ele 312 digital electronics - hacettepe universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ele 312...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
ELE 312Digital Electronics
• DeMassa and Ciccone, Digital Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons.
• Taub and Schilling, Digital Integrated Electronics, McGraw-Hill
Textbooks
![Page 2: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Contents
• Basic Properties of Digital Integrated Circuits• Diode Digital Circuits• BJT Digital Circuits
– Ebers & Moll equations– Transistor modelling– State of transistor in a circuit
• Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)• Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)• Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)• Schottky Transistor – Transistor Logic (STTL)• Different TTL Gates• Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)• MOS Digital Circuits• NMOS Gates• CMOS Gates
Properties of Digital Integrated Circuits
![Page 3: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Most important elements: Inverter and Noninverter
Idealized Inverter and Voltage Transfer Characteristics( VTCs)
![Page 4: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Propagation Delays
Rise and fall times and turn-on and turn-off times
![Page 5: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Power dissipation
Logic Element Equivalent Circuit and Fan-out
![Page 6: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Speed-power product = (Average Power Diss) x (Propagation Delay)
Power - Delay Product:
PD = PDISS(avg) x tP(avg)
Diode Digital Circuits
![Page 7: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Diodes
)1(eII TD/VVSD −=
Shockleys Eq
VD ≅ V0 = 0.7 V
for Forward Bias
![Page 8: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
IV Characteristics
for MN Schottky diodesfor PN Junction diodes
SPICE model
)1(eII TD/VVSD −=′
![Page 9: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Basic Logic Gates: AND
Basic Logic Gates: OR
![Page 10: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Clamping Diodes
Level shifting diodes
Level Shifting Diode AND Gate
Level Shifting Diode OR Gate
![Page 11: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1
BJT Transistors
BJT Fabrication Example
![Page 12: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2
Multi-Emitter Fabrication Examples
NPN BJT
![Page 13: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3
Ebers-Moll NPN BJT Model
)1e(II TBE V/VESBE,D −=
)1e(II TBC V/VCSBC,D −=
BC,DRBE,DE III α−=
BC,DBE,DFC III −=α
CEB III −=
CSRESF II αα ==SIReciprocity theorem
transport saturation current
Reverse active (RA)ForwardReverse
Saturation (SAT)ForwardForward
Forward active (FA)ReverseForward
Cutoff (OFF)ReverseReverse
ModeBC junctionBE junction
BJT Modes of Operation
![Page 14: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
4
Reduced models of the operation modes
(a) Cutoff (b) Forward active
(c) Saturation (d) Reverse active
F
FF 1 α
αβ−
=
R
RR 1 α
αβ−
=
1II BFC
≤=
σσβ
IV Characteristics
![Page 15: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
5
Modes of Operation
Examples
βF = 65IC, IB = ?
Base and emitter voltages = ?
![Page 16: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
6
TTL Circuit Design
Output-High Pull-up Driver
Output-Low Pull-down Driver
Discharge path and Base-Driving circuitry
![Page 17: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
7
Power Dissipation Example
Resistor-Transistor Logic(RTL)
![Page 18: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8
INVERTERVoltage Transfer Characteritics
(VTC)
)FA(BEIL VV =
BCF
)SAT(CECC)SAT(BEIH R
RVV
VVβ−
+=
NOR
NAND
![Page 19: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
9
RTL Fan-out
RTL fan-out analysis
![Page 20: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10
RTL fan-out analysis
Maximum fan-out?
⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
IN
OUT
IIN
C
OUTCCOUT R
VVI −=
B
)SAT(BEOUTIN R
VVI
−=
IHOUT VV =
BCF
)SAT(CECC)SAT(BEIH R
RVV
VVβ−
+=
![Page 21: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
11
RTL NONINVERTER
![Page 22: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
12
AND
OR
![Page 23: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1
RTL with Active Pull-up
Fan-out of RTL with Active Pull-up
Determined by the output high state as QS is cut-off for low-inputs
Simplified output high state Simplified input high state
![Page 24: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2
Simplified output-high fan-out configuration
⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
IH
OH
IIN
CP
OUT)SAT(CECCEPOUT R
VVVII
−−≅=
2/RVV
IB
)SAT(BEOUTIN
−=
IH(min)OUT VV =
BCF
)SAT(CECC)SAT(BEIH R
RVV
VVβ−
+=
![Page 25: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3
Diode-Transistor Logic(DTL)
Basic DTL Inverter
Basic DTL NAND Gate
![Page 26: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
4
Diode Modified DTL Inverter
Transistor Modified DTL Inverter
![Page 27: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
5
VTC of Transistor Modified DTL Inverter
VOH = VCC
VOL = VCE,O(SAT) VIH = VBE,O(SAT) + VBE,L(FA)
VIL = VBE,O(FA) + VBE,L(FA)
DTL Fan-out
Determined by the output low state as DI is off for high-inputs
![Page 28: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
6
Cascaded DTL
⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
IL
OL
IIN
RC)SAT(O,COL III −=
C
)SAT(O,CECCRC R
VVI
−= Path 2
)SAT(O,BF)SAT(O,C II σβ=
RDL,EO,B III −=
D
)SAT(O,BERD R
VI =
B
)SAT(O,BE)ON(L,D)FA(L,BECCL,E R
VVVVI
σ−−−
≅
1=σFor maximum fan-outB
)SAT(O,CE)ON(I,DCCIL R
VVVI
−−= Path 3
Example: Calculate the DTL fan-out for βF = 49 and σ = 0.85.
