to the needs of the proposed facilities. Admin Building In order to locate the office of the fishing harbor management and also provide information to fishermen about resources, weather warnings etc,. it is essential to provide an administrative block with in the harbor complex. The project recommends the construction of an administrative building with a total area of 570.51sq.m Parking area Any fishing harbor needs adequate parking slot to park the vehicles that come for loading and unloading of ice and fishes. The project provides hard surfaces to park the vehicles that come to the harbor (area: 2573sq.m)

Compound wall In the light of stiff competition from the export market, the entire fishing harbor area need be well protected from entries by strangers so that the entire premises are maintained in a very hygienic condition. Moreover, the entire harbor area is to be considered as a highly secured zone. A compound around the fishing harbor is also provided in this proposed project. Internal Roads Within the fishing harbor complex, internal concrete roads of sufficient width are proposed. The internal roads, besides providing road connectivity with areas reserved for various utilities; also demarcate the limit of utility areas. This is in line with the international guidelines in maintaining hygiene standards for the product handled within the fishing harbor premises. The road widths shown in the harbor layout include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lanes cum service lanes such as sewerage, drainage, fresh water supply, lighting etc. Drainage and Sewage Sewage, drainage and solid waste from fish auction hall loading area, packing halls, processing plants etc., of the fishing harbor complex are to be properly disinfected and treated for contaminants. Provisions are made in the form of roadside bins, soak pits and sewage treatment plants. The water drains with appropriate slopes on either side of the road are to be kept closed with pre-cast slabs for maintenance and safety of pedestrian traffic. The drain consists of storm water drains, which slope towards the land side, and end in percolation pits, which recharge the ground water. The drains are designed taking in to account maximum rainfall during the past 5years. The sewage generated is collected and let into the STP (STP of 50 KLD is proposed in this Project). Power and Lighting Night fish landings are very common in a harbor and hence provision of appropriate power supply and lighting is absolutely necessary for the safety of people. In most of these harbors for common lighting either high mast electrical lighting or ordinary tube lights have been provided. The fisherman associations which are responsible for their maintenance are unable to pay the electricity cost and hence avoid using these lights. Hence, it is proposed to install solar powered lights in all vital areas like wharf, auction hall and internal roads. In order to maintain uninterrupted power supply, gensets of

appropriate capacity are also suggested to be installed to back the essential activities. Underground cable laying is also recommended for the entire harbor premises.

Water Supply Potable / fresh water supply is a prerequisite for any fishing harbor to meet the freshwater requirements of fishing vessels to carry onboard for sea trips and for fish cleaning. For washing fish, sea water could be used and hence it is proposed that two separate lines, one for fresh water and another for sea water are proposed. The total fresh water requirement is estimated to be of about 45 KLD. Existing water supply arrangement is from the nearby village called Oodacheri and Sikkal, located just 18 and 7 kms away from Nagapattinam FH respectively and supplied by Panchayat Board. The supply is sufficient to meet the fresh water demand of the Nagapattinam FH. As the borewell is not a permissible activity within the CRZ zone 1, to supply non-potable water, the project provides for erecting a borewell away from the CRZ 1 Zone. Toilets In a fishing harbor, most of the activities centre on the time of landing of the fish. In each of the Fishing Harbours in Tamilnadu landings takes place either in the wee hours of the morning or during midnight. And this normally spread around 1 to 2 hours. During these hours around 100 to 150 people congregate either for bidding in auction or to transport the fish. In order to maintain a high sanitation level, open defecation within the harbor premises are to be strictly avoided. Moreover, fishermen are to be educated in using the toilets within the harbor and also the need for their proper upkeep. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, provide that adequate numbers of clean washing and toilet facilities be available and accessible to workers.

Number of workers Number of toilets 1-5 1 6-25 2 26-50 3 51-75 4 76-100 5 100+ +1 for every additional 25 workers In the present project it is proposed to have toilets in two locations- one on Kaduviayar side and the other on uppanar side. In both the locations it is proposed to have separate toilets for both men and women (Men - Toilet 4, Bath 2 and Urinal 4 & for Women – Toilet 4 and Bath 2).

Security Room Entry and exit in a fishing harbor need be regulated and monitored constantly. It is, therefore, recommended that a security room at the entrance of the fishery harbor with appropriate communication aids especially telephone and wireless handsets. Supply of Fuel It is suggested that from the existing bunk covered pipelines and high volume quick dispensing pipes can be laid to the outfitting Wharf. The Project includes the cost for this item. Landing Quay The landing quay in a FH plays a pivotal role as the precious commodity namely fish, is landed. It is sine qua non that the landing quay is necessarily to be maintained in a hygienic condition comparable with any International Standards. Therefore, the project includes estimates for laying ‘semi polished white granite’ tiles for easy maintenance. These are provided with adequate slope as the waste water of washed water drains into the drainage systems. High pressure jet pump with connected hose is also provided near this quay for quick washing of the landing platform. Berthing Quay A berthing quay of 630m with a top level of 2m is provided to accommodate mechanized fishing boats that operate from Nagapattinam fishing harbor. Outfitting Quay To enable the mechanized fishing boats (that sail for fishing), to load fuel, food, water, and other essentials, an outfitting quay of 40m length is also provided. Repair Quay The mechanized fishing boats that are to be serviced or repaired need adequate place for berthing their boats. A repair quay of 20m is also provided in this project.

Dredging Dredging work in the FH at Nagapattinam is to be carried out to (in three zones) to maintain the river bed level as (-) 3.0 m; Quantity of dredged sediment is 4,03,645 m3 , including dredging along the sides of berths. The dredged material will be used for leveling (reclamation) of the landside construction sites (as shown in Fig 2b). The annual maintenance dredging is estimated to be ~20,000 m3 through the model studies. The equipment to be employed to carryout dredging is Cutter Suction Dredger having a capacity of dredging 250 m3/hour and the fuel for the dredger is diesel. The dredging / dumping area and volume are detailed below:

Zone Dredging Dumping

Area m2 Volume m3 Area m2

Zone 1 76269 235925 14266

Zone 2 27088 73146 133960

Zone 3 20865 100121 123666

Total 1,24,222 4,09,194 2,71,892

All the harbour elements proposed in this project are permitted activities within the CRZ 1 zone. No cold storage facility, ice plant canteen and fish drying yard are proposed in this project. The above proposed harbour elements are to be constructed at a cost of Rs 31.52 Crores, in four packages as mentioned below: Table 2. Project Cost estimate

Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour

Sl.

No

PACKAGE Amount in

Lakhs

1 Package - 3A ( Retaining Wall, Diaphram Wall ) 841.59

2 Package- 3B (Retaining Wall, Diaphram Wall &

Land side facilities)

670.26

3 Package- 3C ( Dredging) 662.89

4 Package- 3D (Landside Facilities) 977.64

Total Amount 3,152.38

2.7 Technical Justification for the project:

A survey of the fish marketing and physical flow of fish in Tamilnadu indicates that about 50% of the fish transported is consumed within the distance of 40 kms, and 45% within 200 kms and the remaining 5% beyond 200 kms from the coastline. In general, 87.5% of the fish catch is consumed within the state and remaining quantity move out for interstate trade. In the post Tsunami scenario, any attempt to modernization of fishing harbours implies concentration of the planners and administrators in ensuring the quality of the product, namely the fish right from catch to the consumers table. As per the estimate the current rate of wastage due to inadequate infrastructure facilities both onboard and on the shore is around 40 % and if this wastage is brought down, there will be appreciable quantity of quality fish that can be made available to the consumers. Keeping in view of controlling and bringing down the % of spoilage of fish that are landed now as part of modernization of Nagapattinam FH, it is proposed to provide the above proposed shore side infrastructure facilities that would eventually bring down the spoilage and wastage of quality fish that is landed in the harbour. There is a clearcut lacuna in the landside facilities at the existing Nagapattinam fishing harbour to handle the fish in hygienic conditions as per International Standards. Also to facilitate easy boat movement inside the FH and adequate berthing facilities for the fishing boats, the above said water side structures and dredging are proposed. Dredging in and around the FH is recommended to about -3.0 CD (Volume: 4,09,194 m3) and the dredged material will be used for reclamation of lowlying areas in the proposed harbour site (Ref Key plan). This is because of the confluence of two rivers namely Kaduviyar and Uppanar. The annual maintenance dredging is estimated to be ~20,000 m3.

Moreover, the Nagapattinam Port is being expanded which necessitates the vacation of the existing landing and berthing centres to the west of the new ROB (Road over Bridge). The stakeholders, during the interaction explained in detail about the need for additional facilities in the new fishing harbour and hence the project proposals have taken into account the inputs from the stakeholders. The Proposed Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour will be a New, Modern, Ecofriendly and a Model Fishing Harbour with all essentials to maintain hygiene inside the harbour The present condition of the Existing Fishing Harbour and the area for the proposed harbour is depicted in the below given photographs taken on May 2009 at Nagapattinam FH.

NAGAPATTINAM FISHING HARBOUR

Proposed facilities to be constructed in the above shown area

Existing Fishing Harbour

New Bridge and Dismantled old bridge

Netmending done in the Wharf area

Wharf without enough draft depth

Existing Wharf

Boat Repairing done Just behind the Auction Hall

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 PHYSICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

a) Tides

Tides in these areas are semi diurnal with two highs and two lows during the day. The tide levels during spring and neap tides at five different coastal stations along the alignment of the proposed Channel obtained from the NHO charts along with our present study are presented in Table 4 below. Table 4 : Tidal levels (m)

Sl.No. Place Lat. Long. MHWS MHWN MSL MLWN MLWS

1* Nagapattinam 10c 46' 79c 51' 0.65 0.47 0.34 0.20 0.03

2* Kottaipattanam 9c 59' 79c 11' 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1

3* Pamban Pass 9c 16' 79c 12' 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1

4* Tuticorin 8c 48' 78c 10' 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3

5# Chinnamuttom 8c 05' 77c 34' 1.5 1.2 0.65 0.7 0.5

6# Nagapattinam FH 10c 45' 79c 50' 0.65 0.47 0.34 0.20 0.03

*www.sethusamudram.gov.in; #present study It shows that the average spring tidal range close to Palk Straits in the Bay of Bengal (Nagapattinam) is about 0.6 m and the neap tidal range is about 0.25 m. In the Palk Bay (Kottaipattanam) the average spring tidal range varies between 0.4 to 0.5m while that during Neap tide varies between 0.2 to 0.3m. In the Gulf of Mannar (Pamban Pass, Tuticorin) the spring tidal range varies between 0.6 to 0.7m and the corresponding value during Neap tide is 0.2m. Our present study at the project site recorded tides of 0.65 and 0.20m during maximum spring and maximum neap respectively.

b) Climate

The climate in the project area is tropical and it experiences high humidity. Rainfall in the area is mostly during the North east monsoon between September to December. The climatological parameters for the past 5 years, recorded at Nagapattinam are furnished in Table 5.

Table 5. Meteorological Parameters recorded at Nagapattinam

1. ELEMENT: MONTHLY MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEG C) YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2003 29.5 31.1 32.2 33.8 36.8 36.9 35.3 35.3 35.7 32.8 29.8 29.8 2004 29.9 31.1 32.5 34.3 34.5 36.2 35.5 36.7 32.8 31.3 29.3 29.7 2005 30.3 31.4 32.8 32.5 36.5 37.8 36.3 36.9 34.7 32.1 28.6 29.3 2006 29.2 30.5 32.8 34.6 36.2 36.5 37.3 36.1 33.0 32.1 30.0 30.2 2007 30.2 31.0 32.5 34.1 37.7 36.1 35.8 34.5 34.1 32.4 30.3 29.1

2. ELEMENT: MONTHLY MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEG C)

YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2003 22.3 24.3 24.2 26.3 27.2 27.0 25.7 25.7 25.9 25.2 24.1 22.8 2004 21.9 21.6 24.4 27.0 26.0 26.2 25.9 25.9 24.8 24.5 24.1 22.7 2005 22.9 22.8 25.5 26.4 27.3 27.5 26.2 26.5 25.3 25.1 23.3 23.0 2006 22.0 21.9 24.5 26.2 26.8 26.8 26.9 26.0 25.2 24.9 24.3 23.2 2007 22.8 22.7 23.8 26.3 27.5 26.9 26.3 25.2 25.8 24.9 23.5 23.3

3. ELEMENT: MONTHLY MEAN R.H. AT 0830 HRS IST (%)

YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2003 84 83 84 80 78 92 73 73 66 78 88 90 2004 88 86 81 71 76 68 72 69 84 89 92 90 2005 89 85 80 79 76 64 70 64 77 85 92 88 2006 90 88 82 79 74 72 68 76 81 89 92 84 2007 83 82 78 78 68 66 70 77 78 84 85 88

4. ELEMENT: MONTHLY TOTAL RAINFALL (MM)

YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2003 21.3 TR 11.3 15.8 33.2 46.4 80.4 23.1 58.5 166.6 609.5 47.6 2004 11.8 TR 3.8 0.0 322.9 1.8 54.8 61.5 297.2 716.0 407.2 75.7 2005 3.8 0.0 0.7 244.7 12.2 0.0 60.4 90.2 138.8 231.4 978.8 65.8 2006 61.4 TR 20.9 33.6 65.1 25.0 TR 46.1 136.4 393.5 321.3 43.5 2007 TR 38.5 0.0 9.4 23.5 62.8 59.7 239.3 35.4 397.8 148.8 425.0

5. ELEMENT: MONTHLY MEAN WINDSPEED (KMPH)

YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2003 8 7 6 8 11 12 10 * * * * 9 2004 7 7 7 8 10 13 12 13 8 7 8 9 2005 7 7 7 6 10 13 12 16 10 7 9 9 2006 7 7 5 7 11 11 14 12 9 7 6 8 2007 8 7 6 6 11 11 11 10 9 7 7 8

3.2 ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS

Freshwater inflows could have a considerable influence on sediment transport within the Kaduviyar River, both through the supply of sediment load from the catchments upstream during floods, and scour of sediment through high velocity stream flows. The December 2004 tsunami caused extensive damage to the FH at Nagapattinam. Sediments have been deposited in the fishing harbour area, making it shallow and hindering boat traffic for the fishermen. The fisherman and other local bodies have made a representation to the Fisheries Department and the Government for dredging the area and modernize the present FH. To start with, all basic/essential Engineering investigations like tide, topo, bathymetry and model studies were carried out in the project area.

