ejkbhrhy os|dh; fpfdrldkap;k vkredfkukapk lkekftd vaxkus vh;kl...
TRANSCRIPT
A Study of Self Narratives by Doctors in
Marathi Literature: A Social Perspective
(2000 to 2010)
ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk
lkekftd vaxkus vH;kl ¼b-l- 2000 rs 2010½
A Minor Research Project submitted to UGC
(Sanctioned and Approved by UGC, Western Region, Ganesh Khind, Pune)
File No. 23-2551/11
Principal Investigator
Dr. Deoyani V. Chavan Associate Professor Deptt. of Language
G. S. College of Commerce and Economics
Amravati Road, Civil Lines, Nagpur.
Declaration Certificate
I hereby declare that this Minor Research project
entitled “A Study of Self Narratives by Doctors in
Marathi Literature: A Social Perspective (2000 to
2010)” is the result of my research work. I have not
submitted this project to any other university or
institution for award of any academic purpose
Date : ___ / ___/ 2015
Dr. Deoyani V. Chavan
Principal Investigator
Certificate of Head of the Institution
This is to certify that G.S. College of Commerce and
Economics, Nagpur, is permanently affiliated college
under section 2(f) and 12(b) of UGC. Dr. Deoyani V.
Chavan is the regular and permanent faculty member of
our college since 2000. This minor research project
entitled “A Study of Self Narratives by Doctors in
Marathi Literature: A Social Perspective (2000 to
2010)” has been prepared after the approval of UGC. It
is also certify that this project has not been submitted
to any other university or institution for award of any
academic purpose to the best of my knowledge.
Date : ___ / ___/ 2015
Dr. N. Y.Khandait
Principal
euksxr
vkRedFkukps okpu dj.ks gk ek>k vkoMrk Nan- ik;kyk vi?kkr >kY;kuarj Hkjiwj
osxosxGÓk fo”k;kaojhy vkRedFkukaps okpu dsys- R;kiSdh oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh fyfgysyh
vkRedFkus ek>s eukscy ok<fo.kkjh vkf.k vk;q”;kyk fn’kk ns.kkjh Bjyh- eukr iz’u
mifLFkr >kyk dh lektklkBhlq/nk gh vkRedFkus fn’kk ns.kkjh vkf.k izksRlkgukRed B:
‘kdrkr- i.k lektkrhy r:.k ;qok&;qorh] L=h&iq:”k] o`/n] :X.k gh vkRedFkus okprkr
dk\ v’kk vusd iz’ukrwup y?kq’kks/k izdYikP;k fo”k;kpk tUe >kyk vkf.k ^oS|dh;
fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk lekftd vaxkus vH;kl ¼b-l- 2000 rs 2010½* ;k
fo”k;koj izdYi dj.;kps Bjfoys-
izLrqr la’kks/ku dk;kZlkBh f’k{kk eaMG o/kkZps lHkirh Jh lat; HkkxZo] egkfo|ky;kps
izkpk;Z MkW- ,u-ok;- [kaMkbZr ;kaps ekxZn’kZu vkf.k lgkdk;Z feGkys R;kcíy R;kaps eh
eukiklwu vkHkkjh vkgs- R;klkscrp egkfo|ky;kps xzaFkiky MkW- ijkx ijkMdj] izk- Lokrh
dBkGs] MkW- Hkkjrh [kkisdj o brj lgdkjh ;kapsgh ekxZn’kZu vkf.k izksRlkgu feGkys R;kcíy
eh vkHkkj O;Dr djrs-
fo|kihB vuqnku vk;ksxkus eyk y?kq’kks/k izdYi dj.;klkBh fu/kh miyC/k d:u fnyk
R;kcíy fo|kihB vuqnku vk;ksxkps vkHkkj O;Dr djrs-
ek>s irh izk- MkW- fou; pOgk.k ;kaph izsj.kk o lgdk;Z] rlsp HkkÅ MkW- panzdkar tk/ko]
eqyxk oS”.ko o eqyxh HkkxZoh ;kaP;k eukP;k vkarfjd mtsZeqGsp eh gs la’kks/kukps dk;Z d:
‘kdys- lax.kdh; izr r;kj dj.kkjs Jh- jkgqy xkSjdj o lkS- ek/kqjh gÓkaP;kfo”k;h eh d`rKrk
O;Dr djrs-
;k la’kks/kuklkBh eyk xks-ls- vFkZ&okf.kT; egkfo|ky;kP;k xzaFkky;kph] lsB
dsljhey iksjoky egkfo|ky;kP;k xzaFkky;kph] jktkjke nhf{kr okpuky;kph o fonHkZ
lkfgR; la?kkP;k xzaFkky;kph enr >kyh] ;k pkjgh xzaFkky;kpk mYys[k vkotZwu dsyk ikfgts-
ljrs'ksoVh ;k la’kks/kudk;kZr izR;{k o vizR;{kfjR;k T;kaph enr o lgdk;Z YkkHkys
R;k lokZaph eh vkHkkjh vkgs-
MkW- nso;kuh pOgk.k
vuqØef.kdk
izzdj.k
dzekad
Ikzdj.kkps uko i`”B
dzekad
ifgys oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukaph lkekftd
vkf.k lkaLd`frd ikÜoZHkweh
01&18
nqlj¢ ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukarhy
ijaijk
19&27
frljs ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrwu
izdV gks.kkÚ;k vk’k;lw=kaP;k vk/kkjs ?kM.kkjs
lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd n’kZu
28&45
pkSFks oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk"kkfo'ks"k 46&59
ikpos lekjksi o mik; 60&63
ifjf’k”Vs
ifgys ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukaph
;knh¼b-l- 2000 rs 2010½
64
nqljs lanHkZ lwph 65
frljs iz’ukoyh 66&70
1
izdj.k ifgys
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukaph lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd
ikÜoZHkweh
izkLrkfod
izkphu dkGkr oS|dh; fpfdRldkauk nsorqY; letY;k tkr vls- ijarq vkt ek=
oS|dh; {ks=kr xsY;k iUukl o"kkZr vusd cny >kysys fnlrkr vkgs- vkjksX;O;oLFksr ts dkgh
pkyys vkgs R;keqGs lekt mf}Xu >kyk vkgs- iwohZP;k dkGkr oS|d deh ekscnyk ?ksowu fdaok
ekscnyk u ?ksrk #X.kkauk cjs djr vls] ijarq vkt ek= oS|d #X.kkadMwu HkjelkB Qh ?ksowu
lq)k #X.kkyk ;ksX; mipkj feGr ukgh vkf.k cjsp #X.k MkWDVjkaP;k voktoh iSls mdG.;kP;k
izo`Rrhyk daVkGwu mipkj dj.ksgh VkGrkr- ;k loZ dkj.kkaeqGs :X.kakpk oS|dkaojhy fo'okl mMr
pkyysyk fnlrks vkgs- rks fo'okl :X.kkae/;s fuekZ.k Ogkok] lektke/;s oS|dkaph pkaxyh izfrek
r;kj Ogkoh] oS|dkacíyph lektkph okbZV ers ijkorhZr Ogkoh] vkiY;k vuqHkokpk lektkyk
pkaxyk Qk;nk Ogkok- ;k mís'kkuss vkt oS|dh; fpfdRld vkRedFkukP;k ek/;ekrwu vki.k
dsysys dk;Z] /kMiM] R;kauk vkysys pkaxys okbZV vla[; vuqHko lektki;Zar iksgpfo.;kps dk;Z
djrkauk vkiY;kyk fnlrkr vkgs- vkt oS|dh; fpfdRldkaoj :X.kkps ukrsokbZd gYyk
djrkr] ekjrkr- vkt oS|dh; fpfdRld vkf.k :X.k gîkaP;k laca/kkrhy njh ok<r pkyysyh
fnlrs vkgs] rh njh nwj dj.;kps dk;Z gh vkRedFkus d: 'kdrkr- rs /kkMl gs vkRedFkudkj
djrkauk fnlrkr vkgs- vkt tjh v'kk oS|dh; fpfdRld vkRedFkudkjkaph la[;k deh
vlyh rjh R;kaps iz;Ru lektfgrkps vlwu dkSrqdkLin] LrqR; vkgs- udks vlysys lkekftd]
lkaLd`frd ifjorZu vkt >ikVîkus gksÅ ykxys vkgs- lektkps o laLd`rhps gksr vlysys
ifjorZu lgtklgth Fkkac.kkj ukgh- R;klkBh vktP;k oS|dh; fpfdRldkauk [kwi ekufld]
'kkjhfjd] Hkkofud] vkfFkZd =kl lgu djkok ykx.kkj vkgs- rls >kys rjp lektifjorZu
'kD; vkgs- ^ejkBh ukVd vkf.k MWkDVj izfrek*;k iqLrdkP;k ysf[kdk MkW- e/kqjk dksjkUus
Eg.krkr] “lkekU; ek.klkyk iM.kkjs gs iz'u vkgsr- ;k O;olk;kyk iwoZizfr”Bk feGowu nîk;ph
vlsy rj lokZauhp vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj dj.;kph xjt vkgs-”1
lektkP;k o laLd`rhP;k
ifjorZukph >yd vkiY;kyk lkfgR;krwu fnlr vlrs- dfork] dFkk] dknacÚîk] ukVds]
vkRedFkus ;karwu gs ifjorZu fnlwu ;srs-
2
vktIk;ZarP;k oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus ikfgyh rj vkiY;kyk lektkr dls
cny >kys\ R;k cnykyk R;kauh d'kkizdkjs gkrkGys\ cnyR;k ifjfLFkrhyk rs d'kk izdkjs
lkeksjs xsys\ vkf.k tkr vkgs\ R;klkBh R;kauk dks.kR;k vMp.khapk lkeuk djkok ykxrks vkgs\
lekt R;kauk d'kkizdkjs okx.kwd nsr vkgs\ vkf.k rs lektklkBh d'kkizdkjs izsj.kknk;h dk;Z
djrkr vkgs\ v'kk vusd iz'ukaph mRrjs vkiY;kyk oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr
feGrkr-
;k loZ iz'ukapk vH;kl dj.;klkBh lu 2000 rs lu 2010 Ik;ZarP;k oS|dh;
fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk lkekftd vaxkus vH;kl dj.;kpk la'kks/kdkpk gsrw vkgs- ijarq
;k iz'ukapk fopkj dj.;kiwohZ vki.k lekt] laLd`rh o lkfgR; Eg.kts dk;\ lkfgR;kpk vkf.k
lektkpk vU;ksU; laca/k o lkfgR;kpk lekt'kkL=h; n`f”Vdksukrwu fopkj d:u
vkRedFkukapk ifj.kke d'kkizdkjs fnlwu ;srks gs ikg.ks mi;qDr Bjsy-
lekt Eg.kts dk;\
Ekuq”; gk lektkr jkg.kkjk o lektkr jkgwup vkiY;k xjtkaph iwrZrk dj.kkjk izk.kh
vkgs- ekuokP;k fofo/k xjtk vlrkr- ;k loZ xjtk rks ,dVk Hkkxow 'kdr ukgh- ;kdfjrk
R;kyk lektkrhy vusd yksdkaoj voyacwu jkgkos ykxrs- xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh O;Drh
ijLijka'kh vkarjfdz;k djrkr- dks.kR;k xjtslkBh usedh dks.krh vkarjfdz;k vlkoh
;kfo”k;hPkk fu;e R;krwu fuf'pr gksrks o ;k vkarjfdz;kae/kwu fuf'pr izdkjps lkekftd laca/k
fuekZ.k gksrkr- ;k lkekftd laca/kkP;k O;oLFksyk] ^lekt* vls EgVys tkrs- lekt ;k
ladYiusr ;s.kkjk O;Drhapk leqPp; vko';d vlyk rjh rso<k egRokpk ukgh- rj R;k
O;Drhae/;s fuf'pr Lo:ikps ts lkekftd laca/k fuekZ.k gksrkr] rs EkgRokps vkgsr- izR;sd
vkarjfdz;spk ,d /kkxk v'kh dYiuk dsyh rj ekuo ,desdkacjkscj vla[; vkarjfdz;k djrks
o ;k loZ vkarjfdz;kaps tkGs vfLrRokr ;srs- lkekftd laca/kkP;k ;k tkGÓkyk mís'kwu lekt gh
ladYiuk okijrk ;ssbZy- jkbZV gk lekt'kkL=K vls Eg.krks dh] ^dsoG euq”;kP;k leqgkl
^lekt* Eg.kr ukghr rj lewgkvarxZr vl.kkÚ;k O;DrhaP;k laca/kkph O;oLFkk Eg.kts lekt
gks;-* ¼it is not a group of people, it is a system of relationship that exists
between the indivviduals of the group½ fofo/k lekt'kkL=KkaP;k ^lekt* ;k
ladYiusfo”k;hP;k O;k[;k [kkyhyizek.ks y{kkr ?ksrk ;srhy-
3
eWd vk;Ogj & lkekftd laca/kkps tkGs Eg.kts lekt- 2
Society is a web of social relationship Mac Iver.
jkbZV& lekt Eg.kts lewgkr jkg.kkÚ;k O;DrhP;k lkekftd laca/kkph O;oLFkk gks;-3
Society is a system of relationship that exists between the
members of a group-Right.
MkW- eWkfjl fxUlcxZ & lekt Eg.kts fof'k”V laca/k o orZukps izzdkj ;kauh ,df=r
cka/kY;k xsysY;k O;Drhapk lewg gks;-4
fxyhu ;kaP;k ers & ^lekt* Eg.kts ckgî txrkiklwu Lor%l T;kaP;k vk/kkjs osxGs
djrk ;sÅ 'kdrs vlk lkekftd mís'k] lkekftd HkwHkkx] lkekftd thoui/nrh o
lkekftd vkfRe;rsP;k Hkkousrwu lgHkkxh vl.kkÚ;k O;DrhaPkk eksBîkreksBk
fpjdkyhu vl.kkjk lewg Eg.kts lekt gks;-5
A society is the largest relatively permanent group of people who
share commoninterest, common territory, common mode of life
and a common esprit de crops or belonging ness where by the
distingwish the myselves from outside. (J.F. Gillin).
Vh ikjlUl % lk/ku lk/; laCka/kkP;k lanHkkZr mRiUu gks.kkÚ;k fØ;kae/kwu fuekZ.k
gks.kkÚ;k o izfrdkRed vl.kkÚ;k lkekftd laca/kkph laiw.kZ lexzrk Eg.kts lekt
gks;-6
Society may be defined as the total complex of human
relationship so far as they grow out of action, in terms of
measured relationship, intrinsic or symbolic.(T. parsons).
lkekftd laca/kkojp lekt o lektkrhy O;ogkj voyacwu vlrkr- O;Drhe/khy
lkekftd laca/k fLFkj o lkrR;iw.kZ vlrkr rlsp R;kPa;kr cny fdaok ifjorZu gksr vlrs-
Lkektkr thou txr vlrkuk O;Drhyk vkiY;k fujfujkGîk xjtsP;k vuq”kaxkus brjka'kh
laca/k Bsokos ykxrkr- ;k loZ laca/kkauk lkekftd laca/k vls Eg.krkr- lkekftd laca/k
Hkkouk;qDr vlrkr- izR;sd izdkjP;k lkekftd laca/kkr dks.kR;kukdks.kR;k rjh izdkjph
Hkkouk xqraysyh vlrs- O;Drhauk ijLijkaph tk.kho Bsowup okxkos ykxrs- ijLijkaph tk.kho Bsowu
4
O;Drh okxY;k] rjp R;kaP;ke/khy lkekftd laca/k fVdwu jkgrkr- :X.kka'kh okxrkuk oS|dkus
vkiY;k orZuo`Rrhps dk; ifj.kke gksrhy] ;kpk fopkjp dsyk ukgh] rj oS|d&:X.k laca/k lqn`<
jkg.kkj ukgh- Eg.kwu oS|d&:X.k laca/k l`n`< Bso.;klkBh ijLijkaP;k xjtk] ,desdkaP;k
Hkkoukapk vknj ] lUeku] vkoMh&fuoMh gîk xks”Vh y{kkr ?ksÅup okxkos ykxsy- vkf.k
R;klkscrp dkgh drZO;sgh ikj ikMkoh ykxrhy-MkW- fnyhi f’kans MkWDVjh is’kkckcr Eg.krkr]
“MkWDVjh is’kke/;s ek.kwli.k tiy rjp R;k is’kkyk U;k; nsrk ;sbZy ukgh rj rks QDr LokFkkZus
dsysyk fc>usl jkfgy-” 7
vkt :X.k vkf.k oS|dkae/;s ijLijiwjd orZu ulY;keqGs lkekftd
laca/k fc?kMysys fnlrkr vkgs-
;k lekt O;oLFksrhy izR;sd ?kVd rRokyk lkekftd O;oLFkk fVdfo.;kP;k n`”Vhus
dk;sZ vkf.k drZO;s ikj ikMkoh ykxrkr- rlsp vkiys vfLrRo dk;e fVdok;ps vlY;keqGs
ckgî okrkoj.kk'kh tqGowu ?;kos ykxrs- Eg.kwup lkekftd O;oLFksP;k Lo:ikr LFky] dky o
ifjfLFkrhuqlkj ifjorZu gksr vlrs-
laLd`rh O;k[;k vkf.k oSf'k”VÓs
laLd`rh ekuoh lektkps ,d egRokps oSf'k”Vî vkgs- laLd`rh Eg.kts thou dls txkos
;kph ,d fof'k”V vkpkji/nrh vkgs- izR;sd lektkph Lor%ph v'kh ,d laLd`rh vlrs-
laLd`rh Eg.kts lektkph thoui/nrh dh T;ke/;s R;k lektkP;k uhrhdYiuk] jhrhfjokt]
vkpkji/nrh] Kku] o J/nk bR;knh izfrfcafcr >kysY;k vlrkr- izR;sd lektkph laLd`rh
loZlekos'kd fdaok O;kid vlrs- ;kps dkj.k laLd`rheqGsp R;k lektkyk vkiY;k ewyHkwr
xjtkaph iwrZrk dj.ks 'kD; gksrs- lekt gk laLd`rh iklwu vfyIr jkgw 'kdr ukgh vkf.k Eg.kwup
lkfgR;kpk vH;kl djrkauk rRdkyhu laLd`rhpk fopkj vko';d Bjrks-
fofo/k lekt'kkL=Kkauh dsysY;k laLd`rhP;k O;k[;kapk vk<kok ?ksrY;kuarj gk vFkZ
vf/kd Li”V gksbZy-
Vk;yj ;kaP;k ers]^lektkpk ?kVd Eg.kwu O;Drh ts Kku] J/nk] dyk] uhrhrRos] :<h
o rRle {kerk vkf.k lo;h izkIr d:u ?ksrs R;k lokZaP;k lafeJ ,dhdj.kkyk mís'kwu
laLd`rh vls Eg.krkr-8
5
Culture is that complex which included knowledge, belief,
art,law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by
man as a member of the society- Edward Tylor.
eWfyuWOgLdh ;kaP;k ers]^laLd`rh ekuofufeZr vlrs o ekuo frpk okij vkiyh
mfí”Vîs lk/; dj.;kps ek/;e Eg.kwu d:u ?ksrks-*9
Culture is regarded as the handiwork of man and as the medium
through which he achieves his ends.-Malinowaski
lh- lh- ukFkZ ;kaP;k ers]^ekuokus vkiY;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh fuekZ.k dsysY;k loZ
lk/kukapk lekos'k laLd`rhe/;s gksrks-*10
Culture consists in the instruments constituted by man to assist
him in satisfying his wants.-C.C.North
MkW- bjkorh dosZ ;kaP;k ers] ^euq”; lektkph MksGÓkaauk fnl.kkjh HkkSfrd oLrq:Ik
fufeZrh o MksGÓkaauk u fnl.kkjh i.k fopkjkauk vkdyu gks.kkjh eukse; l`”Vh Eg.kts
laLd`rh gks;-*11
laLd`rh Eg.kts O;Drhfujis{k] Hkk”kk O;ogkjkps o vkReizxVhdj.kkps lk/ku vkgs-
laLd`rhps nksu Hkkx ekurk ;srhy-
HkkSfrd laLd`rh% T;k xks”Vh MksG;kauh ikgrk ;srkr o T;k ekuofufeZr vkgsr v'kk
lokZapk lekos'k HkkSfrd laLd`rhe/;s gksrks-mnk- ?kjs] ;a=s] nkxnkfxus] lkfgR;]dyk] laxhr
bR;knh-
vHkkSfrd laLd`rh% ekuofufeZr T;k xks”Vh vn`'; vkgsr] i.k T;kaps vfLrRo ekuokP;k
okx.;krwu lgti.ks O;Dr gksrs rh ekuokph vHkkSfrd laLd`rh ekukoh ykxsy- mnk- /keZ]
:<hijaijk] J/nk] tkr] fo'okl] ewY;s] fopkjlj.kh ;kapk lekos'k gksrks-
laLd`rhph oSf'k”VÓs
1- laLd`rh gh ekuofufeZr vlrs-
2- laLd`rh f'kdkoh ykxrs-
3- laLd`rhps lkrR; fVd.;kl frph gLrkarj.k {kerk o lap;'khyrk mi;ksxh iMrs-
6
4- laLd`rh ifjorZu'khy vlrs ,dk lektkdMwu nqlÚ;k lektki;Zar laLd`rhps izlj.k
gksrs o izR;sd uohu fi<h laLd`rhe/;s Hkj Vkdrs-
5- laLd`rhpk Lohdkj vla[; ykssdkauh dsysyk vlY;keqGsp laLd`rhyk Lor%ps Lora=
vfLrRo izkIr gksrs-
6- laLd`rh dkgh vkpkjfu;ekaP;k lanHkkZr yophd vlrs- ,d laLd`rh vU; laLd`rhrhy
vkpkj fopkjkapk Lohdkj djrs] laLd`rh ewY;Hkkjhr vlrs] voS;fDrd vlrs- laLd`rh
gh O;Drhgwu osxGh vlrs- ijarq O;Drh gh lewgkpk Hkkx vlY;kus O;Drhoj frpk
izHkko vlrks-
7- izR;sd lektkph Eg.kwu dkgh ,d laLd`rh vlrs R;keqGs R;kaP;k laLd`rhps n'kZu
lkfgR;krwu ?kMr vlrs- lkfgR; izR;{k&vizR;{ki.ks ek.klkoj dkgh laLdkj djhr
vlrs- d/kh rs ,sdho Lo:ikps] ekS[khd Lo:ikps vlsy] rj d/kh fyf[kr Lo:ikps
vlsy- lkfgR; vkf.k lekt gs ,d vOnSr vlsp vkgs- lkfgR;keqGs lekt ?kMrks i.k gs
lkfgR; lektkphp ns.k vlrs- gs gh ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh-
8- euq”; vkiyh loZ HkkSfrd o ekufld laiRrh Bsowu tkrks o rh iq<P;k fi<hyk mi;ksxh
iMrs- gsp laLd`rhps eq[; cht vkgs-
9- ekuo brj ekuokiklwu ijaijkxr oLrwapk o ewY;kapk okjlnkj gksÅ ‘kdrks Eg.kwu
laLd`rh fuekZ.k gksrs] tru gksrs o ok<hl ykxrs-
10- laLd`rhph mRiRrh] tru o laØe.k Hkk”ksP;k}kjs gksrs- Hkk”kk gs laLd`rhps ,d izHkkoh
vax vkgs- Hkk”ksf’kok; laLd`rhph fufeZrhgh gks.kkj ukgh o ladze.k rj loZLoh v’kD;
vkgs-
11- ,dk fi<hdMwu nql&;k fi<hyk laLd`rhph ns.kxh fnyh tkr vlrk frP;kr izR;gh Qjd
iMr vlrks- dks.krh laLd`rh fLFkj o vpy ulrs- dkgh dky[kaMkr eksBs Qjd
iMrkr] rj ,joh gGwgGw laLd`rh cnyr vlrs-
12- lkfgR; vkf.k laLd`rh ;k nksUghps ,d oSf’k”VÓ vkf.k lkE; gs dh ekuoh thoukps
lokZaxh.k o vFkZiw.kZ :i R;ke/;s feGrs-
13- ,dk vFkkZus laLd`rhps ‘kCnc/n :i Eg.kts lkfgR;-
7
14- ek.klkP;k tx.;kpk varjckg~; ‘kks/k ?ks.;kdMs lkfgR; vkf.k laLd`rh ;kapk lokZf/kd
dy vlrks- R;keqGs lkekftd lanHkkZr lkfgR; vkf.k laLd`rh ;kapk fopkj egRokpk
Bjrks-
lektkr lrr ifjorZukph fØ;k pkyysyh vlrs- iwohZis{kk vkt lkekftd ifjorZu
>ikVÓkus gksr vkgs R;kps dkj.k nwjn’kZu] nwj/ouh] orZekui=s] baVjusV] lax.kd gs gks;- ;keqGs
nksu lektkarhy vkarjfØ;k tkLr izek.kkr gksr vkgs- ifjorZukpk osx ok<rks vkgs- lekt
vkf.k laLd`rh ;k nksgksae/;s ?kfu”B laca/k vkgs- ;k nksUghgh ckch ekuofufeZr vkgsr- lkekftd
ifjorZukP;k varxZr lkaLd`frd ifjorZukpk lekos’k gksrksp- ;kf’kok; Kku] foKku] dyk ;k
{ks=kr gks.kk&;k ifjorZukpkgh lekos’k gksrks-
lkfgR; & O;k[;k vkf.k oSf’k”VÓs
^lkfgR;* ;k ‘kCnkps Lo:i O;kid vFkkZus ?;kos ykxrs- lkfgR;kP;k O;k[;k ukghr
vls ukgh] i.k R;k d/khp iw.kZi.ks lek/kkudkjd BjY;k ukghr vkf.k Bj.kkjgh ukgh- R;kps ,d
dkj.k gs dh thou vkf.k lkfgR; ;kaph O;kIrh vlhe vkf.k vxk/k vkgs- ,dw.k lkfgR;kph
O;k[;k dj.;k,soth R;k laKsrhy vfHkizsr vFkZ letwu ?ks.ksp vf/kd ykHknk;d-
^lfgrL; Hkko % bfr lkfgR;!* v’kh lkfgR;kph O;k[;k dj.;kr ;srs- lektkP;k lg
tk.kkjs] lektkP;k laxrhus tk.kkjs vls lkfgR;kps Lo:i vlrs- lkfgR;kP;k Lo:ikpk fopkj
djrkuk lkfgR;kP;k dkgh ?kVdkapk fopkj djrk ;sbZy-
1- lkfgR; dh dyk vkgs- ;k dysP;k}kjs lkSan;kZpk lk{kkRdkj ?kMr vlrks] i.k gk
lk{kkRdkj O;Drhijrs fHkUu vlw ‘kdrks- lkfgR; Eg.kts thoukuqHkokps dykRed
izfrfØ;sP;k :ikus O;Dr gks.kkjs lkSan;Z vlwu R;kP;k ;ksxs fuR; uohu vkuan feGr
vlrks-
2- lkfgR;kpk izHkko R;kP;k lkeF;kZr vlrks vkf.k gs lkeF;Z Eg.kts lkfgR;d`rhP;k
