eiapublic4(gajaseni, 2007) 1 public participation (public involvement)
TRANSCRIPT
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Public Participatio Public Participationn
(Public involvement) (Public involvement)
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Why is public participation imporWhy is public participation important?tant?
The reasons can be divided into The reasons can be divided into 3 3 catcategories;egories;1.1. Lesson learned form Lesson learned form exex post post project project evaleval
uationsuations2.2. Reasons arising form political and poli Reasons arising form political and poli
cy changes at global and national levels cy changes at global and national levels3.3. Resulting from the evolving policies o Resulting from the evolving policies o
- - f the multi (World Bank) and bi lateral ( - - f the multi (World Bank) and bi lateral ( Canadian International Development Ag Canadian International Development Ag
ency) agencies ency) agencies
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Objectives of public Objectives of public participation:participation:
InformingInforming the stakeholdersthe stakeholders about what is about what is proposed and providing the opportunity for proposed and providing the opportunity for creating a sense of ownership of the proposalcreating a sense of ownership of the proposal
providingproviding an opportunityan opportunity for those otherwise for those otherwise unrepresented to present their views and unrepresented to present their views and values, therefore allowing more sensitive values, therefore allowing more sensitive consideration of mitigative measures and consideration of mitigative measures and trade-offstrade-offs
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Who are stakeholders? Who are stakeholders?
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The stakeholders involved in an EIA The stakeholders involved in an EIA typically includes:typically includes:Local people, indigenous peopleLocal people, indigenous people (individual (individual
or groups) or groups) and communitiesand communities (affected by (affected by project)project)
Project beneficiaries,Project beneficiaries, proponent, investor proponent, investorNational & local government agenciesNational & local government agenciesNon-government organisationsNon-government organisations (NGOs) (NGOs)Community-based organisationsCommunity-based organisations (CBOs) (CBOs) Interested groupsInterested groups, such as donor, the , such as donor, the
private sector, academic etc.private sector, academic etc.
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Why is stakeholder involvemenWhy is stakeholder involvement to be t to be
an essential part of EIA?an essential part of EIA?
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providing the benefits to be maximisedproviding the benefits to be maximised and and that no major impacts have been that no major impacts have been overlookedoverlooked
providing an opportunity for the publicproviding an opportunity for the public to to influence project design in a positive influence project design in a positive mannermanner
obtaining local and traditional knowledgeobtaining local and traditional knowledge (corrective and creative), before decision-(corrective and creative), before decision-making making
increasing public confidenceincreasing public confidence in the in the reviewers and decision-makersreviewers and decision-makers
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providing betterproviding better processesprocesses of of transparency, accountability and transparency, accountability and decision-makingdecision-making
reducing conflictreducing conflict through the early through the early identification of contentious issuesidentification of contentious issues
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Purpose and objectives Purpose and objectives of public involvementof public involvement
informing stakeholdersinforming stakeholders
gaining their views, concerns and valuesgaining their views, concerns and values
taking account of public inputs in decision taking account of public inputs in decision makingmaking
influencing project designinfluencing project design
obtaining local knowledgeobtaining local knowledge
increasing public confidenceincreasing public confidence
improving transparency and accountability improving transparency and accountability in decision-makingin decision-making
reducing conflictreducing conflict
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InformationInformationone way flow from proponent to publicone way flow from proponent to public
ConsultationConsultationtwo way exchange of informationtwo way exchange of informationopportunities for the public to express views on the proposalopportunities for the public to express views on the proposal
ParticipationParticipationinteraction with the publicinteraction with the publicinvolved in decision-making through reaching consensus on involved in decision-making through reaching consensus on the main elementsthe main elements
NegotiationNegotiationface to face discussionface to face discussion
Levels of public involvementLevels of public involvement
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two way two way exchange of exchange of informationinformation
opportunities for the opportunities for the public to express public to express views on the views on the proposalproposal
ConsultationConsultation
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ParticipationParticipation interaction with the interaction with the
publicpublic involved in decision-involved in decision-
making through making through reaching consensus on reaching consensus on the main elementsthe main elements
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NegotiationNegotiation
face to face face to face discussiondiscussion
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Principles of public Principles of public involvementinvolvement
The process should beThe process should be inclusive – covers all stakeholdersinclusive – covers all stakeholders open and transparent – steps and activities open and transparent – steps and activities
are understoodare understood relevant – focused on the issues that matterrelevant – focused on the issues that matter fair – conducted impartially and without fair – conducted impartially and without
bias toward any stakeholderbias toward any stakeholder responsive – to stakeholder requirements responsive – to stakeholder requirements
and inputsand inputs credible – builds confidence and trustcredible – builds confidence and trust
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Public involvement in key Public involvement in key stages of the EIA processstages of the EIA process
screening screening
determining the need for, and level, of EIA determining the need for, and level, of EIA scoping scoping
identifying the key issues and alternatives identifying the key issues and alternatives impact analysis impact analysis
identifying the significant impacts and mitigating identifying the significant impacts and mitigating measures measures
review review
commenting on/responding to the EIA report commenting on/responding to the EIA report implementation and monitoringimplementation and monitoring
checking EIA follow upchecking EIA follow up
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No EIAEIA Required
*Public involvement Scoping
Mitigation and impact
management
EIA Report
ProposalIdentification
Screening
Initialenvironmental examination
Impact analysis
Review
Decision-making
ApprovedNot approved
Implementation andfollow up
Information from this processcontributes to effective future EIA
Redesign
Resubmit*Public involvement
*Public involvement typicallyoccurs at these points. It mayalso occur at any other stageof the EIA Process.