3.2.1 Topo and Bathymetry Surveys Bathymetry and topo survey was conducted for the entire Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour. The echo sounder Bathy DF 500 track with frequency 210KHZ transducer was used for the sounding to obtain the continuous graphical and digital records. The sound velocity was set to 1520m/s (meter per second) to the echo sounder and the echo sounder was checked with a marked bar lowered under the transducer before commencement of sounding to check the accuracy of the echo sounder. The GPS positions were checked with existing jetty. The sounding lines were run perpendicular to the coast and the interval of 50m in the open sea and 20m in the shallow depth area. The coastline and jetty shown in chart has been walked over and sketched in form the ground. GPS MX 400 was used for fixing the positions. The results of the topo and Bathymetry survey are furnished in the form of maps in Figure 2C.

3.2.2. Model Studies Numerical model studies (using RMA 2 and SWAN) were conducted to study the impact of tidal currents in the Nagapattinam Fishing harbour. A comparison of tidal current velocities with the combined velocities caused by the combination of an ebb tide and maximum freshwater inflow at the location of the fishing harbour is given in Figure 3. It should be noted that high discharge events are likely to be associated with tropical cyclones occurring in the area. Tropical cyclones would cause a storm surge at the mouth of the Kaduviyar River as a result of the combination of barometric and wind setup – this may change the magnitude of the tidal currents.

FIGURE 2C TOPO & BATHY MAP

Figure 3 : Tide velocity at the Nagapattinam FH

From Figures 3 it can be seen that maximum velocities in the vicinity of the fishing harbour can exceed 1 m/s and can be more than twice the magnitude of velocity due to tidal currents alone. The maximum velocity zones in the river system include at the river entrance, at the confluence of the two river branches upstream of the fishing harbour and through the bridge immediately upstream of the fishing harbour. These high velocity zones would approximately correspond with areas where scour is expected, and low velocity zones would be depositional areas. Sedimentation in Nagapattinam FH area is discussed in detail in section 3.3.3 (Sediment Characteristics) of this Chapter. Wave-driven currents will be insignificant within the Kaduvaiyar estuary, as the estuary is well protected from wave action, even during cyclones. Wave-driven currents would, for a natural untrained river entrance, normally have a significant influence on coastal processes at the river mouth. However, as the river entrance has been trained by breakwaters at each end, the entrance is kept open by tidal and freshwater flows and wave action has been assumed not to significantly impact the morphology of the entrance area. However, coastal wave climate would not impact on the fishing harbour as it is well protected within the estuary..

3.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

The baseline environmental status of the project area has been assessed to predict the impact on air, water, land, noise, marine biology and socio-economic environments by collecting primary data through fieldwork and secondary data from official sources. The impacts on water environment, typical to a port and harbour project, can be divided into two broad areas of sediment transport and water quality. Both are influenced by the oceanographic parameters like waves, tides, currents and bathymetry. While the sediment transport issues are generally related to the physical alterations of the coastline such as a presence of diaphragm/quay wall or reclamation, the water quality issues are related to the pollutants generated from dredging activities, oil spills, wastewater discharges and runoff from land areas. Apart from water and sediments, air quality also plays a vital role in any coastal or marine related projects and the major air pollutants (NOx, PM, SOx) generated from FH vessels has to be monitored. This section deals with four major areas for quality parameters:

1. Air Environment 2. Water Environment 3. Sediment 4. Biota

3.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Air quality standards provide a legal framework for air pollution control. An air quality standard is a description of a level of air quality that is adopted by a regulatory authority as enforceable (Table 6). The basis of development of standard should be to provide a rational for protecting public health from adverse effects of air pollutants, to eliminate or reduce exposure to hazardous air pollutants, and to guide national and local authorities in their air quality management decisions. Identification of different pollutants, which are expected to be released into the atmosphere and having significant impact on the neighborhood, is an essential component in impact assessment of the air environment. This section will look at the major (NOx, PM, SOx) pollutants generated from FH fishing vessels. Ambient air monitoring studies for PM10 PM2.5 , NO2 and SO2) were conducted (as per the latest MoEF notification issued on 16th November, 2009) on 13.00 Hrs (02.07.10) to 13.00 Hrs (03.07.10), in the Nagapattinam FH and the results are furnished in the Table 6.

a. NOX

Nitrogen oxides form when fuel is burned at high temperatures, as in a combustion process. The primary manmade sources of NOx are motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. NOx is one of the main ingredients involved in the formation of ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problems. Apart from this NOx, contributes to formation of acid rain, nutrient overload that deteriorates water quality, contributes to atmospheric particles that cause visibility impairment, and reacts to form toxic chemicals and global warming.

b. SOX

Sulphur Oxides are formed when fuel containing sulphur, such as coal and oil is burned and when gasoline is extracted from oil or metals are extracted from ore. Also, locomotives, large ships, and some nonroad diesel equipment currently burn high sulfur fuel and release SOX emissions to the air in large quantities. SOX contributes to respiratory illness, particularly, in children and the elderly, and aggravates existing heart and lung diseases, acid rain, which: damages trees, crops, historic buildings, and monuments; and makes soils, lakes, and streams acidic; atmospheric particles that cause visibility impairment.

c. Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter emissions consist primarily of soot, metal oxides, and sulphates, and they originate from incomplete combustion or impurities in the fuel and lubricating oil. Secondary reactions of NOx and SOx can also produce PM. Sea spray is also a large source of particles though most of these fall back to the ocean close to where they were

emitted. The smaller particles contain the secondarily formed aerosols (gas-to-particle conversion), combustion particles and re-condensed organic and metal vapors. The larger particles usually contain earth crust materials and fugitive dust from roads and industries. Table 6. Air Quality Standards, MoEF, (as per the latest amendment, November, 2009)

Parameters Methods Units Results MoEF

Standards

Particulate Matter 2.5 IS 5182 (Part 4)

1999 g/m3 11.6 60

Particulate Matter 10 IS 5182 (Part 4)

1999 g/m3 42.9 100

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) IS 5182 (Part 2)

2001 g/m3

I 19.7

80 II 21.6

III 20.3

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) IS 5182 (Part 6)

2006 g/m3

I 31.3

80 II 30.5

III 29.8

Figure 4. Comparison of air pollutants at Nagapattinam FH with MoEF Standards

High volume air samplers [Model: APM460BL (Sl.No.1499-DTE-2009) and Model: APM550 (Sl.No.229-DTE-2010)] were used to assess the air pollution in and around the

0

20

40

60

80

100

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2

Maximum Observed Concentrations (µg/m3) MoEF Standards (µg/m3)

Nagapattinam FH for 24 hours. The observed values for Particulate Matter were 11.6

and 42.9 g/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10 respectively. The maximum observed values for SO2

and NO2 were 21.6 and 31.3 g/m3 respectively. The observed maximum values were plotted in comparison with the National standards in Figure 4. The results show that, the concentrations of ambient parameters in the Nagapattinam FH were well below the permissible MoEF Standards.

d. Noise Levels

Sound or noise is a disturbance, which propagates away from the source through an elastic medium, namely, air, water or solids, until it reaches a receiver. Port and harbour projects can involve short-term impacts during construction and long-term impacts during operation due to increased noise levels. The adverse effects of noise include interference with concentration, communication, and sleep. At the highest levels, noise can induce hearing damage. Environmental noise is usually measured in A-weighted decibels (dBA). Transportation sources, such as ships, automobiles, trucks, trains, and aircraft, are the principal sources of ambient noise. Industrial and commercial equipment and operations also contribute to the ambient noise environment in their vicinities. The CPCB has given the permissible limits of noise levels (Table 7) which has to be strictly adhered to. The noise levels observed at the project site was well within the permissible limits of the CPCB standards, with the day time observation of 51 and night time of 38 dB (A). Table 7. Mean Noise levels (dB(A)) recorded at Nagapattinam FH

Industrial area

Commercial area

Residential area

Silence zone

Industrial area

Commercial area

Residential area

Silence Zone

DAY TIME

NIGHT TIME

CPCB Standard

75 65 55 50 70 55 45 40

Observed 51 38

Day time is reckoned between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Night time is reckoned between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.

Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 m around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts.

The silence zones are to be declared by the Competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loud speakers and bursting

of crakers shall be banned in these zones.

3.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Coastal Water pollution refers to any change in natural waters that may impair further use of the water, caused by the introduction of organic or inorganic substances or a change in temperature of the water. Understanding the elements of the global oceans, their biological, chemical and physical processes and the linkages amongst and between them, is critical to understanding how anthropogenic activities affect and impact the oceans and coasts, and to developing effective management protocols to protect the oceans, coasts and their resources for future generations. It is estimated that land based discharge (sewage, industrial effluent and urban/river run off etc.) and atmospheric inputs from land industry sources account for some 77% of marine pollution generated from human activities and maritime transport is only responsible for some 12% of the total. Among the various types of uses there is one use that demands highest level of water quality/purity and that is termed a “designated best use” in that stretch of the coastal segment. The primary harbour water quality standards as per the, CPCB are furnished in the Table 8.

Table 8: Primary Water Quality Criteria for Harbour Waters, Source: CPCB S. No. Parameter Standards Rationale/Remarks

1. pH range 6.5 - 9.0 To minimize corrosive and scaling effect. .

2. Dissolved Oxygen 3.0 mg/l or 40 % saturation value, whichever is greater

Considering bio-degradation of oil and inhibition to is oxygen production through photosynthesis.

3. Color and Odor No noticeable color or offensive odor.

None from reactive chemicals which may corrode paints/metallic surfaces

4. Floating Matters Oil, grease and scum (including Petroleum products)

10 mg/l Floating matter should be free from excessive living organisms, which may clog or coat operative parts of marine vessels/equipment.

5. Fecal Coliform 500/100 ml (PAN) Not exceeding 1000/100 ml in 20 percent of samples in the year and in 3 consecutive samples in monsoon months

6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (3 days at 27° C)

5 mg/l To maintain water relatively free from pollution caused by sewage and other decomposable wastes

7. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

3 mg/l Restricted for bathing (aesthetic quality of water)

Surface (S), mid (M) and bottom (B) level water samples were collected in and around Nagapattinam FH (during the month of February 2008), analysed and the results are discussed in the chapter below. 3.3.2.1 Physico-Chemical Parameters Physico-chemical parameters such as surface water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and Salinity observed during the present investigation (Table 9) are generally within the accepted optimum range for marine organisms. The mean surface water temperature in the project area was observed to be 29.5 ◦C and found to be decreasing towards the bottom. It is quite natural that a slight increase in temperature could be anticipated during the dredging operation – mainly due to the presence of the equipment in the waters rather than its operation itself. This increase in temperature (1-2° C) would be within the tolerable range for marine organisms. The system would then get back to normal temperature range on termination of the dredging and on deepening the channel. The continental shelf surface waters are characterized by an average salinity of 35‰, and the salinity values recorded in the present study were near 35 and pH around 8 which is quite normal for any sea water.

Table 9. Physico Chemical Parameters

S- surface; M- mid; B- bottom Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the ability of surface waters to support aquatic life. Generally the oxygen concentration of river system is influenced by processes, which add oxygen to the water (e.g., diffusion from the atmosphere or via photosynthesis) and deplete oxygen concentration (e.g., by assimilation of organisms, organic decomposition and nitrification, or diffusion into the atmosphere). Though the response of different marine fauna to reduction in DO level varies, DO levels of less than 2 mg l-1 is highly injurious and levels between 2 to 4 mg l-1 will impart considerable stress. The DO levels observed in the present study were > 4 mg/L and are higher than that prescribed National Standards for harbor waters, thereby support marine life.