varjaxkrhy uSfrdewY;s-
3- lkfgR; gh dyk vkgs( R;kr ekuoh vfLrRo vkgs- lkfgR; Eg.kts HkkoukUr ?kVukapk
lkSan;ZrRokuqjks/kkus y;c/n vUo; yko.ks gks;-
4- ekuofufeZrh gs lkfgR;kps ,d y{k.k vkgs- fn-ds- csMsdj Eg.krkr] ^okM~-e;hu
dykd`rhe/;s ‘kCnkauk] Hkkoukauk o dYiukauk fuR;kP;k vFkkZis{kk osxGsp dykRed
8
?kVdkaps uo:i ykHkrs*] rj ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kaP;k ers] ^dYiuk’kDrhP;k lgk¸;kus
O;fDreukus lk/kysyh ,d vykSfdd vuqHkol`”Vhph fufeZrh gs lkfgR;kps oSf’k”VÓ
gks;*-
lkfgR;kph gh izeq[k y{k.ks vlyh rjh lkfgR;krwu ts lkafxry sys vlrs rs fo’okRed
Lo:ikps vlrs- gs vkokgu izkeq[;kus Hkkoukauk dsysys vlrs- ;k Hkkoukar fofo/krk vlrs o
ekuoh eukoj ifj.kke ?kMfo.;kps lkeF;Z vlrs- lkfgR;kps eq[; oSf’k”VÓ Eg.kts rs
uofuekZ.k{ke vkgs- gh uofufeZrh fopkjkaph] Hkkoukaph] vfo”dkjkaph vkgs- O;kidrk gs gh
lkfgR;kps ,d y{k.k lkaxrk ;sbZy- lkfgR;kpk vkLokn ?ksrkuk izR;sd osGh R;kps ,d uos :i
vkiY;kleksj ;srs- lkfgR;kr xaHkhjrk] lwpdrk vlrs- rs O;fDrfu”V vlwugh lektfu”Vgh
vlrs- lkfgR;krwu th l`”Vh O;Dr gksrs rh ykSfdd l`”Vhis{kk Hkkoukaps fofo/ki.k T;k l`”Vhr
vlrs v’kk Hkkofud ekufld n`”Vhps n’kZu ?kMfors dkj.k R;kojp lkfgR;kps Js”BRo voyacwu
vlrs- lkfgR; gh vuardkGi;Zar vO;kgri.ks pkyw jkg.kkjh cqf/nthohaph fufeZrh vlrs-
dks.kR;kgh Hkk”ksr ok lektkr ,dnk okM~-e;fufeZrh lq: >kyh dh fryk ‘k soV ulrks ;kpkp
vFkZ vlk dh dks.kR;kgh Hkk”ksrhy okM~-e;kyk izkjaHk vlrks] ‘ksoV ek= ulrks-
dysps lekt’kkL=
dyk gh lektlkis{k ltZu’khy vkfo”dkj vkgs- lektkpk dysoj izHkko vlrks-
fp=dyk] f’kYidyk] laxhrdyk] ys[kudyk] u`R;dyk] vfHku;dyk v’kk dks.kR;kgh dyspk
vkfo”dkj lektkrwu gksr vlrks o ;k dysrwu R;k lektkph laLd`rhgh fnlwu ;srs- ys[kudyk
gh egRokph dyk vlwu frpk nh?kZdkG ifj.kke lektkoj gksr vlrks- v{kjokM~-e;kpk
ifj.kke rj u feV.kkjk ve;kZn vlrks- v’kk lkfgR;dyspk lekt’kkL=kfo”k;h fopkj djrkuk
vls fnlrs dh lkfgR;kph ikGseqGs lektkrp vkgsr- lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd
ifjfLFkrhrwu ltZu’khy eukph tM.k?kM.k ?kMrs o R;kpk ifj.kke R;kP;k lkfgR;koj gksrks-
ekuokps orZu letkowu ?ks.ks gk lekt’kkL=kkpk fo”k; vkgs- ek.kwl ?kMfo.;klkBh
lekt dk;Z djr vlrks- ekuokph xjt Hkkxfo.;klkBh lkekftd laLFkk fuekZ.k gksrkr-
lektkr osxosxGÓk laLFkk vkgsr- R;k dks.krs uk dks.krs rjh dk;Z djr vlrkr- ek.klkpk
v’kk laLFks’kh fuR;kpk laca/k ;sr vlrks- lkfgfR;d gk lq/nk ,d ek.kwlp vkgs] Eg.kwu
lkfgR;krwu lektkps izfrfcac iMr vlrs- ;k lektkpk vH;kl Eg.kts lkfgR;kps lekt’kkL=
gks;- rlsp dykdkj T;k lektkr ok<ysyk vlrks] R;k lektkps] laLd`rhps ifj.kke R;kP;k
dysoj gksr vlrkr- R;kps fp= R;k dysrwu tk.kor vlrs- vls dysP;kOnkjs lektkps ts fp=
9
fnlrs R;kpk vH;kl Eg.kts dysps lekt’kkL= vls Eg.krk ;sbZy- lkfgR;kpk o lektkpk vlk
vU;ksU; laca/k vlrks] gk laca/k ikg.;klkBh lkfgR;kph lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlk dj.ks
vko’;d Bjrs-
lkfgR;kph lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlk
lkfgR; gs lektkr] lektklkBh o lektkrhy O;DrhaOnkjk fuekZ.k gksrs- R;kps Lp:Ik
o vFkZiw.kZrk lkektkrhy Hkkf”kd okM~-e;hu ijaijsuqlkj fuf’pr gksr vlrkr- lektfujis{k
ek.kwl tlk v’kD;izk; vkgs] R;kpizek.ks lektfujis{k lkfgR;gh vlaHkouh; vkgs- lektkr
fuekZ.k gks.kkjh izR;sd xks”V lektkfHkeq[kp vlrs- ek.klkps vfLrRo o vFkZiw.kZrk ;k ckch
lektkrp fl/n gksrkr- lkfgR;kpk lekt’kkL=h; n`f”Vdks.kkrwu fopkj djko;kpk vlsy rj
lkfgR; fuekZ.k dj.kkjk lkfgfR;d] R;kps O;fDreRo] R;k O;fDreRokP;k ?kM.khr ?kMysyk
R;kP;k dqVqackpk] lkekftd LFkku o ntkZ ;kapk] R;kaP;k lkekftd ifjljkpk o ifjfLFkrhpk
izHkko] O;fDreRokph ?kM.k gk lekt’kkL= o ekul’kkL= ;kapk fo”k; vlY;kus lkfgfR;dkP;k
vH;klkr ;k nksu ‘kkL=krhy lk/kus] lkexzh o i/nrh ;kapk mi;ksx d:u ?;kok ykxrks-
lkfgR;kph lkekftdrk ewyr% o vfoHkkT;i.ks fuxMhr vkgs- Hkk”kk] ys[ku] okpu o
vuqHko ;k pkjgh xks”Vh lkekftd vkgsr- T;k vuqHkokrwu lkfgR; lkdkj gksrs rks vuqHko
O;fDrxr okVyk] rjh vuqHko izfØ;sP;k eqGk’kh lkekftdrk vlrs- dkj.k ekuoh Hkkouk
d`rh] fopkj] lkSan;ZdYiuk ;k lektfujis{k vlr ukghr- dks.kR;k rjh O;Drh ok oLrwP;k
laidkZ[ksjht ek.klkyk vuqHko ;sr ukgh- R;keqGs O;fDrxr ltZu’khy vfHkO;Drh lektkph
curs- lektfodklkP;k izfØ;sr lkfgR; lkrR;kus xqarysys vlrs vkf.k rs lektkoj ifj.kke
?kMor vlrs- lkfgR; gh lkekftd fufeZrh vkf.k lkekftd ‘kDrh vlrs-
lkfgR;kP;k lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlsph vko’;drk
dks.kR;kgh ‘kkL=h; n`f”Vdks.kkyk dkgh x`ghrd`R;s Lohdkj.ks Hkkx vlrs o dkgh lR;s
LFkwyekukus fl/nor ekuwu iq<s tkos ykxrs- lkfgR;kP;k lekt’kkL=kr lkfgR; gs ,d
lkekftd okLro vkgs- lkfgR;kpk laiw.kZ fopkj gk dsoG lkfgfR;d o lkSan;Zoknh n`f”Vdksukrwu
gksÅ ‘kdr ukgh] gs gh lkfgR;kP;k lekt’kkL=kr fl/nor ekuys tkrs- lkfgR;kps lekt’kkL=
gh vk/kqfud ;qxkr fodflr >kysyh Kku’kk[kk vlwu frph i/nr’khj ppkZ vkrk gksÅ ykxyh
vkgs- tsFk :Fk vkf.k tsus oqYQ ;kaP;k foospukP;k vk/kkjs lkfgR;kP;k lekt’kkL= fo”k;hP;k
n`f”Vdksukph iq<hyizek.ks oxZokjh dsyh vkgs-12
10
1- lekt’kkL=h; tkf.kosrwu lkfgR;kpk vH;kl dj.ks] lkfgR;kP;k leh{ksr lkekftd
lanHkZ y{kkr ?ks.ks-
2- lkfgR;kpk ,d izdkjps lekt’kkL= Eg.kwu okij dj.ks- lekt’kkL=Kkauk vU;= lgt
lk/; ul.kkjs nqos lkfgR;kOnkjs ‘kks/kwu ekfgrh feGfo.ks-
3- lkfgR;kP;k lkekftd mxeLFkkukapk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks- lkekftd ?kfVrs o folaxrh ;k
Lp:ikr lkfgR;kpk fopkj dj.ks-
4- lkekftd fufeZrh vkf.k lkekftd ‘kDrh Eg.kwu lkfgR;kpk fopkj dj.ks- fopkjlj.kh
vkf.k lektjpuk ;kaP;k ,sfrgkfld fodklkrhy fojks/kfodklh ukR;kpk ‘kks/k ?ks.k s-
5- lektkoj ifj.kke ?kMow ‘kdsy] lkekftd cnykauk pkyuk nsÅ ‘kdsy vls lk/ku
Eg.kwu lkfgR;koj izdk’k Vkd.ks-
;kpkp vFkZ lkfgR;krwu rRdkyhu lektkpk vH;kl djrk ;srks- lkekftd laca/kkpk]
cnykapk fopkj djrk ;srks- Eg.kwu lkekftd n`f”Vdksukrwu lkfgR;kpk vH;kl dsY;kl vusd
uohu lanHkZ feGw ‘kdrkr o cnyR;k lektkps Lo:i dGw ‘kdrs-
vWyu f[ktowM ;kauh osxGÓk i/nrhus oxZokjh fnyh vkgs-
1- lkfgR;kdMs la’kks/kukps lk/ku Eg.kwu ikg.;kpk] lkfgR;kyk ;qxniZ.k eku.;kpk]
lkfgR;kps [kktxh tx fof’k”V lkekftd vFkkZe/;s :ikarfjr dj.;kpk n`f”Vdksu-
2- lkfgR; fufeZrhph cktw fo’ks”kr% ys[kdkph lkekftd ifjfLFkrh y{kkr ?ks.kkjk
n`f”Vdksu-
3- lkfgR;d`rhps Lokxr fof’k”V dkGkr lektkus dls dsys] ;kP;k ekxkZpk vH;kl
dj.;kpk n`f”Vdksu-
;ko:u vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] ys[kd T;k lkekftd ifjfLFkrhr ok<rks R;kpk ifj.kke
R;kP;k lkfgR;d`rhoj gksrks o lektkP;k fo:/n vl.kkjh lkfgR;d`rh lekt lgtklgth
Lohdkjr ukgh- Eg.kwu lkfgR;kpk o lektkpk laca/k vU;ksU; vkgs- lkfgR; o lekt
,desdkaiklwu osxGs dk<rk ;s.kkj ukghr- lkfgfR;dkykgh vkiyh lkfgR;fufeZrh l’kDr]
ifj.kkedkjd vkf.k nh?kkZ;w Ogkoh vls okVr vlsy rj R;kyk lektkpk vH;kl djkokp
ykxsy- lkfgR;kpk izFke vkfo”dkj gk lkekftd xjtsrwu fuekZ.k >kyk vlkok- izR;sd
lektkph ;k ckcrhr dkgh fof’k”V /kkj.kk vlrs vkf.k R;kuqlkj vl.kkjs lkfgR; rsFks fLodkjys
11
tkrs- lekt vkf.k lkfgR; ;kaP;krhy ijLijkoyafcRo cgqvk;keh vlrs- lkekftd pkyhjhrh]
vkikilkarhy laca/k] mRlo] lHkk v’kk vusd lkekftd thoukP;k fofo/k iSywaps n’kZu
lkfgR;krwu ?kMr vlrs- R;keqGs lkfgR;kph lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlk vko’;d Bjrs-
lkfgR;kpk lekt’kkL=h; n`”Vhus vH;kl djrkuk lektkrhy vusd ?kVdkapk fopkj djkok
ykxrks- ek.klkpk T;k T;k laLFkka’kh] ?kVdka’kh] ewY;ka’kh laca/k ;srks] R;kpkgh fopkj djkok
ykxrks- R;klkBh lkekftd lajpuk] fu;eus] ewY;s ;kapk vH;kl d:u lkfgfR;d lajpus’kh
d’kkizdkjs laca/k ;srks] rs c?kkos ykxsy-
lkekftd lajpuk
lkekftd lajpuk Eg.kts ijLijlacaf/kr laLFkk] ;a=.kk] lkekftd ca/k rlsp izR;sd
O;Drhus xVke/;s Lohdkjysyk ntkZ o Hkwfedk ;k lokZaP;k fof’k”V cka/k.khyk o O;oLFksyk mís’kwu
lektlajpuk gh laKk okijyh tkrs- lektfufeZrhlkBh vusd ?kVd ,d= ;srkr- lektkr
dks.kR;kgh {ks=kr okojr vlrkuk izR;sd O;Drh dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k rjh xVkpk lHkkln Eg.kwu
okojr vlrks- rlsp lHkklnkps fof’k”V LFkku vlwu fof’k”V dke R;kyk djkos ykxrs vkf.k
fof’k”V tckcnkjh ikj ikMkoh ykxrs-
lektkr oS|dkapsgh ¼fpfdRldkaps½ vlsp ,d LFkku vkgs- R;kaP;koj lksioysyh
fof’k”V tckcnkjh rs vuknh dkGkiklwu ikj ikMr vkysys vkgsr- O;DrhdMs fof’k”V O;Drh
Eg.kwu ikg.;kis{kk LFkku fdaok ntkZ/kkjd Eg.kwu ikfgys tkrs- R;k ntkZyk vuql:u vl.kkÚ;k
Hkwfedspk Eg.kts R;kaP;k dk;kZpk o tckcnkÚ;kapk fopkj dsyk tkrks- lektkr vusd xV
vlrkr- xVkrhy lHkklnke/;s tckcnkjhps o dkekps foHkktu dsysys vlrs- lHkkln djhr
vlysY;k dkekP;k tkxsyk lkekftd LFkku Eg.krkr- dks.krhgh tckcnkjh iw.kZ dj.;klkBh
vf/kdkj fdaok gDd vl.ks vko’;d vlrs- oS|d gs lektkps lHkkln vlrkr- xVkrhy
lHkklnkaps R;kaP;k fof’k”V LFkkuka’kh lacaf/kr vl.kkjs vf/kdkj fdaok gDd n’kZfo.;klkBh ntkZ
;k laKspk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks- ntkZ gh laKk O;DrhP;k xVkrhy LFkkukps izfrfuf/kRo djrs-
vf/kdkj o drZO;s ;k ,dkp uk.;kP;k nksu cktw vkgsr- xVkrhy ,dk lHkklnkus Lor%P;k
LFkkuka’kh lacaf/kr vl.kkjh Hkwfedk ;ksX; izdkjs ikj ikMkoh] v’kh xVkph vis{kk vlrs- Hkwfedk
fLFkj jkfgY;k rjp lkekftd laca/k fLFkj jkgw ‘kdrkr- i;kZ;kus lektjpuk fLFkj jkgrs- gh
fLFkjrk jkg.;klkBh O;DrhaP;k orZukoj fu;a=.k Bsokos ykxrs-
12
izR;sd lektkps Lor%ps dkgh vkn’kZ vlrkr- ;ksX;&v;ksX; fdaok pkaxys&okbZV ;ke/;s
Qjd n’kZfo.kkjs naMd fdaok ekud izR;sd lektkr :< >kysys vlrkr- v’kk vkn’kkZukap ewY;s
Eg.krkr- ewY;kaP;k lgk¸;kus O;Drhps /;s;] lk/kuk] d`rh] Hkkouk b- ckchaps ewY;ekiu dsys
tkrs- lkekftd ewY;s o fu;eus ;k nksgksadMwu O;DrhP;k orZukoj fu;a=.k Bso.;kps dk;Z dsys
tkrs- fu;eus cnyw ‘kdrkr] i.k ewY;s cjkp dkG fLFkj vlrkr- R;kapk izHkko laiw.kZ lektkoj
vlrks- loZ ekuoh lektke/;s fofo/k izdkjps fu;eus vlrkr- ;k fu;eukauhp lektkph
jpuk fLFkj o dkVsdksj jkgrs-
lkfgR;kP;k lajpuspk o lektkP;k lajpuspk ijLij laca/k vlrks- lkfgR;d`rhps
Lo:i let.;klkBh frps lkekftd lanHkZ ikgkos ykxrkr- ejkBh lkfgR;kojgh lektkpk o
laLd`rhpk izHkko vkgsp- ejkBh lkfgR;kP;k vusd izdkjkiSdh vkRedFku ;k izdkjkpk fopkj
djrkuk L=h&iq:”kk auh fyfgysY;k vkRedFkukapk fopkj izLrqr y?kq’kks/k izdYikr dsyk tk.kkj
vkgs- ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr ;s.kkjk lekt fdaok oS|dh;
fpfdRldkaP;k lanHkkZr lektkpk n`f”Vdksu dlk vkgs\ R;kr ifjorZu dls >kys ;kpk fopkj
vkf.k R;kr fpfdRldkaP;k ckcrhr Hkkjrh; lektkph Hkwfedk dk; gksrh\ rh dkGkizek.ks d’kh
cnyr xsyh gs ikg.ksgh vko’;d vkgs-
lu 2000 rs 2010 ;k dky[kaMkrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk fopkj
dj.kkj vkgs- xsY;k nksu n’kdkiklwu oS|d :X.k laca/kkr tyn xrhu s cny gksÅ ykxY;kus
gtkjks o”kkZP;k ijaijsyk fdaok fo’oklkyk rMk xsysyk fnlrks vkgs- R;keqGs R;kpk ‘kks/k ?ks.ks vkf.k
oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh fyfgysY;k vkRedFkukapk lektkoj ifj.kke gksrks dk\ ;k iz’ukpk ‘kks/k
?ks.;kpk ;k la’kks/kukpk gsrw vkgs-
Hkkjrh; lekt o oS|dh; fpfdRld
Hkkjrh; lektkrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkapk fopkj djrkuk osndkGkiklwu lq:okr
djkoh ykxrs- osndkyhu lektkr oS|dkauk vf/kd lUekukps LFkku gksrs- oS|dkyk nsorqY;
letr vlr- :X.kkaP;k ukrsokbZdkapk vkf.k :X.kkapk oS|dkoj laiw.kZ fo’okl gksrk- oS|d tls
lkaxrhy R;kizek.ks la;e Bsowu :X.k mipkj djowu ?ksr vls- R;kps dkj.kgh rlsp gksrs- vk/kh
:X.kkph lsok d:u R;kyk O;kf/keqDr dj.ka] ex lektkr eku feGo.ka vkf.k uarj vFkkZtZu
vls R;kp Lo:Ik gksrs- ijarq vkt lektkrhy dkgh oS|dkaph ¼loZp ukgh½ izWDVhl is’kaVyk
dsanzfcanw Bsowu u gksrk Lor%ps fgr vxksnj dls lk/kY;k tkbZy ;k mís’kkus gksrs- MkW- lat;
13
ukxjky Eg.krkr] ^^;q/nkr <dyysyk lSfud tlk tho okpok;yk vank/kqan xksGhckj djr iq<s
tkrks rlk vkt [kktxh oS|dh; O;olk;kr f’kj.kkjk MkWDVj tx.;klkBh /kansokbZd o cktk:
o`Rrhusp izWDVhl d: ykxrks**-13
R;keqGs vkt vkiY;k lektke/;s MkWDVlZ o oS|dh;
O;olk; ;kauk vkjksihP;k fiatÚ;krp mHks dsY;klkj[kh ifjfLFkrh vkgs- vusd fofp= ?kVuk
xsY;k n’kdkr ?kMysY;k vkgs vkf.k ?kMr vkgs- eqacbZP;k pkj gtkj MkWDVjkauh [kktxh lqj{kk
?ksrysyh vkgs gh ckreh egkjk”Vª VkbZElP;k 7 lIVsacj 2015 P;k orZekui=ke/;s izdkf’kr
>kyh ;k ?kVuso:u oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps lektkrhy LFkku dk; vkgs gs Li”V gksrs-
izkekf.kdi.ks u{kyoknh Hkkxkr oS|dh; lsok nsr vlrkauklq/nk MkW- izdk’k vkeVs] MkW- vHk;
cax] MkW- ckoLdj ;kauk lqj{kk ?;koh ykxr ukgh Eg.kts dk; rj th oS|d uhrhewY;s tksiklr
ukghr] ikjn’kZdrk Bsor ukgh R;kaukp lqj{kk ?ks.;kph osG ;srs gs gÓkrwu Li”V fnlrs-
oS|dh; fpfdRld vkf.k fpfdRldkaps lkekftd LFkku
oS|fd; fpfdRldkauk iwohZ lektkr eku] iSlk lxGap feGk;pa- [kwi d”V djk;yk
ykxys] rjh R;kizek.ks lUeku feGk;ps- iwohZ gk is’kk ^Noble Profession* Eg.kwu vksG[kyk
tk;pk- vktferhyk QDr /kank Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- ,ds dkGh vR;ar mnkRr O;olk;
Eg.kwu lektkr vrho LFkku vlysY;k oS|dh; O;olk;kpa vkrk laiw.kZi.ks O;kikjhdj.k o
cktkjhdj.k >kya vkgs- tksi;Zar :X.kkpk MkWDVjoj fo’okl gksrk vkf.k MkWDVj izkekf.kdi.ks
:X.klsok djhr gksrs rksi;Zar rks fuf’prp ^mnkRr* O;olk; gksrk] R;keqGs lektkr
fpfdRldkauk ekukps LFkku gksrs- i.k vkt ek= ukgh] dkj.k 40&45 o”kkZr R;kr eqyHkwr cny
>kyk;- vkrk uqlrkp iSlk QDr fQjrks;- oS|dh; O;kolkf;dkaP;k izrh lektkr vkrk
vknjHkko jkfgysyk ukgh-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps lkekftd LFkku [kkyh dk xsys\ ;kps dkj.k Eg.kts ^QWfeyh
MkWDVj* ;k ladYiuspa lektkrwu >kysy mPpkVu- 50&60 o”kkZiwohZ ^QWfeyh MkWDVj* gs [kÚ;k
vFkkZus dqVqackps MkWDVj vlk;ps- dqVqackrhy loZ lnL;] R;k izR;sdkps xq.knks”k] LoHkko] R;kaps
ijLij laca/k] dqVqackps lektkrhy LFkku ;k lkÚ;k xks”Vh QWfeyh MkWDVjkauk ekghr vlk;P;k-
dqVqackrhy vktkjh lnL;kyk vkS”k/kksipkj dj.;kiwohZ MkWDVj ;k loZ xks”Vhapk rlsp dkSVqafcd
bfrgklkpk vkotqZu fopkj djhr vlr vkf.k R;kuqlkj feDpj o iqMÓk xksGÓk Lor%P;k
nok[kkU;krwu nsr vlr- fo’ks”k dkgh vk<GY;kl dqVqac izeq[kk’kh ppkZ djhr vlr- xaHkhj
dkgh okVya rj rK MkWDVjkadMs tk.;klkBh f’kQkjli= fygwu nsr vlr- ,[kk|k dqVqackph
vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh csrkph vlsy rj R;k rKkykgh iSls tjk deh ?ks.;kph fouarh djr vlr-
14
rK MkWDVlZgh ;k fouarhpk vuknj djhr ulr- mipkjkaph] :X.kky;kr nk[ky gks.;kph o
‘kL=fØ;sph xjt Hkklyh rj rK MkWDVjka’kh QWfeyh MkWDVj Lor% ppk Z djhr vlr-
dqVqackrhy eqykaps rs MkWDVj dkdk] MkWDVj ekek ukghrj MkWDVj vktksck vlr-
MkWDVjka’kh uezi.ks cksy.;kpk vfyf[kr ladsr vls- R;kauk ?kjh cksyoko ykxya rjh R;kaP;k
gkrkrhy cWx ?;k;yk ?kjkrhy dks.khrjh lnL; rRij vls- ;kf’kok; QWfeyh MkWDVjkauk ?kjkr
,d ekukpa] vknjkpa LFkku vls- ,[kk|k LokFkhZ lnL;kph dkum?kkM.kh dj.;kpk vf/kdkj
dqVqackua R;kauk fnysyk vls fdapk mukM eqykyk R;kaP;k utjspk /kkd iqjr vls- dqVqackoj dkgh
vkfFkZd vkiRrh vkyh rj R;k dkGkr dqVqackyk enr dj.;kpa] fcy ekQ dj.;kpa fdaok rh u
ekx.;kpa lkStU; vkf.k vkSnk;Z nksUgh R;k QWfeyh MkWDVjdMs vls- QWfeyh MkWDVj tks dkgh
lYyk nsrhy rks dqVqackP;k fgrkpkp vlsy] vlk xk<k fo’okl ;k dqVqackykgh MkWDVjcíy okVr
vls- i.k :X.k o R;kps dqVqach; ;kaP;kcíy QWfeyh MkWDVlZP;k eukr vlysyh gh ftOgkGÓkph
Hkkoukp vkrk ikj gjoY;klkj[kh >kyh vkgs- gh Hkkouk gjok;yk ykxyh vkf.k QWfeyh
MkWDVjps lektkrhy LFkku <Gk;yk ykxys- ^dVizWDVhl* P;k /kanÓkeqGs oS|dkaps LFkku <Gysys
vkgs- MkW- joh ckiV Eg.krkr] “ek>a rj oS|dh; fo|kF;kZauk vkokgu vkgs dh Lis’kkfyVh o
lqij Lis’kkfyVhP;k ekxs u ykxrk R;kauh tujy izWDVhl lq: djkoh- dkj.k lektkr vkt
R;kaphp eksBÓk izek.kkoj derjrk vkgs-”14
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k lkekftd LFkkukP;k ?klj.khyk oS|d o lekt nks?ksgh
tckcknkj vkgsr- O;olk;kps ewG Lo:i gksrs ^lsok*- i.k R;kuarj O;olk;] /kank] m|ksx vkf.k
vkrk rj ‘ksvj cktkjkr mrjsi;Zar ?kljys vkgs- Eg.ktsp fopkj QDr u¶;k&rksVÓkpk vlrks-
;kr :X.k gk xzkgd vkf.k MkWDVj gk foØsrk- v’kh oS|dh; O;olk;kph vktph fLFkrh vkgs- joh
ckiV Eg.krkr] “gs ,d n`”VpØ cuya; ;kph lokZauk tk.kho vkgs i.k rs Hksnk;ph dq.kkphp
ekufldrk fnlr ukgh- :X.k gk fiGoVwu fu?k.kkjk ?kVd] i.k R;kP;kgh laosnuk ikj c/khj
>kY;k vkgsr-”15
Eg.kwu :X.k vkf.k oS|d ;kauh nks?kkauh vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj dj.;kph
vko’;drk vkgs- uohu fi<hrhy MkWDVjkauh ;k O;olk;kyk iqu%izfr”Bk feGowu ns.;klkBh
iz;Ru dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- MkW- joh ckiV Eg.krkr ^^O;olk;kpa ikfo= jk[kk] lekt rqepa uko
vknjkusp ?ksr jkghy vkf.k gs lek/kku /kuizkIrhis{kk usgehp vf/kd jkghy-**16
15
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k lanHkkZrhy fofo/k dk;ns
lekt vkf.k oS|dh; fpfdRld ;kaP;k lanHkkZr vusd dk;ns r;kj >kys ijarq
dk;nÓkph vacyctko.kh djrkauk cÚ;kp vMp.kh ;k;yk ykxY;k- cgqrka’k :X.kkaP;k cktwus
vlY;keqGs oS|d eaMGh vMp.khr ;sÅ ykxyh- R;kpk ekufld =kl R;kauk gksÅ ykxyk-
vtwui;Zar rjh R;koj O;ofLFkr rksMxk fu?kkysyk ukgh- izDVhl djrkuk dkgh dkj.kkus :X.kyk
mipkjkapk =kl >kyk] mipkj pqdys fdaok :X.kkpk e`R;w >kyk] fdaok ;kiSdh dks.kR;kgh ckcrhr
:X.kkpk ok R;kP;k ukrsokbZdkapk xSjlet >kyk rj MkWDVjoj rhu izdkjs pkSd’khyk lkeksjs
tk;ph osG ;srs
