#4 Parts of Speech

ELA

EXCEED STANDARDS

CRCT

Nouns: Beyond the Basics

Appositive Proper Abstract

Concrete Plural Collective

Possessive Predicate

Noun Gerund

NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER • Names one person, place, thing or

idea • i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl,

trash.

• I threw my shoe in the trash.

SINGULAR

• A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea • girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital

Common

Nouns

• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea

• i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer.

• Campbell Middle School is where I go to school.

Proper

Nouns

NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE

Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.

Concrete Nouns person, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, kids, or basketball practice

NOUNS: PLURAL & COLLECTIVE

Collective Nouns

Refers to a group of collection of things but is

singular

•class

•team

•group

•collection

Plural Nouns

Names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Often formed by adding an –s or –es.

• Boys

• churches

• children

• women

• men

NOUNS: POSSESSIVE •Shows ownership or relationship.

•Use an apostrophe to show possession.

•Example: The man’s car broke down.

• Add an apostrophe and -s

• Example: I ate the dog’s bone. SINGULAR

• Add an apostrophe. Example. The dogs’ race was long.

• EXCEPTION – Proper Names. Ex. Mrs. Jenkins’s desk.

PLURAL

ENDING IN -S

• Add an apostrophe and –s

• Example: The children’s book was good.

PLURAL NOT

ENDING IN -S

PREDICATE NOUN Also called a Predicate Nominative, it is a noun that

renames and defines the subject . It always comes

after a linking verb predicate.

1. The circus is a special place. circus = place

2. Mrs. Jenkins is a teacher.

Mrs. Jenkins = teacher.

Note: if a word is in the prepositional phrase and an O.P. it cannot be a PN!

*Predicate Pronoun * A pronouns that renames and defines the subject and

follows linking verb predicate.

It was him who ran into your

car.

Note: if a word is in the prepositional phrase and an O.P. it cannot be a PPN!

GERUND a special kind of noun

•Is a noun that looks like a verb because it

always ends with –ing or -ed. Can be direct object,

subject, predicate nominative, appositive or indirect

object

•Examples

•Eating solid food is hard for babies.

•His favorite sport is running.

APPOSITIVE a special kind of noun

•is a noun that identifies or explains the noun or

pronoun it follows. May use commas to set off an

appositive or appositive phrase

•Examples

•My brother Kevin arrived late.

•My dog, Fido, won a medal.

INFINITIVE *Is the base from of the verb preceded

by the word “to”.

*An infinitive may be used as a noun, adverb or adjective.

Examples:

*NOUN - To know him is to like him.

*ADVERB - She came here to study.

*ADJECTIVE - That is the movie to see.

*ACTION VERBS *A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition or state of being. The two main kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. Both kids can be accompanied by helping verbs.

*Action Verbs….tells what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.

*The cook picked up the fish.

*I believe the fish spit at me.

*Linking Verbs A linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate. The

most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”

Forms of Be

• be

• is

• am

• are

• was

• were

• been

• being

Express a Condition

• appear

• become

• feel

• grow

• look

• seem

• smell

• sound

• remain

• taste

State of being verbs

• has

• was

• is

• have

• were

*HELPING VERB *Helping verbs help the main verb express action or show time.

Forms of

be

• is

• am

• was

• are

• were

• be

• been

Forms of

do

• do

• does

• did

Forms of have

• has

• have

• had

Others

• may

• might

• can

• should

• could

• would

• shall

• will

*VERB PHRASE &

MAIN VERB

A main verb can stand by itself as the

simple predicate of a sentence.

The verb phrase is made up the main

verb and any helping verbs. Together,

these words are called the verb phrase.

*Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object

*Good drivers avoid accidents.

Intransitive Verb is an action verb that

does not have a direct object. *

* They stay alert.

*PRINCIPAL PARTS of a

VERB 4 Principal Parts - present, present participle, past, past participle

Used to indicate time of action

Present Present

Participle

Past Past

Participle

May add a

"S"

Helping verb

+ "ing" to the

present part

Add -ed or

-d to the

present part

Helping verb +

past part

*THE SIX VERB TENSES

Present Tense add -s to the present part

Past Tense past participle

Future Tense (Will) + present part

Present Progressive (am/are) + present participle (ing)

Past Progressive (was/were) + present participle

Future Progressive (will be) + present participle

Present

Part

Present

Participle

Past

Part

Past Participle

Part Helping verb + ing -ed or -d Helping verb + past

form

*VERB TENSES A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or

condition. Verbs have six simple tenses.

TENSE Singular

Present principal part of the verb

Past Past principal participle

Future “Will” + the present principal part Present Progressive (am/are) + present participle(ing)

Past Progressive (was/were) + present participle

Future Progressive (will be) + present participle

*THE PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect Tense

(Have/has + past participle

Past Perfect Tense

(Had) + past participle

Future Perfect Tense

(Will have) + past participle

Present perfect tense shows an action or condition that began in the past and

continues into the present. Past perfect tense shows an action or condition in the

past that came before another action. Future perfect tense shows an action or

condition in the future that will occur before another action.

*PRINCIPAL PART OF

IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle

GROUP 1

Forms of the present,

past, and past participle

are all same

hit

hurt

let

Put

Set

split

hit

hurt

Let

Put

Set

split

(have) hit

(have) hurt

(have) let

(have) put

(have) set

(have) split

GROUP 2

The forms of past and

past participle are the

same

Bring

Catch

Lead

sit

Brought

Caught

Let

sat

(have)

brought

(have)

caught

(have) led

(have) sate

*PRINCIPAL PART OF

IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle

GROUP3 The past participle is formed

by adding –n or –en to the

past.