Temperature C0 pH Salinity ppt

DO mg/l

S M B S M B S M B S M B

29.5 28.9 28.9 8.3 8.31 8.3 34.37 34.26 34.4 4.9 5.6 5.1

0-2 mg/l: not enough oxygen to support most marine organisms

2-4 mg/l: only a few kinds of fish and benthic organisms can survive

4-7 mg/l: good for most kinds of marine organisms

7-11 g/l: very good for most marine organisms

3.2.2.2 Nutrients

Nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate (SiOH-) are classified as nutrients as they form the food for micro-organisms like diatoms, dianoflagellates, phytoplaktons, etc., the growth of which are necessary as they form the food for higher order biota. The analytical results of the present study indicate that the waters are moderately rich in nutrients. The nutrients reach the sea mainly by riverine input.

a) Nitrogen

Nitrogen exists in nature in many different forms and there are reactions commonly that go both to and from the different forms. Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia and nitrite to nitrate, consumes oxygen in the water column and in sediments. Table 10. Nutrient Concentrations

Nitrite (mg/l) Nitrate (mg/l)

S M B S M B

0.08 0.02 0.13 0.42 0.44 0.33 Ammonia (mg/l) Phosphate (mg/l)

S M B S M B

2.13 2.03 1.57 0.26 0.33 0.33 S- surface; M- mid; B- bottom In general in near shore estuarine waters inorganic nitrogen (NO2

-, NO3-,) forms and

phosphorus have a significant effect on macrophyte community structure and its biomass. In the present investigation, there was no significant difference between Nitrate (NO3

-) and Nitrite (NO2-) concentrations (Table 8). NH4

+ is observed to be the most dominant N nutrient.

b) Phosphorus Phosphorus occurs naturally in rock formations in the earth's crust, usually as phosphate. Although phosphates from these sources are usually poly-phosphates or organically bound, all will degrade to "ortho" or reactive phosphates with time. The

growth of macrophytes and phytoplankton is stimulated principally by nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Nitrogen is generally the primary limiting nutrient in the seaward portions of estuarine systems (Paerl, 1993). Here, nitrogen levels control the rate of primary production. If the system is supplied with high levels of nitrogen, algal blooms will occur. Systems may be phosphorus limited, however, or become so when nitrogen concentrations are high and N:P>16:1 (Jaworski, 1981). In such cases, excess phosphorus will trigger eutrophic conditions. The present study did not show much variation between surface and bottom waters and were ranging between 0.26 – 0.33 mg/L (Table 10). 3.3.2.2 Metal concentrations

Estuaries and coastal waters are the sites of biogeochemical processes that modify the fluxes of trace metals between continents and open ocean (Cutter, 1991). Metals like Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni are considered as toxic heavy metals and may affect the marine life if present in higher concentration. The concentration of these metals in the organisms, which serve as food for higher order life, may undergo bio-magnification in the food chain. Hence, monitoring the level of these metals becomes important. The trace metal concentrations of the present project site are presented in Table 11. Table 11. Trace Metal Concentrations (µg/l) S. No Sample Id Zn Cu Pb Cd Cr Ni

Nagapattinam 25 9 9 2 2 9

1 Safety levels* 100 25 100 10 NA 70

2 Unpolluted seawater 10.0 3.0 0.03 0.11 0.7-7

3 Mediterranean off Crete 24.7 0.65 NA NA NA

4 Suez Canal 40.0 3.9 NA NA NA

5 Ligurian Sea 3.3 0.7-4.8 NA NA 86.0

6 English Coast, Liverpool Bay 2.3-47.6 0.9-3.0 0.7-4.2 0.1-0.7 NA

7 Iris Sea, Shoreline 3.8-49.1 0.9-3.1 0.6-2.9 0.03-1.4 0.9-9.8

8 North Atlantic Nearshore 0.6-12.6 0.3-3.8 NA 0.04-0.3 0.5-5.2

9 Monterey Bay, California 0.7-35.0 0.5-4.5 0.2-2.0 0.02-4.7 NA

10 Mediterranean off Israel 1.0-256 0.8-31.2 2.1-11.4 0.6-2.9 2.0-5.4

11 Hong Kong, Shoreline 92 69 660 45 NA

S.No 1 : Safety levels* for heavy metals in marine waters (Boyd, 1990) S.No 2 to 11 : Trace Metal Concentration from Coastal Waters

(Roth and Hornung, 1977)

Chromium exists in aerated sea water as CrO4--. The mean surface water Cr

concentrations in the present investigation were observed to be 2 µg/L in Nagapattinam marine waters.

The oceanic distribution of dissolved copper is determined by its involvement in the biological cycle, by local inputs and by scavenging (Jickells and Burton, 1988; Notling et al., 1991). The results of the present study show Cu at 9 µg/L.

Lead is very particle reactive, and removal onto SPM in coastal and estuarine regions is well documented (Balls, 1989).The present study recorded lead concentrations in surface waters at 9 µg/L and are found to be similar to the average concentration of the metal reported in the coastal and near shore waters of Bay of Bengal by Quasim and Sen Gupta (1980) and Braganza and Sanzgiri (1980).. The increase in surface inputs may reflect the major role of Pb used as an antiknock compound in petrol.

Cadmium is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals in the marine environment and the present study recorded a mean surface concentration of 0.21 µg/L.

The metals concentrations recorded in Nagapattinam marine waters do not indicate any alarming pollution by toxic metals.

3.3.3. SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS

The area of the Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour is dominated by sediment transport processes within the Kaduvaiyar River, with transport of fluvial sediments from the catchment area upstream being the dominant process. Sediments are predominantly silty, and the river would be expected to carry a high suspended bed-load. Floods are a major source of sediment into the region, and frequent dredging is required to clear sediment from the main channel of the Kaduvaiyar River, allowing free passage for the fishing vessels. Marine sand input into the river system from the sea would be minimal due to the presence of the estuary breakwalls, limiting wave-dominated sediment transport into the river. In addition, flood flows would occasionally scour the entrance channel, particularly during the wet season. During the north-east monsoon season (November – January), net sediment transport from the river upstream would occur during frequent flood events or cyclones. Deposition of suspended sediment bed-load would occur mainly during the dry seasons, as tidal currents alone are generally not powerful enough to flush the sediments out of the estuary.

3.3.3.1. Sediment Transport: The area of the Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour is dominated by sediment transport processes within the Kaduvaiyar River, with transport of fluvial sediments from the catchment area upstream being the dominant process. Sediments are predominantly silty, and the river would be expected to carry a high suspended bed-load. Floods are a major source of sediment into the region, and frequent dredging is required to clear sediment from the main channel of the Kaduvaiyar River, allowing free passage for the fishing vessels. Marine sand input into the river system from the sea would be minimal due to the presence of the estuary breakwalls, limiting wave-dominated sediment transport into the river. In addition, flood flows would occasionally scour the entrance channel, particularly during the wet season. Prior to the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004, a low bridge over the Kaduvaiyar River greatly restricted flow exchange between the lower and upper portions of the estuary. It is understood that this bridge, extensively damaged during the tsunami, has since been demolished, and a new bridge constructed (which has minimal impact on flow exchange between the upper and lower portions of the estuary). Numerical Model Studies Numerical model studies (using SWAN and RMA 2) were conducted on the Kaduviayar river, Uppanaar river, confluence point of both the rivers and the estuarine region (river mouth) to determine the sedimentation rate. The study shows that, tidal currents in the main channel of the Kaduvaiyar River will need to be maintained at 0.35 m/s to maintain channel depth. Small flood events bring sediment from the catchment upstream into the fishing harbour area, and this sediment is deposited around the fishing harbour as tidal currents alone are insufficient to scour away this sediment. Tidal currents are high enough to scour the river entrance during spring tides. Longshore sediment transport in the vicinity of the river entrance will be influenced by wave climate including wave height and incident wave direction of long-period swell waves and locally generated wind waves. However, this is not relevant to the fishing harbour, as the Kaduvaiyar River entrance has been trained by breakwalls and would be expected to remain open under most conditions. Very large flood events, such as what would occur during a cyclone, can result in velocities high enough to flush the sediment from the area around the fishing harbour (around 1 m/s). The maximum velocity zones in the river system include at the river entrance, at the confluence of the two river branches upstream of the fishing harbour

and through the bridge immediately upstream of the fishing harbour. These high velocity zones would approximately correspond with areas where scour is expected, and low velocity zones would be depositional areas (Figure 5). During the north-east monsoon season (November – January), net sediment transport from the river upstream would occur during frequent flood events or cyclones; Deposition of suspended sediment bed-load would occur mainly during the dry seasons, as tidal currents alone are generally not powerful enough to flush the sediments out of the estuary. Figure 5: Sediment Transport study at Nagapattinam FH

As the upstream catchment is extensively used for agriculture, sediment supply to the estuary is increased when compared with natural conditions. In addition, freshwater inflows are much reduced when compared with natural conditions, as the river system upstream is highly regulated. These factors have combined to create an environment where siltation is occurring within the Kaduvaiyar River in the vicinity of the fishing harbour, creating the need for frequent dredging.

Sediment Transport due to tidal and wind-driven currents The hydrodynamic modeling has allowed an estimate of sediment transport due to tidal, wind-driven and flood discharge currents. Sediment particles will move when the instantaneous fluid force on the particle is larger than the instantaneous resisting force related to the submerged weight of the particle and coefficient of friction. The fluid forces are related to the local nearbed velocities, while the resisting force is related to the physical properties of the sediment particle (Cathers, 1999). Once velocities exceed a threshold value, sediment particles will be dislodged from the bed of the channel and suspended load sediment transport can occur. Based on certain assumptions about the sediment properties, a critical velocity for the initiation of particle movement can be determined. This critical velocity is related to the effective Chezy’s ‘C’ roughness coefficient of the individual sediment particles, and the effective shear stress (bed shear stress due to the grains), as determined in classic experiments conducted by Shields. For an median sediment grain size of around 0.1 mm, and assuming a hydraulically wide channel with a depth of around 2 m at the location of maximum velocity, the threshold (depth-averaged) or critical velocity for initiation of sediment transport was found to be around 0.35 m/s. Below this velocity, sediment deposition could be expected to occur. Suspended sediment transport would occur when depth-averaged velocity exceeds this value. Various formulations have been developed to estimate the sediment transport rate. One such formulation is that of Van Rijn (1993), which describes sediment transport in a fluvial environment in terms of fluid viscosity, median grain size, specific gravity of the sediment and critical depth-averaged velocity. Based on the Van Rijn formulation, for a maximum tidal velocity of 0.5 m/s, the maximum sediment transport rate through area of the Nagapattinam fishing harbour is very low, of the order of around 1 m3/hour for a channel width of 100 m. Currents and Sediment Transport due to Freshwater Inflows The impact of freshwater inflow into the Kaduvaiyar River system has a marked impact on sediment transport. Current velocities within the lower estuary are highly influenced by flood flows from the Mettur Dam upstream, and by frequent cyclones which bring large quantities of rain in short spells (Sivanappan & Associates, 2007).

Freshwater released from the Mettur Dam takes around six days to reach the Nagapattinam district (Sivanappan & Associates, 2007), and flows are generally released from the dam from June to January each year, with the dam gates closed during rainy days within the Cauvery River delta. Sediment transport rates through the Nagapattinam fishing harbour can reach around 300 m3/h during a flood event, based on the maximum recorded discharge from the upstream regulating structure during the flood event of 1983. Such a flood event could lead to around 1000 m3 of material transported through the Kaduvaiyar River. The instantaneous sediment transport rates and net sediment transport volumes are provided in Figure 6. As tidal currents in the Kaduvaiyar River through the area of the Nagapattinam fishing harbour are very low, they are not sufficient to transport sediment and deposition occurs. Maximum tidal velocities in other parts of the river system, such as at the entrance, can reach sufficient velocity to scour the entrance channel during spring tides (Figure 3 and 5) .

Figure 6: Velocity and sediment transport time series due to tidal and flood discharge Discussion on overall sediment transport patterns Based on the above analysis, tidal currents in the main channel of the Kaduvaiyar River will need to be maintained at 0.35 m/s to maintain channel depth. Small flood events bring sediment from the catchment upstream into the fishing harbour area, and this sediment is deposited around the fishing harbour as tidal currents alone are insufficient

to scour away this sediment. Tidal currents are high enough to scour the river entrance during spring tides. For a maximum tidal velocity of 0.5 m/s, the maximum sediment transport rate through area of the Nagapattinam fishing harbour is very low, of the order of around 1 m3/hour for a channel width of 100 m and thus the annual sedimentation rate is ~ 20,000 m3. Very large flood events, such as what would occur during a cyclone, can result in velocities high enough to flush the sediment from the area around the fishing harbour (around 1 m/s). During such events, however, sediment supply from upstream is likely to be higher than the rate at which sediment is transported through the river. Sediment transport rates through the Nagapattinam fishing harbour can reach around 300 m3/h during a flood event, based on the maximum recorded discharge from the upstream regulating structure during the flood event of 1983. Such a flood event could lead to around 1000 m3 of material transported through the Kaduvaiyar River. Following passage of the flood, the suspended sediment in the water column is deposited throughout the river system, including at the fishing harbour, as tidal currents are not high enough to transport the sediment out of the system. Periodic dredging of the river channel is therefore required to maintain channel depths. Other potential mitigation options may include allowing controlled flow releases from the upstream regulating structures to allow for flushing of sediment through the fishing harbour (by maintaining sufficient flow velocity). Other options may include implementing catchment management measures to reduce the export of sediment from the upstream catchment, or allowing settlement of sediment prior to releasing flows through the upstream regulating structures.

3.3.3.2 Sediment Texture

Grain size also has a major effect on the heavy metal geochemistry of sediment as these metals are highly enriched in mud fraction and organic matter. Mud content (silt+clay: 55%) exceeds the content of sand in most sediments collected and analysed at Nagapattinam FH. The high mud content in these stations may be attributed to the sediment input from the distributaries draining the Cauvery delta. Cauvery group of rivers excepting Colleron, do not transport much sand as the river in the deltaic region flows as several distributaries. Further canal irrigation system and effective water management for agricultural purpose adopted has reduced the carrying capacity of the waters and hence, the sediments are mostly fine in nature.

3.3.3.3 Metal concentration in sediments

Heavy metals generally have a greater affinity for fine-grained particles relative to coarse particles, because fine-grained particles have greater surface areas per unit weight and are enriched in the clay minerals, which have high cat ion exchange capacity. In addition coarser particles are generally enriched in quartz or calcium carbonate, which are relatively non-reactive compared to organic and clay mineral phases in natural waters, and thus tend to dilute metal concentration associated with fine particle size fraction. Geochemical analyses of the sediments, namely total Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd have been carried out. Iron is the most abundant heavy metal, which is involved in biologic systems.