1- QkStnkjh rØkjheqGs iksyhl pkSd’kh o R;kpk llsfejk] gk >kyk xaHkhj izdkj- lglk
:X.kkl xaHkhj ‘kkjhfjd btk ok e`R;w >kY;kojp gh rØkj xkaHkh;kZus ?ksryh tkrs-
2- :X.k ok R;kps ukrsokbZd FksV fnok.kh dksVkZr uqdlkuHkjikbZpk nkok d:u HkjikbZ feGow
‘kdrkr-
3- xzkgd laj{k.k dk;|k[kkyh xzkgd rØkj eapkleksj ¼ftYgk] jkT;] loksZPp½ vtZ
d#u rØkjhP;k vuq”kaxkus uqdlkuHkjikbZ ekxrk ;srs-
1995 uarj vfLrRokr vkysY;k xzkgd rØkj eapkeqGs ek= MkWDVjoxZ gknjyk-
ofdykph vko’;drk ukgh] dksVkZps ‘kqYd ukgh] o”kZHkjkr rØkjhph n[ky] ;k xzkgd eapkP;k
Lo#ikeqGs rØkjhaps izek.k vpkud ok<ys- R;keqGs ;k rØkjhauk rksaM ns.;klkBh ;s.kkjk
dk;ns’khj [kpZ o R;kuarj |koh ykx.kkjh HkjikbZ ;kph rjrwn dj.ks MkWDVjkauk Hkkx iMys-
;klkBh vl.kkÚ;k O;kolkf;d laj{k.k foE;kP;k gIR;kaph jDde ok<w ykxyh- [kktxh oS|dh;
lsokaoj fu;a=.k vk.k.kkjs dk;ns [kwi dedqor vkgsr] R;kaph vaeyctko.kh [kwip ojojph vkgs
o okLrokr ;k [kktxh oS|dh; lsok ;k iw.kZr% vfu;af=r vkgsr gs Li”V gksr xsya- ;koj ,d
mik; Eg.kwu 2010 lkyh [kktxh oS|dh; {ks=koj fu;a=.k vk.k.;klkBh dsanzku ^fDyfudy
,LVWfCy’kesaV vWDV* vk.kyk- ;k vWDVyk MkWDVjkaP;k laLFkkauh rhoz fojks/k dsyk-
xzkgd laj{k.k dk;nÓkpk fopkj djrkuk vls tk.kors dh gk dk;nk xzkgdkph Qlo.kqd
gksÅ u ns.;klkBh vkgs- ijarq gk dk;nk izkeq[;kus futhZo oLrqaph nsok.k&?ksok.k fdaok LFkk;h oLrq
mnk- ?kj] IykWV] e’khu] Vh-Ogh-] [kk|inkFkZ] diMs] xqaro.kqd bR;knhaP;k lanHkkZr ykxw iMrks
fdaok R;kpk fopkj R;k oLrwyk /k#u dsyk xsyk vkgs- ijarq MkWDVj o :X.k gh ckc fdaok O;ogkj
gh futhZo oLrq r;kj dj.ks] fodr ?ks.ks gk ulwu ^ltho nsgkph fpfdRlk* dj.ks gk vkgs-
16
ltho nsgkoj fpfdRlk djrkuk fo’ks”kr% vR;oLFk voLFksr (serious conditions)
e/;s fpfdRlk djrkuk MkWDVjkaoj [kwi eksBk ;{k iz’u vlrks fd fpfdRlspk :X.kkoj ifj.kke
gksbZy dh ukgh\ Eg.kwu xzkgd laj{k.k dk;nÓkph vaeyctko.kh djrkauk ltho o fuftZo
gÓkaP;k lanHkkZr osxGs fud”k vlkos- ltho o fuftZo oLrw ;kauk ,dp dk;nk ykow u;s- dkj.k
izR;sd ekuoh ‘kjhjkph ‘kkjhfjd jpuk o ekufld jpuk gh fHkUu fHkUu Lo#ikph vlwu R;koj
gks.kkjs vkS”k/kh ifj.kke gs osxosxGs vlrkr ;kph tk.kho :X.k o :X.kkP;k ukrsokbZdkyk iw.kZr%
MkWDVjkauh nÓkoh- MkWDVjkauh ;k leqins’kuklkBh v/kkZ rs ,d rkl :X.k o R;kps ukrsokbZd ;kauk
under camera |kos- letkowu lkaxkos o izkekf.kd iz;Ru djkos- vR;oLFk :X.kklanHkkZr
MkWDVjkauk osGksosGh R;kaP;k ukrsokbZdkauk ekghrh nsr jkgkoh] R;keqGs :X.k] ukrsokbZd o
MkWDVje/khy :X.kfpfdRlspk O;ogkj ikjn’khZ gksÅu dk;nÓkpk okbZV ifj.kkekpk n.kdk MkWDVj
o :X.k ;k nksUgh ?kVdkauk cl.kkj ukgh-
milagkj
oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFkukr oS|dh; {ks=krhy vuqHko lkaxrkukp] vusd
lektksi;ksxh ewY;s okpdkaleksj Bsoyh vkgsr- orZekukr oS|dh; {ks=kr vusd viizo`Rrhauh
f’kjdko dsyk vkgs- vkfFkZd Hkz”Vkpkj] [kksVh izek.ki=s] dVizWDVhl] cksxl MkWDVj] vuko’;d
vkS”k/ks] pkp.;k] ‘kL=fØ;k] vo;okapk O;kikj v’kk vusd xSjO;ogkjkauh oS|dh; {ks=kyk
os<ysys vkgs- lektkrhy gh loZ ifjfLFkrh cf?krY;kl eukr iz’u fuekZ.k gksrks dh ,ds dkGh
vR;ar mnkRr O;olk; Eg.kwu lektkr vrho LFkku vlysY;k O;olk;kyk vkt mnkRr LFkku
dk ukgh\ R;kph dkj.ks dk;\ oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vktps lektkrys useds LFkku dk;\
orZekukr :X.k oS| laca/kkyk vfu”V oG.ks ykx.;kph dkj.ks dk;\ gs loZ iz’u eukr gksrs- ;k
iz’ukapk fopkj djrkuk vls okVys dh loZp oS|dh; fpfdRld furhewY;s gjoysyh ukghr-
T;kauh vfr’k; vkn’kZ ewY;s tksiklr lektkph lsok dsyh vkf.k lektklkBh vkRedFkukP;k
ek/;ekrwu rks lektlsospk Bsok vkeP;k leksj m?kMk dsyk R;k vkRedFkukapk lektkrhy
:X.k] r:.k ;qok&;qorh] L=h&iq:”k] o`/n ;kauk gh vkRedFkus fdrir mi;qDr iMyh ;kpk os/k
?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs-
17
fu”d”kZ
1- lkfgR;kpk vH;kl dj.;klkBh lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlsph vko’;drk vkgs-
2- lkfgR;kP;k lajpuspk o lektkP;k lajpuspk ijLij laca/k vkgs-
3- lkfgR;o`Rrhps Lo#i let.;klkBh frps lkekftd lanHkZ ikgkos ykxrkr-
4- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrwu oS|dkaP;k thoukps o lektkps osxosxGs iSyw
izfrfcafcr >kys vkgs-
5- izkphu dkGkr oS|dh; fpfdRldkauk nsorqY; letY;k tkr vls- :X.kkapk vkf.k
ukrsokbZdkapk o S|dkoj laiw.kZ fo’okl vls-
6- izkphu dkGkr oS|d vk/kh :X.kkph lsok d:u R;kyk O;kf/keqDr dj.ka] ex lektkr
eku feGo.ka vkf.k uarj vFkkZtu vls R;kps Lo:i vls-
7- orZekukrhy dkgh oS|dkauh vFkkZtukyk izFke LFkku fnY;keqGs lektkr R;kauk
vknjkps LFkku jkfgysys ukgh-
8- :X.kkapk oS|dkaojhy fo’okl mMr pkyysyk fnlrks vkgs-
9- oS|dh; fpfdRld vkf.k :X.k gÓkaP;k laca/kkrhy njh ok<r pkyysyh fnlrs vkgs- rh
njh nwj dj.;kps dk;Z vkRedFkudkj djrkauk fnlrkr vkgs-
10- :X.k vkf.k oS|dkae/;s ijLijiwjd orZu ulY;keqGs lkekftd laca/k fc?kMysys
fnlrkr vkgs-
11- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauk oS|d :X.k laca/k l`n`< Bso.;klkBh ijLijkaP;k xjtk]
,desdkaP;k Hkkoukapk vknj vkf.k lUeku] vkoMh&fuoMh gÓk xks”Vh y{kkr ?ksÅup
okxkos ykxsy vkf.k R;klkscrp dkgh drZO;sgh ikj ikMkoh ykxrhy-
12- QWfeyh MkWDVj gh ladYiuk vkrk jkfgysyh ulY;keqGs MkWDVjkaps lektkrhy LFkku
<Gk;yk ykxys-
13- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k lanHkkZr cjsp dk;ns vkgsr- i.k vacyctko.kh djrkuk vMp.kh
;k;yk ykxY;k vkgs-
18
lanHkZ fVik
1- dksjkUus e/kqjk] ^ejkBh ukVd vkf.k MkWDVj izfrek*] Lusgo/kZu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2012
2- yksVs jk-t-]^lkekftd O;oLFkk vkf.k lkekftd ijforZu*] fiaiGkiqjs vkf.k da-]
ukxiwj] 1988] i`- 30
3- rrSao] i`- 30
4- r=So] i`- 30
5- r=So] i`- 75
6- r=So] i`- 35
7- f’kans fnyhi] ^#X.kkuqCka/k*] lk/kuk izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2012] i`- 9
8- yksVs jk-t-] ^lkekftd O;oLFkk vkf.k lkekftd ijforZu*] fiaiGkiqjs vkf.k da-
ukxiwj] 1988] i`- 80
9- r=So] i`- 80
10- r=So] i`- 81
11- r=So] i`- 75
12- Routh and Wolth (op- CIT Introduction ), pp 3-5
13- xnzs v#.k] ukxjky lat;]^dSfQ;r*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2015] i`- 38
14- ckiV joh] ^okMZ ua- ikp ds-b-,e-*] jksgu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2009] i`- 294
15- r=So] i`- 301
16- r=So] i`- 301
19
izdj.k nqljs
ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukarhy ijaijk
izkLrkfod
vkRepfj= vkf.k vkRedFku ;kr Qjd vkgs- vkRepfj= fyfgrkauk ys[kd vkiY;k
thoukph Lrqrh djr vlrks rj dFku fyfgrkauk brjkaphgh rks R;kr cktw ekaMr vlrks- nfyr
ys[kdkaP;k LodFkukr T;kizek.ks lektkr vkiys LFkku dk;\ vkiY;kojhy vkti;ZarP;k
vU;k;kps dkj.k dks.krs\ ;k dkj.kkauh nfyr ys[kd v’kk vkReij fy[kk.kkyk izo`Rr >kysyk
fnlrks- ijarq oS|dh; {ks=krhy vkRedFkudkj gs lektke/;s vktkjkP;k lanHkkZr ts xSjlet]
pqdhP;k letwrh >kysY;k vkgsr R;k nwj dj.ks] :X.kkauk ;ksX; ekxZn’kZu dj.ks] dqBY;kgh xSj
izdkjkyk :X.kkyk cGh iMw u ns.ks vkf.k lektkph ekufldrk cnyowu R;kaP;kr ifjorZu ?kMowu
vk.k.ks gk eq[; mís’k oS|dh; fpfdRldkapk vlrks- lekt] jk”Vª ;k lkekftd ckaf/kydhrwu
rks ys[kukyk izo`Rr >kysyk vlrks- gk lkjk izdkj ^vkRepfj=* ;k ikjaikfjd ys[ku izdkjkr
vk<Gr ukgh- Eg.kwu vkReij oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k ys[kukyk ^LodFku* gh laKk nsÅu R;kps
vkRepfj=kgwu ,d ^ys[kuksUes”k* Eg.kwu osxGsi.k ekU; dj.ks ;ksX; Bjrs-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k LodFkuke/;s ys[kd uk;d gk eq[; vlrks vkf.k R;klkscrp
:X.k vkf.k lekt gh nksUgh vaxs eq[; uk;dkph Hkwfedkgh fuHkkohr vlrkr- okpdkauk uk;d
dks.k gs Bjfork ;sr ukgh fdaok uk;d vkf.k miuk;d ghp eq[;ik=kph Hkwfedk ikj ikMr
vlrkr- fpdhRld vkiys HkksDr`Ro o okLrork ‘kCnc/n djrkr Eg.kts i;kZ;kus Lor%pk vkf.k
lektkpk vkjlkp rs nk[kfor vlrkr- vki.k vkf.k vkiyk :X.k fdaok lekt ;kr ifjorZu
?kMowu vk.k.;kpk lq/nk gsrw R;kekxs vlrks-
vkRedFkukP;k O;k[;k vkf.k Lo#i
fofo/k izdkjP;k la’kks/kukyk izk/kkU; vlysY;k xks”Vhauk ;k foKku;qxkr
la’kks/kukfHkeq[k izo`Rrh o lk{ksih n`”Vhdksu ;keqGs fuf’prkFkZd] ikfjHkkf”kd ‘kCn ladYiukaph
vko’;drk vlrs- lkfgR; & leh{kk & O;ogkjkrlq/nk gh egRokph xjt >kyh vkgs- dkj.k
iq”dGnk ,[kk|k lkfgR;d`rhpk vkd`frca/k iwoZorhZ lkfgR;:ik’kh tqG.kkjk okVr vlrkukp
R;kps uosi.kgh okpdkauk lrr tk.kor vlrs- v’kkosGh ;k lkfgR;:ikph oSf’k”VÓs fuf’pr
d#u R;kyk lq;ksX; laKk fuf’pr dj.ks vkf.k gh ifjHkk”kk izlaxh vifjfpr okVyh rjh rh
20
izpfyr dj.ks gs R;k lkfgR;#ikP;k Lora= okM~-e;hu vfLrRoklkBh vko’;d gksÅu clrs-
izLrqr y?kq’kks/k izdYikr oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkReij ys[kukyk mís’kwu ^vkRedFku* gh
‘kCnlagrh ;kstysyh vkgs- ^ts ts Hkksxkoa ykxya] txrkuk ts vuqHko vkysr rs izkekf.kdi.ks o
izkatGi.ks ekaM.ks* ;k Hkwfedsrwu gh vkRedFkus fyfgyh xsyh vkgsr-
MkW- xaxk/kj ikurko.ks o panzdqekj uyxs ^nfyr vkRedFku* ;k iqLrdkP;k izLrkousr
fyfgrkr]^^dFku gs lkrR;kps](continuing process) izrhd vkgs] rj dFksyk ‘ksoV
vlrks- rh iw.kZRokpk izR;; nsrs] rh dqBsrjh Fkkacrs] vkRedFkukpk izokl ek= lq#p vlrks- ;k
n`”Vhus fopkj d# tkrk oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFku gh laKk vf/kd vFkZiw.kZ o vUoFkZd
vkgs-**1
vkRedFkukr ^eh* ps vuqHkodFku vlrs- i.k R;kr ^eh*] ^vkEgh* ps izfrfuf/kRo
djrks- vkRedFkukr O;fDreukrwu lkeqfgd eukpsgh n’kZu ?kMrs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k
vkRedFkukr lkekftd laca/kkps n’kZu ?kMrs-
vkRedFku okM~-e; izdkjkps oSf’k”VÓs
lkekftdrk
Lor%P;k vfLersP;k ‘kks/kkrwu vkRedFkus fyfgyh xsyh vlyh rjh Lor%P;k lanHkkZr
fopkj djrkukp R;kpk laiw.kZ lektp R;k ys[k.khrwu lkdkj gksrkuk fnlrks- vkRedFkuke/;s
^Lo* yk ukeek=p LFkku vlysys fnlrs- cjspnk rks ^Lo* R;kP;k lektkpk izfrfu/khp vlrks
fdacgquk Lor%P;k thoukpk os/k rks ^Lo* lekikO;frfjDr ?ksÅp ‘kdr ukgh- brds R;kP;k
thoukps /kkxs lekikP;k /kkX;kr xqarysys vlrkr- R;keqGs ^O;Drh* is{kk ^le”Vh*ykp ;kr
vf/kd izk/kkU; feGkysys vlrs- rkRi;Z lkekftdrk o lkewfgdrk gs ;k vkRedFkukaps
egRokps vax Bjrs-
izkatG fuosnu
vkRedFkuke/;s izkatG fuosnu gsgh ,d egRokps oSf’k”VÓ vkgs- izkatGi.ks fuosnu
ulsy rj vkRedFku izHkkoh vkf.k ifj.kkedkjd gksr ukgh-
vkRepfj= vkf.k vkRedFku ;krhy lkE;Hksn
vkRepfj= vkf.k vkRedFku ;kr egRokpk Qjd vkgs ^vkRepfj=* bfrgklkP;k
vaxkus fyfgys tkrs] rj ^vkRedFku* dFksP;k vaxkus fyfgys tkrs- dkykuqØekus fyfgysY;k
vkRepfj=kr lyxi.kk ;srks] rj ^vkRedFkukr* dFksP;k vaxkus fyfgys vlrkuk
dkykuqØekps fyfgysY;k vkRepfj=kr lyxi.kk ;srks- vkRedFkukr ?kVukizlax lkaxr
21
vlrkuk dkykuqØekps mYya?ku gksrs- dFkkRe lkfgR;kr pfj=kizek.ks lexz thoukps n’kZu u
?kMrk thoukP;k va’kHkkxkps ok rqdMÓkps n’kZu ?kMrs- gh izo`Rrh vkRedFkuke/;sgh fnlwu ;srs
Eg.kwu ^pfj=* vkf.k ^vkRepfj=* bfrgklkph ‘kk[kk ekuyh tkr vlsy] rj vkRedFku gh
dFkkRe lkfgR;kph ‘kk[kk ekuyh tkoh- vkRepfj= gh dr`ZRooku O;Drhauh vkiY;k vk;q”;kr
mRrjk/kkZr vkiY;k dk;kZps dFku dj.;klkBh fyfgyh vkgsr- ijarq vkEgk lkekU; ek.klkaP;k
vk;q”;krgh dkghrjh lkax.;klkj[ks vkgs o R;kps gs dFku Eg.kwu gh vkRedFkus] vls R;kps
Lo#i vkgs-
vkRedFku ys[kukekxhy gsrw o Hkwfedk
dks.kR;kgh lkfgR;izdkj ys[kukekxs dks.krk uk dks.krk gsrw vlrksp- vkReij ys[kukr
th vkRepfj=s fyfgyh xsyhr R;kaP;k ekxs vkRelq[k] okpdkauk Hkkjko.ks] Le`rhauk ltho dj.ks]
vkReLrks= xk.ks bR;knh gsrw vlr-oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus vkReij Lp:ikph vlyh
rjh ;kiSdh dks.kR;kgh gsrwus rh fyfgyh xsyh ukghr- dkj.k R;kapk vkRedFku fyfg.;kekxpk
gsrwp eqGkr osxGk gksrk- MkW- vjfoan ckoMdsj vkRedFku ys[kukpk mís’k lkaxrkr] ^^gh ekÖ;k
lq[knq%[kkph vkRedFkk ukgh- rlpa dWUljph lexz ekfgrh vkf.k R;klaca/khps mik;
lkax.;klkBh oSKkfud Hkwfedsrwu fygkoa rla gs iqLrd fyfgysya ukgh- dWUlj gÓk fo”k;kpk
vtwu eh fo|kFkhZp vkgs- dkj.k gh O;k/kh vkf.k frph dkj.ka vktgh oS|dh; ‘kkL=kyk iw.kZi.ka
Kkr >kysyh ukghr- gÓk O;k/khlaca/khps ek>s vuqHko vkf.k R;koj ekÖ;k Kkukizek.ka o
dYiusizek.ka eh ?ksrysyk mik;kapk ‘kks/k eh gÓk iqLrdkr fyfgyk vkgs- tjh eh dWUljpk ltZu
vlyks rjh rh O;k/kh vkiY;kyk >kY;kpa eyk letya] rsOgk loZlk/kkj.k ek.klklkj[kk ehgh
xMcMwu xsyks] vLoLFk >kyks] vkf.k R;k O;k/khiklwu lqVdk d#u ?ks.;klkBh ts dkgh mik;
‘kD; gksrs R;kaP;kekxa dkgh’kk vxfrdrsu ykxyks- ,d :X.k Eg.kwu rsOgk ts fu.kZ; eh ?ksrys]
R;kekxa ,d MWkDVj Eg.kwu ek>k vuqHko tlk gksrk] rlk ek>k Hkkofud dYyksGgh gksrk- gs
loZ eh tla ?kMya rlap izkekf.kdi.ks iqLrdkr lkafxrys vkgs- gÓk loZ ekfgrhpk mi;ksx
loZlk/kkj.k okpdkal vkf.k fo’ks”kr% dWUljlkj[;k O;k/khu xzklysY;k :X.kkal Ogkok vkf.k
R;kauh /khj u lksMrk vk’ksua o n`< eukscykua O;k/khyk rksaM |koa gk gÓk fy[kk.kkpk mís’k vkgs-**2
MkW- vHk; cax vkiY;k vkRedFku ys[kukpk gsrw lkaxrkauk Eg.krkr] ^^gs iqLrd fyfg.k
gk vfr’k; vkuannk;h vuqHko jkfgyk- ek>h Hkwfedk vkRedFkukph vkgs- ân;jksxkph ?kVuk o
R;keqGs ek>k ?kMysyk vkre/kyk izokl ;kapa gs izoklo.kZu vkgs- ‘kkL=’kq/n o lexz v’kh
oSpkfjd Hkwfedk ekaM.k gk gsrw ukgh- oS|d’kkL=] ;ksx’kkL= fdaok v/;kRekojpa gs ‘kkL=h;
22
iqLrd ukgh- eyk vkysyk vuqHko gkp ;k dgk.khpk fo”k; vkgs- rks ‘kD;rks izkekf.kdi.ks
lkax.;kpk eh iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- ekÖ;k lkj[kh leL;k vlysY;k fdaok gksÅ ?kkrysY;kaph ykacp
ykac jkax eyk lektkr mHkh fnlrs vkgs- ekÖ;k ân;jksxkP;k dgk.kheqGs R;kapk ekxZ FkksMk
lqdj gksbZy ;k vk’ksus gh dgk.kh lkax.;kpk [kVkVksi dsyk vkgs**3
MkW- ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdj ;k vkRedFku ys[kukcíy lkaxrkr] ^^dkgh fygk] dlagh fygk]
QDr R;krwu okpdkauk dkghrjh f’kdk;yk feGkoa vla ikgk] ;k ,dk laiknd Jh izdk’k
dqGd.khZ ;kaP;k okD;kus vkacMsZdj izsfjr >kys vkf.k R;kauk vkysys vuqHko okpdkaP;k fgrklkBh
m?kMs dsys**4 ¼euksxr] ân;xks”Vh½
MkW- fgEerjko ckoLdj vkRedFku fyfg.;krhy Hkwfedk Li”V djrkauk Eg.krkr]
^^vkEgh dqVqach; xkokdMs ykac iYY;kP;k izoklkr vlrkuk eh ekÖ;k ygkui.khP;k loZ
vkBo.kh] dsysys d”V o thoukrhy p<&mrkj eqykauk o iRuhyk lkaxr vls- iRuhgh usgeh
rqeP;k thoukoj fyfgysp ikfgts vlk vkxzg /kjr vls- ijarq thouke/;s drZO;] Kkulao/kZu
o :X.krikl.kh vkf.k la’kks/ku dj.ks ;k xks”Vhauk eh lokZr tkLr egRo nsr vkyks- R;keqGs
fyfg.ks ux.; vkgs o rso<s egRokps ukgh( rlsp fyfg.;kps >kY;kl] vtwu udGr >kdwu
Bsoysyk thoukpk Bsok okpdkaP;k] lektkP;k o ukrsokbdkaP;k ipuh iMsy dk\ ;kph ‘kadk ;sbZ-
cqy<k.kk ;sFks izxrh okpuky;ke/;s eyk ek>kh tM.k&?kM.k ;k fo”k;koj cksy.;kl fueaf=r
dsys gksrs- eh lrr nksu rkl nsgsM] nq/kk] cqy<k.kk] [kkexko] ukxiwj] iq.ks] dksd.k o yaMu
;sFkhy izokl lkafxryk- Jksrs [kwip izHkkfor >kys o ekÖ;k eukl iVys dh eyk vkrk ek>s
fopkj iqLrd Lo#ikr vk.k.ks tesy-**5 vkf.k ;k fopkjkrwup vkRedFkukpk tUe >kyk-
vkRedFku ys[kukP;k ckckrhr MkW- ih-,l- jkek.kh Eg.krkr] ^^eh baxzth vkf.k ejkBh
cjsp pkaxys lkfgR; okpys vkgs- R;k vks?kkr vusd vkRedFkus ekÖ;k gkrh vkyh] rh loZ eh
eukiklwu okpyh- R;karhy pkaxys fopkj] R;k R;k thoukrhy ?kVuk] R;krwu myxMysys
thoufo”k;d rRoKku ;k lkÚ;kaapk ekÖ;k eukoj Blk meVyk vkgs- R;krwu o ekÖ;k Lor%P;k
vuqHkokarwu ek>h thoufo”k;d Hkwfedk cur xsyh vkgs vkf.k R;kuarj ekÖ;k
tM.k&?kM.khfo”k;h] eh oS|dh; {ks=kr dsysY;k dkekfo”k;h] vk;q”;kr vkysY;k la?k”kkZfo”k;h
vkBo.kh tjh eh fyfgY;k rj R;k Hkkoh fi<hyk mi;qDr B: ‘kdrhy**6 ;k fopkjkrwup
^rkBd.kk* ;k vkRedFkukpk tUe >kyk- ¼i`”B 9] 10½-
23
toGtoG loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldk apk vkRedFku ys[ku dj.;kpk mís’k lektkyk
vkiys okLro vuqHko mi;qDr iMsy] lekt R;kiklwu cks/k ?ksÅu Lor%e/;s cny djrhy vkf.k
R;kaps vk;q”; gs lq[ke;] fujke; gksbZy-
lektklkBh fyfgyh xsysyh oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus
loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFku fyfgrkauk lekt gkp dsanzfcanw Bsoysyk vkgs-
dkj.k oS|dkapk lrr lektk’khp laca/k ;sr vlY;keqGs vkf.k :X.k oS| laca/kkr fuekZ.k >kysyh
njh vkf.k ,danjhr loZp ifjfLFkrh c?krk lektkus o oS|dkus vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj dj.;kph
xjt vlY;keqGs lektkyk vR;ar uezi.ks] lksI;k] lk/;k vkf.k okpdkyk letsy vkf.k rs
vuqHko R;kaps Lor%psp vkgs v’;k Lo#ikus fyfgysys vkgsr- R;keqGsp rh Qkj yksdfiz;gh
>kyh vkgsr- oS|dh; f’k{k.k ?ks.kk&;k fo|kF;kZauk] O;k/kh >kysY;k O;Drhauk vkf.k fujksxh
O;fDrukagh rh Qkj mi;qDr >kyh vkgs] Bjr vkgs-
MWk- izdk’k vkeVs ;kaps ^izdk’kokVk*] MkW- v:.k fye;s ;kaps ^DyksjksQkeZ*] MkW- veksy
vUunkrs ;kaps ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk*] MkW- ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdjkaps ^ân;xks”Vh*] MkW- ‘kadj dyokjh ;kaps
^fOgftV cWx*] MkW- ehuk us:jdj ;kaps ^/kU; rh xk;uWd dyk*] MkW- vHk; cax ;kaps ^ek>k
lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx*] MkW- joh ckiV ;kaps ^okMZ ua- ikp ds-b-,e-*] vjfoan ckoMsdjkaps ^dWUlj
ek>k lkaxkrh*] MkW- fgEerjko ckoLdjkaps ^cWfjLVjpa dkVZ*] MkW- vydk ekaMds ;kaps ^ân;LFk*]
MkW- izsekuan jkek.kh ;kaps ^rkB d.kk*] MkW- panzdkar okxGs ;kaps ^MkWDVj* gh loZp vkRedFkus
oS|dkauh lektke/;s tkx`rh fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh] vktkjkP;k ekxZn’kZuklkBh] vkf.k ekfgrh
feGkoh ;k mís’kkusp fyfgysyh vkgs- ;k lanHkkZrp MkW- vjfoan ckoMsdj Eg.krkr] ^^ekÖ;kdMs
