einführung in stationäre batteriespeicher mit fallstudie in ......economical analysis storage...
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Einführung in stationäre Batteriespeichermit Fallstudie in Sambia
RPC Kolloquium
München, 11. Mai 2017
Dipl.-Ing. Peter Hussinger
BayWa r.e. solar projects
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and challenges
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
Agenda
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
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What is a battery storage system and what's the difference between power and energy
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A Battery converts electrical energy by a redox reaction into chemical energy.
If required, stored chemical energy will be converted into electrical energy
Very important: kW and kWh are two different units!
The energy is given with the unit kWh and the power in kW
Principe bottle (capacity/energy in kWh and the bottleneck is the power in kW)
Power in kW
Energy/capacity in kWh
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A battery storage system consists more than just battery cells
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Battery Management
system
AC-connectionDC =
~~~
Battery Storage
Battery Cells Battery Module
Inverter
Energy Management
SystemLoads or
generators
Battery storage system
Power flow
Communication
Battery storage systems
consists of:
• Battery storage
• Battery module
• Cells
• Housing
• Battery management
(BMS)
• If necessary, fan and
housing
• Inverter
• If necessary energy
management system
(EMS)
• Housing, possibly with
fan / can also be
container format
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A battery storage system consists more than just battery cells
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Battery storage systems
consists of:
• Battery storage
• Battery module
• Cells
• Housing
• Battery management
(BMS)
• If necessary, fan and
housing
• Inverter
• If necessary energy
management system
(EMS)
• Housing, possibly with
fan / can also be
container format
Source: Quinous GmbH
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Every cycle causes losses
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• A cycle – electricity get in and electricity get out (round trip efficiency)
• Every cycle causes energy loss!
• the inverter goes twice in the overall efficiency !
Losses
inverter
Battery
charging
losses
self discharge
Electrical
energy
Losses
inverter
Battery
discharging
losses
Ele
ctr
ica
l
en
erg
y in
pu
t
Ele
ctr
ica
l
en
erg
y o
utp
ut
Chemically stored energy Electrical
energy
1 cycle (Lithium 84 to 92% efficiency)
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and challenges
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
7
Agenda
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There are more storage technologies available than batteries
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Classification Storage Type Energy form of storage
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Fly wheel
Pumped Hydro
Compressed air
Battery Storage
Hydrogen
Power to gas
Coil
Capacitor
Heat storage
Rotational energy of the mass
Potential energy of water
Kinetic energy of the gas
Chemical energy by redox reactions
Chemical energy by redox reactions
Chemical energy in the form of gas (Methane)
Electrical Energy in Magnetic field
Electrical Energy in Electrical field
Thermal energy particle motion
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For PV applicationsbatteries are the best storage solution for now
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Dimensions for
batteries with PV
• Power range
from kW
to MW solutions
• Storage duration
from minutes
to a couple
of hours
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Technical mature is at the moment lead acid and li-ion batteries
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Relevant Range
• Lead acid batteries are
mature
• Li-Ion batteries are well
mature today
• Other technologies are in
development or market
launch status
• Redox flow
10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW
ma
ture
deve
lop
ed
In
deve
lop
me
nt
Field tests
Market launch
1 kW
Lead acid
Lithium mobil
H2 mobile
H2 stationary
Power to gas
Lithium stationary
Sodium SulphurRedox flow
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There are different battery technologies on the market
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Lithium ionLead acid Redox flow batteries Sodium-sulfur
Source: Superior Solar Source: DOE Global Energy Storage DatabaseSource: UniEnergy Technologies, LLCSource: Younicos AG
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There are different battery technologies on the market – but lithium is the state of the art
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• High efficiency
• Low maintenance cost
• Many companies are
on the market
• High price potential
due to automotive
industry
• Mature
• High maintenance
• Short life time
• Less potential of
price reduction
• High price potential
• Many players on the
market
• Too low efficiency
• High maintenance
• Not mature yet
• High price potential
• High energy density
• High operating
temperature
• Safety concerns
• Low calendar
lifetime
Standard today ChallengerPast
Lithium ionLead acid Redox flow batteries Sodium-sulfur
Source: Superior Solar Source: DOE Global Energy Storage DatabaseSource: UniEnergy Technologies, LLCSource: Younicos AG
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Lithium ion batteries
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Lithium ion batteries
Summary
• Introduced in 1992 by Sony
• Big potential in mobile/portable and now also
increasingly in stationary applications
• High energy density and complex security
measures necessary
• Long life time with medium high investment costs
Typical applications• Electro mobility
• UPS-Systems,
• Stand-alone systems
• Off-grid
• Stationary grid-connected
charging
discharging
anode (e.g. graphite)cathode (e.g. LiCoO2)
Source: Saft
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Lithium-Ion Batteries - SWOT
• Strengths • Weaknesses
• High energy density