Power Dissipation
Example: Calculate the average power dissipation for the above example?
![Page 29: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
7
Tansistor-Transistor Logic(TTL)
Basic TTL Inverter
Basic TTL NAND GateBasic DTL Inverter (compare)
![Page 30: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
8
Actual TTL NAND Gate with Totem Pole Output
VTC of an actual TTL Inverter
VOH = VCC – VBE,P(FA) – VD,L(ON)
VOL = VCE,O(SAT) VIH = VBE,O(SAT) + VBE,S(SAT) – VCE,I(SAT)
VIL = VBE,S(FA) – VCE,I(SAT))
VIB = VBE,O(FA) + VBE,S(FA) – VCE,I(SAT)VOB = VCC – IRCRC – VBE,P(FA) – VD,L(ON)
D
)FA(O,BERDRC R
VII ==
![Page 31: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
9
States of diodes and BJTs
EOC: Edge of conduction
TTL Fan-out
Determined by the output low state as QI is cut-off for high-inputs
![Page 32: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
10
Cascaded TTL
⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
IL
OL
IIN
)SAT(O,BF)SAT(O,COL III σβ==C
)SAT(O,BE)SAT(S,CECCS,C R
VVVI
−−=
Path 2RD)SAT(S,E)SAT(O,B III −=
D
)SAT(O,BERD R
VI =
B
)SAT(O,BE)SAT(S,BE)RA(I,BCCCI,B R
VVVVI
−−−=
1=σFor maximum fan-out
S,CS,B)SAT(S,E III +=
B
)SAT(O,CE)SAT(I,BECCIL R
VVVI
−−=
Path 1
I,BR)RA(I,CS,B I)1(II β+==
Example: Calculate the TTL fan-out for βF = 25, σ = 0.85 and βR = 0.1
Example (Power Dissipation)
Example: Calculate the average power dissipation for the above example?
PCC(avg) = 10.4 mW
IRB(OL) = 675 μA
IRC(OL) = 2.5 mA
IIL= IRB(OH) = 1 mA
IOL= 51.9 mA51
IIN
IL
OL =⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
Example (TTL Fan-out)
![Page 33: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1
Open-Collector TTL
Mostly used in data busses where multiple gate outputs must be ANDed.
• This can be accomplished by using a single pull-up resistor with open-collector TTL gates• This type of connection is referred to as wired-AND.
Low Power TTL (LTTL)
Accomplished simply by increasing the resistance values. However this results in
• Decreased fan-out• Longer transient-response times
![Page 34: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2
LTTL Example
Compare the power dissipation of the LTTL and TTL gates.