ts dWUljps :X.k ;srkr] dsoG R;kappa uOgs rj R;kaP;k laiw.kZ dqVqackp] ifjokjkpa thou mUeGwu
iMr vlysya eh ikfgya vkgs- yXu >kY;koj vkiY;k iRuhyk dWUlj >kY;kpa letya rsOgk
frpk irh vkf.k R;kP;k ?kjph eaMGh gGwgGw frP;kiklwu nwj >kysyh eh ikfgyh vkgsr- Lor%P;k
thokiyhdMs izse dj.kkjs frps vkbZoMhy ifjfLFkrheqGa vlgk; >kysyh eh ikfgys vkgsr] toG
fdrhgh iSlk] dso<hgh lk/kulaiRrh vlyh rjh eukua [kpwu xsY;kua fcNkU;krwu mBw ‘kdys
ukghr] vlsgh :X.k eh ikfgys vkgsr- v’kk :X.kkauk] R;kaP;k ukrsokbZdkauk] R;kaP;k fe=kauk
ek>a gs fy[kk.k mi;ksxh iMya vkf.k n`< vk’kkoknkua o fu/kkZjkua ;k nq/kZj O;k/kh’kh >xM.;kph
izsj.kk R;kaP;k eukyk ykHkyh rj rs fyfg.;kpa lkFkZd >kya vla eyk okVsy-**7 ¼i`”B 9½-
24
MkW- v:.k fye;s vkRedFku ys[kukP;k lanHkkZr Li”Vi.ks fopkj ekaMrkauk Eg.krkr] ^^
oS|dh; O;olk;krhy O;olk; laiwu R;kpk /kank cuw ykxyk] ;kph vktgh eyk Qkj [kar okVrs-
vls ?kMw u;s] gh eukiklwuph bPNk vkgs- pksjkaP;k VksGhrhy xqfirs brj t.kkauk lkaxw u;sr] gk
ladsr MkWDVjkauk ykxw ukgh- dkj.k rs pksj ukghr- lektkpk ,d Hkkx vkgsr- MkWDVj Lor%
MkWDVj vlrks] rlkp ukxfjd ;k ukR;kus lektkpk ?kVdgh vlrks- Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkyk
vfHkO;Drh&Lokra+™; ?kVusus cgky dsys vkgs- izcks/kuklkBh iw.kZ tckcnkjhus eh iziap djr vkgs-
**8 ¼euksxr½-
MkW- fye;kauh rj MkWDVjh O;olk; lksMwu nsÅu lektdkj.kkr laiw.kZi.ks Lor%yk >ksdwu
fnys vkgs- rkRi;Z gsp dh loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus lektklkBh fyfgyh xsysyh
vkgs ijarq loZp lektki;Zar rh iksgpw ‘kdr ukgh gh [kar vkgs- fdaok dkghauk okp.;kph vkoM
ulY;keqGs] osG ulY;keqGs rh okpY;k tkr ukgh- O;k/kh >kY;koj gh vkRedFku okpyh
tkrkr ijarq O;k/kh gks.;kP;k vk/kh fdaok vkiys ‘kjhj fujksxh jkgkos ;klkBh okpd okpukP;k
Qankr iMr ukgh gh oLrqfLFkrh vkgs-
O;fDrxr O;FkkdFkuij fyfgysyh oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus lekt gkp dsanzfcanw Bsowu fyfgys vlys rjh izR;sd
oS|dkP;k vkRedFkuke/;s O;fDrxr O;FkkdFku vkysys vkgsp- vkiY;k O;Fkk vkf.k
lektkP;k O;Fkk ;kaph lkaxM ?kkrysyh vkgs- MkW- vydk ekaMds ;kauh ân;LFk ;k vkRedFkukr
lalkj] eqys] uojk] lekt lokZapkp fopkj ekaMysyk vkgs- efgykauh la;e Bsowu dla okxya
ikfgts] dBh.k izlaxh ekxZ dlk dk<yk ikfgts] vkiY;k gkrwu pqdk >kY;k vlY;k rjh R;k
d’kk fLodkjk;P;k ;kps O;fDrxr ikrGhojps vR;ar ekSyhd ekxZn’kZu izkatGi.ks dsysys vkgs-
MkW- vydk ekaMds oS;fDrd vuqHko lkaxrkr] ^^xsys nksu fnol [kwi Mksda [kktowugh dk; djkoa
rs eyk letr ukgh- eqyhauk bFka vk.k.ka dBh.k vkgs] dkj.k ex ,dkyk ?kjh clkoa ykxsy-
frdMs th dYiuk vkgs dh eh bFka eksBk Jhear vkgs] rh pqdhph vkgs- ekÖ;k ,dVÓkP;k ixkjkr
lokZap Hkkx.;klkj[ka ukgh- rsOgk eqyhpa dk; djk;pa] rw bdMa ;k;pa dh ukgh gs rwwp Bjo- iSlk
nq¸;e] iksjh QLVZ gs y{kkr Bso**-9 R;keqGs R;kaps vuqHko gs okpdkyk vkiys vkgs vlsp okVrs-
^/kU; rh xk;uWd dyk* ;k vkRedFkukr MkW- ehuk us:jdjkauh vkiys loZ oS;fDrd
vuqHko lkafxrys vkgs- R;k Eg.krkr] ^^vesfjdsyk vkY;kuarj [kwi o”kkZuarj ckyeksgue/kY;k
,dk lgdkÚ;kus lkafxrya] ^vkEgh rqyk ‘kkGsr nzkSinh Eg.kk;pks] dkj.k ‘kkGsr rqÖ;k ekxs ikp
25
eqya ykxyh gksrh-* eyk [kwi glw vkya- nzkSinhP;k eksdGÓk ds’klaHkkjkeqGs egkHkkjr ?kMya gksra
vkf.k gh nzkSinh Lor%P;k deh vlysY;k dslkaeqGs Lor%pkp xGk dkik;yk fu?kkyh gksrh-
vk;q”;kph lkr&vkB o”ksZ eh [kwi&[kwi fujk’ksr ?kkyoyh gksrh-**10
gk vuqHko tjh MkW- ehuk
us:jdjkapk vlyk rjh dnkfpr gkp vuqHko lektkrhy ,[kk|k nqlÚ;k efgyspkgh vlw
‘kdrks- vkiY;k lanHkkZr ts ?kMya rs nqlÚ;kP;kgh lanHkkZr ?kMw ‘kdra o R;keqGs eukyk v’kk
izdkjP;k okpukus vk/kkj feGrks-
MkW- vHk; cax ;kaP;k ^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx* ;k vkRedFkukr vl.kkjs loZ
vuqHko O;fDrxr ikrGhojps vkgs- ijarq R;kauh lektkP;k fgrklkBh rs vuqHko lkoZtfud dsys
vkgs- R;keqGs vusd :X.kkaps vkjksX; pkaxys gksÅu izk.k okpysys vkgs- ;k vkRedFkukP;k
okpukrwu :X.kkyk tx.;kps cG vkf.k tx.;kph fn’kk feGkyh vkgs-
^dWUlj ek>k lkakxkrh* ;k vkRedFkukr loZ vuqHko ckoMsdjkaps O;fDrxr vkgs- rjh
eksBh tksf[ke ¼fjLd½ ?ksÅu R;kauh R;kaps loZ vuqHko :X.kkaP;k HkY;klkBh eksBÓk rGeGhus
ekaMys vkgs- :X.k cjk Ogkok] R;kph bPNk ‘kDrh ok<koh vkf.k R;kauh ts ts mipkj dsys rs loZ
:X.kkus djkos- MkWDVj vlwugh fdeksFksjih u ?ksrk tksf[ke ?ksÅu cjs >kys gs loZ vuqHko R;kauh
lektkrhy :X.kkalkBh lkafxrys vkgs- lektkcíy R;kauk vkiqydh] izse vkf.k ftOgkGk vkgs-
lekjksi
;k izdj.kkr lu 2000 rs lu 2010 ;k dkGkrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k
vkRedFkukpk fopkj dsyk vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFku ys[kukpk gsrw dks.krk vkgs
rs ikfgys- thou txrkuk vkiY;kyk dks.krs vuqHko vkys] lektkr] dqVqackr] ukR;kr fdaok
T;k {ks=kr dke djrks R;k {ks=kr ts osxosxGs vuqHko R;kaP;k okVÓkyk vkys] R;kapk fopkj
R;kaP;k vkRedFkukrwu fnlwu ;srks- loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFku fyfgrkauk
lektklkscrp Lor%yk vkysys pkaxys&okbZV vuqHko ekaMysys vkgsr- T;k oS|dkauk O;k/kh
>kysyh vkgs vkf.k rs R;kP;krwu bPNk’kDrh] vkgkj fogkj]O;k;ke vkf.k fujfujkGÓk iWFkh
;kaP;k tksjkoj ckgsj iMys rh vkRedFkus tkLr izHkkoh vkf.k yksdkaP;k vkoMhph >kyh vkgs-
R;kr MkW- vHk; cax ;kaps ^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx*] MkW- vjfoan ckoMsdjkaps ^dWUlj ek>k
lkaxkrh*] MkW- ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdjkaps ^ân;xks”Vh*] MkW- vydk ekaMds ;kaps ^ân;LFk*] MkW- izdk’k
vkeVs ;kaps ^izdk’kokVk* ;k vkRedFkukpk mYys[k djkok ykxsy- R;klkscr MkW- fgEerjko
ckoLdj ;kaps ^cWfjLVjpa dkVZ*] MkW- ih-,l- jkek.kh ;kaps ^rkBd.kk*] MkW- ehuk us:jdjkaps ^/kU;
26
rh xk;uWd dyk* vkf.k MkW- joh ckiV ;kaps ^okMZ uacj ikp] ds bZ ,e* gh vkRedFkus
oS|d’kkL=kr f’k{k.k ?ksr vlysY;k fo|kF;kZauk vkf.k lektkrhy brj fo|kFkhZ] x`fg.kh]
o`/niq:”k ;kauk mi;qDr vkf.k vk;q”;kyk fn’kk ns.kkjh Bjyh vkgs-
MkW- furw ekaMds ^ân;xks”Vh* ;k vkRedFkukP;k ckcrhr Eg.krkr] ^^vkiY;kyk
ân;jksx >kyk; gs letY;koj rks ek.kwlp dk;] i.k lca/k ifjokj <oGwu fu?krks] xkax:u
tkrks vkf.k v’kk osGh tj R;kyk ;ksX; MkWDVj vkf.k ;ksX; lYyk feGkyk ukgh rj vuFkZ
vks<o.;kph ‘kD;rk tkLr- MkWDVj ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdjkaP;k ^ân;xks”Vh*rwu cÚ;kp yksdkaP;k
ân;kph glr&[ksGr vksG[k gks.kkj vkgs- xIiksxks”Vharwu vkf.k Lor%P;k vuqHkokarwu ;k lqanj
iqLrdkph fufeZrh >kysyh vkgs- gs iqLrd lektkyk mn~cks/kd Bj.kkjs vkgs- vusd o”kkZP;k
oS|dh; vuqHkokarwu] ân;jksxkP;k fofo/k vaxkap fo’ys”k.k ;k iqLrdkrwu lk/; >kysya vkgss-**
¼eyi`”B] ân;xks”Vh½
fu"d”kZ
1- oS|dh; {ks=krhy vkRedFkudkj lektke/;s vktkjkP;k lanHkkZr ts xSjlet]
pqdhP;k letwrh >kysY;k vkgsr R;k nwj d#u] :X.kkauk ;ksX; ekxZn’kZu dj.ks]
dqBY;kgh xSj izdkjkyk :X.kkyk cGh iMw u ns.ks] lektkph ekufldrk cnyowu
R;kaP;kr ifjorZu ?kMowu vk.k.ks ;k eq[; mís’kkus fyfgY;k xsyh vkgsr-
2- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukae/;s ys[kd uk;d gk eq[; vlrks vkf.k
R;klkscrp :X.k vkf.k lekt gh nksUgh vaxs eq[; uk;dkph Hkwfedkgh fuHkkfor
vlrkr-
3- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr ^eh* ps vuqHkodFku vlwu ^eh*] ^vkEgh* ps
izfrfuf/kRo djrks vkgs-
4- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh Lor%P;k vfLersP;k ‘kks/kkrwu vkRedFkus fyfgyh vlyh rh
laiw.kZ lektp R;k ys[k.khrwu lkdkj >kyk vkgs-
5- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFkus vkRelq[k] okpdkauk Hkkjko.ks] Le`rhauk ltho
dj.ks] vkReL=ksr xk.ks ;k gsrwus fyfgysyh ulwu lektkyk vkiys okLro vuqHko
mi;qDr iMsy] lekt R;kiklwu cks/k ?ksÅu Lor%e/;s cny djrhy vkf.k R;kaps
vk;q”; gs lq[ke;] fujke; gksbZy ;k mís’kkus fyfgY;k xsys-
27
6- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh izkekf.kdi.ks vk;q”;krhy loZ xqfir lkax.;kpk iz;Ru
vkRedFkukr dsysyk vkgs-
7- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFkus lekt gkp dsanzfcanw Bsowu fyfgyh vlyh rjh izR;sd
oS|dkP;k vkRedFkuke/;s O;fDrxr O;FkkdFku vkysys vkgs- vkiY;k O;Fkk vkf.k
lektkP;k O;Fkk ;kaph lkaxM ?kkrysyh vkgs-
8- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus oS|d’kkL=kr f’k{k.k ?ksr vlysY;k fo|kF;kZauk vkf.k
lektkrhy brj fo|kFkhZ] xf̀g.kh] o`/niq#”k ;kauk mi;qDr vkf.k vk;q”;kyk fn’kk ns.kkjh
Bjyh vkgs-
lanHkZ fVik
1- panzdqekj uyxs o xaxk/kj ikurko.ks] ^nfyr vkRedFku*] lqjs’k ,tUlht( iq.ks]1986
2- ckoMsdj vjfoan] ^dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh*] ekSt izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2009]
i`- izLrkouk] 14
3- cax vHk;] ^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx*] jktgal izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2003]
i`- izLrkouk] 5&6
4- vkacMsZdj ‘ks[kj] ^ân;xks”Vh*] eWtsfLVd izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2006] izLrkouk
5- ckoLdj fgEerjko]^cWjhLVjpa dkVZ*] eWtsfLVd ifCyf’kax gkÅl] Bk.ks] ikpoh vko`Rrh
2010] i`- 6
6- jkek.kh ih-,l-] ^rkBd.kk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2008] i`- 9&10
7- ckoMsdj vjfoan] ^dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh*] ekSt izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2009]
i`- izLrkouk] i`- 9
8- fye;s v:.k] ^DyksjksQkeZ*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] eqacbZ] pkSFkh vko`Rrh] 2011]
i`- euksxr
9- ekaMds vydk]^ân;LFk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2009] i`-65
10- us:jdj ehuk] ^/kU; rh xk;uWd dyk*] uafnuh ifCyf’kax gkÅl] iq.ks] 2010] i`- 20
28
izdj.k frljs
ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrwu izdV gks.kkÚ;k
vk’k;lw=kaP;k vk/kkjs ?kM.kkjs lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd n’kZu
izkLrkfod
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk lkekftd vaxkus vH;kl dj.ks gk
y?kq’kk s/kizdYikpk eq[; gsrw vkgs- vusd ekU;oj oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkiY;k {ks=kr dke
djrkuk vkysys fofo/kjaxh vuqHko fViwu Bsoys vkf.k vkRedFku:ikus yksdkaleksj Bsoys- dkgh
Hkkoukiz/kku {k.k] dkgh xqarkxqar] dkgh lkFkZdrsps vkf.k vfHkekukps {k.k] rj dkgh fujk’k
dj.kkjs nq%[knk;d {k.k izR;sdkP;kp okVÓkyk vkys vkgsr- ;k loZ jaxkaP;k NVkalg vkiys
vuqHko ‘kCnkafdr djrkuk] oS|dfo’okoj Hkk”;gh dsys vkgs- lkekU;kaP;k eukr ;k {ks=kcíy
vlysys dqrwgy] Hk;] vknj vkf.k dkSrqd y{kkr ?ksrk] ;k vkRedFkukaP;k ek/;ekrwu :X.kkauk
ltx dj.;klkBh egRoiw.kZ ekfgrh vkf.k oS;fDrd vuqHkokaps nkyup R;kaP;klkBh [kqys >kys
vkgs- ;k nkyukrhy lekt fgrdj v’kk dkgh iSywaph ppkZ ;k y?kq’kks/kizdYikr dj.kkj vkgksr-
lk/kkj.ki.ks lu 1970 uarj oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukyk cgj vkysyk
fnlrks- dkgh oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus [kwi xktyh vkf.k fo’ks”k Eg.kts lektkyk rh
izsj.kknk;h vkf.k fn’kk ns.kkjh Bjyh vkgsr-
cnyrh ewY;s vkf.k oS|dh; fpfdRld
Hkkjrh; lektkrhy loZp yksdkaph ewY;s cnyr pkyyh vkgs] R;kph dkj.ksgh vusd
vkgsr- brj yksdkaizek.ks oS|dkaphgh ewY;s cnyr vkgs- iwohZ ek.klkaP;k xjtk Qkj deh gksR;k]
tx.;klkBh ykx.kkÚ;k lqfo/kk LoLr gksR;k] eqykapa f’k{k.k vktP;klkj[ka egkxMa uOgra-
dqVqackrhy lxGh eqya c?krk c?krk f’kdwu eksBh gksr- MkWDVjkaP;k ?kjP;k yXudk;kZyk lxGst.k
vxR;kau HksVoLrw ikBowu nsr- MkWDVj [kw'k gksr] i.k R;kuarj ek= dkgh dkG is’kaV nok[kkU;kr
tkoksr fdaok MkWDVj is’kaVlkBh ?kjh ;soksr R;kauk Qh ns.ka ukrsokbZd VkGr- MkWDVj gk lektkpk
Hkkx vls vkf.k oS|dh; is’kk gh ,d laLd`rh ekuyh tkbZ] MkWDVj lektkrY;k loZ dk;ZØekauk
vkotZwu mifLFkr vlr- R;k loZ fBdk.kh MkWDVjkauk ekukpa LFkku vls- vkiY;k QWfeyh
MkWDVjkaP;k lYY;k[ksjht nql&;k dq.kk rK MkWDVjdMs tk.;kpk fopkj pqdwugh dq.kh djr uls-
29
Ekk= xsY;k rhl o”kkZar gs fp= ikyVr xsya- iwohZP;k vkn’kZ laLdkjkr O;ogkjhi.kk felGr x syk-
iwohZa oS|dh; f’k{k.kklkBh vR;ar oktoh fdaok deh [kpZ ;sr gksrk vkf.k f’k{k.kgh mPp ntkZps
feGr gksrs- cgqrka’k MkWDVj ‘kkldh; oS|dh; egkfo|ky;krwu f’k{k.k ?ksr vlY;keqGs [kpZ
vxnhp deh vlk;pk- vki.k f’kdrkuk yqVys tkr vkgksr fdaok vkiys ‘kks”k.k gksr vkgs gh
Hkkouk R;k oS|d fo|kF;kZP;k eukr ulk;ph- vkt ek= [kktxh esMhdy dkWyste/;s f’k{k.k
?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZaP;k eukr yqVys tkr vlY;kph Hkkouk vlrs-
ijarq tsOgkiklwu izk;OgsV esMhdy dkWystph ukanh ;k Hkkjrkr jksoY;k xsyhr o izk;OgsV
dkWystph Qh yk[k o dksVhaP;k ?kjkr iksgpyh rsOgkiklwu MkWDVj cu.;kpk fud”k gk R;k eqykph
cq/nheRrk u jkgrk R;kP;k dqVqacktoG vlysY;k ^iS’kkpk MYyk*] ^iS’kkph cWx* gk >kyk vkgs-
ex gs fo|kFkhZ tsOgk vkiys f’k{k.k iw.kZ d:u O;olk;kr mrjrkr rsOgk f’k{k.kklkBh ykxysyk
[kpZ :X.kkpk fopkj u djrk lrr dk<r vlrkr- v’kkizdkjs oS|dkaps ewY; cnyr xsysys fnlrs
vkgs-
:X.k oS| laca/k
oS|dh; {ks=kyk] ^thou eR̀;wP;k lhesojhy igkjk ns.kkjs {ks= vls lacks/kys tkrs*- bFks
iz’up thou ej.kkpk vlY;keqGs laiw.kZ foÛoklklg :X.k Lor%ps ‘kjhj fpfdRldkP;k rkC;kr
nsrks- vkMiMnk u Bsork loZ lR; dFku djrks- R;kP;k osnuk deh d:u] vk/kkj nsÅu R;kyk
lathouh ns.kkjk fpfdRld gk R;kosGh R;kP;k ^ek;ckikP;k* Hkwfedsr vlrks- iwohZ rj
fpfdRldkyk nsonwrp Eg.kr vlr-MkWDVj :X.k ukR;kP;k ckckrhr MkW- vkuan ukMd.khZ
Eg.krkr] ^^vki.k lkjsp txrkuk usgeh dkGth ?ksr vlrks dh] nqlÚ;k O;Drhleksj vkiyk
dks.krkgh dPpk nqok] dks.krkgh dedqori.kk m?kM gksrk dkek u;s] ex gk dedqori.kk
‘kkjhfjd vlks] ekufld vlks fdaok uSfrd- MkWDVj :X.k ukra gs ek= ,d vla ukr vkgs] ftFks
:X.kkyk vkiY;k vrjaxkr tiysyh xqfira eksdGsi.kkua m?kMh djrk ;sr vlrkr-**1
fpfdRldgh iksVP;k iksjkizek.ks vkiY;k :X.kklkBh /kMiM d:u] iz;Rukaph ijkdk”Bk d:u
R;kyk e`R;wP;k nk<srwu ckgsj [kspwu dk<rks- gs djrkauk rks Lor%P;k osGsph] Jekaph] ekscnY;kph
iokZ djhr ukgh- Jekaps lkFkZd vkf.k vkarfjd lek/kku ghp R;kph laiRrh vlrs- vkn’kZ :X.k
oS| laca/k gs vlsp vlrkr- MkWDVj vkf.k :X.k ;kaP;ke/;s foÜoklkps ukrs vlys ikfgts :X.kkyk
MkWDVjpk vk/kkj okVyk ikfgts -
MkW- ujsanz nkHkksGdj ^:X.kkuqca/k* ;k iqLrdkP;k izLrkousr Eg.krkr] ^^ :X.k o MkWDVj gs
vxnh [kkl oSf’k”VÓiw.kZ] ftOgkGÓkps vkf.k vikj fo’oklkps ukrs vlrs- loZ ikrGhojpk vk/kkj
30
ns.;kph izpaM rkdn ;k ukR;kr vlrs- ^fo’okl* gs lokZf/kd egÙokps ewY; ekuys rj MkWDVjh gk
/kank rj uOgsp i.k O;olk;gh jkgr ukgh] rks is’kk curks vkf.k ozrgh-**2 vkn’kZ :X.k oS| laca/k gs
vlsp vlrkr-
orZekukr ek=] :X.k oS| laca/k gs [kjsp vls vkn’kZ vkgsr dka\ eqacbZpk pkj gtkj
MkWDVjkauh [kktxh lqj{kk ?ksrY;kph ckreh egkjk”Vª VkbZElyk izdk’khr >kyh- ;ko:u MkWDVj
vkf.k :X.k ;kaP;krhy ijLijkafo”k;hP;k vknjHkkokps ukrs fdrh fodksikyk tkÅu [kkykoys
vkgs- MkW- joh ckiV :X.k oS| laca/kkP;k ckcrhr Eg.krkr] ekÖ;k n`”Vhus lokZr dkGth
dj.;ktksxk cny fpfdRld Lor%P;k vFkZ izkIrhyk izk/kkU; nsr vlwu :X.kfgrkdMs nqyZ{k
djhr vkgsr fdacgquk] :X.kkps vfgr dj.;klgh /ktkor vkgsr vls fp= loZ= fnlrs vkgs- ;kp
lanHkkZr vWM- xksiky lksu[skMs Eg.krkr] ^^gYyh cgqrka’k [kktxh MkWDVj R;kaP;k Kkukoj ukgh rj
:X.kkaP;k vKkukoj o vxfrdrsoj izWfDVlP;k d{kk o e;kZnk Bjforkr- vkfFkZd fgrlaca/kkrwu
gks.kkÚ;k vuko’;d o xjt ulysY;k rikl.;k] ‘kL=fØ;k] egkxMh czWUMsM vkS”k/ks] dV
iWzfDVl] dfe’kuckth] fu<kZoysY;k izfØ;k] lqUu d:u Vkd.kkjs xSjO;ogkj] [kktxh lsosps
>kysys cktkjhdj.k] ok<R;k viizo`rhauk vkoj ?kky.;kl vi;’kh BjysY;k MkWDVjps esfMdy
dkSfUly o vU; la?kVuk] :X.k gDdkpsp uOgs rj ,dw.kp ekuoh gDdkps gks.kkjs mYya?ku vkf.k
rØkj fuokj.k O;oLFkspk vHkko ;k dkj.kkaeqGs [kktxh vkjksX; lsokae/;s vukxkasnh ektysyh
vkgs**-3 vkt loZlkekU; ek.klkpk oS|dh; O;olk;kdMs ikgk.;kpk n`f”Vdksu la’k;xzLr
cuyk vkgs- lektkP;k euke/;s O;olk;kcíy vusd ‘kadk vkgsr] xSjlet vkgsr-:X.kkaukgh
ák loZ izdkjkaeqGs fpfdRld ^ek;cki* u okVrk dsoG ^dlkbZ* okVr vkgsr- :X.kkps lek/kku
u >kY;kl rks ljG nqljk fpfdRld xkBrks- fdR;sd osGk rks fpfdRldkps iSls cqMorks- dkgh
izlaxh rks fpfdRlky;kph rksMQksM djrks rj d/kh d/kh rj fpfdRldkaoj izk.k?kkrd gYyk lq/nk
djrks- gs oS|dh; O;olk;kyk iks”kd ukgh vkf.k lektfgrkpsgh ukgh- MkWDVj] :X.k] ukrsokbZd
o lekt lokaZuh feGwu gÓkpk vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj dj.;kph xjt vkgs-
iSlk vkf.k :X.k oS| laca/k
:X.k oS| laca/kkauk orZekukr gh vfu”V oG.ks dk ykxyh vlkohr ;kpk fopkj
fpfdRldkauh R;kaP;k vkRedFkukae/kwu dsyk vkgs- ^iSlk* gk ?kVd ;k dkj.kkae/;s egRokpk
vlY;kpk lwj lk/kkj.kr% loZp vkRedFkuake/kwu tk.korks ^brdk* iSlk nsÅugh vkepk :X.k
nxkoykp dlk\ v’kh Hkwfedk :X.kkP;k ukrsokbZdkaph vlrs] rj brD;k deh iS’kklkBh brds
pkaxys mipkj vkEgh dls iqjok;ps\ vlk fpfdRldkapk iz’u vlrks- iSlk fdrhgh vksryk rjh]
31
fpfdRldkaP;k iz;Rukauk e;kZnk vlrkr] R;k iyhdMs R;kapkgh ukbZykt vlrks] gs :X.k o
ukrsokbZdkauh letwu ?ks.;kph xjt vkgs- R;kpizek.ks vkiY;k gkrkrhy dkS’kY; dks.kkpk tho
okpw ‘kdr vlsy] rj eksgkik;h rs voktoh iS’kkr ekst.ks] iS’kklkBh vMwu cl.ks] fdaok
iS’kklkBh R;k dkS’kY;kpk pqdhpk mi;ksx dj.ks xSj vkgs] gs fpfdRldkauh letwu ?;k;yk
ikfgts vkgs- iSlk gk ?kVd :X.k oS| laca/kkaP;k mnkÙkrsyk xzg.k dls ykorks rs vkRedFkuke/kwu
vusd fpfdRld lkaxrkr o cWfjLVjpa dkVZ ;k vkRedFkukr ,d izlax lkaxrkauk MkW- fgEerjko
ckoLdj Eg.krkr] ^^,dnk ,d eqyxh o`f’pd na’k >kY;keqGs ekÖ;k nok[kkU;kr Hkjrh dsyh