Table 12. Average concentrations of metals in Nagapattinam sediments compared

with other areas in Tamil Nadu (All values are in µg/g except Fe in %)

Trace Metal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fe 0.9 1.2 2.3 1.9 4.4 - 1.1 Mn 106 290.0 246.0 361.0 579.0 529.0 337.0 Cr 43 148.0 - 58.0 70.0 84.0 138.0 Cu 29 50.0 170.0 21.0 35.0 26.0 17.0 Ni 19 25.0 - 30.0 - - - Pb 12 16.0 - 16.0 19.0 - 53.0 Zn 39 74.0 77.0 71.0 26.0 - 62.0 Cd 0.4 0.2 - - 12.5 - 2.7

1 Present study area (Nagapattinam); 2 Tuticorin, Jonathan M.P, (2001); 3 Kalpakkam, Selvaraj, (1999); 4 North of Chennai, Pragatheswaran et al. (1986); 5 Chennai, Sidhartha, R. (2001); 6 Bay of Bengal, Subramanian, et al. (1987);

7 Tamil Nadu Coast, Mohanachandran and Subramanian, (1990) The trace metal concentration (mean) of sediments of the study area was

compared with some other localities in the southeast coast of India (Table 12). The composition of riverine sediments (Column 7 in Table) reaching the sea all along the coast of Tamil Nadu (Subramanian and Mohanachandran, 1990) indicates high metal input. The present study at Nagapattinam sediments indicates that the metal concentrations in this FH are comparably similar (and lesser in most of the metal concentration) to (published results on) other locations in the East Coast. The study indicates that there is no alarming contamination in the sediments of the study area. Even though there is anthropogenic in put of certain toxic metals in the lesser degree is encountered, it is common in many places of Bay of Bengal. Same or higher concentrations of these metals are encountered in many places in coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Bay of Bengal and hence it is of regional scale.

3.3.4 MARINE BIOTA

Plankton are floating or drifting plants and animals that live in the ocean as well as in fresh water. Most can only be seen under a microscope, yet they are remarkably abundant in the world’s ocean. It is estimated that phytoplankton, the plant forms of plankton, photosynthesize more than all other land and marine plants combined. This means they also produce most of the oxygen breathed by humans and other animals. Phytoplanktons are also the basis of the ocean food chain. They are grazed upon by small zooplankton that are in turn, eaten by small fish and other zooplankton. Plankton have long been used as indicators of water quality. Benthic macro invertebrates are animals inhabiting the substratum of lakes, streams, estuaries and marine waters. They may construct attached cases, tubes or nets that they live on or in, or roam freely over rocks, organic debris, and other substrates during all or part of their life cycle. Analysis of benthic (i.e., bottom dwelling) invertebrate communities has been widely used as indicators of ecological health in environmental assessment, pollution detection, and ecological monitoring studies. The following species of Plankton species were recorded in and around the Nagapattinam FH (Table 13).

Table 13. Marine PLANKTONS in Nagapattinam Coast S.No Phyto and Zooplankton

I. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) VI. Rotifers

1 Coscinodiscus centralis 25 Brachionus urcelaris

2 Coscinodiscus sp. 26 Pleosoma hidsoni

3 Ornithoceras steinii VII. Copepoda

4 Thalassiothrix longissina 27 Calanus sp.

5 Skelenonema sp. 28 Paracalanus parus

6 Nitzschia chosterium 29 Acrocalanus gibber

7 Pleurosigma sp. 30 Corycaeus danac

8 Asteriokella glacialis 31 Acartia spinicanda

9 Triceratium sp. 32 Acartia danac

II. Cyanaphyccak (Blue-green) 33 Acartia sp.

10 Trichodesmium sp. 34 Nannocalanus minor

III. Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellates) 35 Psenolodiaptomus aurivilli

11 Ceratium tripos VIII. Harpacticoida

12 Ceratium tricoceros 36 Microset attela rosea

13 Ceratium furca 37 Macrosettela sp.

14 Ceratium fusus IX. Cyclopoida

15 Ceratium dens 38 Oithona rigida

16 Ceratium extensum 39 O. nana

17 Ceratium falcatum X. Decapoda

18 Ceratium pulchellum 40 Lucifer sp.

19 Protoperidium conicum XI. Larvae

20 Dinophysis sp. 41 Copepod nauplii

IV. Ciliata zoopknkton 42 Fish eggs

21 Tintinnopsis cylindrica 43 Zoea larvae

22 T. amphora 44 Polychacte larvae

23 Tintinnopsis sp. 45 Crab yoea

V. Chaetognatha 46 Veliger larrae

24 Sagitta sp.

The wide range of plankton population observed in the present study reveals the healthy nature of marine waters in the Nagapattinam FH supporting all forms of marine life. There are no endangered species observed in the present study.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

The Nagapattinam FH is located in marine zone and the rehabilitation activities including dredging operations, materials disposal, shore and land side development, which are going to be carried out as part of this project can result in the release of natural and anthropogenic contaminants to the environment. The project does not involve construction of breakwaters or training wall and does not result in any sediment erosion or accretion.

4.1 Air Environment

Air quality in the fishing harbour area can be affected by dust and particulates from traffic (resuspension of road dust), construction activity, and emissions from vehicles bringing materials to the site and from construction equipments. Ambient air environment should comply with PM10 PM2.5 , NO2 and SO2 as per the latest MoEF notification issued on 16th November, 2009. Sprinkling the surface with water is one of the mitigative measures. Particulate emissions are typically controlled by preparing surfaces indoors when possible or by surrounding the work area with shrouding fences.

4.2 Noise Environment

There will be some noise sources during construction activities, but, the workers would not be exposed to sound levels above 90 dB(A) for 8 hours because the sources will not be continuous. Since, drivers will not be working continuously inside the vehicle’s cabin, they also will not be affected. Noise intensity gets reduced as the distance increases and noise level tapers down after 1 Km distance. Hence project is unlikely to cause any adverse impact in the neighbourhood. The noise levels generated by various vechicles and instruments involved in this operation is given in the following table, and were observed to be within the permissible limits (as per CPCB).

Equipment Noise Level (dB)(A) Earth Movers

Front Loaders 72-84

Backhoes 72-93

Tractors 76-96

Scrapers, Graders 80-93

Pavers 86-88

Trucks 82-94

Material Handlers

Concrete Mixers 75-88

Concrete Pumps 81-83

Cranes 75-86

Stationary

Generators 71-82

4.3 Water Environment

Impact of the present Rehabilitation and modernization activities on the marine environment refers to damage that can be caused to marine ecosystems and species and are considered as direct and indirect effects of various activities. (i) Direct effects on marine habitats and biota include dredging and dumping (reclamation), and construction of harbour facilities at Nagapattinam FH like quaywall, Diaphragm wall or Wharf.

(ii) Indirect effects include discharge of nutrients (accelerating the growth of some organisms) and other pollutants that can adversely affect marine biota and habitats.

4.3.1 Dredging:

Dredging work in the FH at Nagapattinam is to be carried out to maintain the river bed level as (-) 3.0 m; Quantity of dredged sediment 403645 m3 including dredging along the sides of berths to the level and the dredged materials will be used for leveling the landside construction sites (as shown in Fig 2a) without disturbing the existing surrounding environment. Model studies shows that the annual maintenance dredging will be ~20,000 m3. The equipment to be employed to carryout dredging is one Cutter Suction Dredger having a capacity of dredging 250 m3/hour and the fuel for the dredger is diesel. Digging or disturbing the substratum of the marine environment will result increase in turbidity of waters. This turbidity will reduce the transparency of water followed by reduction in the penetration of light, which in turn result in low level of primary production, since there is no photosynthesis without light. Due to reduction in the number of primary producer like phytoplankton and algae, primary consumers like Zooplankton population will decrease. The severity and extent of dredging related impacts depends on the type of dredging equipment used and the susceptibility of nearby habitat types and aquatic biota. The cutter section dredger (CSD) involves the use of suction pumps and pipelines, which are equipped with rotating cutterheads. Dredging process involves cutting away the underwater soil with cutter heads and pumping away the soil with water by pumps. The choice of CSD optimizes the dredging production, thus reducing the dredging time and minimizes the effects of turbidity more over than the conventional dredging methods. Both mechanical and hydraulic dredging may result in direct and indirect impacts to a variety of aquatic fauna mainly by increased turbidity. Benthic invertebrate communities

are subject to direct mortality or burial, however, these organisms usually recover from disturbances in a relatively short time.

Direct impact and disturbances are usually confined to within a few hundred meters of the dredging equipment while in operation. Initially invertebrate species diversity may increase in dredged channels, as opportunistic species rapidly colonise the denuded area. Elevated turbidity associated with dredged and channel construction activities has adverse secondary impacts on variety of organisms, including filter-feeding bivalves and fiches; the larval and juvenile forms of many species are susceptible to mortality induced by gill-clogging and abrasion.

Dissolved oxygen levels may be substantially decreased during dredging operation, due to the resuspension of oxidisable particulates. However, dissolved oxygen levels may improve considerably following cessation of dredging due to the removal of organic sediments from the system.

Construction of reclamation bund prior to dumping in the construction site will arrest flow of sediments back to the river channel. The dredged material should be tested for pollution parameters prior to filing.

4.3.2 Diaphragm wall/ retaining wall:

Environmental impacts associated with shoreline structures like Diaphragm/retaining walls typically involves excavation, installation of piles and material transport. These activities can induce temporary conditions of high turbidity in nearby waters, which may result in increased mortality to larval and juvenile fish. The presence of these structures may alter natural patterns of circulation, resulting in altered flushing rates and scour deposition patterns. Diaphragm/retaining walls may result in habitat changes for species which have adapted to high-energy surf zone. However, species adapted to low-energy sheltered environments may colonise the area in the shadow of the Diaphragm/retaining walls . In addition, the addition of hard substrates provides habitat for fouling organisms and shelter for fish and motile invertebrates. In some areas, these structures may represent the only form of hard-bottom habitat available, resulting in an increase in local biodiversity.

4.4 Near shore Constructions:

The environmental effects of construction of nearshore facilities in the fishing harbour basin are many and sound construction practices and management are necessary to

prevent serious environmental degradation. Pollution from both point and non-point sources is a potentially serious environmental problem associated with fishing harbour basin. Construction of boat launching facilities may cause in chronic turbidity in the vicinity due to increased runoff. Discharge of fuels and engine oils, garbage, paints and other waste materials directly impacts water quality. Some of the recommendations to reduce adverse environmental effects in small fishing harbour such as one at Nagapattinam are:

Implementation of designs which promote tidal flushing and control water quality

Use of structures which encourage colonization by fouling communities as a food source for fishery species

Beneficial use of Construction waste material like developing parking lot in low-lying areas.

No asbestos will be used for any type of construction in the harbour premises including temporary sheds for construction worker.

4.5 Impacts on construction workers

Noise from construction equipment/activity, vehicles, cargo handling equipment

Respiratory illness from escaping dust and particulates

Injuries during construction activities and using machineries

4.6 Harbour wastes

The fishery harbour complex is a hub of activities with nearly all of them being potential waste generators. In the absence of adequate facilities for collection, treatment and disposal systems, these wastes will pollute the harbour complex and the harbour waters. Floatable material may escape from the area and end up along the coastline and beaches causing further damage to ecology and aesthetics. Pollution from harbour-generated wastes can be categorized as those that cause:

1. visible pollution of land and water by oil spills and sewage; 2. invisible pollution of harbour water by wastes; and 3. degradation of the harbour environment by discarded litter and fish offal.

Table 14. Marine Wastes and its Impact

a) Solid waste— Litter, especially plastics, makes coastal areas unattractive and

harms wildlife. Trash originates from a wide variety of human activities, including

poor trash disposal practices on land as well as from all types of boats, especially

cruise ships.

b) Petroleum/Oil waste - Oil, gasoline, and other petroleum products spilled or

dumped from offshore drilling platforms and boats are not only unsightly, but

also damage coastal habitats and are deadly to marine wildlife. Oil pollution

occurs in harbour basins when leaks from shore facilities for the supply of diesel

fuel to fishing vessels find their way into the harbour water; when vessels pump

out oily bilge water in harbour; when used engine oil is dumped overboard and

when an accident results in leakage of fuel oil. A fishery harbour such as

Nagapattinam FH which is contiguous with the main Port also faces the risk of

major oil spills if the main port is a transfer point for crude oil or refined products

from oil tankers. As a case of emergency preparedness the project proposes an

oil skimmer. The project also proposes an oil separator to extract waste oil.

c) Fish waste- Solid fish waste is inevitable in a fishery harbour. This may consist of

discarded bycatch (small fish of no commercial value);

viscera from the gutting of medium to large fish;

fish heads and trimmings from the cutting of large fish.

The fish wastes are collected in separate airtight PVC bins from and near the Auction hall and then recycled in the form of compost by using a bio-mechanical converter.

4.6.1 Harbour activities associated wastes

Discharges from fishing vessels close inshore or in fishing harbours can be observed to take place. Although increasing numbers of craft are fitted with holding tanks, their effectiveness depends on the availability of onshore waste disposal reception facilities. The provision of such facilities is generally uncommon in Indian fishing harbours, but has to be done. Sewage may affect the marine environment in three main ways, through oxygen depletion, causing disease, and by nutrient enrichment.

In commercial fishing areas, derelict fishing gear, including crab pots and filament line are the main sources of debris (Table 14). The fishery harbour complex has many activities within the complex and each of them may be a point source of waste. The Fishing harbour area can be grouped into zones according to the activity performed in each. The present project site can be divided into three zones – Fishing harbour zone, Landing Quay/Jetty and Auction (marketing) zone and Landside (main) complex. The Figure 7 below lists typical harbour activities and the wastes associated with them.

Figure 7. Fishing Harbour Zones and their wastes

4.7 Overall Environmental Impact

No endangered species or mangroves are present in the proposed project site

All the biological changes are temporary, previous condition will be recovered after construction.

The marine structures relating to the fishing harbour itself will provide a substrate for the development of diverse attached community. This algal and invertebrate community in turn will be potential food resource for many fish species.

Benthic invertebrate communities are subject to direct mortality or burial during dredging, however, these organisms usually recover from disturbances in a relatively short time.

Direct impact and disturbances are usually confined to within a few hundred meters of the dredging equipment while in operation. Also, dissolved oxygen levels may improve considerably following cessation of dredging due to the removal of organic sediments from the system.