IRB(OL) = 67.5 μA
IRC(OL) = 200 μA
IRB(OH) = 100 μA PCC(avg) = 919 μW
TTL vs LTTL power dissipation ratio = 10.4 / 0.919 = 11.3
High Speed TTL (HTTL)
Accomplished simply by decreasing the resistance values. However this results in
• Increased power dissipation
![Page 35: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3
Schottky Tansistor-Transistor Logic(STTL)
Schottky Barrier MN diode
Schottky-clamped BJT (Schottky Transistor)
![Page 36: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
4
Multi-Emitter Fabrication Examples
Modes of Operation for SBJT
1. OFF2. FA3. On Hard4. Reverse Schottky
![Page 37: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
5
Example (SBJT)
Example: Draw the VTC graph of the SBJT inverter shown below
STTL NAND Gate
![Page 38: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
6
STTL NAND Gate (VTC)
VOH = VCC – VBE,P(FA) – VBE,P2(FA)
VOL = VCE,O(HARD) VIH = VBE,O(HARD) + VBE,S(HARD) – VCE,I(HARD)
VIL = VBE,O(FA) + VBE,S(FA)– VCE,I(HARD)
STTL NAND Gate (Device states)
Device state table
![Page 39: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
7
STTL Fan-out
Determined by the output low state as QI is cut-off for high-inputs
Cascaded STTL
⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
IL
OL
IIN
)HARD(O,BF)HARD(O,COL III β==C
)HARD(O,BE)HARD(S,CECCS,C R
VVVI
−−=
Path 2, 3)HARD(D,C)HARD(S,E)HARD(O,B III −=
CD
)HARD(D,CE)HARD(O,BE)HARD(D,C R
VVI
−=
B
)HARD(O,BE)HARD(S,BE)RS(I,BCCCSBD R
VVVVI
−−−=
S,CS,B)HARD(S,E III +=
B
)HARD(O,CE)HARD(I,BECCIL R
VVVI
−−=
Path 1
SBD)RS(I,CS,B III ==
![Page 40: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
8
Example: Calculate the STTL maximum fan-out for βF = 49.
Example (Power Dissipation)
Example: Calculate the average power dissipation for the above example?
PCC(avg) = 20.05 mW
IRB(OL) = 1.11 mA
IRC(OL) = 4.11 mAIIL= IRB(OH) = 1.32 mA
IOL= 197 mA
149IIN
IL
OL =⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
Example (TTL Fan-out)
IRCD(OL) = 1.20 mA
IR,O(OL) = 4.02 mA
IE,S(OL) = 4.22 mA
IE,P(OL) = 0.182 mA
IE,P(OH) = 1.3 mA
Low Power STTL (LSTTL)
Accomplished by 1. Increasing the resistance value2. Diode input section3. Pull-down enhancements
![Page 41: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
9
Low Power STTL (LSTTL)
LSTTL Example
Compare the power dissipation of the LSTTL and STTL gates.
IRB(OL) = 170 μA
IRC(OL) = 463 μA
IRB(OH) = 210 μA PCC(avg) = 2.11 mW
STTL vs LSTTL power dissipation ratio = 20.05 / 2.11 = 9.5
![Page 42: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
10
Advanced Schottky Tansistor-Transistor Logic
(ASTTL)
Advanced Schottky Transistor Logic
• Advanced Low-Power Schottky TTL (ALSTTL)
• Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (FAST)
• Advanced Schottky TTL (ASTTL)
![Page 43: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
11
ALSTTL
ALSTTL VTC
VOH = VCC – VBE,P(FA)
VOL = VCE,O(HARD)
VIH = VBE,O(HARD) + VBE,S(HARD) + VBE,SB(HARD) – VBE,IPA(FA)
VIL = VBE,O(FA) + VEB,IPA(FA)
![Page 44: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
12
ALSTTL VTC
FAST
![Page 45: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
13
FAST VTC
VOH = VCC – VBE,P(FA)
VOL = VCE,O(HARD)
VIH = VBE,O(HARD) + VBE,S(HARD) + VBE,SB(HARD) – VD,IA(ON)
VIL = VBE,O(FA) + VBE,S(FA) + VBE,SB(FA) – VD,IA(ON)
ASTTL
![Page 46: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
14
ASTTL
![Page 47: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1
Other TTL Gates
Other TTL Gates
• AND gates• NOR gates• OR gates• AND-OR-INVERT (AOI) gates• XOR gates• Schmitt Trigger Inverters and NAND gates• Tri-State buffers
![Page 48: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
2
TTL AND gate
TTL AND gate - VTC
![Page 49: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
3
TTL NOR gate
Power Dissipation Example
ICC(LL) = 2 mA
ICC(HL) = 4.175 mA
ICC(LH) = 4.175 mA
PCC(avg) = 17.75 mWICC(HH) = 3.85 mA
IRB(IL) = 1 mA IRB(IH) = 675 μA IRC(OL) = 2.5 mA
TTL NAND gate
TTL OR gate
TTL AND gate
Example: Noise margins VNMH , VNML?