xsyh- fnoljk= mipkj d:u] /kMiM d:u eh fryk rhu fnolkar cjs d: ‘kdyks- ?kjh tkrkuk
frP;k ofMykauk ia/kjk’ks :i;s fcy lkafxrys] rls rs fpMwu Eg.kkys dh] ;kis{kk eqyxh xsyh
vlrh rj cjs >kys vlrs-**4
vk.k[kh ,dk izlaxkr Lor%pkp vuqHko lkaxrkauk MkW- ckoLdj Eg.krkr] ^^ekÖ;k
Lor%P;k vktkji.kkr jDr] y?koh riklwu lksuksxzkQh] dkfMZvksxzke dk<wu lq/nk dkgh funku
gksbZuk- dks.kh jDrnkckps vkS”k/k fnys rj dks.kh us=jksxkps] dks.kh ân;jksxkps mipkj lq: dsys-
‘ksoVh eh Lor% euk’kh fu.kZ; ?ksÅu ^Fkk;jkWbM* rikl.kh dsyh vkf.k Lor%p vH;kl d:u]
Lor% vkS”k/kkph ek=k Bjowu mipkj lq: dsys- vkiYkk vuqHko ueqn d:u MkW- ckoLdj
Eg.krkr] ekÖ;k lkj[;k fpfdRldkph gh xr] rj lkekU; :X.kkaps dk; gksr vlsy\**5
vlkp ,d izlax ^rkB d.kk* e/;s lkaxrkuk MkW- izsekuan jkek.kh Eg.krkr dh]
R;kaP;kdMs rikl.khyk vkysY;k eqykyk esanwrhy xkB >kY;kps vk<Gwu vkys- mipkj lq: d:u
R;kP;k iq<hy rikl.;k dsY;k- R;kr rh xkB ddZ jksxkph vlY;kps fnlwu vkys- eqyxk
okp.;kph ‘kD;rk deh gksrh- Eg.kwu ukrsokbZdkaph letwr ?kkywu] eqykyk fdj.kksipkjkalkBh
nqlÚ;k bfLirGkr ikBfo.;kps Bjys- tkrkauk fcy Hkj.;kl lkafxrys] rj ukrsokbZd porkGwu
MkW- izsekuan jkek.khauk Eg.kw ykxys] ^^ejusokys ls vki iSlk ekaxrs gks\ vkidks ‘kje ugh
vkrh\**6
iS’kkeqGs v’kkizdkjs :X.k oS| laca/kkr fdR;sdnk r.kko vkysyk vk<Grks- MkW- jkek.khauh
R;kaP;kp ,dk leO;kolkf;dkph ‘kL=fØ;k dsyh- uarj fdR;sd fnol R;kaP;k ?kjh tkÅu
MkW- jkek.khauh R;kaps mipkj dsys- vktkjkrwu mBY;koj ;k leO;kolkf;dkus MkW- jke.khauk
isulsV HksV Eg.kwu fnyk- R;krgh ,d isu dk<wu ?ksrysyk vkf.k nqljk xatysyk gksrk- vkiY;kp
leO;kolkf;dkus :X.koS| laca/k vls okÚ;koj cloysys ikgwu MkW- jkek.kh f[kUu >kys-**7
32
foÜokl vkf.k :X.k oS| laca/k
:X.k oS| laca/kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjk nqljk ?kVd Eg.kts foÜokl gk gks;- :X.kkpk laiw.kZ
foÜokl fpfdRldkoj vlsy rj] :X.k oS| laca/k r.kkoiw.kZ gks.kkj ukghr- i.k oS|dh; {ks=kr
f’kjysY;k Hkz”VkpkjkeqGs ^foÜokl* ;k ?kVdkykgh /kDdk clyk vkgs vkf.k R;keqGsp :X.k oS|
laca/k vf/kdkf/kd r.kkoiw.kZ gksr vkgsr-
^ân;LFk* ;k vkiY;k vkRedFkukr ,d vkBo.k lkaxrkuk MkW- vydk ekaMds Eg.krkr]
^^ân;kP;k uktwd ‘kL=fØ;slkBh vkeP;kdMs joh tSuph dsl vkyh- :X.k o R;kps ukrsokbZd
pkaxys ifjp;kps gksrs- joh tSuph dsl xqarkxaqrhph gksrh vkf.k ‘kL=fØ;sr ‘kaHkj Vdds /kksdk gksrk
i.k ‘kL=fØ;k VkGyh rj R;kP;k okp.;kph eqGhp ‘kD;rk UkOgrh Eg.kwu /kksdk iRd:u eh
vkf.k furwuh rh tckcnkjh ?ksryh vkf.k ‘kL=fØ;snjE;ku johpk nqnSokus e`R; w >kyk- xqarkxaqrhph]
[kpkZph] /kksD;kph iw.kZi.ks iwoZ dYiuk fnysyh vlwugh joh tSuP;k ukrsokbZdkauh vkEgkyk dksVkZr
[kspys- mipkjkr g;x;] tk.khoiwoZd nqyZ{k] iSlk mdG.ks] egkxMk OgkWYo ekxowu LoLrkryk
OgkWYo ân;kr clowu ns.ks brds vkjksi vkeP;koj gksrs lo Z vkjksikauk Li”V mÙkjs nsÅu] vkiyh
cktw fl/n d:u vkEgh funksZ”k lqVyks] i.k ;k izfØ;sr pkj o”kZs xsyh- ;k njE;ku nok[kkU;kdMs
nqyZ{k >kys vkf.k vkepk osG] iSlk] Je ;kapk viO;; >kyk] ekufld rk.k lgu djkok
ykxyk R;kps dk;\**8
;kP;k myV vuqHko lkaxkrakuk MkW- jkek.kh rkBd.kk e/;s ,d izlax lkaxrkr]
^^fcfRld ukokP;k :X.ksoj R;kauh ikBhph ‘kL=fØ;k dsyh- uarjP;k mipkjknjE;ku nkbZP;k
pqdhus fcfRldpk ik; vks<yk xsyk vkf.k dye dsysys gkM fulVys- ;kiq<ps vkB efgus
fcfRldyk :X.kky;kr dk<kos ykxys- Hk;adj osnuk lgu djkO;k ykxY;k vkf.k iqUgk nksu
‘kL=fØ;kauk lkeksjs tkos ykxys- i.k dsoG MkW- jkek.khaoj vlysY;k izxkB foÜoklkeqGs rhs R;k
fnO;krwu ikj iMyh vkf.k uarj laiw.kZi.ks nq:Lr gksÅu ?kjh xsyh-**9
brj ?kVd vkf.k :X.k oS| laca/k
fpfdRlsP;k fu.kZ;kae/;s :X.k o R;kP;k ukrsokbZdkapk lgHkkx] fpfdRldkauh
nk[koysyh lgkuqHkwrh] :X.k vkf.k fpfdRldkae/kyk laokn] Li’kZ] osG ns.ks ;k ?kVdkaeqGsgh :X.k
oS| laca/k izHkkfor gksrkr- ^^ykacwu pkSd’kh dj.;k,soth :X.kktoG clwu] R;kP;k MksD;koj]
[kka|koj FkksiVwu tj fpfdRldkus pkSd’kh d syh rj :X.kkpk foÜokl ok<rks vkf.k fpfdRlsyk rks
pkaxyk izfrlkn nsrks-**10
vls MkW- ckoMsdj Eg.krkr-
33
fpfdRldkaph :X.kkaizrh fopkj dj.;kph i/nr dk; vlkoh gs lkaxrkauk MkW- ckoMsdj
Eg.krkr]^^nok[kkU;kr ;s.kkjk :X.k Eg.kts dkj[kkU;kr nq:LrhlkBh ;s.kkjs e’khu uOgs- vkEgh
:X.kkyk ,d ek.kwl Eg.kwu igk;yk gos- ;a=kpk fc?kMysyk Hkkx dk<wu nqljk ?kky.ks Eg.kts
mipkj ukghr- vkiY;kyk :X.kklkBh dk; pkaxys djrk ;sbZy rs igk;yk gos- mipkj djrkuk
:X.kkpk tho egRokpk vkgs gs ikgkos] iWFkh dqByh okijyh gs ikgw u;s- :X.k iw.kZ cjk gks.ks ‘kD;
ulys rjhgh] R;kP;k ;kruk deh dj.ks] R;kyk ek.kwldhus okxo.ks] vkiyk iz;Ru lw: Bsowu
:X.kkapk eukph ‘kkarrk fVdo.ks gs izR;sd fpfdRldkps drZO;p vkgs-**11
;k ek.kqldh fo”k;h cksyrkauk MkW- veksy vUunkrs R;kaP;k ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk* e/;s
Eg.krkr] ^^eqUukHkkbZ lqijfgV dk Bjyk\ dkj.k mPpfo|kfoHkwfir MkWDVjke/;s u lkiM.kkjk
^ek.kwl* izs{kdkauh ;k fp=iVkr ‘kks/kyk- gk ek.kwldhpk vksykok vkEgh Lor% e/;s fuekZ.k dsyk
rj fdR;sd vktkj vkEgkyk vkS”k/kkf’kok;p cjs djrk ;srhy vkf.k ek.kwldh nk[kowu tkGîkr
vks<.kkÚ;k cksxl MkWDVjkapk /kankgh vkVksD;kr ;sbZy-**12
fu.kZ; izfØ;sr :X.kkapk lgHkkx vkf.k :X.kkauk ifjfLFkrh letkowu lkax.;koj
MkW- vUunkrs Hkj nsrkr] vkiY;k vktkjjfo”k;h vkf.k dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k mipkjkfo”k;h laiw.kZ
ekfgrh feGfo.;kpk vf/kdkj izR;sd :X.kkyk vkgs vkf.k gh ekfgrh MkWDVjkauh lkax.ks visf{krp
vkgs- loZ fu.kZ; MkWDVjkauh ijLij ?ks.ks vkf.k rkj.kgkjkP;k FkkVkr :X.kkaoj mipkj dj.ks
MkWW- vUunkrsauk ekU; ukgh- :X.kka’kh cksyrkauk fpfdRldkauh tiwu ‘kCn okijkosr] R;kapk /khj rj
[kp.kkj ukgh i.k rs ijkoyachgh gks.kkj ukghr ;kph dkGth ?;koh] vls MkW- vUunkrs Eg.krkr-
^^:X.k oS| laca/k gs cjspnk ikyd vkf.k eqykLkkj[ks vlrkr- eqykaoj izse vlys rjh eqys
ykMkeqGs fc?kMw u;sr ;klkBh ikyd dBksj gksrkr] rlsp fpfdRldkauh :X.kkaoj izse djkos i.k
letkowu lkaxwu izlaxh jkxkowu :X.kkyk ;ksX; mipkjkalkBh r;kj djkos-**13
vls MkW- vUunkrs
Eg.krkr- :X.kkaP;k xksiuh; ekfgrhph dkGth fpfdRldkauh ?;koh vkf.k xjt ulrkuk gh
ekfgrh m?kM d: u;s] R;keqGs :X.k oS| laca/kkrhy foÜokl tiyk tkrks] vls MkW- vUunkrsauk
okVrs-
^osG* gk ns[khy ,d ?kVd :X.k oS| laca/k izHkkfor djrks- orZekukr rj fpfdRldkauk
:X.kk’kh lfoLrj cksyk;yk osGp ulrks- R;kapk Hkj vlrks #X.kkaP;k uksanhoj vkf.k rikl.;kaP;k
fu”d”kkZaoj ;kckcr vkiys osxGsp vuqHko lkaxrkauk MkW- ‘kadj dyokjh ;kaP;k ^fOgftV cWx*
e/;s Eg.krkr] ^^es efgU;kr Qkj xnhZ vlk;ph :X.k fOgthVyk i.k lrr cksyok;ps unh
34
vksykaMwu ,d ,d fOgftV iw.kZ d:u ;s.ks Eg.kts lgk rkl tk;ps- rksoj nok[kkU;kr xMcM
Ogk;ph nj o”khZp es efgU;kr MkWDVj is’kaV fjys’ku gejh rqephojp ;k;ps i.k ?ksrysys ozr
fuHkok;ps ;k n`”Vhus eh ‘kkari.ks dke d:u rs fnol ikj ikMhr vls-**14
:X.kkauk
MkW- dyokjhauh osG fnY;keqGsp :X.koS| laca/k pkaxys jkfgys gs ;ko:u y{kkr ;srs-
,dk ts”B rTK fpfdRldkafo”k;h vkBo.k] MkW- panzdkar okxGs R;kaP;k ^MkWDVj* ;k
vkRedFkukr lkaxrkr MkW- okxGsauk ,dnk MkW- xksMcksysauh R;kaP;k ,dk ckG :X.kkyk
rikl.;klkBh cksykors- MkW- okxGs :X.kkP;k ?kjh xsys o :X.k riklwu R;kauh MkW- xksMcksysauk
lkafxrys dh] mipkjkapk mi;ksx ukgh- ckGkph ‘ksoVph ?kVdk vkgs- MkW- xksMcksyasuk yxsp
fopkjys dh] ^eh rqEgkyk lksMwu nsÅ dk\ xkMh vkgs* MkW- xksMcksys R;kaP;k dkekr {k.kHkjgh
mlar ul.kkjs dekyhps O;Lr rTK gksrs- i.k rs Eg.kkys] ^^eyk vkrk bFkwu gyrk ;s.kkj
ukgh-**15
;kizek.ks iSlk] foÜokl] lgkuqHkwrh] fu.kZ;krhy lgHkkx laokn vkf.k osG fHkUu fHkUu
?kVdkaoj :X.k oS| laca/k voyacwu vkgsr- ,ds dkGh nsonwr Eg.kwu T;kaph pPkkZ Ogk;ph] R;k
fpfdRldkaps mYys[k orZekukr dlkbZ] jk{kl v’kk osxosxGÓk ukokauh gksr vkgsr- :X.k oS|
laca/kkauk xzg.k ykxY;kpsp gs fpUg vkgs- rlsp MkWDVjkaojhy gYys] ukl/kwl] rksMQksM gh
:X.kkaP;k vlarks”kkph y{k.ksgh R;kphp fun’kZd vkgsr-
ljdkjh :X.kky;s vkf.k xSjO;ogkj
oS|dh; {ks=krhy xSjO;ogkjkadMs fpfdRldkauh R;kaP;k vkRedFkukrwu y{k os/kys vkgs-
gs xSjO;ogkj dsoG vkfFkZd ckcrhrysp uOgs] rj nqyZ{k] gsGlkaM] [kksVh izek.ki=s o fcys]
vuko’;d ‘kL=fØ;k] rikl.;k o mipkj ;kaP;k Lo:ikr oS|dh; {ks=kr gkrik; iljhr
vkgsr- oS|dkP;k ;k dkGÓk dksiÚ;kaoj izdk’k Vkdrkuk vusd fpfdRldkauh [kar O;Dr dsyh
vkgs MkW- fgaerjko ckoLdj ;kaP;k izkFkfed vkjksX; dsanzkojP;k uksdjhrhy vkBo.kh ^cWfjLVjpa
dkVZ* ;k vkRedFkukr nsrkr- MkW- ckoLdj fcjokMhyk :tw >kys] rsOgk :X.kky;krhy O;oLFkk
vR;ar xpkG gksrh- QkVD;k xk|k] eGD;k pknjh] vLoPNrk ;keqGs MkW- ckoLdj vLoLFk
>kys gksrs- pkSd’kh varh R;kauk dGys] dh] pkaxys lkeku deZpkjh oxZ okijklkBh ?kjh usrks-
Eg.kwu :X.kky;kr v’kh voLFkk vkgs- MkW- ckoLdj o`f’pdna’kkps mipkj d: ykxys xaHkhj
:X.kkauk rs egkM] jRukfxjh fdaok eqacbZyk usr- i.k R;kauk enr dj.;k,soth brj fpfdRld
35
Eg.kr dh] ^^d’kkyk ,o<h /kkoiG djrk\ :X.k okpr ukgh ex ,o<k =kl dk ?ksrk\**16
MkW- ckoLdjkauk gs O;ogkj xSj okVrkr o R;kfo”k;h rs [ksn O;Dr djrkr-
fpfdRldkae/khy vkilkrhy Li/kkZ o gsok ?kkrd vlrks- ,desdkaps uqdlku dj.;kph
izo`Ùkh R;krwu tUe ?ksrs] gs MkW- vydk ekaMds R;kaP;k vkRedFkukr lkaxrkr-
MkW- veksy vUunkrs R;kaP;k ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk* e/;s ejkBokMÓkrhy ,dk ljdkjh
bfLirGkps mnkgj.k nsrkr- bFks vR;ar xaHkhj vlLFksrhy :X.kkauk] eqíkep] mipkjkaph lks;
ulY;kps lkafxrys tkrs- Hkkackoysys ukrsokbZd ex [kktxh bfLirGkpk ‘kks/k ?ksÅ ykxrkr
[kktxh bfLirGkaP;k :X.kokfgdk ljdkjh nok[kkU;kckgsj r;kjp vlrkr- ex egkxMs mipkj
d:u yð fcy vkdkjys tkrs] T;kr ljdkjh :X.kky;krhy deZpkÚ;kaiklwu rks :X.kokfgdk
pkydki;Zar lxGÓakps okVs vlrkr- ,o<sp ukgh rj] [kktxh bfLirGkrhy :X.k] ts cjs
gks.;kph ‘kD;rk mjysyh ukgh] R;kauk ;kp :X.kokfgdk oki:u ljdkjh bfLirGkr vk.kwu
Vkdys tkrs- vR;ar [ksnkus gk vuqHko lkaxrkauk MkW- vUunkrs Eg.krkr] ^^;k ljdkjh
:X.kky;kps :ikarj dpjkdqaMhr >kys vkgs-**17
MkW- lnkuan ukMd.khZ ljdkjh nok[kkU;krhy xSjO;ogkjkckcr vkiys vuqHko lkaxrkr]
^^ljdkjh dkekpk [kkD;k eh frFks vuqHkoyk- iS’kkaph Hkjiwj rjrwn vlwugh ljdkjh yky
fQrheqGs dks.kR;kgh [kjsnhlkBh o”kkZuqo”kZ d’kh ykxrkr] gs eyk bFks ikgk;yk feGkys ,dw.kp]
vkjksX; O;oLFkslaca/khP;k ekÖ;k lkÚ;k letkauk bFks pkaxykp /kDdk clyk- MkWDVjkaoj [kktxh
O;olk;kl canh o R;kauh iwoZosG gkWfLiVydjrk |k;pk] ;k fu;ekeqGs fo|kF;kZauk o xjhc
:X.kkauk pkaxyh lsok feGr vl.kkj] gk ek>k xSjlet Bjyk- Hkjixkjh uksdjh Eg.kts
fuf”Ø;rk o lqfo/kkaP;k ekx.;k Eg.kts fuOoG m/kGiëh gk foy{k.k nq%[kn vuqHko gksrk-**18
25 tqyS 2012 P;k yksder o`Ùki=ke/;s ^fpjhfejh lkBh lqijP;k MkWDVjkapk lqij
QkE;wZyk* gs o`Ùk izdkf’kr >kys- xWLVªks,aVªkykWth foHkkkxkr :X.kkdMwu ns.kxhph lDrh dsyh tkrs-
lhrkckbZ gîk ddZjksxkus vktkjh gksR;k mipkj >kY;koj lqVh ns.;kP;k osGh ,d gtkj :i;s
^ns.kxh*fnY;kuarjp fMLpktZ dkMZ ns.;kr ;sbZy vls MkWDVjkadMwu lkax.;kr vkys- lhrkckbZps
irh larks”k ;kauh iSls u fnY;keqGs fMLpktZ dkMZ fnys ukgh R;keqGs lhrkckbZps irh MkWDVjkauk
fouo.kh d: ykxys] v[ksj ikp’ks :i;s ns.;klkBh rs r;kj >kys] ijarq MkWDVjkauh gtkj
:i;kais{kk :i;kns[khy deh ?ks.kkj ul.;kph rkBj Hkwfedk ?ksryh- v[ksj vf/k”BkrkadMs rØkj
dsY;koj ,d :i;kgh u ?ksrk flrkckbZauk lqVh ns.;kr vkyh-v’;kizdkjs ljdkjh :X.kky;ke/;s
36
xSjO;ogkj lq: vlY;keqGs MkWDVjkaojhy :X.kkapk fo’okl iw.kZr% mMkysyk vlwu :X.kkaP;k
eukr rhoz vlarks”k fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs-
vkfFkZd xSjO;ogkj
[kksVh esfMdy fcys] izek.ki=s vkf.k pkp.;kaps fu”d”kZ ;kfo”k;h /kDdknk;d ekfgrh
MkW- vUunkrs mtsMkr vk.krkr- vfrn{krk foHkkxkps [kksVs ns[kkos] xjt ulrkauk dsysyk
vfrn{krk foHkkxkpk mi;ksx] vdkj.k dsysY;k vla[; egkxMÓk rikl.;k ;kdMs MkW- vUunkrs
vkotwZu okpdkaps y{k os/krkr- Hkkjrkr thoulRokP;k vkS”k/kkaph vkfFkZd myk<ky FkDd
dj.kkjh vkgs- vuko’;d fl>sfj;u vkf.k xHkZfi’koh dk<.;kP;k ‘kL=fØ;k ;kaph
MkW- vUunkrsauh fnysyh vkdMsokjh eu lqUu dj.kkjh vkgs- cksxl MkWDVj] dVizWDVhl] vkS”k/k
daiU;k vkf.k MkWDVjkae/khy nsok.k?ksok.k ;koj MkW- vUunkrs vR;ar iksVfrMdhus fyfgrkr vkf.k
;k loZ xSjO;ogkjkackcr okpdkaP;k MksGîkr >.k>.khr vatu ?kkyrkr-
tkghjkrckth
tkghjkrckth gk oS|dh; O;olk;krhy vk.k[khu ,d xSjO;ogkj vkgs- ?kjk.;kr
ijaijkxr vlysY;k vkS”k/kkaph tkfgjkr dsyh tkrs]i.k ;k vkS”k/kkaps ?kVd lkafxrys tkr ukghr]
gs pqdhps vkgs ,dk vuqHkokckcr lkaxrkauk MkW- ckoMsdj uewn djrkr- ^vewd fnolkr iw.kZ
vkjke u iMY;kl iSls ijr v’kk izdkjP;k tkfgjkrh oS|dh; fu;ekaizek.ks vuqfpr vkgsr] i.k
R;k ljkZl dsY;k tkrkr- O;k/kh >kY;koj mipkj dj.;kis{kk O;k/kh gksÅ u ns.ks Js;Ldj gk eqík
leksj Bsowu vusd fBdk.kh o”kkZrwu ,dnk loZ izdkjP;k pkp.;k d:.k ?ks.;kph lks; vlysyh
dsanzs m?kMyh vkgsr- R;kaph dYiuk ;ksX; vlyh rjh okLrokr ;k dsanzkps Lo:i iSlk mdG.;kph
fBdk.ks vls >kysys vkgs] bdMs MkW- ckoMsdj y{k os/krkr-
MkW- dyokjh R;kaP;k {ks=krhy xSjO;ogkjkaps vuqHko lkaxrkuk lkFkhP;k jksxkpk fdLlk
lkaxrkr- R;kaP;k Hkkxkr ,dnk ^efYVMªx jsf>LVaV Vk;QkWbZMph* izpaM lkFk vkyh-
MkW- dyokjhauh :X.kkalkBh vFkd ifjJe rj ?ksrysp i.k lkFkh fo”k;h ljdkjh vf/kdkÚ;kauk
dGoys- oS|dh; vf/kdkjh HksV |k;yk vkys ^Vk;QkWbZM tkghj >kyk rj ik.;kps uewus
rikl.khyk ikBokos ykxrhy] LoPNrk] eksghe vk[kkoh ykxsy- ,o<k =kl d’kkyk\ Eg.kwu
R;kauh Ogk;jy tkghj dsyk- MkW- dyokjh ek= rikl.;kaph lks; ulrkukgh vkiY;kp funkukoj
Bke jkghys o R;kauh Lor%p mipkj lq: dsys- R;kaP;k mipkjkauk ;’kgh vkys i.k ljdkjh
vf/kdkÚ;kauh ek= pkp.;k f’kok; funku dls dsys\ ^xqarkxqar >kyh rj dk;\* oxSjs vk{ksi
37
MkW- dyokjhaoj ?ksrys-**19
iSlk vksjcMwu Lor%ps m[kG ika<js dj.;kps gs vusd ekxZ okpdkauk
lkaxwu vkRedFkudkj fpfdRldkauh okpdkauk lko/k dj.;kps dke dsys vkgs- rlsp vkiY;k
ijhus dkgh mik;gh xSjO;ogkjkauk vkGk ?kky.;klkBh lqpoys vkgsr-
ekfgrh vkf.k ekxZn’kZu
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus okpdkauk vkjksX;] O;k;ke] vkgkj ;kfo”k;h Hkjiwj
ekxZn’kZu dj.kkjh vkf.k nSuafnu thoukr mi;ksxh iM.kkjh] oS|dh; ekfgrh iqjfo.kkjh v’kh
vkgsr- ;k oSf’k”VîkaeqGsp ;k vkRedFkukaps lkekftd ewY; ok<ys vkgs-
lk/;k vktkjkaP;k ^fDyfudy izWDVhl * e/;s ,sa’kh VDds :X.k dsoG foÛoklkusp cjs
gksrkr] [kÚ;k vkS”k/kksipkjkaph xjt dsoG ohl VDds :X.kkaukp vlrs] gh vk’p;Zdkjd ekfgrh
MkW- vUunkrs vkiY;k oS|dh; cks/kdFkkae/;s nsrkr- vfrn{krk foHkkxkrhy vkiY;k :X.kkyk
HksV.;klkBh ukrsokbZdkapk tho [kkyhoj gksr vlrks i.k fpfdRld vkMdkBh djhr vlrkr-
Eg.kwu ukrsokbZd fpMrkr- MkW- vUunkrs okpdkauk lkaxrkr]^^ vfrn{krk foHkkxkrY;k rqeP;k
:X.kkP;k HkjY;klkBhp fpfdRld rls djrkr- ;k foHkkxkr /kqfyd.kkaps izek.k] gosrhy ck”ikps
izek.k vkf.k rkieku fu;af=r dsysys vlrs- Eg.kwu lrr njoktk m?kMcan dj.ks VkGkos ykxrs
f’kok; ;k foHkkxkr vfr xaHkhj :X.kp Hkjrh dsys tkrkr- vkiY;k :X.kkP;k o brjgh :X.kkaP;k
Hkkouk ukrsokbZdkauk ikgwu mpacGwu vkY;k rj dBh.k izlax mn~Hkow ‘kdrks- f’kok; ckgsjhy
yksdkaph ;s tk fpfdRldkaP;k dk;kZr vMFkGk vk.krs Eg.kwu vlys d`R; u dj.ksp dsOgkgh
Js;Ldj-**20
bPNke`R;w] vo;onku] vuSlfxZd e `R;wP;k ?kVukae/khy ‘kofoPNsnukps egRo ;k vkf.k
vU; fdR;sd fo”k;kaph ekfgrh MkW- vUunkrs oS|dh; cks/kdFkkae/kwu nsrkr- MkW- ‘kadj dyokjh
R;kaP;k ^fOgftV cWx* e/;s [ksMsxkokrhy vuqHko lkaxrkuk okpdkaP;k Kkukr Hkj ?kkyrkr-
liZna’kkuarj :X.kkyk pohph laosnuk dGr ukgh- na’kkP;k tkxh foMîkps iku cka/kys rj R;k
ikukoj osxGk Mkx iMrks] ;k [ksMsxkokrhy letwrhapk MkW- dyokjhauh ckjdkbZus vH;kl dsyk-
^^vk/kqfud foKku vuqHko vkf.k [ksMoG letwrh ;kaps fu”d”kZ vk’p;ZdkjdfjR;k lkj[ks
vk<GY;kps rs okpdkauk lkaxrkr-**21
fcCC;kP;k rsykr dWaUljfojks/kh ?kVd vlY;kps MkW- ckoLdj ^cWfjLVjap dkVZ* e/;s
lkaxrkr- th eqys lalxkZiklwu dVk{kkus nwj Bsoyh tkrkr] vR;ar dkGthiwoZd ok<foyh
tkrkr] R;kaph jksxizfrdkjd’kDrh {kh.k vlrs- gh eqys vktkjkyk pVdu cGh iMrkr] vls
38
MkW- ckoLdj lkaxrkr- ^fLVjkWbZM* Eg.ktsp mÙkstd nzO;akpsa nq”ifj.kke] ckGkaoj ^xzkbZi okVj* pk
gks.kkjk okbZV ifj.kke] ;k ppsZrwu okpdkauk Hkjiwj ekfgrh feGrs] ânjksx] easnwnkg] ,M~l vkf.k
O;lukaps ifj.kke ;kfo”k;h MkW- ckoLdjkauh Hkjiwj ekxZn’kZu dsys vkgs- R;kauh fdR;sd o”kkZiwohZp
^lkoZtfud fBdk.kh* /kweziku canh dsY;kl vla[; yksd jksxeqDr jkgw ‘kdrhy] v’kh lwpuk
dsyh gksrh ljdkjus vkWDVkscj 2008 iklwu gh lwpuk izR;{kkr veykr vk.kyh vkgs gs
mYys[kuh;-
ân;fodkjkpk >Vdk] R;krhy /kksds] rks vktkj VkG.;klkBh djko;kps mipkj o
O;k;ke] R;krhy rikl.;k] R;kaph laosnu’khyrk ;kfo”k;h ekfgrhpk [kftukp MkW- vHk; cax
R;kaP;k ^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx* ;k vkRedFkukrwu okpdkaP;k gkrh nsrkr- dsoG mipkjkauh
Hkkx.;klkj[ks ukgh] thou’kSyhp cny.ks xjtsps vkgs] gs rs BGdi.ks v/kksjsf[kr djrkr-
MkW- cax ;kaP;k vkRedFkukrhy] izdj.k lkros gs laiw.kZi.ks okpdkaP;k ekxZn’kZuklkBh vkgs-
vkgkj] iF;s] O;k;ke] O;k;kekps izdkj o izek.k ;kfo”k;h ‘kD; rso<h lw{e ekfgrh MkW- cax
okpdkauk iqjorkr- vko’;d rsFks vkd`rh o räs ;kapk mi;ksx d:u MkW- cax ;kauh fnysyh
ekfgrh gh lkekU; yksdkalkBh ân;jksx nwj Bsowu fujksxh thou tx.;kph xq:fdYyh vkgs- vls
EgVys rj vfr’k;ksDrh gks.kkj ukgh-
:X.kkyk HksVk;yk ;s.kkÚ;k yksdkaps orZu] cksy.ks dls vlkos ;kps ekxZn’kZu MkW- ckoMsdj
R;kaP;k ^dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh* e/kwu djrkr- fujksxh 'kjhj Eg.kts dk;\ rikl.kh mipkj ;kr
:X.kkP;k ekufld voLFkspk okVk] iF;s] O;k;ke ;k loZ ckchps ekxZn’kZu MkW- ckoMsdj djrkr-