Proper disposal of harbour waste will inturn improve the hygiene inside the Fishing Harbour Complex.

The present baseline study does not show any alarming concentration of pollutants in water, air and land environments; and their concentrations are well below the permissible limits as per the CPCB norms. Hence, project is unlikely to cause any adverse impact in the surrounding environment. It must, however, be recognised that the proposed harbour is a green field project and that while many of the impacts are of LOW significance, this is due to the localised nature of the impact (dredge sites, disposal sites, construction sites and surrounding areas) in the Nagapattinam FH area.

4.8 Mitigation Measures

a) Air Quality

To control the fugitive emissions during loading and unloading and storing operations, the following actions will be taken

Spraying of water over the bulk material so that windblown dust is reduced

It is also observed that during loading and unloading operations considerable dust is generated which may be chemical in nature. This could be harmful to the health of working staff, hence, masks will be provided to all staff working at the site and also periodic check of their health will be carried out

Bulk material will be transported in closed trucks to avoid wind entrainment

Resuspension of dust is due to wind and vehicular movement over the road surface. Controlling resuspension of road dust may be the most effective way of

reducing particulate pollutant. There are various methods for reducing entrainment like

(a) Regular cleaning of paved and unpaved roads (b) Removal of the accumulated dirt from roadside (c) Regular maintenance of unpaved shoulder on paved road (d) paving of access roads should be undertaken; unpaved roads may lead to

dust problems in communities

Vehicles are major sources of air pollution, so better maintenance of vehicles and control of vehicular emissions, as for as possible, will be achieved

No vehicle should be allowed without proper “pollution under control” certificate in the harbour area and highly polluting vehicles (especially, heavy trucks) will not be permitted

The plantations and green belts all around the FH area and also in the open area will be maintained. This reduces air and noise pollution

Construction and demolition activities, though temporary in nature are important open dust sources. These activities involve a number of separate dust generating operations that must be quantified to determine the total emissions from the site and thus their impact on ambient air quality

Burning of waste materials will not be permitted.

Emissions from construction operations can be reduced by wet suppression

b) Marine water quality

The drains and outfall will be cleaned regularly to avoid anaerobic decomposition and also for proper flow of water/wastewater. This will also enable the characterization of wastewater and calculation of waste load

The solid waste generated from the diffused sources will be collected and disposed off properly

The discharge of solid waste and sewage from vessels into the sea will not be permitted.

Bulk material will not be disposed into the sea. All drains and roads will be cleaned before the rainy season to avoid runoff from land to sea carrying a myriad of pollutants including chemicals. Sanitary effluents will not be discharged into the harbour itself

Regular monitoring of water quality will be carried out within the FH and in adjacent waters during operation to identify adverse environmental changes.

c) Dredging

Leachates may eventually work their way into aquifers especially when dredged materials are disposed inland over a freshwater aquifer. Engineering considerations to reduce groundwater impacts include site factors, topography and slope and soil properties.

Care will be taken to keep the noise level at lowest limits in order to keep the overall noise in the project area within the premisible noise levels as per the standards of CPCB.

The dredged/excavated material will be used for reclaiming land and raising existing reclaimed area level facilitating shore site construction.

The dredged material should be tested for pollution parameters prior to dumping.

Regular Monitoring of local air quality will be undertaken and suitable operations will be taken up if unacceptable quality arises.

The various mitigation measures to be followed along with the Client / Contractor responsibilities during construction and operation phases are detailed in table 21 of Chapter 7.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has specified the procedures, frequencies and parameters to be monitored at different locations. The client will ensure that the contractor monitors the water and ambient air quality of the project area in consultation with reputed consultancies. An estimated amount of Rs 15 Lakhs is included in the Cost Estimate in the Tender document for Environmental monitoring Studies during the Construction stage. The average canopy height of the green belt, number and types of plant species will be counted once in two years using suitable techniques for vegetation sampling. The proposed monitoring programmes have been described under the following section. The below mentioned environmental parameters are also to be regularly monitored (having tie-up with any recognized State Universities) on long term basis to have a environmental database of the Nagapattinam FH.

Table 15. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Environmental

Component

Project

Stage

Parameters Special Guidance Standards Frequency Duration Implementation

Air Construction PM10, PM 2.5 , SOx,

NOx,

High Volume Air

Sampler to be

located 50m from

the site in the

downwind

direction. Use

method specified

by CPCB for

analysis.

Air

(Prevention

and Control

of

Pollution)

Rules

CPCB,

1994

Quarterly

Continuous

24 hours/

for I full

working

day'

(Sampling

once in 8

hrs)

Contractor

through

approved

monitoring

agency

Operation

stage

PM10, PM 2.5, SOx,

NOx

High Volume Air

Sampler to be

located 15m from

the Wharf

Air

(Prevention

and control

of

Pollution)

Rules

CPCB

1994

Monitoring

for 3

seasons

(including

one non-

monsoon

seasons)

3 eight

hours

sample for

one full

working day

for 3 non

consecutive

days

TamilNadu

Fisheries

Department

Water Quality Construction Ground water

samples

pH, TDS, Salinity

and Nutrients,

Coliform

Mrine water

samples (Depth

wise)

pH, Salinity, DO,

BOD, TDS,

Turbidity,Coliform,

Plankton,

Nutrients, Metals.

Grab sample

collected for

source and analyse

as per Standard

methods for

examination of

water and waste

water

Water

Quality

standards as

per

CPCB/IS

10500:1991

Twice in a

year – Pre

and Post

Monsoon

Three

samples at

each

location –

Sea,

settlement

camp,

drainage,

hand pumps,

wells

Contractor

through

approved

monitoring

agency

Operation Ground water

samples

Grab sample

collected for

Water

Quality

Twice in a

year – Pre

Three at

each

TamilNadu

Fisheries

pH, TDS, Salinity

and Nutrients,

Coliform

Marine water

samples (Depth

wise)

pH, Salinity, DO,

BOD, TDS,

Turbidity,Coliform,

Plankton,

Nutrients, Metals.

source and analyse

as per Standard

methods for

examination of

water and waste

water

standards as

per

CPCB/IS

10500:1991

and Post

Monsoon

location –

Sea,

settlement

camp,

drainage,

hand pumps,

wells

Department

Noise levels Construction Noise level on

dB(A) scale

Free at I m from

the equipment

whose noise levels are

being determined

Noise

standards as

per CPCB

Monthly Readings to

be taken at

15 seconds

interval for

15 minutes

for every

hour and

then

averaged

Contractor

through

approved

monitoring

agency

Operation Noise level on

dB(A) scale

Equivalent noise levels using an integrated noise

level meter kept at a distance of 15 m

from edge of wharf.

Noise

standards as

per CPCB

Quarterly Readings to

be taken at

15 seconds

interval for

15 minutes

for every

hour and

then

averaged

TamilNadu

fisheries

Department

through

approved

monitoring

agency

Marine

Sediment

Construction Physical properties,

Heavy Metals

(Chromium,

Cadmium, Lead

and Zinc), Benthos

Metals to be

analysed using

Atomic

Absorption

Spectrophotometer

As per

CPCB

guidelines

Twice in a

Year – pre

and post

monsoon

- Contractor

through

approved

monitoring

agency

Operation Physical properties,

Heavy Metals

(Chromium,

Cadmium, Lead

and Zinc), Benthos

Metals to be

analysed using

Atomic

Absorption

Spectrophotometer

As per

CPCB

guidelines

Quarterly - TamilNadu

Fisheries

Department

The Environmental Monitoring table is included in the DPR also in Chapter 8 .

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

Risk Assessment

Public Consultation

Social Impact Project Benefits

Cost Benefit Analysis

6 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1 RISK ASSESSMENT

The purpose of this section of the report is to offer guidance on those factors that should be addressed by the Fisheries Department or the Contractor and their personnel, during construction period to help ensure that HSE (Health Safety and Environment) risks to personnel or assets are minimised. This section, should be considered to provide assurance that the HSE risks associated with working in Fishing Harbour are mitigated to a level commensurate with a low probability of incident or accident. It is recommended that the user critically reviews each aspect of this section and supplements it with any additional work specific issues that the Department of Fisheries and the contractor considers may improve its overall context and effectiveness. HSE Management System An HSE management system is an effective means of ensuring that proper attention is paid to the health and safety of individuals working in a Fishing Harbour as well as the protection of the environment from the environmental impacts associated with construction activities. It is recommended that if the Department of Fisheries intends to assign a contract to carry out work, whether construction or repair, it should be ensured that potential Fishing Harbour have an HSE policy and perform all work under a formal HSE Management system. This system should be adequately documented within a HSE Manual and be shown to be effective in implementing the aims and objectives of the FH HSE Policy. Such a system should ideally be behavioral based and designed to deliver continual improvement utilizing the following rationale: - Plan the process, - Do the work, - Measure the outcome, - Review the lessons learned, - Improve the process The system should additionally: - Incorporate measures to demonstrate that all workers/labourers are medically fit and competent to perform their tasks safely and; - Ensure that all personnel are conversant with the working conditions at the worksite, the rules and standards related to the working environment and the HSE hazards and risks associated with the work programme.

- Provide means whereby hazards have been identified, assessed and eliminated where possible, or are being controlled / mitigated through formal planning methods and procedures. - Allow for periodic review triggered by site or system changes that may affect the HSE risk of the work programme. - Ensure that all sub-contractors understand the principles and requirements of the system. - Require sub-contractors to have an equivalent HSE standard. - Contain a written HSE plan Contractor and Fishing Harbour Authority management should make all personnel fully aware that they are empowered, and expected, to bring all health, safety and environmental risks which they believe not to be under adequate control to the immediate notice of their Supervisor so that prompt action may be taken to prevent injuries or other losses and provide a safe and healthy workplace. STATUTORY AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS The FH authorities and the contractor should ensure that its personnel comply with all relevant national statutory requirements, approved codes of practice and other guidance on HSE matters. The Company should ensure that its personnel are fully conversant with the working conditions at the work site, the rules and standards related to the working environment and the HSE hazards and risks associated with the work programme. The FH authorities and the contractor should ensure that its personnel are fully aware that they are expected to bring to the immediate notice of their Supervisor all health, safety and environmental risks which they believe not to be under adequate control, so that action may be taken to prevent injuries or other losses and provide a safe and healthy workplace. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS A detailed Emergency Response Plan should be included in the project HSE Management Plan. This plan should include the procedures for immediate implementation in the event of an emergency. These procedures must anticipate and cover all types of emergencies that might be encountered at the worksite, such as accidents, fires, explosions, pollution, etc. The plan should include provisions for bad weather, first aid, hospitalisation, evacuation, etc. The FH authorities and the contractor should maintain an Emergency Control and Communications Centre that should be manned, ready to respond at any time day or night throughout the year. An emergency plan, which covers all aspects of the action to be taken in the event of an emergency, should be drawn up in consultation with the

harbour authority, fire brigade, police, medical services etc., and it should be compatible with any harbour emergency plan. FIRE FIGHTING CAPABILITY The Contractor and harbour authorities must ensure that adequate fire fighting facilities are maintained at the worksite and this equipment should be at clearly marked locations. Company personnel should be acquainted with the operation of all safety equipment, as it is likely to be of a different type to those with which they are familiar. Company personnel should regularly check portable firefighting equipment as they go about their daily routines, as it is not uncommon for a fire extinguisher to have been replaced in its rack after use. A risk assessment is nothing more than a careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm. The important things you need to decide are whether a hazard is significant, and whether you have it covered by satisfactory precautions so that the risk is small. The above section addresses the same.

6.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

The proposed rehabilitation and modernization work would improve and enhance the hygiene and economic condition of the Fish Landing Centre. The project does not involve any displacement of habitations. It is also felt that it will consequently lead to development of backward area and increase the community infrastructure. Fishing community will be greatly benefitted by this project. Immediately after Tsunami, rescue teams were formed by Director of Fisheries, Chennai for rescue, assessment and relief works. The Director of Fisheries, in order to assess the damages to the infrastructure facilities in the Nagapattinam fishing harbour instructed the Superintending Engineer, Fishing Harbour Project Circle and requested the Director, CICEF, Bangalore to visit the areas, to assess the damages and to plan for complete restoration of activities. Accordingly, the team of officers consisting of Director, CICEF, Bangalore, Superintending Engineer, Officers and Engineers of Department of Fisheries, Revenue Officials met the stake holders, consulted with them and inspected the Nagapattinam FH and taken note of the damages caused to the infrastructure facilities and planned for restoration. The team has assessed the damages and instructed the Executive Engineer to prepare the estimate in consultation with the stake holders of Nagapattinam. Estimates were prepared for the repairs to the existing facilities and also for reconstruction and modernization of the Nagapattinam

FH. The fishermen have reported that due to Tsunami, siltation and accumulation of sand caused detrimental to the fishing activity and requested for dredging the harbour basin and approach channel. Moreover, the Nagapattinam Port is being expanded which necessitates the vacation of the existing landing and berthing centres to the west of the new ROB (Road over Bridge). The stakeholders were consulted through two meetings (on 5/12/2007 and 27/11/2009 , signatures are enclosed in the annexure) at different stages of designing the harbour elements. The stake holders during the interaction, explained in detail about the need for facilities in the new fishing harbour and hence the project proposals have taken into account the inputs from the stakeholders. In the stakeholders meeting held on 5/12/2007, the fisherman made the following demands:

1. The new fishing harbor should be established in the South

Western side of the new ROB, with berthing facilities on both

sides.

2. There should be an Ice plant and fish processing facility

3. Need a boat repairing yard

4. It is essential to have a net mending shed for mending and

repairing the fish nets

5. Need a bigger size fish drying yard.

6. From the wharf a retaining wall should be constructed

7. On the western side of the ROB, wharf should be

constructed and facilities like fish landing, Auction hall

should be provided.