Break

Lie

Speak

Steal

wear

Broke

Lay

Spoke

Stole

wore

(have) broken

(have) lain

(have) spoken

(have) stolen

(have) split

GROUP 4 The past participle is formed

from the present, often by

adding –n, -ne, or -en

Do

Drive

Eat

Fall

Go

Know

See

take

Did

Drove

Ate

Fell

Went

Knew

Saw

took

(have) done

(have) driven

(have) eaten

(have) fallen

(have) gone

(have) known

(have) seen

(have) taken

*PRINCIPAL PART OF

IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle

GROUP 5

The last vowel changes

from “i” in the present to

“a” in the past and to “u”

in the past participle

Begin

Drink

Ring

swim

Began

Drank

Rang

swam

(have) begun

(have) drunk

(have) rung

(have) swum

GROUP 6

The different forms of the

verb “be” do not follow

any pattern.

Am, is, are Was,

were

(have) been

*Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

*ANTECEDENT

An antecedent is the name of the noun that

the pronoun replaces. It must agree in

gender, number and case.

*My father opened his mail first. He

couldn't wait any longer.

*My mother bought her shoes at the

shopping mall.

*DEMONSTRATIVE

PRONOUNS

Singular Plural

This

that

these

those

*

OBJECT SUBJECT

whom who

what, whose, which

NOTE: **Don’t confuse who’s with whose.

*

myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

*Singular Plural Either

Another, each,

everything, one,

anybody, either,

neither, somebody,

anyone, everybody,

nobody, someone,

anything, everyone, no

one, something

Both

Few

Many

several

All

Any

Most

None

Some

SINGULAR PLURAL

My, mine Our, ours

Your, yours Your, yours

his, hers, her, its

Their, theirs

*

*

A pronoun that renames the subject

and comes after a linking verb.

Examples:

It is him.

The last donut was theirs.

Mr. Stickle has hers.

*ADJECTIVES

Proper Adjective

Predicate Adjective

Participle

Article

Demonstrative Adjectives

*A descriptive adjective…

describes (modifies)a noun or

pronoun

will usually proceed the noun that

it is describing

EXAMPLE:

The big black cat with the white mustache

farted on my dumb little brother.

*Articles are Adjectives

A

An

The

*Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.

1.Peanut Butter is sticky.

2.The leaves felt wet after the rain.

3.Peanuts look nasty when boiled.

4.Swimmers should be careful of sharks.

5.The space creature seemed friendly.

Note: if a word is in the prepositional phrase and an O.P. it cannot be a PA!

*Proper Adjective An adjective formed from a Proper Noun.

Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.

China Chinese

food

Mexico Mexican

flag

Georgia Georgia Peach

*

This shoe is pretty.

That kids has worked my last nerve.

Those students are Renaissance Students.

These girls are my favorite students.

This, That These, Those

*Participle The Participle looks like a verb but acts like an adjective as it

describes a noun or pronoun.

The rusted bridge fell into the deep gorge.

Running water is a sound some people find relaxing.

CAUTION:

i.e. Listening to music helps my studies. (In this case, "listening" is a gerund because

it acts like a noun and not an adjective

*DEGREES OF ADVERBS

POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

*DEGREES OF ADVERBS •Use the comparative form when you compare a person or thing with

one other thing.

•Use the superlative form of an adjective or adverb when you compare

someone or something with more than one other person or thing.

One syllables

Add -er

Add -est

Two syllables

Add –er or more

Add –est or more

Three syllables

more

most

Irregular

No pattern

No pattern

• An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another

adverb

• It answers the questions: how, when, where or to

what extent.

• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really

• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to

adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily

ADVERBS

*CONJUNCTIONS A word used to join words or groups of words.

Coordinating

Subordinating

Correlative

*Coordinating Conjunctions

F A N B O Y S

for and nor but or yet so

*Subordinating Conjunction

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate

clause to a main clause.

An adverb clause is always introduced by a

subordinating conjunction. A noun clause and

adjective clause sometimes are.

A subordinating conjunction is always followed

by a clause. Many subordinating conjunctions can

be other parts of speech.

*SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

TIME CAUSE &

EFFECT

OPPOSITION CONDITION

after because although if

before since though unless

When,

whenever

now that even

though

only if

while as whereas whether or not

since in order

that

while even if

until so than in case (that)

As soon as which

*CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION..

…is a paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.

both . . . and

either . . . or

just as . . . so

neither . . . nor

not only . . . but also

whether . . . or

*DEGREES OF ADVERBS

Positive

• fast

• bravely

• much

• quickly

• well

• happily

• little

• Soon

• Large

• Carefully

• Dangerously

• bad

Comparative

• faster

• more bravely

• more

• more quickly

• better

• more happily

• less

• Sooner

• Larger

• more carefully

• More dangerously

• worse

Superlative

• fastest

• most bravely

• most

• most quickly

• best

• Most happily

• least

• Soonest

• Largest

• most carefully

• Most dangerously

• worst

Some Adverbs that are confused with

adjectives.

Here are the troublesome adverbs/adjectives

Good/well

real/really

bad/badly

*Interjections

A word or short phrase used to express emotions

“wow”

“my goodness”