![Page 50: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
4
Complex Logic TTL Gate Design
1. ANDing of signals • Multi-emitter input BJT sections
2. ORing of signals • Multiple input sections (QI and RB)• Multiple drive splitting BJTs (QS)
3. If non-inverting ORing is desired• Addional logic inversion circuitry
4. Totem-pole output branch
AND-OR-INVERT (AOI) gate
![Page 51: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
5
Example
Design a complex logic TTL gate that VOUT = VAVB + VC + VDVEVF
Example
Design a complex logic TTL gate that VOUT = VAVB + VC + VDVEVF
![Page 52: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
6
TTL XOR gate
Hysteresis and Schmitt Trigger Gates
![Page 53: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
7
Hysteresis
Base-Emitter coupled Schmitt Trigger Non-inverting circuit
Hysteresis
CCOHS VV =
)SAT(CEeq2CS
)SAT(CECC
1CS
)SAT(BECCOLS VR
RVV
RVV
V +⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −−
−=
E2CS1CSeq R||R||RR =
)FA(1S,BEeq2CS
)SAT(CECC
1CS
)SAT(BECCIUS VR
RVV
RVV
V +⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −−
−=
αVVαV
V )FA(2S,BE)SAT(1S,BECCIDS
−+=
1RRα
E
1CS +=
![Page 54: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
8
Example
Find the VOHS, VOLS, VIUS and VIDS points where RCS1 = 4kΩ, RCS2 = 2.5kΩ, and RES = 1kΩ.
VOHS = 5VVOLS = 2V VIUS = 2.5V
VIDS = 1.66V
Req = 606Ω
ICS1 = 1.05mA
ICS1 = 1.92mA
TTL Schmitt Trigger NAND gate
![Page 55: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
9
Example
Find the VOH, VOL, VIU and VID points where RCS1 = 4kΩ, RCS2 = 2.5kΩ, and RES = 1kΩ.
VOH = 3.6V
VOL = 0.2V
VIUS = 2.5V
VIDS = 1.66V
VIU = 1.8V
VID = 0.96V
TTL Tri-state Buffers
![Page 56: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
10
TTL Tri-state Buffers
Connecting TTL Tri-state buffers to a Bus
![Page 57: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
11
![Page 58: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
1
Emitter-Coupled Logic(ECL)
Basic ECL Inverter/Non-inverter(ECL Current Switch)
![Page 59: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
2
Basic ECL Inverter/Non-inverter VTC
VOH = VCC
According to inverting output: VINV
CIE
EE)ECL(BEIHCCOL R
RVVV
VV+−
−=
VIL = VBB – 0.05 VIH = VBB + 0.05
E
CI
EE)SAT(BEE
CI)SAT(BCCC
S
RR1
)VV(RRVV
V+
−++=
Example
Calculate the critical VTC points for the ECL current switch
VCC = 5V, VEE = 0V, VBB = 2.6V, RCI = RCR = RE = 1kΩ,
VBE(ECL) = 0.75V, VBE(SAT) = 0.8V, VBC(SAT) = 0.6V
VOH = 5V
VOL = 3.10V
VIL = 2.55V
VIH = 2.65V
VS = 3.2V
VINV (VIN = VS) = 2.6V
![Page 60: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
3
Basic ECL NOR/OR Gate
![Page 61: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
4
MECL I NOR/OR Gate
)ECL(BECIDNFCI
)ECL(BEEEOH VR
R)1(βRVV
V −++
−−=
)ECL(BECIE
EE)ECL(BEIHOL VR
RVVV
V −+−
−=
Example
Find the logical swing, noise margins and noise immunities for the MECL I circuit above.
βF = 49, VBE(ECL) = 0.75V, VBE(FA) = 0.75V, VBE(SAT) = 0.8V, VBC(SAT) = 0.6V
VOH = – 0.76V
VOL = – 1.55V
VIL = – 1.225V
VIH = – 1.125V
VS = – 0.29V
VLS = 0.79VVNMH = 0.365V
VNML = 0.325V
VNIH = 0.53V
VNIL = 0.475V
![Page 62: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
5
MECL I Fanout
⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
IH
OH
IIN
RDN)FA(BN,EOH III −=
DN
EEOHRDN R
VVI +=
BN,BF)FA(BN,E I)1(βI +=
CI
)ECL(BN,BEOHBN,B R
VVI
−−=
1βIIF
REIH +=
E
EEERE R
VVI +=
)ECL(BEOHE VVV −=
Fan-out Example
Find the maximum fan-out for the MECL I circuit above
βF = 49, VBE(ECL) = 0.75V, VBE(FA) = 0.75V, VBE(SAT) = 0.8V, VBC(SAT) = 0.6V
Assume load gates reduce VOH by 0.03 volts.