Generalised EIAProcess Flowchart
EIApublic4(Gajaseni, 2007)UNEP Training Resource Manual
Topic 1 Slide 16
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Development of public involvement: Development of public involvement: involve consideration of the issues??involve consideration of the issues??
the objectives of the EIAthe objectives of the EIA identification of interested and affected identification of interested and affected
parties (stakeholders)parties (stakeholders)budgetary/time constraints and budgetary/time constraints and
opportunitiesopportunities identification of appropriate techniques to identification of appropriate techniques to
involve or consult with the stakeholdersinvolve or consult with the stakeholders
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traditional authority structures and traditional authority structures and decision-making processesdecision-making processes
identification of approaches to ensure identification of approaches to ensure feedback to the involved stakeholdersfeedback to the involved stakeholders
identification of mechanisms to ensure identification of mechanisms to ensure consideration of stakeholder’s views, consideration of stakeholder’s views, opinion and suggestionsopinion and suggestions
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Ideally, the public involvement should Ideally, the public involvement should commence throughout the whole EIA commence throughout the whole EIA
process/project cycle:process/project cycle:
ScopingScoping Interim reports (if prepared)Interim reports (if prepared)Draft/final reportDraft/final reportDecision-makingDecision-makingPost-decision stage Post-decision stage
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Constraints to effective Constraints to effective public participation:public participation:
PovertyPoverty involvementinvolvement means time spent away means time spent away from income-producing tasks, and favours the from income-producing tasks, and favours the wealthywealthy
Rural settingRural setting increased distance make increased distance make communication more difficult and expensivecommunication more difficult and expensive
IlliteracyIlliteracy which may be combined with the lack which may be combined with the lack of command of non-local languages, can inhibit of command of non-local languages, can inhibit representative involvement if print media is representative involvement if print media is usedused
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Local values/cultureLocal values/culture behavioural norms or behavioural norms or cultural practice can inhibit involvement of cultural practice can inhibit involvement of some groups, who may not feel free to disagree some groups, who may not feel free to disagree publicly with dominant groupspublicly with dominant groups
LanguagesLanguages in some countries a number of in some countries a number of different languages or dialects may be spoken, different languages or dialects may be spoken, making communication difficultmaking communication difficult
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Legal systemsLegal systems may be in conflict with may be in conflict with traditional systems, and cause confusion about traditional systems, and cause confusion about rights and responsibilities for resourcesrights and responsibilities for resources
Interest groupsInterest groups may have conflicting or may have conflicting or divergent views, and vested interestsdivergent views, and vested interests
ConfidentialityConfidentiality can be important for the can be important for the proponent, and may militate against early proponent, and may militate against early involvement and consideration of alternativesinvolvement and consideration of alternatives
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Weakness of public involvement: Weakness of public involvement:
Stakeholders represent the minimum to bStakeholders represent the minimum to be involved in EIA.e involved in EIA.
Usually, only some groups of stakeholdeUsually, only some groups of stakeholders (experts) may be involved to this EIA prs (experts) may be involved to this EIA process.rocess.