• High power density
• Long life time
• High efficiency
• Low maintenance effort
• Complex battery management
• thermal runaway
• Still relatively high investment costs
• Sometimes cooling is necessary
• Opportunities • Threats
• Fully automated mass production of
electric vehicles leads to drastic cost
reductions
• No special requirements on site
• No gassing
• Exploitation possibilities only in a few
countries
• Expensive high performance storage is
not necessary for stationary
applications
• Acceptance problems by safety issues
Lithium ion batteries
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Two lithium ion cell chemistries dominate
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NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide)
• Used in car industry and for
stationary application
• No weakness but also no strength in
comparison to LFP
• Higher Energy density
• High cost potential caused by 2nd use
potential and relating to mass
production in car industry
LFP (Lithium iron phosphate)
• High safety
• Long life time
• Good Performance
• Lower Energy density
For stationary application both
technologies are possible
But LFP is more suitable for most
stationary applications
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and challenges
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
Agenda
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
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Possible applications for battery storage
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Control
power
Voltage
stability
Spinning
reservereactive power
compensation
Restart after
black out
balancing
weak
infrastructure
Offgrid
fuel saving
Peak
shaving
Load
shifting
Uninterruptable
power supply
emergency
power
supply
self
consumption
PV
smoothing
ramping
Services for custom
installation
Services for
the grid
Mandatory for
grid connection
E-mobility
loading
infrastructure
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Custom installations and PV parksare interesting for BayWa r.e. solar projects
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Control
power
Peak
shaving
self
consumption
PV
smoothing
ramping
Services for custom
installation
Services for
the grid
Mandatory for
grid connection
Offgrid
fuel saving
balancing
weak
infrastructure
For BayWa r.e. solar projects
interesting:
• Own consumption
• Offgrid / fuel saving
• Compensation in weak
infrastructure
• PV smoothing / ramping
• Peak shaving
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Control power
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Need for control power
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• Grid frequency is depending on
generation and demand
• Generation and demand are often not
fitting together
• Goal is to keep the frequency stable
• Therefore control power is used to
balance the energy differences
• Primary control power (short time up to 15
minutes) can be served by battery storage
systems
• Countries with a weak or small grid will
may have in future a big need therefore,
especially when more renewables will be
grid connected Source: ABB
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Example project – Kolitzheim, Germany
Project parameter
• Lead acid storage system
• Four 40 feet-Container
• Power for PRL 2,6 MW
• Battery capacity ca. 4,5 MWh
• Invest cost ca. 600 €/kWh for the
storage system
• Increasing market participants
higher pressure on price likely!
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For Germany critical business case risk profile – can be feasible in other countries
or with other additional revenue streams combined
for every country detail analysis of market and framework is necessary
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PV
Smoothing /
Ramping
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Ramping / Smoothing for big PV-Parks
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• In future PV generation profile will
be required for a grid connection
• Sizing of battery depends on the
requirements of the grid operator /
utility company
• Battery system affects the
economics of the PV park
• Different control strategies are
possible
• Smoothing with mean
average
• Ramping X% / min
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Peak shaving
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Peak shaving
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• Reducing peak demand for the
electricity consumer
• Peak shaving is similar to load
leveling
• Short duration application that
requires ability for fast discharging
• Customers can save on their
utility bills by reducing peak
demand charges
In Germany: sometimes
economic with additional revenue
streams
in other countries: has to be
investigate
• Utilities can reduce the operational
costs meeting peak demand
Source: ABB
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Fuel saving
respectively
weak and off grid
applications
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Off and weak grid applications with PV hybrid systems
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• 1.3 billion people without
electricity connection
• The half of that are located
in the sub Sahara
Grid
Gen
Load
Typical system configuration:
Source: World bank
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PV and battery can replace diesel generators and allow a more efficient operation
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Over the day
• PV supplies directly the loads
• Battery will be charged
• No diesel needed
In the morning and evening
• PV supplies a part of the load
• The rest power comes from the
battery
Diesel can be off or in low power
mode
During the night:
• Diesel will supply the load.
• If it makes sense batteries will be
charged again
Shifting solar
energy to the night
Source: Clean Horizon Consulting, IFBF 2016
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But for a 24/7 power supply diesel generator is still needed
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e.g. 18/7 operation
• A 24/7 supply with only batteries
are not possible without diesel
generators or other switchable
power supply components
• With PV and battery the loads can
be supplied for up to 18 hours a
day.