The above meeting was conducted at the initial stages of the project. In the due course of the project we had frequent discussions with the Department of Fisheries in finalizing the key harbor elements and the stakeholders were kept informed then and there during the harbor visits. In the final stage of designing we had stakeholders meeting on 26.11.09 to discuss about the proposed facilities. In that meeting we explained in detail about the list of the proposed harbor facilities, its length, size and area. In the meeting we explained them about the environmental management elements proposed in the project, like, the STP, skimmer, waste collection bins, organic waste converter and greeneries. The norms and permissible activities within the CRZ were also highlighted to the stakeholders. The steps to have a hygienic harbor and to avoid unhygienic practices like fish drying in the harbor premises, were also highlighted in the meeting. The stake

holders expressed their willingness to cooperate and their desire to have the harbor constructed at the earliest.

6.3 Social Impact

The existing FH at Nagapattinam is to be vacated and handed over to the Nagapattinam Port Authorities for the development of the Port. Alternatively, the FH has to be relocated along the Kaduvaiyar riverside and adjacent to the new road overbridge (ROB). There is sufficient land available with the Fisheries Dept. for the development of the FH. Hence the project does not involve either land acquisition or dislocation of the human settlement. Rather, the proposed development of the FH would have close proximity to the fishers settlement benefitting them immensely in terms of having access to the fishing ground and also marketing the product immediately after its landing. The current problem faced by the fisherman are inadequacy of adequate berthing facilities, landing and handling space for fishers, modern facilities for auction and processing of fish, repair facilities for fishing crafts. These issues are addressed properly through the development of the harbour with the facilities already mentioned in this report. The project proposals apart from meeting the demands of the fisherman also would create facilities for ancillary industries like value added fish and fishery products, attract small scale service mechanics for repair of marine diesel engines and out board motors to put up service centers within the fishing harbor apart from mitigating the problem of space within the harbor.

6.4 Project Benefits

There is a clearcut lacuna in the landside facilities at the existing Nagapattinam fishing harbour to handle the fish in hygienic conditions as per International Standards. Moreover, the Nagapattinam Port is being expanded which necessitates the vacation of the existing landing and berthing centres to the South west of the new ROB (Road over Bridge). In the post Tsunami scenario, any attempt to modernization of fishing harbours implies concentration of the planners and administrators in ensuring the quality of the product, namely the fish right from catch to the consumers table. Keeping in view of controlling and bringing down the percentage of spoilage of fish that are landed as part of modernization of Nagapattinam FH, the above proposed shore side infrastructure facilities would eventually bring down the spoilage and wastage of quality fish that is landed in the harbour. Also to facilitate easy boat movement inside the FH, and adequate berthing facilities for the fishing boats, the above proposed water side structures and dredging (to about -3.0 CD) are proposed. Apart from reconstruction work on the Tsunami damaged existing structures, keeping in view of the increase in fish catch due to multi day multi gear fishing, the above said land and water side structures are proposed as a part of modernization work under this project. The Proposed

Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour will be a New, Modern, Ecofriendly and a Model Fishing Harbour with all essentials to maintain hygiene inside the harbor.

6.5 Cost Benefit Analysis

The cost Benefit analysis of this project reveals that the B/C is 3.95. As the value is grater that 1, the project is a socially and economically viable project. The below appended tables (Tables 16 A, B & C) gives the details of the cash flow and the ratio.

Table 16 A. Direct Income ( Through services with in the Fishing Harbour, Nagapattinam)

YEAR I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI

a. Breathing Charges 2.650 2.650 2.783 2.922 3.068 3.221 3.382 3.551 3.729 3.915 4.111 4.317 4.532 4.759 4.997 5.247

b. Registration Fee i) Mechanized Boats 0.530 0.530 0.557 0.584 0.614 0.644 0.676 0.710 0.746 0.783 0.822 0.863 0.906 0.952 0.999 1.049

ii) Traditional Boats 0.700 0.700 0.735 0.772 0.810 0.851 0.893 0.938 0.985 1.034 1.086 1.140 1.197 1.257 1.320 1.386

c. Slip way Charges 0.954 0.954 1.002 1.052 1.104 1.160 1.218 1.278 1.342 1.409 1.480 1.554 1.632 1.713 1.799 1.889

d. Lease Rents and Others 3.000 3.000 3.150 3.308 3.473 3.647 3.829 4.020 4.221 4.432 4.654 4.887 5.131 5.388 5.657 5.940

e. Parking and Gate/ toll Charges 2.000 2.000 2.100 2.205 2.315 2.431 2.553 2.680 2.814 2.955 3.103 3.258 3.421 3.592 3.771 3.960

Miscellaneous Income, Film shooting and Fines 0.500 0.500 0.525 0.551 0.579 0.608 0.638 0.670 0.704 0.739 0.776 0.814 0.855 0.898 0.943 0.990

Total 10.334 10.334 10.851 11.393 11.963 12.561 13.189 13.849 14.541 15.268 16.031 16.833 17.675 18.558 19.486 20.461

Table 16 B. Cash Flow statement- Indirect Income (Through sale of landings from FH, Nagapattinam) Weight in MT, Rs. In lakhs

YEAR I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX

Crustaceans Quantity

Export 5,580.00 5,580.00 5,859.00 6,151.95 6,459.55 6,782.52 7,121.65 7,477.73 7,851.62 8,244.20 8,656.41 9,089.23 9,543.69 10,020.88 10,521.92 11,048.02 11,600.42 12,180.44 12,789.46 13,428.94

Domestic 1,860.00 1,860.00 1,953.00 2,050.65 2,153.18 2,260.84 2,373.88 2,492.58 2,617.21 2,748.07 2,885.47 3,029.74 3,181.23 3,340.29 3,507.31 3,682.67 3,866.81 4,060.15 4,263.15 4,476.31

Fish Quantity

Export 1,674.00 1,674.00 1,757.70 1,845.59 1,937.86 2,034.76 2,136.50 2,243.32 2,355.49 2,473.26 2,596.92 2,726.77 2,863.11 3,006.26 3,156.58 3,314.41 3,480.13 3,654.13 3,836.84 4,028.68

Domestic 9,480.00 9,480.00 9,954.00 10,451.70 10,974.29 11,523.00 12,099.15 12,704.11 13,339.31 14,006.28 14,706.59 15,441.92 16,214.02 17,024.72 17,875.95 18,769.75 19,708.24 20,693.65 21,728.33 22,814.75

Crustaceans Value

Export 22,320.00 22,320.00 24,021.90 25,853.57 27,824.90 29,946.55 32,229.98 34,687.51 37,332.44 40,179.04 43,242.69 46,539.94 50,088.61 53,907.87 58,018.34 62,442.24 67,203.46 72,327.73 77,842.72 83,778.22

Domestic 5,580.00 5,580.00 6,005.48 6,463.39 6,956.23 7,486.64 8,057.49 8,671.88 9,333.11 10,044.76 10,810.67 11,634.99 12,522.15 13,476.97 14,504.59 15,610.56 16,800.87 18,081.93 19,460.68 20,944.56

Fish Value

Export 3,013.20 3,013.20 3,242.96 3,490.23 3,756.36 4,042.78 4,351.05 4,682.81 5,039.88 5,424.17 5,837.76 6,282.89 6,761.96 7,277.56 7,832.48 8,429.70 9,072.47 9,764.24 10,508.77 11,310.06

Domestic 23,700.00 23,700.00 25,507.13 27,452.04 29,545.26 31,798.09 34,222.69 36,832.17 39,640.63 42,663.22 45,916.29 49,417.41 53,185.49 57,240.88 61,605.50 66,302.92 71,358.52 76,799.60 82,655.57 88,958.06

Total Value 54,613.20 54,613.20 58,777.46 63,259.24 68,082.75 73,274.06 78,861.21 84,874.38 91,346.05 98,311.19 1,05,807.42 1,13,875.23 1,22,558.22 1,31,903.28 1,41,960.91 1,52,785.43 1,64,435.31 1,76,973.51 1,90,467.74 2,04,990.90

16 C. Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour- Cash Out Flow statement Rs. In lakhs

YEAR I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX

Investment on Fishing Craft 21,200.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Investment on Water side facility 474.18 1,700.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Investment on Shore side facility 106.94 750.00 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Operating Cost* 8,480.00 8,649.60 8,822.59 8,999.04 9,179.02 9,362.61 9,549.86 9,740.85 9,935.67 10,134.38 10,337.07 10,543.81 10,754.69 10,969.78 11,189.18 11,412.96 11,641.22 11,874.05 12,111.53 12,353.76

Per development expenditure ** 258.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Depreciation on Fishing crafts @ 10% 2,120.00 1,908.00 1,717.20 1,545.48 1,390.93 1,251.84 1,126.65 1,013.99 912.59 821.33 739.20 665.28 598.75 538.88 484.99 436.49 392.84 353.56 318.20 286.38

Depreciation on Plant machinery and equipments @ 10% 0.00 0.00 7.62 6.86 6.17 5.55 5.00 4.50 4.05 3.64 3.28 2.95 2.66 2.39 2.15 1.94 1.74 1.57 1.41 1.27

Depreciation on building and infrastructures @ 2% 0.00 0.00 22.14 21.70 21.26 20.84 20.42 20.01 19.61 19.22 18.84 18.46 18.09 17.73 17.37 17.03 16.69 16.35 16.02 15.70

Taxes @ 10.33% 1.07 1.07 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.58 1.66 1.74 1.83 1.92 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33 2.45 2.57

Expenditure on maintenance on fishing harbour @ 2% *** 0.00 0.00 35.81 71.62 73.05 74.52 76.01 77.53 79.08 80.66 82.27 83.92 85.60 87.31 89.05 90.83 92.65 94.50 96.39 98.32

Wages and contingencies @ 3% ^ 0.00 0.00 53.72 107.43 109.58 111.77 114.01 116.29 118.62 120.99 123.41 125.88 128.39 130.96 133.58 136.25 138.98 141.76 144.59 147.48

Salaries of supervises staff @ 5% ^^ 0.00 0.00 89.53 179.06 182.64 186.29 190.02 193.82 197.69 201.65 205.68 209.79 213.99 218.27 222.63 227.09 231.63 236.26 240.99 245.81

Unforeseen contingencies @ 2% ^^^ 0.00 0.00 22.14 22.58 23.03 23.49 23.96 24.44 24.93 25.43 25.94 26.46 26.99 27.53 28.08 28.64 29.21 29.80 30.39 31.00

Total Out Flow ( C ) 32,640.30 13,008.67 11,321.87 10,954.95 10,986.94 11,038.21 11,107.29 11,192.86 11,293.74 11,408.88 11,537.34 11,678.29 11,830.98 11,994.76 12,169.05 12,353.34 12,547.18 12,750.17 12,961.98 13,182.29 12,897.95

Total Inflow (A) 10.33 10.33 10.85 11.39 11.96 12.56 13.19 13.85 14.54 15.27 16.03 16.83 17.67 18.56 19.49 20.46 21.48 22.56 23.69 24.87

Indirect Inflow (B) 54,613.20 54,613.20 58,777.46 63,259.24 68,082.75 73,274.06 78,861.21 84,874.38 91,346.05 98,311.19 1,05,807.42 1,13,875.23 1,22,558.22 1,31,903.28 1,41,960.91 1,52,785.43 1,64,435.31 1,76,973.51 1,90,467.74 2,04,990.90

Net Inflow (A+B-C) 21,983.24 41,614.87 47,466.44 52,315.68 57,107.78 62,248.42 67,767.11 73,695.37 80,066.85 86,917.57 94,286.11 1,02,213.78 1,10,744.91 1,19,927.08 1,29,811.34 1,40,452.54 1,51,909.62 1,64,245.89 1,77,529.45 1,91,833.48 98,706.88

Note:-

* Assumed operating cost 40% of the investment on fishing craft 7.6529

** Pre development expenditure assumed @ 10% of investment cost on land side civil works Cash Flow Statement Sensitivity Analysis

*** Assumed 2% of the investment cost on land side and marine side civil works 15,665.90 1. Assuming that expensive could increased by 20% then the B/C and R/R would be ^ Assumed 3% of the investment cost on land side and marine side civil works 3,967.28 respectively 13.05 and 7.66.^^ Assumed 5% of the investment cost on land side and marine side civil works 3,967.28 2. In the event of value of landing getting reduced by 20% the B/C and R/R would be ^^^ Assumed 2% of the investment cost on land side civil works 15,665.90 respectively 1.66 and 60.17.It has been further assumed that wages salary, maintenance and contingencies would increase 2% per annum

Incremental indirect income assumed at the rate of 2.5% per annum

B/C = = 3.95

R/R= = 25.32

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP):

This environmental management plan (EMP) emphasizes the linkages between the environmental and economic significance of the Nagapattinam FH area. After identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts for the proposed project a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is outlined to minimize the adverse impacts. HYGIENE INSIDE THE NAGAPATTINAM FISHING HARBOUR

Activities within the fishery harbour complex generate wastes of varying degrees and types. These wastes, if not properly handled, will lead to contamination of the product and degradation of the harbour environment due to pollution. Washing of fish using polluted harbour water and unsanitary handling are factors that contribute to rapid spoilage of fish and pose serious health hazards due to contamination of water and fish. A proper pollution management plan must be found to elicit co-operation from all harbour users; to ensure that municipal services extend to the fishery harbour complex too; to find appropriate ways of collection and disposal of wastes; and, and finally to create an awareness among all stakeholders that the fishery harbour complex constitutes a significant community and social capital that needs to be protected. As a part of environmental management plan, this project proposes a modern fishing harbour at Nagapattinam with all essentials to maintain hygiene inside the harbour like:

o proper slope provided to collect all the waste water from Auction hall and the wharf area,

o disinfectant pit with Sodium Hypochlorite solution (for fisherman to have a dip of their fish baskets base and their legs) provided in the Auction hall entrance,

o Sewage Treatment Plant (STP); o RO plant for waste water recycling; o Booms and Skimmer to collect the oil spill near the quays and an oil separator o Solid waste management / bio-mechanical composting o Construction of reclamation bund (refer Fig 2A) prior to dumping in the

construction site will arrest flow of sediments back to the river channel or the land side.

