election of 1964. pres. johnson expands the conflict 1.tonkin gulf resolution (1964): a. granted...

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Election of 1964

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Page 2: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Pres. Johnson expands the conflict1. Tonkin Gulf Resolution

(1964): a. Granted Johnson military

powers in Vietnam without officially declaring war!

b. Written weeks prior to Tonkin incident

2. Operation Rolling Thundera. First prolonged bombing of

North Vietnamb. In hopes of avoiding

sending ground troops

Page 4: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

4. General Westmoreland

a. Advocate for very large number of troops

b. 500,000 by 1967

c. War of attrition

Supreme Commander

Page 5: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

5. US Strategies

a. War of Attrition: wearing down the enemy by continuous harassment

b. body count; (unpatriotic) c. Win over the “hearts and minds” of the S.

Vietnamesed. Chemical warfare: napalm/agent orangee. Search and destroy missions/civiliansf. Millions of refugees

Page 6: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 8: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 10: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Napalm(gasoline-base bomb) attack

                                               

Page 12: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 13: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

14 months in hospital/17 surgeries

Page 14: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

                                             

Page 16: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

6. War in the Jungle: the VCa. Guerilla tacticsb. hiding within

civilian population/city and countryside

c. Booby traps and land mines

d. Terrain/tunnels

Page 17: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Vietcong Tunnels

Page 18: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 21: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 22: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

C. Losing Morale

1. soldiersa. Lose confidence b. Drugs and alcoholc. Killing superior

officers

2. At home

a. Economy suffers/

Inflation

b. Using SS funds

c. Increased taxes

d. $21 B a year on war

e. Living room war: media and credibility gap effect U.S. citizens

Page 23: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

1968

Page 24: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

The Tet Offensive

Page 25: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3mfXnFtwQc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3mfXnFtwQc

1:40-

m/watch?v=S3mfXnFtwQc

Page 26: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

A. The Tet Offensive (1968)

1. Tet: January 30, Vietnam’s New Years Eve

2. Week-long peace agreement with Vietcong in honor of the holiday

3. Funerals also being held during this time

4. Vietcong used coffins as decoys; filled with with weapons

5. Deaths due to attacks

Vietcong: 32,000 US: 3,000

6. Americans and Congress: “unwinnable” war

Page 27: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 28: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 29: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

B. Public Opinion on War

1. Before Tet Offensive28% Doves

56% Hawks

2. After Tet Offensive40% Doves

40% Hawks

3. 60 % war mishandled

4. 50% mistake to go in

Page 31: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 32: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

C. Days of Loss (1968)

1. March: Johnson announces he will not seek a second term

2. April: MLK assassinateda. AA riots; 46 deadb. Stokely Carmichael “US

declares war on us”

3. Citizens more critical of war4. June: Robert Kennedy

assassinated; Sirhan Sirhan

5. DNC Chicago – fighting inside and outside

Chicago: Mayor Daley “shoot to kill” order,

Page 33: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

April 4, 1968• James Earl Ray assassinates MLK

• Violence erupts throughout the US/125 cities

Page 34: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Urban Violence

1. Harlem, Watts, Chicago, Detroit….

2. Needed economic equality: opportunity in jobs, housing, and education

Page 35: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

1968 DNC - Chicago

Page 36: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 37: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 38: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 39: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Presidential Election 1968

Hubert Humphrey (D)

Richard M. Nixon (R)

Page 40: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Nixon’s War

“To bring peace with honor”

Page 41: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

A. Nixon and Vietnamization1. Allowing for the Vietnamese

to take a more active role by withdrawing US troops

2. Peace with honor… “save face”; wanted a say at negotiation table

3. Secretly continues to bomb supply routes in N. Vietnam military bases, Laos and Cambodia

4. Silent majority: mainstream Americans who quietly supported the president’s strategy

Page 42: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Ho Chi Minh trail

Page 43: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

B. Invasion of Cambodia (4/’70)

1. Destroy N. Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers

2. Leads to incidents such as student strikes and protest rallies on college campuses; ie, Kent State, Jackson State

3. Congress repeals the Gulf Tonkin Resolution

Page 44: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

C. Kent State, Ohio (5/’70)

1. ROTC targeted due to military connection

2. National Guard sent out = 4 killed

3. Jackson State, Ms = 2 killed

Page 45: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

D. Henry Kissinger

1. National Security Advisor

2. Main negotiator w/N.Vietnam

3. Nobel Peace Prize winner 1973

Page 46: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

E. My Lai Massacre (11/69)

Page 47: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

A Generation in Conflict

Page 48: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

A. Vietnam’s Effect on America1. Draft stopped

2. War Powers Act (1973)a. President must inform congress within 48 hours if US

forces are sent into a hostile area without a declaration of war

b. Troops may not stay longer than 90 days unless congress approves presidents action or declares war

3. Foreign affairs: what risks do we take by getting involved?

4. Truman’s Containment policy unenforceable

Page 49: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

B. War’s Painful Legacy

1. American’s vets come home

a. 58,000 killedb. Came home to

hostiles; no paradesc. 15% (450,000)

PTSD, suicides, addicts

d. 1982: Vietnams Veterans Memorial

Page 50: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Early Campus Protests

a. Classroom strikes

b. Sit-ins

c. War and campus issues

Page 51: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Vietnam Soldiers

1. Young – avg. 19; 26 WWII

2. Disproportionately AA and Latino

3. “White man’s war”

4. Returning soldiers protest

Page 52: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Crisis in the Cities1. Federal Housing Admin

a. Dev. of suburbia, not cities

b. Redlining neighborhoods

c. “Slum lords”

d. Highway disruptions

2. Unemployment & pollution high

3. Inner city growth a. AA: south

b. Whites: Appalachia

c. Latinos: Puerto Ricans

Page 53: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

D. Urban Uprising

1. Why?a. Police brutality

b. Unemployment

c. No health facilities

d. Poor schools

e. Inadequate housing

2. Where– Watts, San Francisco,

Detroit, Cleveland, Newark

Watts Riots (1965)

Page 54: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

E. LBJ’s Kerner Commission1. Riots due to “white racism” & police brutality

2. “two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal”

Page 55: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Election 1972

Richard Nixon

Republican

George McGovern

Democrat

Page 56: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

F. Nixon, China & the S.U.1. Policy of détente –

easing cold war tensions

2. Feb. 1972 Nixon visits China = better relations

3. Visits Leonid Brezhnev @ Moscow

– Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)

Page 57: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

G. Watergate

Page 58: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

1. Major Players a. Carl Bernstein

Page 59: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

b. Bob Woodward

Page 60: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

c. Ben Bradleei. Serves as vice president

to the Washington Post today

ii. Responsible for revealing the Pentagon Papers @ the Washington Post

iii. Daniel Ellsberg released them

– “Plumbers” after him

Page 61: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

Bernstein, Bradlee, & Woodward

Page 62: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

James Butterfield – White House Aide/tapes

Page 63: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

2. “Saturday Night Massacre”

a. Nixon wants him fired.

b. Those who are supposed to fire him resign instead.

Archibald Cox

Special Prosecutor

Page 64: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 65: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 66: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 67: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially
Page 68: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

President Nixon’s Last Day

Page 69: Election of 1964. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict 1.Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially

3. House Judiciary Committeea. Three articles of

impeachment: obstruction of justice

b. VP Agnew resigned in Oct ’73; tax evasion, kickbacks as gov. of Maryland

c. Gerald Ford new VP

d. Nixon resigns Aug ’74

e. Gerald Ford new Pres

f. Pardons Nixon