^vesfjdu uW’kuy vdkneh vkWQ lk;Ulsl* P;k egRokP;k lwpuk MkW- ckoMsdj okpdkalkBh
miyC/k d:u nsrkr-
^VÓwcy izsXualh*] ^IyklasVk fizOgh;k*] ^QWDVj 7* v’kk vusd ?kVdkaph ekfgrh vkiY;k
fy[kk.kkP;k vks?kkr] MkW- ehuk us:jdj] ^/kU; rh xk;uWd dyk* e/kwu nsÅu tkrkr-
v’kkizdkjs fujksxh thouklkBh vko’;d vkgkjfogkj] O;k;ke ;kaph ekfgrh nsrk nsrkp oS|dh;
fpfdRld vusd jksx] R;kaP;k rikl.;k] mipkj] R;krhy /kksds] [kpkZpk Hkkx ;kfo”k;h
lkaxrkr- :X.kkaP;k eukpk o ‘kjhjkpk ?kfu”B laca/k vlY;kps vkotqZu uewn djrkr- Eg.kwup
‘kjhjkcjkscj eukps LokLFk ti.ks] eukps mipkjgh dj.ks vko’;d dls vkgs] rs okpdkaP;k
y{kkr vk.kwu nsrkr-
39
vkS”k/ks % let vkf.k xSjlet
vkS”k/k gk vk/kqfud thoukpk ,d egÙokpk ?kVd vkgs- foKkukP;k fofo/k ‘kk[kkaph tl
t’kh izxrh gksr xsyh rl r’kh fofo/k vkS”k/kkaph fufeZrh gksÅ ykxyh- ijarq vkS”k/kkacíy let
vkf.k xSjlet eksBÓk izek.kkr lektkr iljk;yk ykxys- vkS”k/ks ,dk fof’k”V izdkjP;k
is’khoj izHkko ikMrs fdaok fof’k”V is’khr tkÅu dk;Z djrs- vlk iwohZ let gksrk- ijarq gk let
pqdhpk vkgs vls la’kks/kukeqGs fl/n >kys vkgs- vkS”k/k iksVkr ?ksrysys vlks ok batsD’kuus fnysys
vlks rs lca/k ‘kjhjkr fHkurs o R;keqGs vkS”k/kkps ifj.kke ‘kjhjkP;k ,[kk|k Hkkxkiqjrs e;kZfnr u
jkgrk loZ ‘kjhjHkj gksrkr o gsp vkS”k/kkaP;k ^lkbZM bQsDVps* jgL; vkgs-
MkW- vkuan tks’kh Eg.krkr] ^^vWafVck;ksfVDleqGs v’kDri.kk okVrks gk ns[khy xSjlet
vkgs- :X.kkyk vkysyk v’kDri.kk R;kyk >kysY;k laØe.kkpk Hkkx vlrks- vaWfVck;ksfVDleqGs
rksaM ;s.ks] eGeG.ks] tkLr osG ‘kkSpkl gks.ks vls vkuq”kafxd ifj.kke gksrkr ijarq R;kus ?kkc:u
u tkrk thoulRos ?ks.ks] fjdkE;k iksVh vkS”k/k u ?ks.ks oxSjs mipkjkus R;kph rhozrk deh djrk
;srs**22
- i.k R;klkscrp MkW vkuan tks’kh Eg.krkr]^^vWfVck;ksfVDlpk okij o xSjokij ;krwu
ekxZ ‘kks/k.ks okVrs frrds lksis ukgh- fdR;sd osGsyk laØe.k ok<wu /kksdknk;d ifjfLFkrh ;sÅ
u;s Eg.kwu vWafVck;ksfVDl okijkoh ykxrkr- :X.kkus mrkohG u gks.ks o MkWDVjus foosdkus
vaWfVck;kWfVDl okij.ks gk vaWfVck;kWfVDlP;k xSjokijkoj mÙke mik; vkgs vlsgh rs
lkaxrkr-**23
izR;sd y{k.kkoj vkS”k/ks ?ks.ks gk vkS”k/kkapk lnqi;ksx uOgs- th y{k.ks lgÓ vlrkr
rh FkksMÓkQkj izek.kkr lgu dj.ks gh mipkjkph ifgyh ik;jh gks;- ,dkp osGh nksu iWFkhaph
vkS”k/ks ?ksrk ;srkr gk let yksdkae/;s vkgs ijarq MkW- tks’kh Eg.krkr- ^^nksu fdaok vf/kd vkS”k/ks
,dkp osGh ?ks.ks fdaok vkS”k/ks ?ksr vlrkauk brj inkFkkZaps lsou dj.ks R;keqGs vkS”k/kkph
ijLijfØ;k ¼baVjvWD’ku½ gksÅu Hkyrsp ifj.kke gks.;kph ‘kD;rk vlrs** ¼i`”B- 107½-
vkS”k/kkapk okij ;ksX; rÚg sus dsY;kl rh xq.kdkjh Bjrkr- ijarq ;ksX; okij djr vlrkuklq/nk
vuisf{kri.ks o fojGkp minzogh fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdrks- vkS”k/kkapk xSjokij ek= minzoh o [kfpZd
vlrks-
xSjlet nwj dj.;kps dk;Z
oS|dh; {ks=kr O;k/kh] mipkj] iF;s] vkS”k/kh ;kfo”k;h vusd xSjlet tuekulkr
cjspnk vk<Grkr- gs xSjlet nwj dj.;kps egRokps dkegh oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh
vkRedFkukaP;k ek/;ekrwu dsys vkgs- oukS”k/kh o gkseksvksiWFkhd vkS”k/ks iw.kZi.ks fu/kksZd vlrkr]
gk xSjlet vkiT;k lektkr vktgh eksBÓk izek.kkoj fnlrks] vls MkW- panzdkar okxGs R;kaP;k
40
^MkWDVj* ;k vkRedFkukr lkaxrkr- vWyksiWFkhP;k vkS”k/kkaP;k tkfgjkrhoj esfMdy dkSfUlyph
ca/kus vlrkr- brj iWFkhP;k vkS"k/kkaoj ca/kus ulrkr- rlsp brj iWFkhph vkS”k/ks cjspnk
fpfdRldkaP;k fpëhf’kok;gh feGrkr- Eg.kwu gh vkS”k/ks yksdfiz; Bjyh vkgsr] vls Mk W- okxGs
lkaxrkr- ;k vkS”k/kkauk eqnr ulrs gk lq/nk xSjletp vkgs- vWyksiWFkhP;k vkS”k/kkaP;k gtkjks
pkp.;k ?ksrY;k tkrkr o R;kaps fu”d”kZ tkghj gksr jkgrkr] Eg.kwu R;kaps nq"ifj.kkegh tkghj
gksrkr- brj vkS”k/kkackcr v’kh iz.kkyh ulY;keqGs R;kaps ifj.kke o nq”ifj.kke ppsZr ;sr ukghr]
gs MkW- okxGs iku 174 oj y{kkr vk.kwu nsrkr-
rk.kr.kko] fpark] tkxj.ks ;keqGs vkEyfiÙkkpk =kl gksrks gk xSjlet nwj d:u
MkW- okxGs lkaxrkr dh ^gWfydks cWDVj* ukokpk lw{etho tBjkr rx /k:u jkgrks vkf.k
vkEyfiÙkkP;k =klkyk rksp dkj.khHkwr vlrks- vfrn{krk foHkkx] O;k/khfo”k;d rikl.;k]
mipkj ;k fo”k;hps vusd xSjletgh MkW- okxGs nwj djrkr-
^rack[kw [kk.ks gkuhdkjd vkgs] i.k rack[kw QDr p?kGyk vkf.k dkgh osGkus Fkqadwu
Vkdyk rj rs dkghp gkuhdkjd ukgh* gk xSjlet izpaM izek.kkr vlY;kps MkW- ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdj
R;kaP;k ^ân;xks”Vh* e/kwu iku 78 oj lkaxrkr- ^fu;fer efnjkiku dj.kkÚ;kauk ân;jksx gksr
ukgh* gk eksBk xSjlet nwj djrkuk MkW- vkacMsZdj Eg.krkr dh] dkgh ?kVukae/;s vYi
izek.kkrhy efnjk ân;kyk laj{kd Bjyh vkgs gs [kjs] i.k rh efnjk ;d`r] LoknqfiaM] tBj vkf.k
easnqoj okbZV ifj.kke djrsp gs [kjs vkgs- f’kok; efnjkiku lq: dsY;koj rs vYi izek.kkrp
jkghy ;kph ‘ok’orh ulY;keqGs efnjkiku usgehp ?kkrd letkoss] vls MkW- vkacMsZdj iku 21
oj Li”Vi.ks lkaxrkr-
jDrkrhy lk[kj] dksysfLVjkWy ok<.ks fdaok jDrnkc ;klkBh fpfdRld xksGÓk nsrkr
vkf.k gk =kl deh gksrks- pkp.;k dsY;koj =klkps izek.k deh >kY;kps Li"V fnlrs- v'kk osGh
vkS"k/kkaph xjt ukgh gk eksBk xSjlet vkgs vls MkW- vkacMsZdj lkaxrkr- xksGÓkauh vki.k dsoG
ok<ysys izek.k deh dsysys vlrs- izek.k ok<.;kph dkj.ks’kks/kwu R;kaps fujkdj.k gksbZi;Zar vkS”k/ks
lw: u Bso.ks Eg.kts /kksD;kyk vkea=.kp vkgs] gs MkW- vkacMsZdj vkotwZu lkaxrkr- ^ân;jksx
Hkkjrkr Qkjlk vk<Gr ukgh rlsp [ksMksikMh ân;jksx rTKkaph xjtp ukgh*] gh nksUgh fo/kkus
li’ksy pqdhph vlY;kpk fuokZGk MkW- vkacMsZdj iku 51 oj nsrkr-
^VkWfUlYl Eg.kts ?k’kkrhy xkBh dk<wu VkdY;k dh eqykaph maph ok<rs* gk gkL;kLin
xSjlet vlY;kps MkW- vUunkrs ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk* e/;s iku 138 oj lkaxrkr- vi?kkrh
41
?kVukae/;s ‘kofoPNsnu vko’;d vkgs gs lkaxrkuk MkW- vUunkrs ;kckcrhrys cjsp xSjlet nwj
djrkr- oS|dh; lqj{kk ns.kkÚ;k ;kstuk] bPNke`R;w] vo;onku ;kckcr tuekulkr vlysys
cjsp xSjlet MkW- vUunkrs nwj djrkr-
^ân;kpk vkys[k fdaok dkfMZvksxzke lkekU; vl.ks Eg.kts ân;jksxkiklwu lqjf{kr
vl.ks* gk xSjlet vkgs] vls MkW- vHk; cax R;kaP;k vkRedFkukr iku 12 oj lkaxrkr-
fdR;sd osGk ân;fodkj vlwugh vkys[k lkekU; ;srks gs rs Li”V djrkr- ,o<sp uOgs rj
ifj.kkedkjd letyh tk.kkjh ^VªsMfey VsLV* lq/nk dsoG 75 VDds laonsu{ke vkgs] vFkkZrp
25 VDds ?kVukae/;s ân;fodkj vlwugh VªsMfey VsLV lkekU; ;srs] gs lq/nk rs Li”V djrkr-
dksysfLVjkWyph jDrkrhy ikrGh 150&240 fe- xzWe vl.ks] Eg.kts lkekU; vls oS|d ‘kkL=
lkaxrs- ijarq ;k ikrGÓk vesfjdu :X.kkaP;k vH;klko:u BjfoY;k xsY;k vkgsr vkf.k fo’ks”k
Eg.kts R;k ikrGÓk vesfjdukalkBh lq/nk lqjf{kr ulY;kps vk<Gys vkgs] rsOgk Hkkjrh;kauh
dsoG ;k ikrGÓkao:up lqjf{krrk Bjfo.ks /kksD;kps vkgs] vls MkW- cax iku 14 oj lkaxrkr-
tkLrh fLuX/k inkFkZ [kk.;kus /kksdk ok<rks vkf.k deh fLuX/k inkFkkZps lsou lqjf{kr
Bjrs] gk v/kZxSjlet vkgs vls MkW- cax Eg.krkr- fLuX/k inkFkZ o lqjf{krrk ;kapk laca/k vlyk
rjh O;fDrxf.kd gs izek.k cnyrs- izR;sdkP;k ;d`rke/;s vlysY;k dkgh is’khoaj fLUkX/k inkFkZ
ipfo.;kph {kerk voyacwu vlrs vkf.k R;ko:up jDrkrhy dksysfLVjkWyph ikrGh Bjrs] vls
MkW- cax Eg.krkr- ^lQksyk* gs ân;laj{kd rsy vlY;kph tkfgjkr izpaM izek.kkoj vlyh] rjh
gk lq/nk xSjletp vkgs- lQksyke/khy vksesxk 6 gk ?kVd ân;kyk ?kkrd vkgs vkf.k R;kps
izek.kgh Hkjiwj vkgs] gs MkW- cax okpdkauk iku 44 oj lkaxrkr-
O;k;kekf’kok; otu deh djrk ;srs] e/kqesg iw.kZ cjk gksÅ ‘kdrks] vkS”k/kkaf’kok;gh
jDrnkc deh djrk ;srks] izk.kk;ke dsY;kl dqBY;kp vkS”k/kkph xjt ukgh] bR;knh vusd
xSjlet vkiY;kyk loZ= c?kk;yk feGrkr- ‘kDrho/kZd vkS”k/ks] thoulRos ;kaP;k fo”k;h izpaM
vkd”kZ.k tuekulkr vk<Grs- o;] otu] O;lus vkf.k O;k/khapk laca/k ;kfo”k;h p qdhP;k
dYiuk vk<Grkr- ;k lxGÓk xSjletkauk nwj dj.;kps dk;Z oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph
vkRedFkus djrkr- Eg.kwup R;kaps lkekftd ewY; ok<ysys vkgs] gs tk.kors-
ldkjkRedrk vkf.k fpdkVh
oS|dh; fpfdRld R;kaP;k vuqHkokaps xkBksMs loZlkekU;aklkBh m?kMrkr] rsOgk R;krwu
ldkjkRedrk vkf.k fpdkVh nk[ko.kkjs dkgh izlax ckgsj iMrkr- :X.kkaoj mipkj djrkuk fdaok
42
Lor%p mipkjkauk lkeksjs tkrkuk fpfdRldkauh nk[koysY;k ;k ldkjkRedrk o fpdkVheqGs
ghp ewY;s :X.kkae/;s :to.ks R;kauk ‘kD; >kys vkgs-
o`f’pdna’k vkf.k liZn’kkaP;k :X.kkalkBh fpfdRlk ‘kks/kwu] rh lksih dj.;kpk iz;Ru
djrkuk MkW- CkkoLdjkauh izpaM fpdkVh nk[koY;kps R;kaP;k vkRedFkukrwu tk.kors- ^dqBY;kgh
vMp.kh vkf.k dBh.k izlax vkys dh] dqBY;krjh pkaxY;k dkekph lq:okr vkgs*] vls
MkW- us:jdj R;kaP;k vkRedFkukr lkaxrkr- dWUlj’kh nksu gkr dj.kkjs MkW- ckoMsdj vkf.k
ân;jksxkpk lkeuk dj.kkjs MkW- vHk; cax] Lor%yk vkewykxz cnyfo.;kP;k O;k/khyk /kU;okn
ns.;kbrds ldkjkRed vkgsr] gs okpwu okpd FkDd gksrkr- lrr pkGhl o”kZs [ksMsxkokr lsok
ns.kkjs MkW- dyokjh gs fpdkVhps mÙke mnkgj.kp Eg.krk ;sbZy- jLrs ukghr] okgus ukghr]
rikl.;kaP;k lks;h ukghr] oht ukgh] dqBwugh dqBsgh tkrkuk e/;s ;s.kkjh unh] v’kk okrkoj.kkr
R;akuh u dqjdqjrk pkGhl o”kZs oS|dh; lsok fnyh- osG]Je vkf.k ekscnyk ;kaph iokZ u djrk
^vgZfu’ka lsokegs* gs czhn ikGys R;kaP;k fVdkVhph dFkk okprkuk okpd R;kauk lykep djrkr-
MkW- jkek.khaps vkRedFku R;kaP;k ftí vkf.k fpdkVhpk ifjp; nsrs- ^Lik;uy ltZjhpk KkusÜoj*
gk fdrkc MkW- jkek.khauh R;kaP;k fpdkVhP;k Hkjo’kkojp izkIr dsyk- :X.kkaoj mipkj djrkuk ;k
loZ fpfdRldkauh ‘ksoVP;k {k.kki;Zar iz;Rukaph ijkdk”Bk dj.;kpk fu;e d/khp eksMyk ukgh-
Eg.kwup R;kaP;k vuqHkokaP;k dFkk okpdkaukgh fpdkVh vkf.k ldkjkRedrsps /kMs nsÅu tkrkr-
lekjksi %
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus gh ejkBh lkfgR;kr dFkk dknacjh brdhp izsekus
vkf.k mRlqdrsus vkf.k tk.khoiwoZd okpyh xsyh vkgsr vkf.k tkr vkgs- R;kr oS;fDrd
vuqHkokpk Hkkx vlyk] dFkk] vuqHko vlys] rjh rs fy[kk.k dj.;kekxhy gsrw gk lekt
tkx`rhpk vkgs- dqBs vkf.k dls Qlfoys tkÅ ‘kdrks rs lkaxwu lko/kfxjhpk b’kkjk ns.ks] vkgkj]
O;k;ke] iFFks ;kckcr ekxZn’kZu dj.ks] :X.k oS| Lkaca/kkapk vk<kok ?ksÅu R;kr lq/kkj.ksP;k
n`”Vhus ikÅy Vkd.ks vkf.k ldkjkRed n`f”Vdksukps jksi.k dj.ks ;k lektksi;ksxh ewY;kauh gh
vkRedFkus ifjiw.kZ vkgsr- gh lektksi;ksxh ewY;s okLro vuqHkokaP;k voxaqBukr okpdkaleksj
vkyh vlY;keqGs fo’ks”k okpuh; vkf.k ifj.kkedkjd >kyh vkgsr-
43
fu”d”kZ
1- MkWDVj vkf.k :X.k ;kaP;ke/;s fo’oklkps ukrs jkfgysys ukgh-
2- vkt loZlkekU; ek.klkpk oS|dh; O;olk;kdMs ikg.;kpk n`f”Vdksu la’k;xzLr cuyk
vkgs- lektkP;k euke/;s ;k O;olk;kcíy vusd ‘kadk vkgsr] xSjlet vkgsr-
3- vkfFkZd fgrlaca/kkrwu gks.kkÚ;k vuko’;d o xjt ulysY;k rikl.;k] ‘kL=fØ;k]
egkxMh czWUMsM vkS”k/ks] dVizWfDVl dfe’kuckth] fu<kZoysY;k izfØ;k lqUu d:u
Vkd.kkÚ;k vkgsr-
4- [kktxh lsosps cktkjhdj.k >kY;keqGs [kktxh vkjksX; lsokae/;s vukxksanh ektysyh
vkgs-
5- oS|dh; {ks=kr f’kjysY;k Hkz”VkpkjkeqGs ^fo’okl* ;k ?kVdkykgh /kDdk clyk vkgs
vkf.k R;keqGsp :X.k oS| laca/k vf/kdkf/kd r.kkoiw.kZ gksr vkgsr-
6- fu.kZ; izfØ;sr :X.kkapk lgHkkx vkf.k :X.kkauk ifjfLFkrh letkowu lkax.;koj oS|dh;
fpfdRldkauh Hkj fnyk ikfgts-
7- fpfdRldkauh :X.kkaoj izse djkos i.k letkowu lkaxwu] izlaxh jkxowu :X.kkyk ;ksX;
mipkjklkBh r;kj djkos-
8- :X.kakP;k xksiuh; ekfgrhph dkGth fpfdRldkauh ?;koh vkf.k xjt ulrkuk gh
ekfgrh m?kM d: u;s] R;keqGs :X.k oS| laca/kkrhy fo’okl tiyk tkrks-
9- iSlk] fo’okl] lgkuqHkwrh] fu.kZ;krhy lgHkkx] laokn vkf.k osG ;k fHkUu fHkUu
?kVdkaoj :X.k oS| laca/k voyacwu vlrkr-
10- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh mnkRr vlysY;k ;k O;olk;kyk iwoZizfr”Bk feGfo.;klkBh
izkekf.kdi.ks iz;Ru djkos-
11- ‘kjhjkcjkscj eukpsgh LokLFk ti.ks vko’;d vkgs gs oS|dkus :X.kkyk lkaxk;yk gos-
12- vkS”k/kkapk okij ;ksX; r&gsus dsY;kl rh xq.kdkjh Bjrkr- ijarq ;ksX; okij djr
vlrkauklq/nk vuisf{kri.ks o fojGkp minzogh fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdrks- vkS”k/kkapk xSjokij
ek= minzoh o [kfpZd vlrks-
44
13- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus okpdkauk vkjksX;] O;k;ke] vkgkj ;kfo”k;h Hkjiwj
ekxZn’kZu dj.kkjh vkf.k nSufnu thoukr mi;ksxh iM.kkjh] oS|dh; ekfgrh iqjfo.kkjh
vkgsr- v’kh vkRedFku oS|dkauh fygkoh-
14- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus vusd lektksi;ksxh ewY;kauh ifjiw.kZ vkgsr-
lektkrhy xSjlet nwj d:u ekxZn’kZu dj.kkjh] vi izo`Ùkhaiklwu lko/k dj.kkjh
vkf.k :X.k oS| laca/kkr uO;k lq/kkj.kk lkax.kkjh] rlsp lektkyk vkjksX;kP;k]
lek/kkukP;k okVsdMs us.kkjh v’kh vkgsr-
lanHkZ fVik
1- ukMd.khZ vkuan] izLrkouk ^fOgftV cWx vkf.k eh*] Jhfo|k izdk’ku] ‘kfuokj isB iq.ks]
2010] i`”B 7&8
2- nkHkksGdj ujsanz] izLrkouk] ^:X.kkuqca/k*] lk/kuk izdk’ku] ‘kfuokj isB] iq.ks] 2012]
i`”B- 9-
3- lksu[ksMs xksiky] ^MkWDVjkauks] FkksMk fopkj Ogkok* ^eaFku*] egkjk”Vª VkbZEl]
7&9&2015] i`”B 12
4- ckoLdj fgEerjko] ^cWfjLVjpa dkVZ*] eWtsfLVd izdk’ku] nq%vk- 2005] i`”B Ø- 168
5- r=So] i`-Ø- 254
6- jkek.kh izsekun] ^ rkB d.kk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] ikpoh vk- 2006] i`”B Øekad 160
7- r=So] i`-Ø- 161
8- ekaMds vydk] ^ân;LFk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] vko`Ùkh vdjkoh] 2006] i`”B Ø- 111
9- jkek.kh izsekuan] ^ rkB d.kk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] vko`Ùkh ikpoh] 2006] i`”B Ø- 186
10- ckoMsdj vjfoan *] dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh* ikpoh vko`rh] 2006] i`-93
11- r=So] i`”B- Ø- 90
12- vUunkrs veksy] ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] izFke vko`Ùkh 2006]
i` - 21
13- r=So] i`- 128-
14- dyokjh ‘kadj] ^ fOgftV cWx*] Li’kZ izdk’ku] izFke vk- 2008] i`- 159-
45
15- okxGs panzdkar] ^MkWDVj*]^ikWI;qyj izdk’ku*] izFke vk- 2004 i`- 170
16- ckoLdj fgaerjko] ^cWfjLVjpa dkVZ*] eWtsfLVd izdk’ku] nq- vk- 2005] i`- 108
17- vUunkrs veksy] ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] izFke vko`Ùkh]2006
i`- 86
18- ukMd.khZ lnkuan] ^ek>a fizfLØI’ku*] ledkyhu izdk’ku] izFke vko`Ùkh] iq.ks]
2012] i`-8
19- dyokjh ‘kadj] ^ fOgftV cWx*] ^Li’kZ izdk’ku*] izFke vko`Ùkh 2008] i`- 159
20- vUunkrs veksy]^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] izFke vko`Ùkh 2006]
i`- 148
21- dyokjh ‘kadj] ^fOgftV cWx*] Li’kZ izdk’ku] iz- vk- 2008] i`-173
22- tks’kh vkuan] MkW- mYgkl dksYgVdj] ^rqepk MkWDVj fe= laiknu] vkS”k/ks let vkf.k
xSjlet] vkjrh izdk’ku Mksafcoyh] 1993] i`- 102
23- tks’kh vkuan] MkW- mYgkl dksYgVdj] ^rqepk MkWDVj fe= laiknu] vkS”k/ks let vkf.k
xSjlet] vkjrh izdk’ku Mksafcoyh] 1993] i`- 102
46
çdj.k pkSFks
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk"kkfo'ks"k
çLrkouk
Hkk"kk gk ek.klkP;k thoukpk ,d vfoHkkT; ?kVd vkgsr- thoukP;k çR;sd {ks=kr
ek.kwl dks.krh uk dks.krh Hkk"kk okijr vlrks- Hkk"kk gh xks"V ek.klkP;k çR;sd Hkkous'kh] çR;sd
Ñrh'kh fuxMhr vlrs- Hkk"kseqGsp ekuoh thou lqdj >kys vkgs- Hkk"kseqGsp vki.k vkiys
fopkj nqlÚ;kyk lkaxw 'kdrks- ekuokus dsysyh gh çxrh lok±uh ,d= ;sÅu ,dkp osGh >kysyh
ukgh- vusd lewgkauh osxosxGîk çek.kkr Hkk"ksr çxrh dsyh vkgs- ;k lewgkpk vH;kl dj.ks
Eg.kts ek.klkpk lkewfgd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd çxrhpk vH;kl gks;- Hkk"kk gh lexz
ekuoh thoukyk os<wu Vkd.kkjh o ekuoh laLÑrhyk ik;kHkwr Bjysyh xks"V vkgs-
Hkk"kk gh ,d lkekftd laLFkk vkgs- lektkP;k fofue;kps lk/ku ;k n`"Vhus Hkk"kspk
vH;kl gs lkekftd 'kkL= vkgs- Hkk"kk lekt O;ogkjkps lk/ku vlY;keqGs lektkrY;k
O;Drhauk vkiys euksxr ,desdkauk dGo.;klkBh frpk mi;ksx djrk ;srks-
Hkk"ksph O;k[;k
ewG vk'k;k'kh dk;Zdkj.k laca/k ulysY;k /ofuladsrkauh cuysyh lekt O;ogkjkyk
lkáHkwr v'kh Hkk"kk gh ,d i/nr vkgs-1
Hkk"kspk o lkfgR;kpk laca/k vU;ksU; vkgs- lkfgR;k}kjs O;Drh vkiys vuqHkofoÜo
brjkauk lkaxr vlrkr- R;klkBh Hkk"kk gsp ek/;e vlrs- O;fDrfoÜokps gs n'kZu brjkauk ?kMo.ks
Eg.ktsp Hkk”kspk dykRed mi;ksx dj.ks- Hkk"kk ghp lkfgR;fufeZrhph lkexzh vkgs-
Hkk"kk vkf.k laLÑrh
Hkk"kk gh dkyijRos cnyr tkrs- LFkyijRos cnyr tkrs- frP;kr lkj[ks uohu 'kCn ;sr
tkrkr- tqus 'kCn dkGkP;k vks?kkr u"V gksrkr Eg.kwu Hkk"ksyk çokgh o ftoar la[;k Eg.krk ;srs-
lektkP;k osxosxGîk ?kVdkaph laLÑrh osxosxGh vlrs- r'kh R;kaph Hkk"kk i.k osxosxGh vlrs-
vkiY;kyk R;k laLÑrhpk vH;kl djk;pk vlsy rj R;k R;k dkGpk] Hkk"kspk vH;kl djkok
ykxsy- Hkk"ksrwup O;Drhps pkfj™;] lH;rk letw 'kdrs- O;DrhP;k rksaMh vl.kkjh 'kCn laiÙkh]
thoukuqHkokyk O;Dr dj.;klkBh ykx.kkÚ;k lk/ku lkexzhph le`/nrk Hkk"ksrwup fnlwu ;srs-
47
laLÑrh cgqfo/k vkgs- ekuokP;k xjtk vkf.k miyC/k lk/kus ;kaP;k vuq"kaxkus ,dkp lektkr rh
vusd :is /kkj.k djrs-
thoukrhy fofo/krk o le/̀nh ;kauk lkfgR;kps nkj vkrk [kqys >kys vkgs- R;keqGs
R;kaP;k'kh fuxMhr vls Hkk"kk 'kCn vkf.k ç;ksx gs ys[kukr ;s.ks vifjgk;Z >kys vkgs-
thoukr vusd çdkjps ifjorZu gksrs rlsp laLÑrhps Lo:igh cnyr vlrs- thou
vkf.k thoukrys fof'k"V jax vkf.k laLÑrh ;kauk O;Dr Lo:Ik ns.;kps dke Hkk"kk djrs- ;k
n`"Vhus Hkk"kk gh laLÑrhn'kZd vlrs-
thoukrys dkgh vuqHko dk;eps u"V gksrkr- ijarq Hkk"kk vkf.k lkfgR;kP;k}kjs rs vki.k
laxzgh d: 'kdrks- laLÑrhps n'kZu lkfgR;krwu gksr vlY;kus çkphu lkfgR;kps la'kks/ku d:u
vki.k rRdkyhu laLÑrhps lanHkZ 'kks/kw 'kdrks- dks.krhgh laLÑrh lq:okrhiklwu 'ksoVi;±r
,dlkj[kh ulrs- frP;kr lrr cny gksr vlrkr- uohu fopkj] vkpkj ;kapk frP;kr lekos'k
gksr vlrks- rj dkgh :<h&ijaijk dkGkP;k vks?kkr u"V gksrkr-