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Principles for successful Principles for successful application of public application of public
involvement techniquesinvolvement techniques provide the right informationprovide the right information
allow sufficient time to review and respondallow sufficient time to review and respond
provide appropriate opportunities/means provide appropriate opportunities/means for stakeholder involvementfor stakeholder involvement
respond issues and concerns raisedrespond issues and concerns raised
feed back the results of public inputfeed back the results of public input
choose venues and times of events to suit choose venues and times of events to suit stakeholdersstakeholders
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Principles of minimising Principles of minimising conflict:conflict:
involving all stakeholdersinvolving all stakeholders likely to be affected likely to be affected
communicating the objectivescommunicating the objectives of the proposal, of the proposal, and how it is planned to achieve themand how it is planned to achieve them
actively listeningactively listening to the concerns of affected to the concerns of affected people, and the interests which lie behind people, and the interests which lie behind those concernsthose concerns
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treating people treating people honestly and fairlyhonestly and fairly, establishing , establishing trust through a consistency of behaviourtrust through a consistency of behaviour
being empatheticbeing empathetic, putting yourself in the shoes , putting yourself in the shoes of other party, and looking at the area of dispute of other party, and looking at the area of dispute from their perspectivefrom their perspective
being flexiblebeing flexible in the way alternatives are in the way alternatives are considered, and amending the proposal considered, and amending the proposal wherever possible to better suit the interests of wherever possible to better suit the interests of other partiesother parties
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where other’s interests cannot be where other’s interests cannot be accommodated, accommodated, mitigating impacts to the mitigating impacts to the greatest extent possiblegreatest extent possible,, and looking for ways and looking for ways to compensate for detrimentto compensate for detriment
establishing and maintaining establishing and maintaining open two-way open two-way channels of communicationchannels of communication throughout the throughout the planning phase, and beyond into planning phase, and beyond into implementationimplementation
acknowledging the concerns and suggestions acknowledging the concerns and suggestions of othersof others, and providing feed-back on the way , and providing feed-back on the way these matters have been followed up and these matters have been followed up and evaluatedevaluated
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Common reasons given for avoiding Common reasons given for avoiding public involvement:public involvement:
It is too earlyIt is too early It will take too long and will cost too muchIt will take too long and will cost too much It will stir up oppositionIt will stir up opposition We will only hear from the articulateWe will only hear from the articulate We will raise expectationsWe will raise expectations People will not understandPeople will not understand
??????????????????????????????????
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What should it be?What should it be?
Change from Change from
““ConsultationConsultation”” “ “ ParticipationParticipation””
Consultation Consultation = no formal influence on decisi= no formal influence on decisionon
ParticipationParticipation = shared control and power = shared control and power for for acceptable agreementacceptable agreement
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3 ways to identify public 3 ways to identify public participation specialist:participation specialist:
1. Self identificationSelf identificationIndividual or groups make their interests
known2. Staff identificationStaff identification
Agencies identify potentially interested parties3. Third-party identificationThird-party identification
Individual or groups may approach agencies to suggest other groups to be involved
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Techniques of public involvement based on meetings:
Public Public hearhearinging Public meetingPublic meeting (planary session & small (planary session & small
group discussion, town meeting, etc)group discussion, town meeting, etc) Advisory panelsAdvisory panels (citizen’s committees) (citizen’s committees) Public workshopsPublic workshops InterviewsInterviews QuestionnairesQuestionnaires Participatory appraisal techniquesParticipatory appraisal techniques
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Public hearingPublic hearing
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Techniques of public involvement not Techniques of public involvement not based on meetings:based on meetings:
Providing information to publicmail, field trips, mass media coverage, public
notices, www. Obtaining information from the public
public opinion polls, questionnaires, written comment from public
Establishing two-way communications interviews, telephone hotlines, chat rooms on i
nternet
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Environmental MediationEnvironmental Mediation
Originated in Washington State in 1974Originated in Washington State in 1974 Aims to resolve environmental disputes, Aims to resolve environmental disputes,
usually involve environmental resourcesusually involve environmental resources The process involves The process involves disputants and and neutral
third party (mediator) (mediator) to deal with to deal with BargainingBargaining Information sharingInformation sharing Consensus buildingConsensus building Compromising in original positionCompromising in original position
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Principles of Negotiation: Principles of Negotiation:
1. Separate the people from the problem
2. Focus on interests, not positions3. Invent options for mutual gain4. Use objective criteria for evaluating
the agreement
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3 phase of environmental 3 phase of environmental mediation:mediation:
1. Pre-negotiation1. Pre-negotiationselect mediatorsselect mediators identify disputing partiesidentify disputing partiesdetermine representatives of stakeholdersdetermine representatives of stakeholdersperform stakeholder analysisperform stakeholder analysisdevelop ground rules and agendadevelop ground rules and agenda
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2. Negotiation2. Negotiationengage in joint fact-findingengage in joint fact-findinginvent options for mutual gainsinvent options for mutual gainsdevelop package of agreementsdevelop package of agreementsratify agreementsratify agreements
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3. Post-negotiation3. Post-negotiation -implement and monitor agreed upo -implement and monitor agreed upo
n plan n plan renegotiate if necessary renegotiate if necessary
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“ “ No single correct approach to No single correct approach to public involvement public involvement,,
the choice will depend on the cir the choice will depend on the cir cumstance of each EIA” cumstance of each EIA”
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Public participation in Thailand:
By Environmental Law 1992By Environmental Law 1992Provide Provide ‘‘Public hearing’Public hearing’ to peopleto people
Failure of public hearingFailure of public hearingHigh influence of disadvantage groupsHigh influence of disadvantage groupsIncomplete of information which protecIncomplete of information which protec
ted by law as secret informationted by law as secret information??????
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With increasing econo mic difficulties, the pa
rticipation of public b ecame less.
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