VOH = – 0.79V IRDN = 2.205 mA
IB,BN = 148 μA
IE,BN = 7.4 mA
IOH = 5.2 mA
VE = -1.54 V
IRE = 2.95 mA
IIH = 59 μA
87IINIH
OH =⎥⎦
⎥⎢⎣
⎢=
![Page 63: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
6
Power Dissipation Example
Find the average power dissipated in the MECL I circuit above
IRE(NOH) = 2.64 mA
IRDN(NOH) = 2.22 mA
IEE(NOH) = 6.685 mA
IRDO(NOH) = 1.825 mA
IRE(NOL) = 2.98 mA
IRDN(NOL) = 1.825 mA
IEE(NOL) = 7.035 mA
IRDO(NOL) = 2.22 mA
PEE(avg) = 35.6 mW
Other ECL Gates
![Page 64: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
7
DeMorgan’s Theorems
• NOR and OR using ANDs and NANDs
– NOR:
– OR:
• NAND and AND using ORs and NORs
– NAND:
– AND:
BABA ⋅=+
BABA ⋅=+
BABA +=⋅
BABA +=⋅
Example
Implement the following logic using only ECL gates
)DC)(BA( ++
Solution:
)DC()BA()DC)(BA( +++≡++
![Page 65: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
8
Collector Dotting Wired-AND Gates
Complex Logic Gates with Collector Dotting
![Page 66: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
9
Example
Series Gating – Basic ECL NAND/AND Current Switch
![Page 67: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
10
Series Gating NAND/AND Gate
Complex Logic Gates with Series Gating
![Page 68: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
11
Example
ECL XOR/XNOR Gates
![Page 69: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
12
ECL Decoding Tree
![Page 70: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
1
MOS Logic
MOS Logic
• NMOS gates– Fabrication– Modes of operation
• NMOS Inverters and Analysis– General NMOS Inverter– Resistor Loaded NMOS Inverter– E-MOSFET loaded NMOS Inverter– D-MOSFET loaded NMOS Inverter
![Page 71: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
2
NMOS (n-channel E-MOSFET) Fabrication Examples
CMOS Fabrication Example
![Page 72: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
3
IV Characteristics
NMOS modes of operation
(a) Cutoff mode (b) Linear mode
(c) Saturation mode (d) body-bias effect on threshold voltage
![Page 73: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
4
General NMOS Inverter
Graphical analysis when load is a resistor
![Page 74: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
5
Load capacitance
Power dissipation
PDD = VDD (IDD(OH) + IDD(OL)) / 2
≅ VDD IDD(OL) / 2
(a) Static power dissipation
(b) Transient power dissipation
PD = CL ƒV2DD
ƒ: frequency at which the gate is switched
PTOTAL = PDD + PD
![Page 75: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
6
Resistor Loaded NMOS
Resistor Loaded NMOS Inverter
![Page 76: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
7
Propagation Delay
Fall time
![Page 77: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
8
E-MOSFET Loaded NMOS
E-MOSFET Loaded NMOS Inverter
![Page 78: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
9
D-MOSFET Loaded NMOS
D-MOSFET Loaded NMOS Inverter
![Page 79: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
10
NMOS Gates
Symbol Shorthands
![Page 80: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
11
NOR Gate
NOR Gates
![Page 81: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
12
NAND Gate
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+
=BA
OO LL
Wk
)Inverter(V)NAND(V OLOL >
OR Gates
![Page 82: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
13
AND Gates
Example
![Page 83: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
14
AOI (AND-OR-INVERT) Gates
Examples
![Page 84: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
15
XOR/XNOR Gates
Hysteresis
![Page 85: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
16
Schmitt Trigger
Transmission Gate
![Page 86: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
17
Transmission Gate Array
CMOS Logic
![Page 87: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
18
CMOS Inverter
CMOS Inverter
![Page 88: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
19
Symmetric CMOS Inverter
Capacitance Effect on Transition - 1
![Page 89: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
20
Capacitance Effect on Transition - 2
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection
![Page 90: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
21
CMOS Gates
Symbol Shorthands
![Page 91: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
22
CMOS NAND Gate
CMOS NAND Gates
![Page 92: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
23
CMOS NOR Gate
CMOS NOR Gates
![Page 93: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
24
CMOS AND/NAND Gate
CMOS OR/NOR Gate
![Page 94: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
25
CMOS AOI Gates
CMOS AOI Gates
![Page 95: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
26
CMOS AND-OR Gate
CMOS OAI Gates
![Page 96: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
27
CMOS AOI Gates
Example
![Page 97: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
28
Example
![Page 98: ELE 312 Digital Electronics - Hacettepe Universityusezen/ele312/lecture_notes.pdf · ELE 312 Digital Electronics ... – Transistor modelling – State of transistor in a circuit](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021712/5b9261e609d3f277288ded95/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
29
XOR Gate