All the above elements are included in the proposed project and is shown in the following keyplan (Figure 8)

Fig 8 EMP – KEY PLAN

7.1 Solid Waste Management

a) Non-Toxic Solid Waste

Solid waste management in a fishing harbour will be achieved by the following 4 process:

1. Reduction: Probably the key to minimizing this waste is to encourage the use of products that need less packaging.

2. Collection: Adequate containers will be strategically placed within the harbour complex for collecting the litter. Separate (colored) closed PVC containers will be used to facilitate the segregation of waste into non-biodegradable waste, biodegradable organic waste.

3. Reuse/disposal: Metal wastes can be sold to scrap dealers. Wood made fish boxes can sold as fuel wood. Tyres can be used as fenders.

4. Recycle: The organic fish waste which is collected from the ‘air tight waste collection bins’ kept at the wharf and auction hall areas are brought to ‘organic waste converter unit’, wherein they are composted using a Bio-mechanical composter.

b) Toxic Solid Waste

Empty paint cans, used containers of antifouling paint, dry cell batteries, and containers of paint stripper are all forms of toxic waste encountered in fishery harbour complex. Spent lead batteries can be reconditioned, or the lead will be recovered even at the village level by local smelters and put to other uses like lead sinkers for fishing nets.

c) Fish Wastes

Drying of fish within the harbour area is a prohibited activity. Irrespective of the size of the harbour, the best receptacle to store wet wastes until they may be recycled or disposed of (through the local Municipal body), is airtight PVC drums These airtight containers should be placed at vantage points all round the harbour, including fish handling areas and points of sale. The thrash fish caught must be stored on closed PVC containers onboard and be carried outside the harbour premises for drying. Fish drying activity within the harbour premises is to be totally avoided. The area outside the fishing harbour boundary can be identified for this purpose with the help of the local Revenue Authorities to ensure that the livelihoods of those fisherfolk who depend on this activity is not affected. Other organic fish wastes generated near the wharf and auction hall

area will be collected in air tight containers and sent to the organic waste converter, where they are composted by bio-mechanical composter as described below.

Bio-mechanical Converter

Fish/ organic wastes collected from the waste collection bins are brought to the organic waste converter platform for composting. Waste from the platform is shredded and then transferred to a bio-mechanical composter machine where the waste is mixed with a suitable absorbent like paper or sawdust. This is followed by addition of bacterial inoculum inside the converter for organic waste digestion. The raw digested material is left for curing for about 15 days to get a good quality compost. The compost can be used as manure for the greeneries in and around the Fishing Harbour.

A total sum of Rs 15 Lakhs is included in the Project cost for Solid Waste Management.

7.2 Oil waste management

To mitigate oil pollution, the fishery harbour incharge will take necessary action to:

1. Provide shore-based reception facilities for oily wastes (bilge water and spent oil) from vessels and

2. Minimise leaks while bunkering.

Appropriate oil recovery tools like containment booms and skimmers will prove useful in removing spilt oil from the harbour basin. Oily wastes discharged to reception facilities are usually mixtures of oil and water and in some cases, solids. The composition ratio of these solids can differ considerably, depending on the type of wastes; bilge water consists mainly of water contaminated with oil, whereas waste oil and fuel residues consist mainly of oil contaminated with water. This oil can be separated from the bilge water by separators. Reception facilities for used engine oil inside harbours are intended as a temporary storage only, whereas the reception facilities for bilge water need to separate the oil from the considerably larger volume of water. The oil may then be transferred to the used oil storage facilities for collection at a later date, and the treated water returned to the sea. Waste or spent engine oil can be recycled 100 per cent and it is now very common for refineries to collect used oil from harbours, car repair shops and petrol stations. Provision for oil separator costing about Rs 2.5 Lakh is also included in this project.

A oil containment boom and a Mop Skimmer costing about Rs 10,00,000 is recommended for the Nagapattinam FH to manage oil spill accident. The skimmer uses

high strength oleophilic mop which floats on the oil/water interface following the wave movements, mop movements is controlled with Variable speed through the oil layer. Oil is attracted by and drawn towards the mops and then removed by squeeze roller wringers. Capacity: 2 to 15 Cum. per.hr; Oil recovery rate: 5 tonn per hr; Recovered oil tank capacity : 150 ltrs

7.3 Waste water management

To ensure that there is no pollution from waste generated in the harbour complex, the harbour in charge will take steps to provide for proper collection and disposal not only from shore facilities but also from fishing vessels using the harbour. Adequate toilet facilities should be made available for harbour users. Defecation in the open by people and by animals near the waterside should not be tolerated. Waste water effluent from a fishery harbour consists of: 1. Sewage from toilets and 2. Effluents from fish cleaning operations (Wharf and Auction Hall. In most of the Fishing harbours in Tamilnadu, including the one at Nagapattinam, as of now, washing the fish is done offshore in the boat itself. In most cases the fish auctioning is done in the wharf area itself, and the washed water (from the wharf) is let into the sea. This washed water was collected during the month of May 2010, and analyzed for its pollution parameters and results are furnished in the table below (Table 17). The results show that the wash water is not much severe as that of a regular domestic sewage. Table 17. Fish Wash Water Quality.

Parameter Unit Concentrations Parameter Unit Concentrations

pH _ 6.86 NO2- µmol/l 0.41

Conductivity µS/cm 8060 NO3- µmol/l 3.39

Salinity psu 4.1 PO43- µmol/l 3.25

TDS mg/l 6400 Total Hardness - CaCO3

mg/l 860

DO mg/l 2.4 Calcium Hardness - CaCO3

mg/l 180

BOD mg/l 10 Total Alkalinity - CaCO3

mg/l 945

COD mg/l 74 CO32- mg/l BD

HCO3- mg/l 570

Table 18: WATER BALANCE

SNo Source Activity Rate Quantity (L/Day)

1 Fresh water A Vessel supply @10 L/person/day

265 boats [6 persons/boat] (265x6x10)

15,900

B Drinking / personal hygiene in the FH

@10 L/Person/day 265 boats [4 persons/boat] {Harbour officials and others = 100} (265x4+100)x10)

11,600

C Fish box cleaning @10 l/Box [5 boxes/boat] (265x5x10)

13,250

D Total 39,750 E Others @15% of the total 6,000 Total 45,750 2 Sea water a Auction hall

cleaning 10 L/ m2 of floor area 3 auction halls; 20x8 m size [ 20x8x3x10]

4800

b Fish landing zone (wharf)

10 L / m2 of floor area 20x5 m Size for 3 zones

3,000

c Total 7,800 d Others @15% of the total 1,170 e Total 8970 3 Total waste

water generated

C + E+ a + b + e + 80% sewage of B

(13250 + 6000 + 4800 + 3000 + 1170 + 9280)

37500

4 Treated waste water

@ 80 % of the total waste water generated

30,000

*Assumptions: Only 50% of fishing boats go for fishing at a time and the process takes turn on rotation basis keeping in view of the fishery resources and their catch potential of the region. Most of the dwellings of fishermen are located within the vicinity of the respective FHs and hence water usage is very much restricted apart from fish cleaning and washing the auction hall. Moreover the actual daily requirement of water may vary depending upon the species of fish caught. For example, if export varieties dominate, the washing requirement of

water within the FH premises is almost nil as the consignment is lifted immediately by the exporter directly from the vessel. The effluent from the fish auctioning, Wharf and toilet will be sent to a sewage treatment plant (STP) and then RO Plant and the outlet will be used for auction hall cleaning, fish box cleaning, toilets and landing zone cleaning and the details of the same is explained in the below section.

7.3.1 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

A mobile sewage treatment plant with a capacity to treat 50 KLD of effluent is proposed for the Nagapattinam FH. Space required : 9.5 m x 4.0 m x 3 m Table 19: Quality logistics of STP:

S.No Description Unit STP Inlet STP Outlet Standards

1 pH - 6.5 – 7.8 7.2 - 8 5.5 – 9

2 TSS mg/l 150 – 250 15 < 30

3 BOD mg/l 250 – 350 15 <20

4 COD mg/l 600 - 800 150 <250

5 TDS mg/l 4000 – 5000 4000 – 5000 < 2100

6 Turbidity NTU 30 - 40 25 --

7 Oil & Grease mg/l 30 – 50 < 10 < 10

Concept

The raw sewage will be led to the bar screen chamber to remove the floating solids.

The screened sewage is led to the Aeration tank for biological treatment, where FBBR Media will expedite the treatment with minimum sludge.

The aerated sewage water is led to UV Chamber. The settled sludge is recirculated to the aeration tank to maintain the MLSS concentration and the excess sludge will be pumped to sludge drying beds.

The UV treated water is pumped to Pressure sand filter and Activated carbon filter using Filter feed pump.

The filtered water is further treated in RO system and thus rendering a part of fresh water requirement of the FH.

7.3.2 Recycle Reverse Osmosis Plant Space Requirement : 4 x 12 m

Concept:

The raw water is dosed by HCl & Antiscalant and then led to the Micron filter unit using RO feed pump.

The filtered water is pumped to the RO system using High pressure pump.

The RO permeate is used for Irrigation, cleaning, washing purpose.

The cleaning system is used for cleaning the RO system.

The reject water from RO plant will be led to the solar evaporation pond. Reject disposal is one of the most important aspect in a recycle system with Reverse Osmosis. The most two popular ways of disposal of reject are - Evaporation by solar ponds and Thermal Evaporation. For reject disposal by solar ponds is one time investment with negligible operation and maintenance cost, hence widely in use and adopted in this project also.

Table 20: Quality logistics of RO plant

S.No Description Unit RO Inlet RO Permeate

Standards

1 pH - 7.3 7.2 - 8 5.5 – 9

2 TSS mg/l 15 NIL < 30

3 BOD mg/l 15 <5 <20

4 COD mg/l 150 <80 <250

5 TDS mg/l 3500 – 4500 < 200 < 2100

6 Turbidity NTU 25 NIL --

7 Oil & Grease mg/l <0.05 NIL < 10

Cost An estimated cost of about 45 Lakhs is being included in the total project cost for the STP/RO purpose. Maintenance charge for both STP/RO will be about 1.5 lakhs/year.

7.4 Greenbelt Development

The proposed greenbelt development/plantation in the area will not only function as landscape features resulting in harmonising and amalgamating the physical structures of proposed structure with surrounding environment but will also acts as pollution sink/noise barrier. It will check soil erosion, make the ecosystem more

diversified and functionally more stable, make the climate more conducive and restore balance. Plant leaves function as efficient gas exchange system. Their internal structure allows rapid diffusion of water soluble gases. These characteristics allow the plant to respire and photosynthesise, and they can also remove pollutant from the air. Some of the beneficial results of plantations are: They are good absorbers of sulphur di oxide. can reduce air borne lead; Even a single row of trees may bring about 25 percent reductions in airborne particulate. The following species may be examined for their likely potential for pollution control:

Acacia arabica (Babul)

Citrus species

Dyospyros species

Ficus bengalensis (Banyan)

Ficus religiosa (Peepal)

Lillium spp. (Lily)

Polyathia lotigifolia (Ashok)

Tamarindus indica (Imli)

Thuja occidentallis (Cedar)

Prospis Juliflora (Mesquite)

Zizypus jujuba (jujuba), etc.

Filtering of pollutants is most effective when plants are close to the source of pollution. The design of shelterbelts against pollution is similar to those for protection from wind. They should be permeable to encourage air turbulence and mixing within the belt. There should be no large gaps. The profile should be rough and irregular and should present a tall vertical leading edge to the wing. Spaces will be left within the shelterbelt to allow gravity settlement of particles.

7.5 Environmental Considerations incorporated into the Project:

The following Mitigation measures, environmental operating conditions and other EIA requirements are included in the DPR in the Chapter 8, page no 158 and as conditions in the BID document. Table 21: Environmental Management measures during Pre- Construction, Construction and Operational Phase

S NO STAGE OF WORK ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES Responsibility

Pre-construction 1 Site clearance

/ leveling Air pollution due to excavation and movement of earth – moving vehicles

Sprinkling of water to reduce dust generation. All vehicles, equipment and machinery to be procured for construction shall conform to the relevant Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) norms and relevant emission / safety norms and / or standards Burning of waste materials will not be permitted.

Contractor

Construction 2 Transportation of

building materials Air pollution due to emissions from construction machinery and movement of vehicles

a) Vehicles transporting construction materials prone to fugitive dust emissions should be covered. b) Trucks carrying sand should be provided with tarpaulin sheets to cover the bed and sides of the trucks. C)Provide wheel washing d) Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during loading and unloading. e) Sprinkling of water (for materials such as blue metal, sand and bricks) before unloading to suppress dust generation. f) Compliance with PM10

g) Use of appropriate hoardings in the vicinity of sensitive sights; h) Not permitting lorries to be overloaded.

Contractor

3 Operation of construction machinery

Air and noise pollution

a) All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards . b) Providing wind shields along the boundary of the site to abate the dust carryover to the neighbouring areas. c) Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer

Contractor

should be mounted on shelter with top and slides closed. d) sprinkling of water on metal and sand should be carried out before handling

4 Formation of roads and laying of water and sewerage pipelines

Air pollution and noise pollution due to excavation , compaction and refilling during pipe laying and road formation.

a) Wetting/sprinkling of soil before trench excavation.

b) Wetting of brick, metal and sand before handling.

c) Workers should be provided with ear

muffs and safety shoes and gloves.

d) Along pipeline routes, warning signs,

warning tapes and notices will deter

access to trenches.