Hkk"kk gs laLÑrhps çeq[k vax vkgs- laLÑrh Eg.kts O;Drhfujis{k Hkk"kk O;ogkjkps o
vkReçxVhdj.kkps lk/ku vkgs- lkaLÑfrd ifjorZukcjkscj lkfgR; cnyrs dkj.k thoukuqHko
Eg.kts lkfgR;- lxGs thoukuqHko lektkrwu ;srkr- lkfgR;kpk fo"k; vkf.k vk'k; laLÑrhus
fuf'pr dsyk tkrks- lkfgR;Ñrhrhy fo"k; vkf.k vfHkO;Drh lalÑrh'kh lacaf/kr vlrs- Hkk"kk
gs lk/ku vkgs- laLÑrh gh fu;fer pky.kkjh çfØ;k vkgs- ;k laLÑrhps lkfgR;k'kh tkLrhr
tkLr ukrs vkgs- çfrHkkoarkus HkksorkyP;k ifjfLFkrhyk fnysyk çfrlkn brjkais{kk osxGk vlrks-
çfrHkkoar tx ikgrkuk osxGîk çdkjkus ikgrks o osxGk vFkZ lkfgR;Ñrhr O;Dr gksrks R;keqGs
lkfgR;kyk vf/kd egÙo vkgs-
laLÑrhpk vkf.k oS|dh; fpfdRldkapkgh vf/kd toGpk laca/k vkgs- ?kj] dqVqac]
lekt ;krp laLÑrhph tksikluk] ok< gksr vlrs- lkrR; fVdwu jkgrs- lektke/;s laLÑrh
fVdo.;ke/;s oS|dkapkgh eksBk okVk vlrks- vkRedFkukrwu R;kauh ts lkslys] Hkksxys] txys rs
vf/kd iksVfrMdhus ekaMys vkgs o R;kpk lektkoj pkaxyk ifj.kke iMrks vkgs- MkW- ckoLdj
vkiyk vuqHko lkaxrkr dh vo?;k ikp ,d efgU;kr R;kauk iqLrdkph nqljh vko`Ùkh dk<koh
ykxyh- R;kaP;koj bykt dj.kkjs MkW- ,u- ts- lkoth ;kauh gs iqLrd okpY;koj Qksu dsyk vkf.k
lkafxrys dh ^rw Qkjp lR; fyfgys vkgsl- ;k iqLrdkus lektkoj [kwip ifj.kke gksbZy* vls rs
48
okjaokj Eg.kkys- R;kaP;k egkMe/;s ,dk efgU;krp pkj'ks çrh [kiY;k xsY;k- dkgh fo|kFkhZ rj
iqLrd okpwu vH;klklkBh ço`Ùk >kys- ^cWfjLVjpa dkVZ* gs iqLrd r#.k fi<hlkBh Qkj mi;qDr
Bjsy o oS|dh; is'kke/;s ok<r pkyysyk paxGokn u"V dj.;kph rkdn ;k iqLrdkr vkgs vlk
vfHkçk; vusd çfl/n MkWDVjkauh O;Dr dsyk-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrwu çxV >kysyh Hkk"kk vf/kd çHkkoh vkf.k
ifj.kkedkjd vkgs- baxzth Hkk"kspk okijgh R;kr vkgs- d/kh Hkk"ksr uezrk] e`nqrk vkgs rj d/kh
ij[kMi.kk] Li"Vi.kk vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRld T;k okrkoj.kkr] laLdkjkr] xkokr] {ks=kr
ok<ys R;kpkgh ifj.kke R;kaP;k Hkk"ksoj >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- 'kgjh vkf.k xzkeh.k gk Qjdgh
fnlrks vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk lkaLÑfrd vaxkus vH;kl djrkuk Hkk"ksps
osxGsi.k tk.kors- Eg.kwup vkRedFkukrhy Hkk"kspk fopkj fofo/kçdkjs dsyk vkgs R;kr
çkeq[;kus Hkk"kk'kSyh] fuosnu'kSyh] çkatGi.kk] laokn] lgtrk] fp=e;rk] oSpkfjdrk]
ik=fp=.k Hkk"ksP;k v'kk vusd iSywapk fopkj dsysyk vkgs-
lkekftd tk.kho Eg.kts dk;\
lkekftd tk.kho Eg.kts ek.klkps lkaLÑfrd ewY; tksikl.kkjh tk.kho vkgs- tsOgk
ys[kd O;fDrxr thoukuqHko ?ksr vlrks rsOgk ;k vuqHkokauk lkekftd tkf.kosph ik'oZHkweh
vlrs- ys[kd vkiY;k HkkokuqHkokpk 'kks/k lkekftd ikrGhoj o lkekftd lanHkkZr ?ksrks vkf.k
R;kaph lkfgR;krwu vfHkO;Drh djrks- ekuokps dsaæofrZRo lkekftd tkf.kokaP;k vfHkO;Drhr
egRokps vlrs- ;k lkekftd tkf.kospk ckaf/kydh'kh iqUgk laca/k vlrksp- v'kh gh lkekftd
tk.kho thouokn o okLrookn ;kaP;k'kh toGps ukrs çLFkkfir djrs- Eg.kts vls Eg.krk ;sbZy
dh] lkfgR;krhy lkekftd tkf.kospk lkfgR;kP;k lkekftd ckaf/kydh'kh vxnh fudVpk laca/k
;srks- ;klaca/kh MkW- ;'koar euksgj Eg.krkr] ^^ok³~e;hu dykÑrh HkksorhP;k lkaLÑfrd]
vkfFkZd] ok³~e;hu] uSfrd vkf.k lkekftd lanHkkZrwup lkdkj gksr vlrs- ;k lok±pk
çR;{kkçR;{k ifj.kke ok³~e; Ñrhr eq[kfjr gksr vlrks- lkfgR; gs lektthoukps egÙokps
vax vlwu brj vaxk'kh R;kps vaxHkwr ukrs vlrsp- lkfgR;kps fo'o gs R;keqGsp lkaLÑfrd
fo'o Bjrs---- dkghgh dsys rjh lkfgR;Ñrhyk thoukiklwu rksMrk ;sr ukgh**-2
ekuoh ewY;klaca/kh ?ksryh tk.kkjh fof'k"V Hkwfedk Eg.ktsp gh lkekftd tk.kho gks;-
;k tkf.kosr laosnu'khyrk] thouklaca/khpk n`f"Vdks.k vkf.k ekufldrk ;k rhu ?kVdkapk
lekos'k gksrks- lkekftd tk.kho Eg.kts lektkr çR;sdh ?kM.kkÚ;k ?kMkeksaMhrwu] fLFkR;arjkrwu
49
fof'k"V lkekftd ifjfLFkrhps] R;krwu gks.kkÚ;k leL;kaps] O;DrhP;k o`fÙkO;oLFksps o
HkkokoLFksps vkdyu gks;-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus % lkekftd tkf.kokapk çR;;
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukae/kwu lkekftd tkf.kokapk çR;; vkY;kokpwu
jkgr ukgh- dkj.k vkRedFku fyfg.kkÚ;k ys[kdkP;k vuqHkokps vusd lanHkZ lektk'khp
fuxfMr vlrkr- Eg.kwu deh&vf/kd çek.kkr loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukae/kwu
R;k R;k ys[kdkP;k lektthoukps ri'khy ;srkr- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukae/kwu
lkekftd tkf.kokaps Lo:i letwu ?ks.;kiwohZ lkekftd tkf.kospk vFkZ Li"V dj.ks vko';d
vkgs-
oSS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukarhy lkekftd tk.kho
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukae/;s rhoz lkekftd tk.kho vk<Gwu ;srs- gh tk.kho
ekuq"krsP;k ewY;kyk çk/kkU; ns.kkjh] ifjorZuoknh vkf.k lektdsaæh vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps
vkRedFku O;fDrfufeZr ulwu lef"Veukpk vkfo"dkj dj.kkjh vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k
vkRedFkukae/;s okLrork] ç[kjrk o ekuoh ewY;kaph çLFkkiuk ákeqGs lkekftd tkf.kokauk
lkSan;Z çkIr >kys vkgs- ;k ys[kdkauk okLrokps lrr Hkku vkgs- vkf.k rs lektk'kh cka/khy
vkgsr-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk"kk'kSyh
Hkk"ksyk feGkysys fof'k"V oG.k Eg.kts Hkk"kk'kSyh- çR;sd ys[kdkph 'kSyh gh osxosxGh
vlrs- 'kSyh Eg.kts dsoG Hkk"kk;kstuk ukgh rj vkiyk vuqHko eqrkZr o uarj Hkkf"kd ca/kkr
ØekØekus Li"V vkf.k fLFkj gksr tkrks- R;kosGh 'kSyh tUekyk ;srs- vFkkZr 'kSyh] Hkk"ksP;k
ek/;ekrwu O;Dr gksrs vkf.k vk'k;kf'kok; frps vfLrRo tk.kor ukgh- ç- ok- ckiV vkf.k
xksMcksys Eg.krkr] ^^fopkj o Hkkouk 'kCnkaP;k }kjs O;Dr dj.;kps ek/;e gs Hkk"ksps dk;Z- i.k
'kSyh ;k 'kCnkus Hkk"ksyk feGkysys fof'k"V oG.k vlk vFkZ lwfpr gksrks- çR;sd ys[kdkP;k
Hkk"kk'kSyhoj ns'kdkyifjfLFkrhpk tlk çHkko iMrks r}rp çR;sdkP;k 'kSyhoj R;kP;k
O;fDreÙokpk çHkkogh iMrks- Eg.kwup 'kSyho:u ys[kdkP;k O;fDreÙokph dYiuk ;srs**-3
vFkkZr 'kSyhrwu ys[kdkpk vuqHko iw.kZ ewrZ :ikr lkdkj gksrks- 'kSyhpk O;fDrÙok'kh
?kfu"V laca/k vlrks- lkfgR;kr ys[kd Lor%ps thoufo"k;d vuqHko vkf.k lHkksorkyps tx
;kaph lkaxM ?kkyr vlrks- Lor%P;k mRdV Hkkouk vkf.k vuqHko ;karwu rks vkfo"dkj djrks-
50
R;keqGs vkiksvkip R;kph Lor%ph v'kh fof'k"V 'kSyh r;kj gksrs- ^ys[kd r'kh 'kSyh* gs ekU;
djkosp ykxrs- O;fDreÙo] vuqHko o 'kSyh ;k frUghaph lejpuk T;k ys[kukr vlrs rh Js"B
ntkZph dykÑrh Bjrs-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk"kk'kSyhpk fopkj djrk] R;kaph vuqHko
?ks.;kph i/nr y{kkr ?ksryh rj vls y{kkr ;srs dh vkRedFkudkj LodFkukr vk'k;
ekaM.;klkBh okLro:i Hkk"kk'kSyh fLodkjrkauk fnlrkr- dkj.k dykÑrhe/;s vk'k;æO; vkf.k
Hkk"kk'kSyh ;kaps laca/k lk/;&lk/ku:i vkf.k ijLijkoyach vlrkr- ;k loZp vkRedFkuke/;s
lekt&thou Qkj eksBîk çek.kkoj fpf=r >kys vkgs- R;keqGs Hkk"kk'kSyh lkekftd tkf.kos'kh
fuxfMr vlY;kps vk<Grs- R;kpcjkscj ys[kdkP;k lHkksorkyPkk lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd Lrj
;k Hkk”kk’kSyhrwu O;Dr >kysyk vkgs-
MkW- fnyhi f’kans ;kaP;k vkRedFkukrhy nksu mnkgj.ks iq<hyçek.ks
^^MkWDVjlkgsc] vkepa ?kj Eg.kts d/kh d/kh eyk lksU;kP;k fiatÚ;klkj[ka okVra-**
ek>h voLFkk EgkrkÚ;k iksiVklkj[kh >kyh vkgs- vkrk ckgsj iMk;pa ia[kkr cG jkfgya ukgh-
fnysyh is:ph QksM [kkÅu fuewVi.ks lkaxrhy rla ^foBw foBw cksyr jkgk;pa** ¼i`- 21½
^^MkWDVj lkgsc gs vkeP;kp okVÓkyk dk ;koa\ vkEgh lektkrhy fc?kMysyh eqya
oB.khoj vk.krks vkf.k gs vkeP;kp ?kjkr dk; ok<wu Bsoya vkgs\** vksadkjps oMhy Eg.kkys] rs
[kwi vLoLFk >kys gksrs- ¼i`- 39] fOgthV cWXk vkf.k eh½
;k nksUgh mnkgj.kkrwu lkekftd vkf.k lkaLÑfrd Lrj Hkk”kk’kSyhrwu O;Dr >kysyk
fnlrks-
vkRedFkukph ‘kh”kZds
vkREkdFkukaP;k dykRedrspk fopkj djrkuk çFke R;kaph çrhdkRed o cksydh vkf.k
ân;kpk Bko ?ks.kkjh ‘kh”kZds okpdkaps y{k os/kwu ?ksrkr- gh ‘kh”kZd LodFkukaP;k vk’k;kps lwpu
dj.kkjh vlrkr- ;k ‘kh”kZdkrwu ys[kukarxZr vlysys Hkkofud vkf.k oSpkfjd vk’k;kps inj
lwfpr gksrkr- ^ân;xks”Vh%* MkW- ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdjkaP;k LodFkukyk fnysys ‘kh”kZd ân;ki;±r [kÚ;k
vFkkZus iksgp.kkjs vkgs- dkj.k MkWDVjkauh ;k vkRedFkukrwu glr [ksGr ân;jksxkP;k fofo/k
vaxkapa foÛys”k.k vxnh lksI;k] let.kkÚ;k vkf.k ân;kyk Li’kZ d#u tk.kkÚ;k ‘kCnkar dsysys
vkgs- R;keqGs rs lektkyk mn~cks/ku dj.kkjs Bjysys vkgs-
51
^MkW- vYkdk ekaMds ;kauh ^ân;LFk* gÓk vkRedFkukyk fnysys ‘kh”kZd eukrhy vla[;
fopkjkaph ân;kiklwu lkafxrysyh dgk.kh vkgs- vYkdk ekaMds ;kaps ^ân;LFk* gs vkRedFku
okpr vlrkauk R;k leL;k vkiY;kp vkgsr vla okVra R;keqGs rs vkRedFku vYkdk ekaMdsaps
jkgr ukgh- rj rs loZ lektkpsp vkgs vls okVrs- vk;q”; txr vlrkauk dBh.k çlaxkrwu d’kh
okV dk<koh ;kps lw= vYkdk ekaMds lektkrhy loZ x`fg.khauk nsrkr- R;keqGs vkRedFku iw.kZ
okpwu >kY;kf’kok; rs [kkyh BsoY;k tkr ukgh- brdh tcjnLr rkdr R;k vkRedFkukr vkgs-
^dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh* gÓk vkRedFkukr MkW- vjfoan ckoMsdj ;kauh dWUljykp lkscrh d:u
Vkdys- dWUljeqGs ek>h thoun`”Vh d’kh cnyr xsyh- thoukpk gsrw dlk cnyr xsyk- rks
vf/kd vFkZiw.kZ vkf.k vf/kd fodflr gksr xsyk ;kps laiw.kZ Js; dWUlj gÓk O;k/khyk nsowu
/kU;okn lq)k nsrkr- rs Eg.krkr]^ frP;keqGs eyk e`R;wpa brD;k toGwu n’kZu ?kMya vkf.k
thoukpa egRo o [kja ç;kstu letya-* lektke/;s vlk/; jksx dWUlj – dWUlj >kyk rj
ek.kwl ej.kkj gs ‘kaHkj VDds lR;- ijarq MkW- ckoMsdjkauh dWUljykp vkiyk lakxkrh] lkscrh
d#u tcjnLr bPNk’kDrh] lkRohd vkgkj] O;k;ke vkf.k fofo/k çdkjP;k mikpji)rh
;kaP;k tksjkoj fot; dlk feGfoyk gs vxnh çaktGi.ks] Li”Vi.ks lksI;k Hkk”ksr lkafxrys vkgs-
iqLrdkps f’k”kZd okpys dh jksX;kyk tx.;kph vk’kk okVk;yk ykxrs- çdk’k fnlk;yk ykxrks-
dWUlj dlk dk; lkaxkrh gksÅ ‘kdrks ;k ç’ukps mÙkj ‘kks/kk;yk okpd iqLrdke/;s Lor%yk iw.kZ
x<wu ?ksrks- ghp gÓk f‘k”kZdkph egrh vkgs-
MkW- vHk; cax ;kaP;k ^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx* ;k vkRedFkukrhy ‘kh”kZdkr
lk{kkRdkj gk ‘kCnp eksBk os/kd vkf.k eukpk Bko ?ks.kkjk vkgs- lk{kkRdkj Eg.kts çR;{k vuqHko
fdaok Lo:ikdkjkps n’kZu- MkWDVjkauk jksx gks.ks vkf.k MkW- vHk; cax ;kaP;k lkj[;k f’kLrfç;
O;fDryk] i.k rjhgh rks >kyk vkf.k R;kauh vktkjkps n’kZu dls ?ksrys vkf.k R;kpk R;kaP;k
eukoj dk; ifj.kke >kyk ;kps fp=n’kZRo vuqHko R;kauh okpdkaP;k leksj ekaMysys vkgs-
vkRedFku okprkauk okpdkaP;k Nkrhph /kM/kM lq# gksrs- i.k ‘ksoVh mik;gh lkafxrys
vlY;keqGs okpdkyk vk’kspk fdj.k fnlk;yk ykxrks- vkf.k /kM/kM Fkkacrs-
^/kU; rh xk;uWd dyk* gÓk vkRedFkukr MkW- ehuk us:jdjkauh R;k dysykp /kU;
EgVys vkgs- ejkBh okpdkyk vesfjdsrY;k xk;uWdkWykWth ;k fo”k;kph egÙoiw.kZ ekfgrh rj
nsrsp i.k frFkY;k ek.klkafo”k;h o lkekftd ekufldrsfo”k;h ns[khy ekfgrh nsrs vkf.k xk;uWd
dyk d’kh /kU; vkgs gs okpk;yk okpd mRlqd gksrks-
52
MkW- joh ckiV ;kauh ^okWMZ uacj ikp dsbZ,e* gÓk vkRedFkukyk fnysY;k f’k”kZdkr
dsbZ,e vkf.k okWMZ uacj ikp gs nksu ‘kCn ,d= vk.kwu eukph fo’kkyrk çxV dsyh vkgs- vkiY;k
deZHkwehpsp uko R;kauh vkRedFkukyk nsÅu Vkdys vkf.k dk; dk; ?kMys vkf.k dls dls ?kMys
;kpk çR;{k vuqHko okpdkyk rs nsrkr- rs Eg.krkr] ^^[kja rj gh lkjh dgk.kh vkgs- dsbZ,e’kh
vlysY;k pkGhl o”kkZP;k lkgp;kZph MkW- ckiV vkf.k R;kapk okMZ uacj ikp vla lehdj.k
gks.;kbrda rs ekÖ;k thoukpa vfoHkkT; vax cuya gksra- R;keqGs gs dFku ftrda ek>a vkgs
R;kis{kk dkd.kHkj tkLr rs ;k ekÖ;k ^okWMZ uacj ikppa* gh vkgs-** ¼i`- 12] okMZ uacj ikp]
dsb,e½
MkW- ih- ,e- jkek.kh ;kauh ^rkBd.kk* gs vkRedFkukyk fnyssys f’k”kZd leiZd vkgs
dkj.k MkW- jkek.kh gs txkrhy ngk U;wjksLik;uy ltZuiSdh ,d vlwu d.;kojhy ‘kL=fØ;sl
;k ns’kkr ekU;rk feGowu ns.;kps egRoiw.kZ dk;Z R;kauh dsys vkgs- ,deso vls vkRedFku vkgs
ts ikBhP;k d.;kojhy vktkjkph laiw.kZ vkf.k foLr`r ekfgrh nsrs- R;keqGs R;kP;k 2005 rs
2008 i;±r vkB vko`Ù;k fu?kkysY;k vkgsr-
fuosnu’kSyh
vkRedFkuke/;s fuosnu nksu i)rhus dsys tkrs- ifgyh i)r vkRefuosnukRed vkf.k
nqljh i)r loZlk{kh fuosnui)r- vkRedFkudkj Lor% loZ ?kVukçlaxkauk lk{kh jkgwu dFku
djrks rsOgk R;k fuosnukl loZlk{kh dsysys fuosnu vls Eg.krkr-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkiY;k vkRedFkukP;k fuosnuklkBh nksUgh i)rh voyafcY;k
vkgsr- fuosnu ‘kSyheqGs okpdkyk f[kGowu Bsorkr- ;k fuosnukr lgtrk] çkatGi.kk] laokn]
fp=e;rk] oSpkfjdrk] ukVÓe;rk vls vusd xq.k vlY;keqGs gh vkRedFkus okprkuk vki.k
vkRedFkudkjkP;k vf/kd toG tkrks- udGr R;kaP;k foÛok’kh jeek.k gksrks- t.kw dkgh vls
okVrs dh ;k vkRedFkukrys thou vkiY;k vktwcktwP;k ?kM.kkÚ;k ?kVukaps vkgs- R;kph mnkgj.ks
[kkyhyçek.ks ^dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh* e/;s ckoMsdj Eg.krkr] ^^vkrk gs ek>a dke iSls
feGfo.;klkBh ukgh] çfl)hlkBh ukgh] ijksidkjklkBh ukgh] dks.kR;kgh ekuoh mnkÙk gsrwlkBh
ukgh- gs dke eyk ekÖ;klkBh] eh cjk gks.;klkBh djk;pa vkgs- eyk dWUlj >kY;kpa tsOgk
letya rsOgk e`R;w eh x`ghrp /kjyk gksrk- rjhlq)k lQy] le`) vkf.k drZO;ijk;.k thou
tx.ka gs vf/kd lqanj o Js;nk;h vkgs- gs eyk eukseu iVya vkf.k eh dke djk;pa Bjoya-
R;kekxph gh çsj.kk eh vtwu tiwu Bsoyh vkgs-** ¼çLrkouk i`- Ø- 10½
53
^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân; jksx* ;k vkRedFkukr MkW- vHk; cax Eg.krkr] ^^jk.kh o eh]
vkEgh nks?kagh lqUu >kyks gksrks- ekÖ;k eukr lrr fopkj ?kksaxkor gksrs- ^^iq<P;k vB~BspkGhl
rklkar] iq<P;k vkBoMÓkHkjke/;s] gk =kl ok<wu gkVZ vVWdus eh vpkud e#gh ‘kdrks- esyks
rj dk;\ jk.khpa dk; gks.kkja\ vkuan vkf.k ve`rpa dk; gks.kkja\ brD;k yodj R;kaph
tckcnkjh lksMwu eh tk.kkj \^lpZ* gh vkeph laLFkk] frpa dke vkf.k nk:eqDrhP;k dkekpk
O;ki fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- R;kapa dk; gks.kkja\ vla tk.;kpk eyk vf/kdkj vkgs dk\ ¼i`”B 05½-
nfjæhukjk;.kkP;k vk’khokZnkUks ok<ysY;k dqVqackr tUe gksÅu jk=afnol dckMd”V
djhr o osGksosGh thoukr HksVysY;k nsoek.klkaeqGs bekus brckjs O;kolkf;dka’kh jkgwu
mdhjMÓkoj ok<ysys jksiVs QqykQGkl ;s.ks gs eh ek>s ijeHkkX; letrkss- ¼cWfjLVjpa dkVZ]
i`”B 260½-
gÓk loZ ?kVuk izlax vkiY;k vktwCkktwyk usgeh ?kMr jkgrkr] vki.kkyk fnlr vlrkr
ijarq R;k dks.kh Ckksywu nk[kfor ukgh- R;keqGs R;kph mRrjsgh feGr ukgh- ek= oS|dh;
fpfdRldkauh vkRedFkukP;k ek/;ekrwu R;k okpdkai;Zr iksgpfoysY;k vkgs- ‘ksvj dsY;k
vkgsr Eg.kwup rs izlax] R;k ÄVuk] rks ys[kd vkiyk okVrks- gÓkps loZ Js; vkRedFkudkjkP;k
fuosnu’kSyhykp tkrs- fuo snu’kSyh vfr’k; ifj.kkedkjd vkf.k eukpk Bko Äs.kkjh vkgs-
izkatGi.kk
vkRedFkukr Lor%P;k vk;q”;kfo”k;h lkaxrkauk Lor%P;k xq.kkapsp o.kZu d:u nks”kkoj
ika?k:.k ?kkywu pky.kkj ukgh- ts ?kMys rs izkatGi.ks lkax.;kpk iz;Ru djk;yk gok- vlk iz;Ru
loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFkukr dsyk vkgs- MkW- vjfoan ckoMsdjkauh Lor%P;k
LoHkkokrhy nks”k izkatGi.ks lkafxrys vkgs- rs Eg.krkr] ^^ek>k LoHkko mrkoGk] jkxhV] {k.kkr
,dne HkMd.kkjk] R;kpk ifj.kke ek>kk jDrnkc ok<.;kr gksr vls- vkrk ek= eh
jDrnkcklkBh dks.krgh vkS”k/k ?ksr ukgh- fu;fer fQj.k] ;ksxklu vkf.k ek>h cnyysyh
thou’kSyh gÓkeqGs vlkoa] i.k vkrk rks e;kZfnr vlrks**¼i`”B 78½
MkW- vHk; cax ;kauh vkWijs’ku FksVje/;s okV.kkjh fHkrh izkatGi.ks O;Dr dsyh vkgs- rs
Eg.krkr] ^ekÖ;k iksVkr ,dne [kìk iMyk- ekÖ;k ej.;kpk {k.k ;sÅu ikspyk gksrk- LØhuoj
vtwugh ek>a ân; Lianu djrkuk fnlr gksra- ekÖ;k ân;kpa gs ‘ksoVpap Lianu vlw ‘kdra-
dks.kR;kgh {k.kh vkrk gs ân; Fkkacsy] Lor%P;k ân;kp ‘ksoVpa Lianu vkiY;k MksGÓkauh vkrk
vki.k c?kw o ex gs ân; Fkkac.kkj- ‘ksoVpk {k.k vkyk!* ¼i`”B 31&32½-
54
MkW- vydk ekaMds ;kauh furw ekaMds cíyps izkatGi.ks O;Dr dsysys er-
^^furwps dkgh eqyha’kh [kwi toGp s ukras tek;psa- v’khp ,d eqlyeku eqyxh
myklxksyk jkgkr gksrh- rh fo/kok gksrh- frP;k vusd fganh dWlsV vkeP;kdMs gksR;k- ,o<Ók
dWlsV vkgsr R;k vFkhZ furwua cjkp osG frP;kcjkscj ?kkyoyk vkgs gs m?kM gksra- frP;koj >kysyk
vk?kkr] frpk ,dVsi.kk ;keqGs lgkuqHkwrhP;k Hkkousua furw frP;kdMs vks<yk xsyk vlsy] R;kua
fryk enr dsyh vlsy gs eh letw ‘kdrks- R;keqGs frP;kfo”k;h eyk Qkjla okVya uOgra- ijarq
R;k fno’kkh iWfVªf’k;kpa okx.ka ikfgY;koj ek= eyk /kDdk clyk**- ¼i`”B 68] ân;LFk½-
;k frugh mnkgj.kkrwu oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh nk[kfoysyk izkatGi.kk vkiY;kyk Hkkorks-
laokn
fuosnu djrkuk vusd izlaxkaps o.kZu lj/kksiVi.ks u djrk laoknkP;k ek/;ekrwu
oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh rs izlax ftoar dsys vkgs- R;kr MkW- ckoMsdj] MkW- ek.kds] MkW- vHk; cax]
MkW- ehuk us#jdj] MkW- ‘ks[kj vkacMsZdj] MkW- fnyhi f’kans ;kaph ukos ?;kos ykxrhy-
eyk tkx vkyh rsOgk ljkst ekÖ;k dkWVtoG clyh gksrh- frua fopkjya] ^dla
okVr;a\*
^vkrk eh vxnh cjk vkgs*-
^e?kk’kh dk; >kya gksra\ MkW- ‘kgk dk; Eg.kkys\*
^R;kauh v|ki dqBa dk; lkafxrya;\* R;kaP;k rikl.khpk fjiksVZ ;sbZy rsOgk vkiY;kyk
dk; rs dGsy ¼i`”B 4½-
ljkst v|kigh ekÖ;kdMs fuj[kwu ikgr gksrh- eh fryk Eg.kkyks] ^eh rqyk lkaxrks]
lxGa pkaxyap gks.kkj- ek.klkpk R;kdjrk Lor%oj vkf.k nsokoj fo’okl gok- ek>k vkgs! rq
‘kkar jgk* ¼i`”B 5½ vls oSpkfjdrk O;Dr dj.kjs laokn vkRedFkukr vkgs-
^vjfoan] eyk rqÖ;k’kh dkgh egRokpa cksyk;pa vkgs- nksu&,d fnolkar eh rq>a
vkWijs’ku djhu vkf.k dkgh fnolkauh rw cjk gks’khy- i.k gs cja gks.ka rkRiqjra vlsy dk;\* eh
R;kpa cksy.k ‘kkari.ka ,sdwu ?ksrya vkf.k Eg.kkyks] “Praful No Ends. My search for a
surgeon ends with you!”