• The duration is depending on the
sizing of the PV and the battery Shifting solar
energy to the night
Source: Clean Horizon Consulting, IFBF 2016
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A 24/7 power supply with PV and batteries is not economic
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• A 24/7 supply with only batteries
are not possible without diesel
generators or other switchable
power supply components
• With PV and battery the loads can
be supplied for up to 18 hours a
day.
• The duration is depending on the
sizing of the PV and the battery
• With only PV (without battery)
maximum 20% are possible!70% Diesel 0% Diesel
PV with
small battery Optimal
system size
Oversized battery
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in
Zambia
Project description and challenges
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
Agenda
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
31
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Challenges of the Zambian electricity grid
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Weak grid:
• Load shedding since last years
• Normally the load shedding's are
shown on lists
• 4 to 14 hours per day
• Longer load shedding's were
expected
Unreliable electricity supply causes
problems for farmers
• Because of the load shedding's
farmers just use 60% of their
production capacity
• Alternative: farmers have to buy
diesel generators with high O&M
costs
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Pilot project on AKTC farm
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AKTC – Farm (Agriculture Knowledge & Training Centre)
• Chisamba, 60km North of capital Lusaka
• Funded by the Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) and
Zambian agriculture ministry (MAL)
• Education of emergent farmers in cultivation methods, farming technology and
business know-how
• 62 ha and 9 ha pivots
• Cultivation of wheat and potatoes
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Goals of pilot project
• Technology demonstration meeting the needs of
farmers
• Testing the technical design of a hybrid energy
system
• Testing of a suitable operation and maintenance
concept under the particular climatic conditions
• Testing of battery storage concept under local
conditions
• Gaining relevant knowledge to be applied to future
applications
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and problems
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
35
Agenda
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Climate diagram Lusakathe need for irrgiation
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Wet period Dry period Wet period
Dry period
• 24/7 irrigation
Wet period
• 1 of 3 days 24h irrigation
Further assumption
• 24 h irrigation with full power
farmers statement
Source: iten Klimadiagramme
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Current situation
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No grid available
Current grid supply
• 10 grid outages a week
• 23 % of the week no grid availability
• Grid outages mainly between 6 a.m.
and 1 p.m.
Grid outages are not predictable
Grid outages strongly affect the
cultivation process
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Current status: grid available 16-20 hours per day
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Weak grid:
• Load shedding during the last years
• 4-8 hours per day
load shedding
• Load shedding between 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Grid
Loads
PumpsRest of
farm
Energy flow
Data communication
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PV-Hybrid System with grid connection 24/7 supply
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PV Hybrid System includes:
• PV Generator
• PV panels
• PV Inverter
• Island System
• Island inverter
• Battery storage system
• Energy management system
(EMS)
• Collects all important data
and controls the PV-Hybrid
System an maybe the Loads
Grid
Loads
PumpsRest
of farm
Energy flow
Data communication
PV-
GeneratorIsland
inverter
and
battery
EMS
PV-Hybrid System
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System design and sizing of components
Captive Power Plant Demonstration Unit – Management Summary
Simulation and analysis
• Chronological simulation of a typical calendar
year
• Calculation of energy flows
• different sizing of components
No grid
feed-in
allowed
max. load: 49 kW
Input data
• load analysis
• weather data
• grid outage analysis
• battery data
• PV inputs
• Cost data
Result
• Optimal system design to realize a
reliable and cost effective energy
supply for AKTC farm
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PV and battery supplies the farm for 12 hours per day
41
PV restricted PV +
battery54%
grid46%
Results
• 12 hours of continuous power supply by PV + battery
• Grid supply during the night, no diesel necessary
• About PV output has to be restricted by about 1/3
• More than 50 % PV battery supply
• Outlook: Introducing a load management will result in a greater PV-battery share
Typical day - energy flow
Energy sources
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Technical solution
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Intersolar 2017 - PV-Battery system for weak grid applications
· 86 kWp PV array
· 4 wings, 260 modules
· Ballasted foundations for
relocation
· Easy cleaning· 160 kWh Li-ion battery
· 4 MPP tracker
· 39 kVA power
· Capable to meet high
inrush currents · Suitable for on-grid and
off-grid application
· Full automatic or half
automatic operation
· Remote controlled
monitoring system
· Programmable control
strategies
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and problems
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
43
Agenda
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Costs for PV and battery system