Contractor

5 Construction of Permanent shelters/common facilities

Air Pollution during construction and Noise Pollution during Vehicular movement and construction

a) Wetting of soil before trench excavation.

b) Maximum Construction activity will be restricted to day time hours

c) Wetting/sprinkling of brick, metal and sand before handling.

d) Use of Ready Mix Concrete for all large concreting activities.

e) Similar concreting activities shall be carried out within the constructed areas to avoid residual impacts if any outside the project area.

f) Usage of readily built partitions wherever possible.

g) Construction residues such as metal cuttings / shavings, wood, packaging material and containers shall be disposed following the applicable legal requirements.

h) Workers should be provided with ear muffs and safety shoes and gloves.

Contractor

6 Workers camp Sanitation

a) Shall provide adequate sanitation facilities and obtain sever connection to discharge the sewage/sullage into underground sewerage system.

b) The living space at workers camp

should meet the norms of Indian

Labour Law.

c) Garbage generated shall be collected

by providing adequate collection bins

Contractor

and segregated for reuse and recycle in

the form of compost for gardening.

Health and Safety

The Contractor shall ensure all authorised persons present on all sites, be they his own staff, representatives of the Project Proponent or the Construction person, or other visitors, are aware of any site-specific safety requirements and are supplied with hard hats and other protective clothing appropriate for the work being undertaken.

Operation Solid Waste Noise Air pollution -Particulates Rain water Groundwater

1. The solid waste generated should be properly collected in closed containers and segregated. The organic fish wastes should be composted by a composting unit, and be used as manure for gardening.

2. Noise should be controlled to ensure that it does not exceed the prescribed standards. During night time the noise levels measured at the boundary of the building shall be restricted to the permissible levels to comply with the prevalent regulations.

3. The green belt of the adequate width and density preferably with local species along the periphery of the plot shall be raised so as to provide protection against particulates and noise.

4. Weep holes in the compound walls shall be provided to ensure natural drainage of rain water in the catchment area during the monsoon period.

5. Rain water harvesting for roof run-off and surface run-off as plan submitted should be implemented. Before recharging the surface run off, pre-treatment must be done to remove suspended matter, oil and grease. The borewell for rainwater recharging should be kept atleast 5 mts, above the highest ground water table.

6. The ground water levels and its quality should be monitored regularly in

Harbour Management

Committee and Fisheries Department Authorities

Vehicular traffic Lights and their wastes Waste water Environmental Monitoring

consultation with Central Ground Water Authority.

7. Traffic congestion near the entry and exit points from the roads adjoining the proposed project site must be avoided. Parking should be fully internalized and no public space should be utilized.

8. Energy conservation measures like installation of CFLs / TFLs for the lighting the areas outside the building should be integral part of the project design and should be in place before project commissioning. Used CFLs and TFLs should be properly collected and disposed off / sent for recycling as per the prevailing guidelines / rules of the regulatory authority to avoid mercury contamination. Use of solar panels may be done to the extent possible.

9. The waste water after fish cleaning should be let into the STP and then the RO , so that the water is recycled for reuse. Regular cleaning of the drains should be done to ensure that there is no blockages in the drainage channel. Adequate measures should be taken to prevent odour problem from solid waste processing plant and STP. Regular monitoring for STP/RO outlet quality.

10. Regular Monitor for water/air/sediment in the Fishing Harbour area.

The contractor should monitor (as per the Environmental Monitoring Schedule given in Chapter 5 of this report) through recognized Govt. Labs/Universities, for air, water and noise quality periodically in accordance with applicable norms.

Table 22: EMP COST PROFILE

Phase Environmental Management /Monitoring Plan

Cost (Lakhs)

Construction Reclamation Bund 1.67 STP 24.0 RO Plant 20.0 Oil Skimmer 10.0 Oil Separator 2.50 Solid Waste collection Bins 2.83 Organic Waste Converter Unit 15.00 Greeneries 5.00 Environmental Clearance 3.00 Environmental Monitoring - both Construction

(1.5 years) and operation phase (1 Year) 15.00

Total 100.00 Operation and maintenance

STP 1.50

RO Plant 1.0 Oil Skimmer/Separator 0.20 Solid Waste Management 0.50 Greeneries 1.00

7.6 Health and well being of construction workers

The objective is to ensure health and safety of the workers during construction, with effective provisions for the basic facilities of sanitation, drinking water, safety of equipments or machinery etc. Following are the recommendations to be followed:

Comply with the safety procedures, norms and guidelines (as applicable) as outlined in the document Part 7, Constructional practices and safety, 2005, National Building code of India, Bureau of Indian Standards

Provide clean drinking water to all workers Provide adequate number of decentralized latrines and urinals to construction

workers. Precautions for working on machinery. Provide protective equipment; helmets

etc. Ensuring that walking surfaces or boards at height are of sound construction and

are provided with safety rails or belts.

Provide measures to prevent fires. Fire extinguishers and buckets of sand to be provided in the fire-prone area and elsewhere.

Provide sufficient and suitable light for working during nighttime.

Temporary and permanent workers should receive medical examination and necessary treatment before starting work.

7.7 Best Management Practices recommended (Sample Handout)

1. All self-employed boat workers and independent contractors shall register with the harbor authority for commencing any work within the harbor premises.

2. Routine maintenance of vessels alone is permitted in the berthing Quay.

3. All vessel owners shall be encouraged to adopt best environmental management practices .

4. Discharge bilge water; oil, diesel etc would attract fine. Absorbent pads shall be used to soak up oil and fuel in the bilge compartments.

5. Traps shall be used to capture scrapings, debris, and drips.

6. Sandblasting is a prohibited activity.

7. As far as possible, biodegradable cleaning agents shall be used.

8. The amount of open solvents or paints on docks shall be limited to one gallon.

9. Drip pan and drop cloths shall be used.

10. Garbage, trash, or other debris shall be collected in the appropriate, marked containers on site.

11. Recycling bins shall be used for collecting all recyclable materials.

12. Empty paint cans shall be allowed to dry thoroughly before disposing of them in the proper bins.

APPENDIX

EIA NOTIFICATION – 19TH January 2009

Classification of Ports, Harbors

EC related Notification

Activities related to breakwaters and dredging included in the amendment

of 19 January 2009.

Category A

> 5 million TPA of cargo handling capacity (excluding fishing harbors)

Category B

< 5 million TPA of cargo handling capacity and/or

Ports /harbors > 10,000 TPA of fish handling capacity

Dredging inside and outside the ports, harbors, and channels are included.

Public consultation exempted for dredging works provided the dredged

material shall be disposed or dumped within port limits.

Dredging and disposal of dredged material permitted under revised draft

Coastal Management Zone Notification of 21 July 2008 with EIA and EMP

under MOEF and not by State CZMA.

CPCB Water Quality Criteria

Designated-Best-Use Class of

water Criteria

Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection

A 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less

2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C

2mg/l or less

Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more

2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less

Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more

2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less

Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries

D 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more

2. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal

E 1. pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm

Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2mg/l

Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

TOLLERANCE LIMITS

Tolerance Limits of water quality of harbour region or Base level criteria of water quality of Harbour Region.- ( NEERI)-Nagpur

Sl.No Parameter Tolerance Limit

01 pH 6.5 to 8.5

02 Temperature 320 C

03 Dissolved Oxygen demand 4 -5

04 Biochemical oxygen demand 4

05 Chemical oxygen demand 180

06 Oil and grease 1

07 Ammoniacal nitrogen 1.2

08 Cadmium 0.3

09 Chromium (hexavalent) 0.2

10 Copper 1.5

12 Nickel 0.3

13 Iron 0.3

14 Lead 0.1

15 Zinc 1.5

16 Phenolic compounds 0.005

17 Total coliform, MPN/100ml 100

All values except pH are in mg/l

Coastal Water Quality Indicators

Parameter Significance Level

Dissolved Oxygen General indicator of water quality; source of O2 for respiration

Minimum acceptable lavel, 5 mg/l liter; 10 – 15 mg/liter for reproduction.

Total suspended solids

Clog fish gills, bury eggs, reduce light penetration, increase heat absorption

Dependent on location

Total dissolved solids

Represents total mineral content which may or may not be toxic

A maximum of 400 mg/liter for diverse fish populations.

BOD Amount of dissolved oxygen removed during decomposition of organic matter in a given time; a general indicator of contamination due to biodegradable organics.

BOD water status 1 mg/liter Very clean 2 mg/liger Clean 3 mg/liter Fairly clean 5 mg/liter Doubtful 10 mg/liter contaminated

COD Indicates the concentration of materials oxidizable by chemical reaction

0.5 mg/liter indicates vary clean streams

pH Indicates the addition of acids or bases pH depends on actual system.

Iron Excessive amounts can clog fish gills; indicates bearing sediments, mines, industrial processes.

A maximum of 0.7 mg/liter for diverse fish populations.

Manganese Concentration low in natural systems due to low solubility; high concentrations indicates contamination

A maximum of 1 mg/liter is a common criterion for steam quality

Copper Indicates drainage from copper – bearing sediment, mines, plating or other industrial sources

A maximum of 0.02 – 10 mg/liter is a common criterion for stream quality.

Zinc Indicates mine drainage or industrial input

A maximum of 1 mg/liter is a common criterion for stream quality

Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ag, etc.

Indicates industrial input A maximum of 1 mg/liter is a common criterion for stream quality

Nitrate A major plat nutrient in high – concentrations it ca promote excessive plant growth; major sources are fertilizers, sludge and sewage.

A maximum of 0.3 mg/liter to prevent excessive fertilization of streams

Phosphate A major plant nutrient; major sources are detergents, fertilizer, sewage.

A maximum of 0.03 - 0.40 mg/liter total inorganic phosphate is a common criterion

Reference: Lecture notes on Aquatic pollution - Bharathiyar University – Coimbatore-1992 (Delivered by Dr. V. N. Rayudu) IS: 7967 – 1976

TOLERANCE LIMITS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF MARINE COASTAL WATERS (TNPCB)

Sl. No. Parameters TNPCB Stds mg/l

1 pH 5.5 - 9.0

2 Temperature 45°C

3 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 100

4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) -

5 COD 250

6 BOD 100

7 Sulphate 1000

8 Suphide 5

9 Phenolic Compounds 5

10 Oil & Grease 20

11 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 50

12 Arsenic 0.2

13 Mercury 0.01

14 Lead 1

15 Cadmium (as Cd ) mg/l 2.0 16 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr +6 ) mg/l 1.0

17 Copper (as Cu) mg/l 3.0

18 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 1.5

19 Selenium (as Se) mg/l 0.05

20 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l 3.0

21 Boron (as B) mg/l 2.0

22 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l 0.2

23 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 1.5

24 Dissolved Phosphates (as P) mg/l -

25 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l 1000

26 Sulphides (as S) mg/l 5.0

English Translation of the preliminary suggestions in the stakeholders meeting on 5/12/2007 is given below: In the stakeholders meeting held on 5/12/2007, the fisherman made the following demands:

1. The new fishing harbor should be established in the South

west of the new ROB, with berthing facilities on both sides.

2. There should be an Ice plant and fish processing facility

3. Need a boat repairing yard

4. It is essential to have a net mending shed for mending and

repairing the fish nets

5. Need a bigger size fish drying yard.

6. From the wharf a retaining wall should be constructed

7. On the west side of the ROB, wharf should be constructed

and facilities like fish landing, Auction hall should be

provided.

List of Participants (Keechankuppam)

R.Manigandan

N.Sekar

N. Gowthaman

G.Manoharan

T.Raja

V.Ravichandran

C.Samuealraj

Chidambara Raj

M. Paulraj

V.Rajendran

S.Kumar

S.Chandran

C.Murthy

N.Muruganantham

T.Paramasivam

T.Sundarakumar

M.ManiMaran

S.Babuganesh

K.Gurupragasam

R.Namakodi

C.Thanasekaran

M.Selvaraj

P.Anjappan

V.Sekar

S.Chinnaiyan

S.Ramalingam

S.Sivarajavelu

S.Ramalingam

N.Sugumar

K. Chinnadurai

M.Amudhan

M.Sundararaj

P.Sampath

N.Raman

E.Balamurugan

V.Subramanian

R.P.Murthy

T.Raji

V.Rajendran

S.Mohan

V.Anjappan

G.Mohan

List of Participants (Nambiar Nagar)

S.Rajakannu

N.Arumugam

P.Murugan

Stakeholders meeting on 27.11.09 In the final stage of designing stakeholders meeting was conducted on 26.11.09 to discuss about the proposed facilities. In that meeting it was explained in detail about the list of the proposed harbor facilities, its length, size and area. The details of the auction hall and other harbour elements proposed in the new modern harbour were explained to the stakeholders in detail. In the meeting it was explained about the environmental management elements proposed in the project, like, the STP, skimmer, waste collection bins, organic waste converter and greeneries. The norms and permissible activities within the CRZ were also highlighted to the stakeholders. It was also highlighted in the meeting, the steps to have a hygienic harbor and to avoid unhygienic practices like fish drying in the harbor premises. The stake holders expressed their willingness to cooperate and their desire to have the harbor constructed at the earliest.

List of Participants

V.Gangaderan, Nambiar Nagar P.Ponidumban, Nambiar Nagar S.Kalaimani, Nambiar Nagar D.Parthiban, Nambiar Nagar R.Segar, Keechankuppam Sundrakumar, Keechankuppam N.Raman, Keechankuppam V.Rajendran, Keechankuppam M.Paulraj, Keechankuppam G.Sampath, Keechankuppam K.Karthik, Keechankuppam Sudalaimani, Keechankuppam