55
izQqYyua ek>k gkr gkrkr ?ksryk vkf.k rks Eg.kkyk] ^xsys nksu fnol eh fopkj djr
gksrks- vkrk rqÖ;k’kh cksyyks rsOgk cja okVya* ¼i`”B 28½
vls vusd laokn vkRedFkukph maph ok<forkr- laoknkeqGs ys[kukyk vFkZxHkZrk izkIr
gksrs vkf.k okpd vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj djk;yk izo`Rr gksrks-
lgtrk
lgtrk gk xq.k toGtoG loZp oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrwu fnlwu ;srks-
dkj.k ;krhy cgqrka’k oS|d e/;eoxhZ; lk/ks] ljG] izkekf.kdi.ks thou tx.kkjs vkgsr-
vkiY;kyk ts okVsy rs R;kauh lk/ksi.kkus o lgt jhrhus ekaMys- R;keqGs gk xq.k R;kaP;k Hkk”ksr
fnlrks- vkiys lq[k&nq%[k] vMp.kh] osnuk] =kl lxGa dkgh rs lgti.ks lkaxrkr-
^eyk Lor%ykgh dYiuk gksrh] dh ek>k iz;ksx Qlyk rj Lor%P;k gkrkauh eh e`R;wyk
vkea=.k nsr vkgs- eh rks laHko Lohdkjyk- ,ohrsoh nksu o”kkZauh e`R;w ;s.kkjp vkgs- ;sÅ ns- i.k
nksu o”kZ rjh grcy gksÅu fcNkU;kr iMwu jkg.;kis{kk eyk t’kh goh r’kh oki# ‘kdsu rs eyk
goa gksr- e;kZfnr dkyko/khiqjra dka vlsuk] eyk ek>a thou euktksxa iw.kZ vFkkZua txk;pa
gksr*-¼ dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh½
^eukoj ?ksryal dh dk; lqanj i= fyfgrksl- ijarq R;klkBh o”kkZuqo”kZ okV ikgkoh
ykxrs----- v’kh vtwu nksu o”kZ dk<k;ph vkgsr ;k fopkjkuap iksVkr xksGk ;srks- yodjp
,dnk] yXukpa Bjowu Vkdw ;k-------Iyht] jkxkow udksl- iqUgk fo”k; dk<.kkj ukgh * ¼i`”B 48]
ân;LFk½
ukVÓkRe;rk
thoukrhy vuqHko ukVÓkRed i/nrhus lkax.;kph ‘kSyh vusd vkRedFkukr fnlwu
;srs-
MkW- ckoMsdj vkiY;k vkRedFkukr fpf=r djrkr] ^lj] MkW- oRlyk ykbuoj vkgsr*-
ehukua lkafxrya vkf.k Qksu tksMwu fnyk- eh ,dne Hkkukoj vkyks- oRlykpk vkf.k ek>k
pkaxyk ifjp;- usgehizek.ka lgt Qksu djr vkgs vlk eh vko vk.kyk vkf.k Eg.kkyks] ^gWyks
oRlyk] eh rqÖ;k dkekr rj O;R;; vk.kyk ukgh uk\ eyk tjk fopkjk;pa gksr- MkW- lh-Ogh-
iVsyuh R;kaP;k ,d is’kaVpa ck;kWIlh eVsfjvy rqÖ;kdMa fny gksra- rks fjiksVZ r;kj >kyk dk\*
56
^gks; lj] i.k rks U;k;yk MkW- iVsy Lor%p ;srks Eg.kkys gksrs- vkf.k rks dq.kkyk nsÅ
udk vla R;kauh lkafxrya vkgs-*
^rsp ;srhy- i.k fjiksVZ dk; Eg.krks \*
^lj------] It is Adenocarcinoma*-
dq.khrjh MksD;koj ?k.k ?kkykok r’kh ekÖ;k MksGÓkleksj va/ksjh vkyh- {k.kHkj eh lqUu
>kyks- ¼i`”B 8] dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh½
MkW- vHk; cax vkRedFkukr lkaxrkr] ^[kja dk; vkf.k Hkkl dk; ;kaP;k lhekjs”kk iqlV
>kY;k gksR;k- vki.k ej.kkj dk\ nok[kkU;krY;k ifgY;k jk=h >ksih tkrkauk eukr vkya]
dnkfpr gh vkiyh ‘ksoVphp >ksi B# ‘kdrs- jk=hr gkVZ vVWd vkY;kl dnkfpr vki.k m|kph
ldkG c?k.kkj ns[khy ukgh*-¼i`”B 9] ek>k lk+{kkRdkjh ân;jksx½
vls ukV~;kRe Hkk”kk’kSyhus vusd izlax oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh jaxoys vkgsr- R;keqGsp
rh vkRedFku okpuh; vkf.k eukpk Bko ?ks.kkjh vkgs-
fp=e;rk
tls ukVÓkr izlax vkgsr rls dkgh fp=e; ‘kSyhrhy o.kZu sgh vkgsr-
^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jksx* ;k vkRedFkukr MkW- vHk; cax fp=e; ‘kSyhpk okij
djrkr- rs Eg.krkr] ^^usgeh #Vhu okV.kkja thou vpkud fdrh je.kh; o goagola >kya gksra-
nql&;k fno’kh ldkGh MksGs m?kMwu ?ksrysyk ifgyk ‘okl vtwu vkBorks- vki.k vtwu ftoar
vkgksr gss R;k ‘oklkus tk.kowu fnya- eku oGoyh] ik; ljG dsys] vkiys Luk;w vtwu vki.k
gyow ‘kdrks] vtwu rs vkiysp vkgsr- eku oGowu [kkyh cf?krya- ekusrY;k Luk;awP;k
vkdqapukph ,d ygj ekusrwu xsyh**-¼i`”B 10½
MkW- vydk ekaMds vkiY;k ^ân;LFk* ;k vkRedFkukr fp=e; ‘kSyhpk okij djrkr-
R;k Eg.krkr ^^O;klihBkoj gkWfLiVyph loZ fo’oLr eaMGh LFkkukiUu >kyh- BjY;kizek.ks
dk;ZØe lq# >kyk- vk’kk [kkfMydjkauh Hktu EgVya- lat; mik/;s lw=lapkyu djr gksrs-
pk:rkua MkWDVjdU;k ;k ukR;kua 19 rs 22 es njE;ku ?kMysY;k ?kVukapk vk<kok ?ksryk- ts
?kMya rs vVGa gksra] furwpk tho okpo.;klkBh vusdkauh ts iz;Ru dsys R;kfo”k;h rh d`rKrkij
57
cksyyh- tqbZus ^ek>k ckck dlk gksrk* gs vukSipkfjdi.ks lkafxrya- eqykacjkscj [ksG.kkjk]
ukp.kkjk] fpM.kkjk&fpMo.kkjk frpk ckck frua MksGÓkaleksj mHkk dsyk**-¼i`”B 2½
toGtoG loZp vkRedFkukr v’kk fp=’kSyhpk izR;; ;srks-
oSpkfjdrk
oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh ukVÓe;] laokne; vkf.k izkatyi.kkus fuosnu dsys vkgs- T;k
izek.kkr R;kaP;k vkRedFkukr thoukfo”k;hpk vuqHko] euu] fparu ;k xks”Vh fnlwu ;srkr
R;kghis{kk tkLr izek.kkr oSpkfjdrk ;k ys[kukr fnlwu ;srs o vkiY;kyk vareqZ[k d:u tkrs
fopkj djk;yk izo`Rr djrs-
MkW- vydk ekaMds Eg.krkr] ^ek>a furwoj izse gksra- R;kuagh ekÖ;koj izse dsya gksra-
rjh] v’kk ,[kk|k uktwd izlaxh eukyk =kl Ogk;pk] okbZV okVk;pa- R;kP;k okx.;kis{kkgh rks
ekÖ;k’kh eksdGsi.kkua cksyr ukgh ;kcíy okbZV okVk;pa- ijarq R;kP;kiyhdMs tkÅu eh fopkj
djk;ph] Lor%yk letkok;ph- ek>a mRre f’k{k.k] ekÖ;k xq.kh eqyh] furwlkj[kk uojk-------
gs lkja vlrkuk gÓk HkkX;kpa eh lksua djk;pa dh ckjhd lkjhd xks”Vhaph dkGth d:u] vkgs ;k
laqnj ukR;kpa ekrsja d:u Vkdk;pa\* rsOgkiklwu vusd xks”VhadMs eh nqyZ{k djk;yk ykxys-
eukyk r’kh lo;p ykxwu xsyh- ¼i`”B 70] ân;LFk½ ;k fopkjkrwu MkW- vydk ekaMds ;kaP;k
izxYHk oSpkfjdrsph lk{k iVrs-
MkW- vjfoan ckoMsdj Eg.krkr] ^vkrk gs ek>a dke iSls feGo.;klkBh ukgh]
izfl/nhlkBh ukgh] ijksidkjklkBh ukgh] dks.kR;kgh ekuoh mnkRr gsrwlkBh ukgh- gs dke eyk
ekÖ;klkBh] eh cjk gks.;klkBh djk;pa vkgs- eyk dWUlj >kY;kpa tsOgk letya rsOgk e`R;w eh
x`ghrp /kjyk gksrk- rjhlq/nk lQy] le`/n vkf.k drZO;ijk;.k thou tx.ka gs vf/kd lqanj o
Js;nk;h vkgs gs eyk eukseua iVya vkf.k eh dke djk;pa Bjoya- R;kekxph gh izsj.kk eh vtwu
tiwu Bsoyh vkgs*- ¼i`”B 10] dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh½
gÓk nksUgh mnkgj.kko:u okpdkyk oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k izxYHk oSpkfjdrsph dYiuk
rj ;srsp vkf.k okpd R;kiklwu cks/kgh ?ksrks-
58
‘kCnlkSan;Z
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk”kspk vH;kl djrkuk vls y{kkr ;srs dh
vkRedFkudkj MkWDVjh is’kkrhy vlwugh Hkk”ksyk okM~-e;hu lkSan;Z izkIr >kys vkgs vkf.k
R;keqGs rh okpuh; >kyh vkgs-
MkW- ckoMsdj Eg.krkr] ^va/kRo vkya dh dk; ikgkoa gÓkpa ek.klkyk Hkku ;sra- dla
vkf.k dka txkoa gs vkiY;kyk rsOgkp letra dh tsOgk e`R;w vlk vkiY;kyk toGwu Li’kZ d:u
tkrks*- ¼i`”B 73] dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh½
^vfydMs ek=] eh jMys rj R;kyk okbZV okVk;pa- vkrk dk; okVr vlsy R;kyk\
iki.khvkM Fkksioysys vJw fnlr vlrhy R;kyk* ¼i`”B 2] ân;LFk½
^drZ̀RokeqGsp ek.kwl lqanj Hkklrks- fujksxh] rkdnoku eukP;k tksjkojp iq<P;k
vk;q”;kph ckth ekjk;ph vlrs* ¼i`”B 21] /kU; rh xk;uWd dyk½
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr baxzth Hkk”kspk okijgh Hkjiwj izek.kkr vkyk vkgs
vkf.k rs lkgftdp vkgs- v’kkizdkjs Hkk”ksph o R; akP;k jpusph osxosxGh oG.ks oS|dh;
fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr fnlwu ;srkr-
lekjksi
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr Hkk”kk v’kh fofo/k iSywauh iznf’kZr >kysyh vkgs-
vkRedFkudkjkaP;k LoHkkokps oSf’k”VÓ] o`Rrh&izo`Rrh lxGÓk R;k Hkk”ksrwu izxV >kkY;k vkgsr-
rlsp lektkps o laLd`rhps n’kZugh Hkk”ksr fnlrs- loZp oS|dkaph Hkk”kk nqlÚ;kaP;k Hkkouk
ti.kkjh] vf/kd fopkjh] la;eh] lH; o vks?korh vkgs- vkRedFkukrhy Hkk”kk vk’k;nzO;k’kh
okLron’kZukP;k lw=kus cka/kysyh vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk”kspk fopkj
fofo/k vaxkauh dsyk vkgs-
fu”d”kZ
1- izR;sd oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFku Lora= vkf.k Lo;aHkw vkgsr-
2- uhfrewY;kaps Hkku ns.kkjs vkRedFku oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh fuekZ.k dsys Eg.kwu rs
i`FkxkRe Bjys vkgsr-
3- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukr lekt gk dsanzfcanw vkgs-
59
4- ek.klkek.klkae/kys ukrslaca/k] R;kaps Hkkofud n’kZu] ek.klkph tx.;kph fufrewY;s ;k
xks”Vhapk ‘kks/k vkRedFkukrwu ?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs-
5- izR;sd oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFku i`FkxkRe o oSf’k”VÓlaiUu ys[kuizfrHkspk
euksje vkfo”dkj vkgs-
6- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy fuosnu i/nrh vfr’k; ifj.kkedkj.k vkf.k
eukpk Bko ?ks.kkjh vkgs-
7- fuosnukr lgtrk] izkatGi.kk] laokn] fp=e;rk] oSpkfjdrk] ukVÓe;rk vkY;keqGs
ifj.kkedkjd Bjyh vkgs-
8- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkuke/;s rhoz lkekftd tk.kho vk<Gwu ;srs- gh
tk.kho ekuq”krsP;k ewY;kyk izk/kkU; ns.kkjh] ifjorZuoknh vkf.k lektdasnzh vkgs-
9- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFku O;fDrfufeZr ulwu lef”Veukpk vfo”dkj dj.kkjh
vkgs-
10- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukae/;s okLrork] iz[kjrk o ekuoh ewY;kaph izLFkkiuk
gÓkeqGs lkekftd tkf.kokauk lkSan;Z izkIr >kys vkgs] ;k vkRedFkudkjkauk okLrokps
lrr Hkku vkgs] vkf.k rs lektk’kh cka/khy vkgs-
11- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukph ‘kh”kZds laoknh] laiw.kZ vkRedFkukyk izfrekc/n
dj.kkjh] eukyk Hkko.kkjh vkgsr R;keqGsp rh okpuh; >kyh vkgs-
lanHkZ fVik
1- dkysydj uk- xks-] ^Hkk"kk vkf.k laLÑrh*]ekSt çdk'ku] eqacbZ] nq- vk -1982]
i`"B Ø- 2-
2- euksgj ;'koar] ^ckaf/kydh vkf.k lkfgR;*] flfYOg;k çdk'ku] ukxiwj 1983] i`- 17-
3- ckiV ç- ok-] xksMcksys uk- ok- % ^ejkBh dknacjh % ra= vkf.k fodkl*] vko`Ùkh frljh]
iq.ks] 1973] i`- 137
60
izdj.k ikpos
lekjksi o mik;
izdj.k ifgys&oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukaph lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd ik’oZHkweh
oS|dh; {ks=krhy vkRedFkukapk lkekftd vaxkus vH;kl djrkuk vusd xks”Vh
y{kkr ;srkr- lu 2000 rs 2010 ;k dkGkr ohl vkRedFkus izfl/n >kysyh fnlrkr- ;k
vkRedFkukr L=h oS|dkauh fyfgysyh vkRedFkus deh vlwu iq:”k oS|dkauh tkLr
vkRedFkus fyfgysyh vkgsr- vkRedFku fyfg.;kekxpk oS|dkapk gsrw gk osxosxGk vlyk rjh
mís’k ,dp gksrk- vkiY;k vkRedFkukP;k ek/;ekrwu lektkyk izksRlkgu] ekfgrh] ekxZn’kZu
fn’kk] tx.;kps cG feGkys ikfgts- vkeP;k okVÓkyk T;k O;k/kh vkY;kr R;k lektkP;k
okVÓkyk ;sÅ u;s vkf.k vkY;kp rj R;krwu dlk ekxZ dk<k;pk ;kps ekxZn’kZu R;kauh
vkRedFkukrwu dsysys vkgs- vkRedFkudkj oS|dh; fpfdRld gs lektkP;k fofo/k Lrjkarwu
vkysys vkgs o R;kaps vuqHkogh osxosxGs vkgsr- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k ;k vkRedFkukrwu
lektkps] laLd`rhps n’kZu gksrs- R;kpk vH;kl dj.;kpk izca/kdkpk gsrw vkgs] R;k n`”Vhus
vH;kl dsyk vkgs-
ifgY;k izdj.kkr oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd ikÜoZHkwehpk
fopkj dsyk vkgs- lkfgR;kP;k brj izdkjkis{kk vkRepfj=kr lektkps okLro n’kZu vf/kd
gksrs] vls Eg.krk ;srs- ;k vkRedFkukOnkjs rRdkyhu vkf.k okLro ;k nksUgh lektkps Lo:Ik
ikgrk ;srs- gs ikg.;kvk/kh lekt Eg.kts dk;\ gs Li”V d:u laLd`rhph O;k[;k o Lo:i
;kapk fopkj dsyk vkgs- R;kpizek.ks laLd`rhph oSf’k”VÓs Li”V dsyh vkgsr- lekt o laLd`rh ;k
nksgksae/;s ?kfu”B laca/k vkgs- ;k nksUghgh ckch ekuofufeZr vkgsr- lkekftd ifjorZukP;k
varxZr lkaLd`frd ifjorZukpk lekos’k gksrks-
lkfgR;kpk o lektkpk vU;ksU; laca/k y{kkr ?ksÅu lkfgR;kpk fopkj dsyk-
lkfgR;kph O;k[;k o Lo:Ik lkaxwu dysP;k lekt’kkL=kpk Lora= fopkj dsyk vkgs- lkfgR; gs
lektlkis{k] ltZu’khy vkfo”dkj vlrs- vls jk-x- tk/ko ;kaP;k erkuqlkj dysP;kOnkjs
lektkps ts fp= fnlrs] R;kpk vH;kl Eg.kts dysps lekt’kkL= gks;- ;k izdj.kkr lkfgR;kph
lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlk Li”V dsyh vkgs- lkfgR; gh lkekftd fufeZrh vkf.k lkekftd ‘kDrh
vlrs- lektfodklkP;k izfØ;sr lkfgR; lkrR;kus xqarysys vlrs- Eg.kwu lkfgR;kP;k
61
lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlsph vko’;drk okVrs- ;krwu vls Li”V gksrs dh] lkfgR;krwu rRdkyhu
lektkpk vkf.k orZeku lektkpk vH;kl djrk ;srks- lkekftd n`f”Vdksukrwu lkfgR;kpk
vH;kl dsY;kl vusd uohu lanHkZ feGw ‘kdrkr- cnyR;k lektkps Lo:i dGw ‘kdrs-
lkfgR;kpk izFke vkfo”dkj gk lkekftd xjtsrwu fuekZ.k gksrks- lkekftd thoukP;k fofo/k
iSywaps n’kZu lkfgR;krwu ?kMr vlrs- R;keqGs lkfgR;kph lekt’kkL=h; fpfdRlk vko’;d
Bjrs- gk fopkj djrkuk lkekftd lajpuk] fu;eus] ewY;s ;kapkgh vH;kl dsyk- lkekftd
lajpuscjkscj lkekftd fu;eusgh dkG o ifjfLFkrhuqlkj cnyr vlrkr- fu;eukeqGs
lektkps vfLrRo fVdwu jkgrs- fu;eus cnyw ‘kdrkr i.k ewY;s cjkp dkG fLFkj vlrkr-
R;keqGs lekt vkf.k lkfgR; ;kapk ijLij vuqca/k rj vkgsp] i.k laLd`rhpk izHkkogh lkfgR;koj
gksr vlrksp- lkfgR; fufeZrh gh lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd ?kVuk vlrs-
ejkBh lkfgR;koj lektkpk o laLd`rhpk izHkko vkgs] rlkp rks ejkBhrhy oS|dh;
fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukojgh vkgs- ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk
lkekftd n`”Vhus vH;kl dj.;kiwohZ Hkkjrh; lekt o fpfdRld ;kapk osndkGkiklwu rj
vkti;ZarP;k thoukpk os/k ?ksryk vkgs- osndkGkr oS|dkauk vl.kkjk eku] lUeku vkf.k
izfr”Bk vkt d’kh laiq”Vkr vkyh vkf.k R;kph dk; dkj.ks vkgsr ;kpk fopkj dsysyk vkgs-
izdj.k nqljs&ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukarhy ijaijk
ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukapk lkekftd vaxkus vH;kl ¼b-l-
2000 rs 2010½ gk vH;kl djrkuk vkRedFku ;k okM~-e; izdkjkps Lo#i ikfgys-
vkRedFkukP;k O;k[;k] R;kph oSf’k”VÓs ;kapk FkksMdÓkr vH;kl dsyk vkgs-
vkRedFkukr ^eh* ps vuqHkodFku vlrs- i.k R;kr ^eh*] ^vkEgh*ps izfrfuf/kRo
djrks- vkRedFkukr O;fDreukrwu lkewfgd eukpsgh n’kZu ?kMrs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k
vkRedFkukr lkewfgd eukpsgh n’kZu ?kMrkauk fnlrs- vkRedFku fyfg.kkjs oS|dh; fpfdRld
osxosxGÓk oS|dh; fo”k;krhy rK vkgsr- R;kapk vkRedFku fyfg.;kekxpk gsrw osxosxGk
vlyk rjh mís’k ,dp gksrk- lektkyk dsanzfcanw Bsowup loZ oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh vkRedFku
fyfgysys vkgs- dkj.k oS|dkapk O;olk; gk lektkf’kok; iw.kZ gksÅp ‘kdr ukgh- lekt gkp
egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- l/;kph ,dnajhr loZp ifjfLFkrh y{kkr ?ksrk oS|dkus o :X.kkus
¼lektkus½ vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj dj.;kph xjt vlY;keqGs vkRedFkus lektkyk mi;qDr
vkf.k fn’kk ns.kkjs Bjkos- ;k mís’kkus fyfgysys vkgs- R;klkscrp oS|dh; fpfdRldkus vkRedFkus
62
lekt gk dsanzfcanw Bsowu fyfgys vlys rjh izR;sd oS|dkP;k vkRedFkuke/;s O;fDrxr
O;FkkdFku vkysys vkgsp- vkiY;k O;Fkk vkf.k lektkP;k O;Fkk ;kph lkaxM ?kkryh vkgs-
izdj.k frljs&ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrwu izdV gks.kk&;k vk’k;lw=kaP;k
vk/kkjs ?kM.kkjs lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd n’kZu
;k izdj.kkr oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukarwu izdV gks.kk&;k vk’k; lw=kaP;k
vk/kkjs ?kM.kkjs lkekftd n’kZu o lkaLd`frd n’kZu ;kpk vH;kl dsyk vkgs- lektkrhy cnyrh
ewY;s vkf.k oS|dh; fpfdRld ;kapk vH;kl] lektkr >kysys ifjorZu] R;k ifjorZukeqGs
:X.k&oS| laca/k dls cnyr xsys] R;kph dkj.ks dk;\ ;kapkgh fopkj dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-
dks.kdks.krs ?kVd R;k cnykyk dkj.khHkwr Bjys vkf.k ;k cnykP;k izfØ;sr oS|dh;
fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus dks.krh Hkwfedk ikj ikMrkr ;kpkgh vH;kl dsyk xsyk-
izdj.k pkSFks&oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk”kkfo’ks”k
Hkk”kk gs ek.klkP;k vkfo”dkjkps ek/;e vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy
Hkk”kspk] Hkk”kk’kSyhpk fopkj ;k izdj.kkr dsyk vkgs- lq#okrhyk Hkk”ksph O;k[;k Li”V d:u
Hkk”ksps Lo#i rlsp Hkk”kk vkf.k laLd`rh ;kapk ijLij laca/k Li”V dsyk- laLd`rh Eg.kts O;fDr
fujis{k] Hkk”;kO;ogkjkps o vkReizdVhdj.kkps lk/ku vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkapk o laLd`rhpk
laca/k vkgs- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk”kso:u rRdkyhu lektkps o orZeku
lektkps o laLd`rhps n’kZu gksrs] Eg.kwu Hkk”kspk fopkj fofo/k izdkjs dsyk vkgs-
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukrhy Hkk”ksP;k fofo/k iSywapk fopkj ;k izdj.kkr dsyk
vkgs- ;k vkRedFkudkjkaph fuosnu’kSyh vkdf”kZr dj.kkjh vlwu eukpk Bko ?ks.kkjh vkgs- ;k
fuosnukr lgtrk] izkatGi.kk] ukVÓkRedrk] laoknkRedrk] fp=e;rk] oSpkfjdrk]
vkReijrk vls fofo/k xq.k fnlwu ;srkr- ;k xq.kkapk lfoLrj o Lora=i.ks fopkj ;k izdj.kkr
dsyk vkgs-
mik;
1- ‘kkGk vkf.k egkfo|ky;krhy vH;klØekr oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkkukrhy
dkgh egRokP;k Hkkxkapk lekos’k dj.;kr ;kok-
2- ‘kkGk vkf.k egkfo|ky;krhy xzaFkky;kauk gh vkRedFkus ?ks.;klkBh vkxzg /kjkok-
3- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFku lgt miyC/k Ogkohr vkf.k R;kph fdaer deh
vlkoh-
63
4- [kktxh vkjksX;lsosoj xq.koRrk o fdaerhckcr fu;a=.k ukgh- ‘kklukus fu;a=.k Bsokos
dkj.k ,dkp ‘kgjkr ,dkp mipkjklkBh [kpkZe/;s izpaM rQkor vk<Grs-
5- viizo`RrhaP;k MkWDVjkaoj opd jkg.;klkBh egkjk”Vª oS|dh; ifj”knsus funku izR;sd
vktkjkfo”k;hph izekf.kr mipkj ekxZnf’kZdk r;kj djkoh- R;kr MkWDVjkaP;k rikl.khps
nj] vk;lh;wps nj] ckgsjhy vkS”k/kh] lkekukph vankts fdaer ;kckcr ikjn’kZdrk
Bsokoh- vls nji=d izR;sd nok[kkU;kr n’kZuh Hkkxkr yko.;kph O;oLFkk djkoh- vls
dkgh >kys] rjp O;olk;kr FkksMh’kh ikjn’kZdrk ;sÅu MkWDVj o :X.k ;kaP;k laca/kkrhy
vfo’oklkph njh deh gksbZy-
6- MkWDVjkauh oktoh rikl.kh Qh ?;koh- xjtspa vlsy rj ;ksX; njkr pkp.;k djkO;kr
vkf.k xjt vlsy rjp :X.kkauk nk[ky d:u ?;kos-
7- izkekf.kdi.ks O;kolkf;d furheRrk o fu;ekaps ikyu d:u O;olk; dj.kkjs MkWDVj o
:X.k ;kaps ,d Qksje r;kj djkos] rls >kys rj c&;kp va’kh ;k leL;sph nkgdrk
deh gks.;kl enr gksbZy-
8- oS|d vkf.k :X.k ;kaP;k ckcrhr dk;nÓkaP;k fu;ekapk iquZfopkj d:u R;kr ;ksX; rks
cny djkok-
9- oS|dh; {ks=kr f’kjysY;k Hkz”VkpkjkeqGs ^fo’okl* ;k ?kVdkykgh /kDdk clyk vkgs
vkf.k R;keqGs :X.k oS| laca/k vf/kdkf/kd r.kkoiw.kZ >kys vkgsr R;klkBh :X.k vkf.k
oS|dkauh vareqZ[k gksÅu fopkj djkok-
10- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaph vkRedFkus lektklkBh izsj.kknk;h Bjysyh vkgs- v’kk
vkRedFkukps ys[ku gks.ks lektkP;k xjtsps vkgs R;keqGs v’kk vkRedFkukaps ys[ku
Ogkos-
11- [kktxh oS|dh; egkfo|ky;kP;k ^Qh* oj ‘kklukps fu;a=.k vlkos
12- oS|dh; fpfdRldkauh ;k ^mnkRr* is’kk’kh cka/khy jkgwu lektke/;s dke djkos
13- vkS”k/kh daiU;kaojgh dk;nÓkps vkf.k ljdkjps fu;a=.k vlkos-
64
ifjf’k”V ifgys (Annexure -1)
ejkBhrhy oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukaph ;knh
¼b-l- 2000 rs 2010½
1- vUunkrs veksy % ^oS|dh; cks/kdFkk*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2006
2- vkeVs izdk’k % ^izdk’kokVk*] ledkyhu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2008
3- vkacM sZdj ‘ks[kj % ^ân;xks”Vh*] eWtsfLVd izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2006
4- dyokjh ‘kadj % ^fOgftV cWx*] Li’kZ izdk’ku] 2008
5- ukMd.khZ lnkuan % ^ek>a fizfLØI’ku*] ledkyhu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2012
6- us:jdj ehuk % ^/kU; rh xk;uWd dyk*] uafnuh ifCyf’kax gkÅl]
iq.ks] 2010
7- cax vHk; % ^ek>k lk{kkRdkjh ân;jskx*] jktgal izdk’ku] iq.ks 2003
8- ckiV joh % ^okMZ ua- ikp ds-b-,e-*] jksgu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2009
9- ckoMsdj vjfoan % ^dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh*] ekSt izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2009
10- ckoLdj fgEerjko % ^cWfjLVjpa dkVZ*] eWtsfLVd ifCyf’kax gkÅl] Bk.ks] 2010
11- ekaMds vydk % ^ân;LFk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2009
12- jkek.kh izsekuan % ^rkB d.kk*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2008
13- fye;s v:.k % ^DyksjksQkWeZ*] xzaFkkyh izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2011
14- okxGs panzdkar % ^MkWDVj*] ikWI;qyj izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2004
15- f’kans fnyhi % ^fOgftV cWx vkf.k eh*] Jhfo|k izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2010
16- Jh[kaMs fo-uk- % ^vkf.k nksu gkr*] ikWI;qyj izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2011
65
ifjf’k”V nqljs (Annexure -2)
lanHkZ lwph
1- dÚgkMs l-nk- % ^pfj= vkRepfj=*] eqacbZ 1976
2- dkGnkrs lq/kk % ^Hkkjrh; lektjpuk*] Hkkjr eqnzakd vkf.k izdk’kd]
vkSjaxkckn] 1976
3- dksjkUus e/kqjk % ^ejkBh ukVd vkf.k MkWDVj izfrek*] Lusgo/kZu izdk’ku]
iq.ks] 2012
4- dksYgVdj mYgkl % ^rqepk MkWDVj fe=*] vkjrh izdk’ku] Mksafcoyh] 1993
5- dqljs dqyd.khZ vkjrh % ^nfyr LodFkus % lkfgR; :i*] fot; izdk’ku] ukxiwj]
1991
6- xnzs v#.k % ^dSfQ;r*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2015
7- Xkhr Jhjke % ^oS|dkapk cktkj*] ledkyhu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2015
8- tks'kh v-e- % ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=*] lqfopkj izdk’ku] iq.ks] nq-vk-
1965
9- laik-ns’kikaMs fo-Hkk- o
rkojs Lusgy
% ^ejkBh Hkk”kk vkf.k lkfgR;*] esgrk iCyhsf’kax daiuh]
iq.ks] 1990
10- ns'kikaMs lquank % ^vfHkusR;k dykoarkaph vkRepfj=s*] _pk izdk’ku]
ukxiwj] 1997
11- uyxs panzdqekj o
ikurko.ks xaxk/kj
% ^L=h vkRedFku*] lqjs’k ,tUlh] iq.ks] 1990
12- iVo/kZu jk-i- % ^’kwU;ksipkj vFkkZr MkWDVjh mik; udksp!*] uopSrU;
izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 2012
13- Ikokj xks-ek- o
gkrd.kaxysdj e-n-
% ^ejkBh lkfgR; izsj.kk o Lo:i*] ikI;qyj izdk’ku]
eqacbZ] 1986
14- izHkqnslkbZ ‘kjn % ^is’kaVps fdLls*] Mk;eaM ifCysds’ku] iq.ks] 2008
15- izHkqnslkbZ ‘kjn % ^oS|d fo’okrhy let&xSjlet*] Mk;eaM ifCysds’ku]
iq.ks] 2010
16- ckiV joh@lqfufr tSu % ^iksLVekVZe*] euksfodkl izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2012
66
17- Hkkysjko foey % ^vk/kqfud ejkBh okM~-e;krhy fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s ,d
vH;kl*] lkfgR; izpkj dsanz] ukxiwj] 1986
18- eqykVs oklqnso % ^lkfgR;] lekt vkf.k ifjorZu*] Lo#i izdk’ku]
vkSjaxkckn] 2007
19- ;kno vkuan % ^vkRepfj= feekalk*] esgrk ifCyf’kax gkÅl]
iq.ks] 1998
20- yksVs jk-t- % ^lkekftd O;oLFkk vkf.k lkekftd ijforZu*]
fiaiGkiqjs vkf.k da-] ukxiwj] 1988
21- f’kans fnyhi % ^_.kkuqca/k*] lk/kuk izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2014
22- Lkcuhl ph-fu- % ^egkjk”Vª oS|d O;olk;h vf/kfu;e] 1961 o fu;e*
eqdqUn izdk’ku] Bk.ks] 2014
fu;rdkfyds
1- yfyr
2- egkjk”Vª lkfgR; if=dk
3- lR;dFkk
4- ;qxok.kh
5- lekt izcks/ku if=dk
6- o`Rri=s % yksder] r:.kHkkjr] yksdlRrk] egkjk”Vª VkbZEl] ldkG
67
ifjf’k”V frljss (Annexure -3)
iz’ukoyh
oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkREkdFkudkjkaP;k okpdkauh Hk:u nÓkko;kph iz’ukoyh
1- uko -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- f’k{k.k -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- O;olk; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- iRrk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- nwj/ouh dz--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- Nan -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7- okpukph vkoM vkgs dk;\ gks;@ ukgh
8- dks.kR;k izdkjps okpu vkoMrs\
1- orZekui= 2- Ekkflds
3- dFkk 4- dkO;
5- pfj= 6- vkRepfj=
7- vkRedFku 8- ukVÓk
9- dknacjh 10- oSpkfjd
11- leh{kk 12- ’kkL=h; ok³e;
13- brj izdkj 14- ---------------------
9- vkRedFku gk lkfgR;izdkj vki.k okprk dk;\ gks;@ ukgh
10- vki.k vkRedFkus okpr vlY;kl dks.kR;k izdkjps vkRedFkus okprk\
1- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFku 2- ukVÓk{ks=krhy dykoarkps vkRedFku
3- lektlsodkaps vkRedFku 4- fp=iV l¤"Vhrhy dykdkjkaps vkRedFku
68
5- ys[kdkaps vkRedFku 6- nfyr lkfgfR;dkaaps vkRedFku
7- brj {ks=krhy vkRedFkus 8- brj izdkj ---------------------------
11- oS|dh; fpfdRldakps vkRedFkus okpr vlY;kl R;kph dkj.ks dks.krh\
1- lektkrhy okLrfodrk tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh
2- vkiY;kyk fofo/k izdkjkP;k vktkjkph ekfgrh vkf.k ekxZn’ku Ogkos ;klkBh
3- fofo/k izdkjps vuqHko feGrhy ;k mÌs’kkus
4- oS|dh; {ks=kr gksr vlysY;k ?kMkeksMh tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh
5- euksjatuklkBh
6- vktkjkoj mik;;kstuk dks.kR;k djkO;kr vkf.k d’;k izdkjs djkO;kr gs tk.kwu
?ks.;klkBh
7- vkiY;kyk ,[kknk vktkj >kyk vkgs R;kph dkj.kfeekalk tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh
8- vkiY;kyk vktkj gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu dks.krh [kcjnkjh fdaok dks.krh dkGth
?;koh gs tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh
9- brj izdkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13- vki.kkl oS|dh; {ks=krhy vkRedFkus dks.kR;k fo’ks"k izdkjkeqGs vkoMrkr\
1- okLron’kZu 2- lR;vuqHko
3- xSjlet nwj dj.ks 4- mi;qDr ekfgrh
5- R;kojhy vik;;kstuk 6- ;ksX; ekxZn’kZu
69
14- [kkyhyiSdh dks.kR;k oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFku okpys vkgs dk\
1- vHk; cax 2- vydk ekaMds 3- ’ks[kj vkacMsZdj
4- ’kadj dyokjh 5- ehuk us:jdj 6- joh ckiV
7- vjfoan ckoMsdj 8- fgEerjko ckoLdj 9- jkek.kh izsekUkan
10- panzdkar okxGs 11- fnyhi f’kans 12- izdk’k vkeVs
13- veksy vUunkrs 14- fye;s v#.k 15- Jh[kaMs fo- uk
15- gh vkRedFkus eq[;Ros d’kkeqGs vkoMys\
1- okLrooknh o foosdiw.kZ okpu
2- vktkjkcÌyps vkf.k dkGth d’kh ?;koh ;kps ekxZn’kZu
3- lksih lk/kh vkf.k vkfRe;rkiw.kZ Hkk”kk’kSyh
4- izkekf.kdi.ks ekaMysys lektkrhy dMwxksM vuqHko
5- mRd`"V laokn’kSyh
16- [kkyhyiSdh dks.krs vkRedFku okpys vkgsr\
1- ek>k lk{kkRdkjh
gn;jksx
2- gn;LFk 3- cWfjLVjpa dkVZ
4- rkB d.kk 5- dWUlj ek>k lkaxkrh 6- /kU; rh xk;uWd dyk
7- gn;xks"Vh 8- fOgftV cWx 9- okMZ ua ikp ds- b-
,e
10- MkWDVj 11- oS|dh; cks/kdFkk 12- izdk’kokVk
70
17- vki.kakl vkRedFkukrhy dks.krs ewY; egRokps okVrs\
1- lkfgR;ewY; 2- lkekftd Hkku
3- lkekftd lektksi;ksxh
ewY;
4- uSfrdewY;
18- oS|dh; vkRedFkus loZp O;Drhauh okp.ks vko’;d vkg s vls vki.kkl okVrs
dk;\ gks;@ukgh
19- vki.kkal oS|dh; vkRedFkus fuOoG euksjatukRed okVrkr dk;\ gks;@ukgh
20- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFkukeqGs Kkuo/kZu gksrs dk;\ gks;@ukgh
21- oS|dh; fpfdR;dkaP;k vkRedFkukP;k okpukeqGs ekufld]’kkjhfjd ifjorZu dj.;kl
rqeps eu r;kj gksrs dk;\ gks;@ukgh
22- ejkBh lkfgR;kr oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFku yksdfiz; >kys vkgsr vls
vki.kkl okVrs dk;\ gks;@ukgh
23- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaps vkRedFkus gk lkfgR; izdkj ejkBh lkfgR;kr :tsy vls
vki.kakl okVrs dk;\ gks;@ukgh
24- oS|dh; fpfdRldkaP;k vkRedFku okpukus thoun`"Vhe/;s cny gksbZy vls
vki.kkal okVrs dk;\ gks;@ukgh
25- oS|d {ks=krhy vkfFkZd Hk"Vkªpkj] xSjlet] fc?kMysys oS|d :X.k ukrslaca/k]
vkjksX;kcíy mnkflurk ;kr ifjorZu gks.;klkBh vkRedFkus gs izHkkoh ek/;e gksÅ
’kdsy vls vki.kkl okVrs dk;\ gks;@ukgh