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Total Life cycle costing (LCC)
PV
Battery
Investment costs
O & M
Replacing of components
Investment costs
O & M
Replacing of components
LCOE of the hybrid system = supplied energy to the farmer
LCC
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Specific costs
PV levelized cost of energy production 5.2 ct / kWh
Battery levilized cost of storage 35.8 ct / kWh
Share of renewables
share PV76%
share Battery24%
Total levelized cost of energy 13.9 ct/kWh
A
B
Total levelized cost of energy for 20 years depreciation
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Alternative:
Only Grid supply: around 10ct/kWh with load shedding
Additional Diesel Genset: LCOE for Diesel ca. 30 ct/kWh
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hours Ren per day in August Storage capacity in kWh
PV-size in kWp 75 100 125 150 175
60 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5
80 10.8 11.4 11.9 12.2 12.2
100 11.0 11.6 12.2 12.9 13.4
120 11.4 11.9 12.4 12.8 13.7
Optimal sizing of componentsPV and battery variation
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Excess PV-Generation Storage capacity in kWh
PV-size in kWp 75 100 125 150 175
60 22.8 22.4 22.0 21.5 21.1
80 29.2 26.1 23.7 22.3 21.9
100 38.9 35.7 32.7 29.9 27.3
120 46.6 43.6 40.1 37.9 35.3
LCOE in ct/kWh Storage capacity in kWh
PV-size in kWp 75 100 125 150 175
60 10.8 12.6 14.4 16.2 17.9
80 10.4 11.4 12.6 13.8 15.1
100 11.0 11.8 12.6 13.4 14.2
120 11.7 12.5 13.1 13.8 14.4
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and Challenges
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
RPC Kolloquium - München, 11. Mai 2017
47
Agenda
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Key points to select battery storage company for offgrid and weak grid applications
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48
Experience References in Off-grid systems
What kind of planning software is used
Safety issues
Cell chemistry
Thermal management
O & M What are maintenance intervals
Have components to be exchanged during life time
Investment costs
What is included in the offer
What are costs for later expansion of the storage capacity
Delivery time Has the manufacture first purchase the cells and construct then the storage
Are standard components available – time advantage
Guarantee How long is the guarantee and what is included
What requirements has to be full filled
Willingness and flexibility
How flexible is the vendor
How is quality of support in technical and economical questions
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Storage company assessment
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49
• Four companies were
requested to make an
indicated offer
• Ten companies were
chosen for assessment
• Special focus on Off- and
Weak-Grid systems
• Type of companies range:
Start-up, medium-sized
and global players
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Experience of the storage company assessment
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General
• Significant development in the storage system market during the last years
• New companies come introducing the market
• Automobile companies like Tesla, BMW, Mercedes are going into the stationary battery market
• Consolidation of the market due the big companies is expected to happen
• Big price reduction for the next years expected (~1% per month)
• No solution after end of life of battery yet
• No one has a finance model for African farms so far
Indicate offer
• Very different delivery times (exWork 1 month up to 7 month)
• Big price difference
• Half NMC and LFP cell chemistry
• There is no general engineering tool for the system dimensioning
• Big interest to go into the Sub-Sarah market
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1. What is a battery storage system
2. Types of battery storage systems
3. Current and future application
4. Case study: PV-Battery system for a farm in Zambia
Project description and challenges
Technical solution
Economical analysis
Storage company assessment
5. Conclusion and outlook
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51
Agenda
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Conclusion
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52
• A battery storage system is technically complex
• A storage system generates extra losses and affects the economics of a system
• There is a large variety of battery storage systems available on the market
• For now and in lithium batteries are the state of the art technology.
• There is a big cost reduction potential (currently approx. 1%/month) due to raising
production volume, primarily driven by the automotive sector
• Batteries are suitable for a number of different applications, that can be combined
• Agricultural farms in sunny, weak-grid or off-grid environment are an interesting
business case
• LCOE of ~10 ct/kWh in big systems are possible
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Storage Markets for BayWa r.e. solar projects
53
Application:
• Fuel Saving
• Off-Grid and micro grid
Costumer:
• IPP and utilities
Application:
• Fuel Saving
• Balancing weak infrastructure
• Microgrid
Costumer:
• Commercial & Industrial companies
• Farmers
Application:
• Own consumption
• Peak shaving
Costumer:
• Commercial & Industrial companies
Other point of interest:
PV-Output Smoothing / Ramping
Mid 2017First pilot project realizedFinancial model End 2017Two more farm projects realized
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54
The Goal
Our PV-Battery system solutions have to
meet the conditions for an efficient high-
quality technical product and satisfy all
commonly accepted requirements for a
sustainable financial product.
Outlook
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